251
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Mathias RA, Chen YS, Wang B, Ji H, Kapp EA, Moritz RL, Zhu HJ, Simpson RJ. Extracellular remodelling during oncogenic Ras-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition facilitates MDCK cell migration. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:1007-19. [PMID: 19954229 DOI: 10.1021/pr900907g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) describes a process whereby immotile epithelial cells escape structural constraints imposed by cellular architecture and acquire a phenotype characteristic of migratory mesenchymal cells. Implicated in carcinoma progression and metastasis, EMT has been the focus of several recent proteomics-based studies aimed at identifying new molecular players. To gain insights into extracellular mediators associated with EMT, we conducted an extensive proteomic analysis of the secretome from MDCK cells following oncogenic Ras-induced EMT (21D1 cells). Using Orbitrap technology and a label-free quantitative approach, differential expression of several secreted modulators were revealed. Proteomic findings were further substantiated by mRNA transcript expression analysis with 71% concordance. MDCK cells undergoing Ras-induced EMT remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM) via diminished expression of basement membrane constituents (collagen type IV and laminin 5), up-regulation of extracellular proteases (MMP-1, kallikreins -6 and -7), and increased production and secretion of ECM constituents (SPARC, collagen type I, fibulins -1 and -3, biglycan, and decorin). Collectively, these findings suggest that hierarchical regulation of a subset of extracellular effectors may coordinate a biological response during EMT that enhances cell motility. Transient silencing of MMP-1 in 21D1 cells via siRNA-mediated knockdown attenuated cell migration. Many of the secretome proteins identified broaden our understanding of the EMT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rommel A Mathias
- Joint Proteomics Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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252
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De novo self-assembling collagen heterotrimers using explicit positive and negative design. Biochemistry 2010; 49:2307-16. [PMID: 20170197 DOI: 10.1021/bi902077d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We sought to computationally design model collagen peptides that specifically associate as heterotrimers. Computational design has been successfully applied to the creation of new protein folds and functions. Despite the high abundance of collagen and its key role in numerous biological processes, fibrous proteins have received little attention as computational design targets. Collagens are composed of three polypeptide chains that wind into triple helices. We developed a discrete computational model to design heterotrimer-forming collagen-like peptides. Stability and specificity of oligomerization were concurrently targeted using a combined positive and negative design approach. The sequences of three 30-residue peptides, A, B, and C, were optimized to favor charge-pair interactions in an ABC heterotrimer, while disfavoring the 26 competing oligomers (i.e., AAA, ABB, BCA). Peptides were synthesized and characterized for thermal stability and triple-helical structure by circular dichroism and NMR. A unique A:B:C-type species was not achieved. Negative design was partially successful, with only A + B and B + C competing mixtures formed. Analysis of computed versus experimental stabilities helps to clarify the role of electrostatics and secondary-structure propensities determining collagen stability and to provide important insight into how subsequent designs can be improved.
