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Baker FL, Smith KA, Mylabathula PL, Zuniga TM, Diak DM, Batatinha H, Niemiro GM, Seckeler MD, Pedlar CR, O'Connor DP, Colombo JN, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. Exercise-induced β2-adrenergic receptor activation enhances the anti-leukemic activity of expanded γδ T-Cells via DNAM-1 upregulation and PVR/Nectin-2 recognition. Cancer Res Commun 2024:742987. [PMID: 38592213 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Exercise mobilizes cytotoxic lymphocytes to blood which may allow superior cell products to be manufactured for cancer therapy. Gamma-Delta (γδ) T-cells have shown promise for treating solid tumors, but there is a need to increase their potency against hematologic malignancies. Here, we show that human γδ T-cells mobilized to blood in response to just 20-minutes of graded exercise have surface phenotypes and transcriptomic profiles associated with cytotoxicity, adhesion, migration and cytokine signaling. Following 14-days ex vivo expansion with zoledronic acid and interleukin (IL)-2, exercise mobilized γδ T-cells had surface phenotypes and transcriptomic profiles associated with enhanced effector functions, and demonstrated superior cytotoxic activity against multiple hematologic tumors in vitro, and in vivo in leukemia bearing xenogeneic mice. Infusing humans with the β1+β2-agonist isoproterenol and administering β1 or β1+β2 antagonists prior to exercise revealed these effects to be β2-adrenergic receptor (AR) dependent. Antibody blocking of DNAM-1 on expanded γδ T-cells, as well as the DNAM-1 ligands PVR and Nectin-2 on leukemic targets, abolished the enhanced anti-leukemic effects of exercise. These findings provide a mechanistic link between exercise, β2-AR activation, and the manufacture of superior γδ T-cell products for adoptive cell therapy against hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jamie N Colombo
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Fiuza-Luces C, Valenzuela PL, Gálvez BG, Ramírez M, López-Soto A, Simpson RJ, Lucia A. The effect of physical exercise on anticancer immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:282-293. [PMID: 37794239 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00943-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Regular physical activity is associated with lower cancer incidence and mortality, as well as with a lower rate of tumour recurrence. The epidemiological evidence is supported by preclinical studies in animal models showing that regular exercise delays the progression of cancer, including highly aggressive malignancies. Although the mechanisms underlying the antitumorigenic effects of exercise remain to be defined, an improvement in cancer immunosurveillance is likely important, with different immune cell subtypes stimulated by exercise to infiltrate tumours. There is also evidence that immune cells from blood collected after an exercise bout could be used as adoptive cell therapy for cancer. In this Perspective, we address the importance of muscular activity for maintaining a healthy immune system and discuss the effects of a single bout of exercise (that is, 'acute' exercise) and those of 'regular' exercise (that is, repeated bouts) on anticancer immunity, including tumour infiltrates. We also address the postulated mechanisms and the clinical implications of this emerging area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Fiuza-Luces
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group ('PaHerg'), Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pedro L Valenzuela
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group ('PaHerg'), Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain
- Systems Biology Department, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Beatriz G Gálvez
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group ('PaHerg'), Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Ramírez
- Oncohematology Unit, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- La Princesa Institute of Heah, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro López-Soto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Asturias, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain.
| | - Richard J Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea, Madrid, Spain.
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Suwakulsiri W, Xu R, Rai A, Chen M, Shafiq A, Greening DW, Simpson RJ. Transcriptomic analysis and fusion gene identifications of midbody remnants released from colorectal cancer cells reveals they are molecularly distinct from exosomes and microparticles. Proteomics 2024:e2300058. [PMID: 38470197 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that human primary (SW480) and metastatic (SW620) colorectal (CRC) cells release three classes of membrane-encapsulated extracellular vesicles (EVs); midbody remnants (