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253
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Lu N, Carracedo S, Ranta J, Heuchel R, Soininen R, Gullberg D. The human α11 integrin promoter drives fibroblast-restricted expression in vivo and is regulated by TGF-β1 in a Smad- and Sp1-dependent manner. Matrix Biol 2010; 29:166-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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254
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Taubenberger AV, Woodruff MA, Bai H, Muller DJ, Hutmacher DW. The effect of unlocking RGD-motifs in collagen I on pre-osteoblast adhesion and differentiation. Biomaterials 2010; 31:2827-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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255
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Carafoli F, Bihan D, Stathopoulos S, Konitsiotis AD, Kvansakul M, Farndale RW, Leitinger B, Hohenester E. Crystallographic insight into collagen recognition by discoidin domain receptor 2. Structure 2010; 17:1573-1581. [PMID: 20004161 PMCID: PMC2807035 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2009.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The discoidin domain receptors, DDR1 and DDR2, are widely expressed receptor tyrosine kinases that are activated by triple-helical collagen. They control important aspects of cell behavior and are dysregulated in several human diseases. The major DDR2-binding site in collagens I–III is a GVMGFO motif (O is hydroxyproline) that also binds the matricellular protein SPARC. We have determined the crystal structure of the discoidin domain of human DDR2 bound to a triple-helical collagen peptide. The GVMGFO motifs of two collagen chains are recognized by an amphiphilic pocket delimited by a functionally critical tryptophan residue and a buried salt bridge. Collagen binding results in structural changes of DDR2 surface loops that may be linked to the process of receptor activation. A comparison of the GVMGFO-binding sites of DDR2 and SPARC reveals a striking case of convergent evolution in collagen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carafoli
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Dominique Bihan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Stavros Stathopoulos
- Division of National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Antonios D Konitsiotis
- Division of National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Richard W Farndale
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Birgit Leitinger
- Division of National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Erhard Hohenester
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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256
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Eckes B, Nischt R, Krieg T. Cell-matrix interactions in dermal repair and scarring. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2010; 3:4. [PMID: 20222960 PMCID: PMC2855519 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-3-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of cellular functions during dermal repair following injury is complex and critically dependent on the interaction of cells with the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM comprises various families of macromolecules that form the structural scaffold of the tissue, but also carry distinct biological activities. After injury to the skin, the defect is filled by a provisional matrix that is invaded by inflammatory cells, sprouting blood vessels and fibroblasts. In a later phase, the wound contracts, the tissue is replaced by mature connective tissue produced by activated fibroblasts, and a scar is formed. All cells involved communicate directly with the ECM by integrins and other matrix receptors. These transmit signals and induce adaptive responses to the environment by the embedded cells. The ECM or proteolytic fragments of individual ECM constituents exert defined biological activities influencing cell survival, differentiation of myofibroblasts, ECM synthesis and turnover, wound angiogenesis and scar remodeling. Extensive crosstalk exists between ECM and growth factors, and between growth factors and integrins. ECM-cell contact also enables direct transmission of mechanical tension, which then modulates many activities of all cellular players. Understanding this complex interplay is important to provide a basis for designing effective wound therapy and for strategic interference with mechanisms that have gone out of control in fibrotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Eckes
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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257
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Goffin AJJ, Rajadas J, Fuller GG. Interfacial flow processing of collagen. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:3514-3521. [PMID: 20000428 DOI: 10.1021/la9031317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A new method for creating substrates made out of ordered collagen fibers, on which cells in culture can align, is proposed. The substrates can be used for research in cell culture, and this research presents a significant advance in the technology to coat implants in order to improve cell adhesion. In the procedure presented here, a molecular solution of collagen is spread at the interface of a saline solution and air to induce fiber formation, compressed at a high speed to induce orientation and deposited on solid substrates via Langmuir-Blodgett transfer. Several interfacial techniques are employed to investigate the behavior of collagen, which is shown to be dependent on the salt concentration of the subphase as well as the temperature. After Langmuir-Blodgett transfer, primary human fibroblasts and adipose-derived stem cells are cultured on the collagen substrates. Both types of cells respond favorably to the collagen orientation and align with the deposited fibers. The technique presented here provides a simple method to produce well-controlled, oriented collagen substrates that can be used in tissue culture research or scaffolding applications without the use of additives and/or bioincompatible materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- An J J Goffin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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258
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Bax DV, McKenzie DR, Weiss AS, Bilek MM. The linker-free covalent attachment of collagen to plasma immersion ion implantation treated polytetrafluoroethylene and subsequent cell-binding activity. Biomaterials 2010; 31:2526-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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259
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Exposito JY, Valcourt U, Cluzel C, Lethias C. The fibrillar collagen family. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:407-426. [PMID: 20386646 PMCID: PMC2852846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagens, or more precisely collagen-based extracellular matrices, are often considered as a metazoan hallmark. Among the collagens, fibrillar collagens are present from sponges to humans, and are involved in the formation of the well-known striated fibrils. In this review we discuss the different steps in the evolution of this protein family, from the formation of an ancestral fibrillar collagen gene to the formation of different clades. Genomic data from the choanoflagellate (sister group of Metazoa) Monosiga brevicollis, and from diploblast animals, have suggested that the formation of an ancestral alpha chain occurred before the metazoan radiation. Phylogenetic studies have suggested an early emergence of the three clades that were first described in mammals. Hence the duplication events leading to the formation of the A, B and C clades occurred before the eumetazoan radiation. Another important event has been the two rounds of "whole genome duplication" leading to the amplification of fibrillar collagen gene numbers, and the importance of this diversification in developmental processes. We will also discuss some other aspects of fibrillar collagen evolution such as the development of the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of procollagen molecules and of striated fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Exposito
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
; Tel.: +33-4-72-72-26-77; Fax: +33-4-72-72-26-04
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260
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Calvo E, Tokumasu F, Mizurini DM, McPhie P, Narum DL, Ribeiro JMC, Monteiro RQ, Francischetti IMB. Aegyptin displays high-affinity for the von Willebrand factor binding site (RGQOGVMGF) in collagen and inhibits carotid thrombus formation in vivo. FEBS J 2009; 277:413-27. [PMID: 20015075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aegyptin is a 30 kDa mosquito salivary gland protein that binds to collagen and inhibits platelet aggregation. We have studied the biophysical properties of aegyptin and its mechanism of action. Light-scattering plot showed that aegyptin has an elongated monomeric form, which explains the apparent molecular mass of 110 kDa estimated by gel-filtration chromatography. Surface plasmon resonance identified the sequence RGQOGVMGF (where O is hydroxyproline) that mediates collagen interaction with von Willebrand factor (vWF) as a high-affinity binding site for aegyptin, with a K(D) of approximately 5 nM. Additionally, aegyptin interacts with the linear peptide RGQPGVMGF and heat-denatured collagen, indicating that the triple helix and hydroxyproline are not a prerequisite for binding. However, aegyptin does not interact with scrambled RGQPGVMGF peptide. Aegyptin also recognizes the peptides (GPO)(10) and GFOGER with low affinity (microM range), which respectively represent glycoprotein VI and integrin alpha2beta1 binding sites in collagen. Truncated forms of aegyptin were engineered, and the C-terminus fragment was shown to interact with collagen and to attenuate platelet aggregation. In addition, aegyptin prevents laser-induced carotid thrombus formation in the presence of Rose Bengal in vivo, without significant bleeding in rats. In conclusion, aegyptin interacts with distinct binding sites in collagen, and is useful tool to inhibit platelet-collagen interaction in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Calvo
- Section of Vector Biology, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
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261
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The developmental roles of the extracellular matrix: beyond structure to regulation. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 339:93-110. [PMID: 19885678 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0893-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cells in multicellular organisms are surrounded by a complex three-dimensional macromolecular extracellular matrix (ECM). This matrix, traditionally thought to serve a structural function providing support and strength to cells within tissues, is increasingly being recognized as having pleiotropic effects in development and growth. Elucidation of the role that the ECM plays in developmental processes has been significantly advanced by studying the phenotypic and developmental consequences of specific genetic alterations of ECM components in the mouse. These studies have revealed the enormous contribution of the ECM to the regulation of key processes in morphogenesis and organogenesis, such as cell adhesion, proliferation, specification, migration, survival, and differentiation. The ECM interacts with signaling molecules and morphogens thereby modulating their activities. This review considers these advances in our understanding of the function of ECM proteins during development, extending beyond their structural capacity, to embrace their new roles in intercellular signaling.
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262
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The developmental roles of the extracellular matrix: beyond structure to regulation. Cell Tissue Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0893-8 doi:dx.doi.org] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
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263
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Kahan V, Andersen ML, Tomimori J, Tufik S. Stress, immunity and skin collagen integrity: evidence from animal models and clinical conditions. Brain Behav Immun 2009; 23:1089-95. [PMID: 19523511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a major role in maintaining homeostasis and protection. As the main component of skin, collagen has a key role in providing integrity and elasticity to this organ. Several factors, including autoimmune disease, aging, and stress, can change the quantity and integrity of skin collagen. These factors impair collagen quality and consequently affect skin function. Stress seems to affect the integrity of skin collagen through glucocorticoid-mediated processes that alter its synthesis and degradation. Glucocorticoids also affect skin quality through modulation of the immune system. This review will briefly present comprehensive data from both animal and human studies delineating processes that modulate alterations in collagen in general, and will treat in more detail the consequences of stress on skin collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kahan
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) - São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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264
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Yamazaki CM, Kadoya Y, Hozumi K, Okano-Kosugi H, Asada S, Kitagawa K, Nomizu M, Koide T. A collagen-mimetic triple helical supramolecule that evokes integrin-dependent cell responses. Biomaterials 2009; 31:1925-34. [PMID: 19853297 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Collagen is an abundantly distributed extracellular matrix protein in mammalian bodies that maintains structural integrity of the organs and tissues. Besides its function as a structural protein, collagen has various biological functions which regulate cell adhesion, migration and differentiation. In order to develop totally synthetic collagen-surrogates, we recently reported a basic concept for preparing collagen-like triple helical supramolecules based on the self-assembly of staggered trimeric peptides with self-complementary shapes. In this paper, we add one of the specific cellular functions of the native collagen to the collagen-mimetic supramolecule. We synthesized a self-assembling peptide unit containing the integrin-binding sequence Gly-Phe-Hyp-Gly-Glu-Arg. The supramolecule carrying the sequence exhibited significant binding activity to human dermal fibroblasts. The supramolecular structure was found to be essential for function in in vitro cell culture. Cell adhesion was shown to be comparable to that of native collagen, and was further demonstrated to be mediated solely by integrin alpha 2 beta 1. Well-grown focal contacts and stress fibers were observed in cells spread on the supramolecular collagen-mimetic. The results demonstrate the potential of peptide-based artificial collagen as a biomaterial for regulating specific cellular function and fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato M Yamazaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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265
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Ivaska J, Heino J. Interplay between cell adhesion and growth factor receptors: from the plasma membrane to the endosomes. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 339:111-20. [PMID: 19722108 PMCID: PMC2784865 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of multicellular animals could only take place once evolution had produced molecular mechanisms for cell adhesion and communication. Today, all metazoans express integrin-type adhesion receptors and receptors for growth factors. Integrins recognize extracellular matrix proteins and respective receptors on other cells and, following ligand binding, can activate the same cellular signaling pathways that are regulated by growth factor receptors. Recent reports have indicated that the two receptor systems also collaborate in many other ways. Here, we review the present information concerning the role of integrins as assisting growth factor receptors and the interplay between the receptors in cell signaling and in the orchestration of receptor recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Ivaska
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
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266
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Andersen JF, Pham VM, Meng Z, Champagne DE, Ribeiro JMC. Insight into the sialome of the Black Fly, Simulium vittatum. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:1474-88. [PMID: 19166301 DOI: 10.1021/pr8008429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation to vertebrate blood feeding includes development of a salivary "magic potion" that can disarm host hemostasis and inflammatory reactions. Within the lower Diptera, a vertebrate blood-sucking mode evolved in the Psychodidae (sand flies), Culicidae (mosquitoes), Ceratopogonidae (biting midges), Simuliidae (black flies), and the frog-feeding Corethrellidae. Sialotranscriptome analyses from several species of mosquitoes and sand flies and from one biting midge indicate divergence in the evolution of the blood-sucking salivary potion, manifested in the finding of many unique proteins within each insect family, and even genus. Gene duplication and divergence events are highly prevalent, possibly driven by vertebrate host immune pressure. Within this framework, we describe the sialome (from Greek sialo, saliva) of the black fly Simulium vittatum and discuss the findings within the context of the protein families found in other blood-sucking Diptera. Sequences and results of Blast searches against several protein family databases are given in Supplemental Tables S1 and S2, which can be obtained from http://exon.niaid.nih.gov/transcriptome/S_vittatum/T1/SV-tb1.zip and http://exon.niaid.nih.gov/transcriptome/S_vittatum/T2/SV-tb2.zip .
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Andersen
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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267
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268
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Genetic diseases of connective tissues: cellular and extracellular effects of ECM mutations. Nat Rev Genet 2009; 10:173-83. [PMID: 19204719 DOI: 10.1038/nrg2520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-specific extracellular matrices (ECMs) are crucial for normal development and tissue function, and mutations in ECM genes result in a wide range of serious inherited connective tissue disorders. Mutations cause ECM dysfunction by combinations of two mechanisms. First, secretion of the mutated ECM components can be reduced by mutations affecting synthesis or by structural mutations causing cellular retention and/or degradation. Second, secretion of mutant protein can disturb crucial ECM interactions, structure and stability. Moreover, recent experiments suggest that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, caused by mutant misfolded ECM proteins, contributes to the molecular pathology. Targeting ER stress might offer a new therapeutic strategy.
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269
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Rokas A. The origins of multicellularity and the early history of the genetic toolkit for animal development. Annu Rev Genet 2009; 42:235-51. [PMID: 18983257 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multicellularity appeared early and repeatedly in life's history; its instantiations presumably required the confluence of environmental, ecological, and genetic factors. Comparisons of several independently evolved pairs of multicellular and unicellular relatives indicate that transitions to multicellularity are typically associated with increases in the numbers of genes involved in cell differentiation, cell-cell communication, and adhesion. Further examination of the DNA record suggests that these increases in gene complexity are the product of evolutionary innovation, tinkering, and expansion of genetic material. Arguably, the most decisive multicellular transition was the emergence of animals. Decades of developmental work have demarcated the genetic toolkit for animal multicellularity, a select set of a few hundred genes from a few dozen gene families involved in adhesion, communication, and differentiation. Examination of the DNA records of the earliest-branching animal phyla and their closest protist relatives has begun to shed light on the origins and assembly of this toolkit. Emerging data favor a model of gradual assembly, with components originating and diversifying at different time points prior to or shortly after the origin of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Rokas
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biological Sciences, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA.
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270
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Integrins during evolution: evolutionary trees and model organisms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:779-89. [PMID: 19161977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The integrins form a large family of cell adhesion receptors. All multicellular animals express integrins, indicating that the family evolved relatively early in the history of metazoans, and homologous sequences of the component domains of integrin alpha and beta subunits are seen in prokaryotes. Some integrins, however, seem to be much younger. For example, the alphaI domain containing integrins, including collagen receptors and leukocyte integrins, have been found in chordates only. Here, we will discuss what conclusions can be drawn about integrin function by studying the evolutionary conservation of integrins. We will also look at how studying integrins in organisms such as the fruit fly and mouse has helped our understanding of integrin evolution-function relationships. As an illustration of this, we will summarize the current understanding of integrin involvement in skeletal muscle formation.
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271
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Hohenester E, Sasaki T, Giudici C, Farndale RW, Bächinger HP. Structural basis of sequence-specific collagen recognition by SPARC. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:18273-7. [PMID: 19011090 PMCID: PMC2587565 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0808452105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein interactions with the collagen triple helix play a critical role in collagen fibril formation, cell adhesion, and signaling. However, structural insight into sequence-specific collagen recognition is limited to an integrin-peptide complex. A GVMGFO motif in fibrillar collagens (O denotes 4-hydroxyproline) binds 3 unrelated proteins: von Willebrand factor (VWF), discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2), and the extracellular matrix protein SPARC/osteonectin/BM-40. We report the crystal structure at 3.2 A resolution of human SPARC bound to a triple-helical 33-residue peptide harboring the promiscuous GVMGFO motif. SPARC recognizes the GVMGFO motifs of the middle and trailing collagen chains, burying a total of 720 A(2) of solvent-accessible collagen surface. SPARC binding does not distort the canonical triple helix of the collagen peptide. In contrast, a critical loop in SPARC is substantially remodelled upon collagen binding, creating a deep pocket that accommodates the phenylalanine residue of the trailing collagen chain ("Phe pocket"). This highly restrictive specificity pocket is shared with the collagen-binding integrin I-domains but differs strikingly from the shallow collagen-binding grooves of the platelet receptor glycoprotein VI and microbial adhesins. We speculate that binding of the GVMGFO motif to VWF and DDR2 also results in structural changes and the formation of a Phe pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhard Hohenester
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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272
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Collagen nanofiber-covered porous biodegradable carboxymethyl chitosan microcarriers for tissue engineering cartilage. Eur Polym J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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273
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Heino J, Huhtala M, Käpylä J, Johnson MS. Evolution of collagen-based adhesion systems. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 41:341-8. [PMID: 18790075 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Collagens are large, triple-helical proteins that form fibrils and network-like structures in the extracellular matrix. The collagens may have participated in the evolution of the metazoans from their very earliest origins. Cell adhesion receptors, such as the integrins, are at least as old as the collagens. Still, the early metazoan cells might not have been able to anchor directly to collagen fibrils, since the integrin-type collagen receptors have only been identified in vertebrates. Instead, the early metazoans may have used integrin-type receptors in the recognition of collagen-binding glycoproteins. It is possible that specialized, high-avidity collagen-receptor integrins have become instrumental for the evolution of bone, cartilage, circulatory and immune systems in the chordates. In vertebrates, specific collagen-binding receptor tyrosine kinases send signals into cells after adhesion to collagen. These receptors are members of the discoidin domain receptor (DDR) group. The evolutionary history of DDRs is poorly known at this time. DDR orthologs have been found in many invertebrates, but their ability to function as collagen receptors has not yet been tested. The two main categories of collagens, fibrillar and non-fibrillar, already exist in the most primitive metazoans, such as the sponges. Interestingly, both integrin and DDR families seem to have members that favor either one or the other of these two groups of collagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyrki Heino
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
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274
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Huxley-Jones J, Foord SM, Barnes MR. Drug discovery in the extracellular matrix. Drug Discov Today 2008; 13:685-94. [PMID: 18583179 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an organised mesh of secreted proteins that provides structure, organisation and orientation to tissues and influences a spectrum of cell behaviours of direct relevance to disease and drug discovery. Many drugs currently in development target components of the ECM, yet most drug discovery teams perceive the ECM as a barrier to efficacious drug action, rather than a therapeutic target. Here we review current therapeutic approaches and consider potentially novel druggable opportunities to target the ECM, taking into account the factors that make it both unique and challenging, including its evolutionary history and innate multi-dimensional complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Huxley-Jones
- Computational Biology, Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, New Frontiers Science Park (North), Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, UK.
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275
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Rees MD, Kennett EC, Whitelock JM, Davies MJ. Oxidative damage to extracellular matrix and its role in human pathologies. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:1973-2001. [PMID: 18423414 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular compartments of most biological tissues are significantly less well protected against oxidative damage than intracellular sites and there is considerable evidence for such compartments being subject to a greater oxidative stress and an altered redox balance. However, with some notable exceptions (e.g., plasma and lung lining fluid) oxidative damage within these compartments has been relatively neglected and is poorly understood. In particular information on the nature and consequences of damage to extracellular matrix is lacking despite the growing realization that changes in matrix structure can play a key role in the regulation of cellular adhesion, proliferation, migration, and cell signaling. Furthermore, the extracellular matrix is widely recognized as being a key site of cytokine and growth factor binding, and modification of matrix structure might be expected to alter such behavior. In this paper we review the potential sources of oxidative matrix damage, the changes that occur in matrix structure, and how this may affect cellular behavior. The role of such damage in the development and progression of inflammatory diseases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Rees
- The Heart Research Institute, 114 Pyrmont Bridge Rd, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
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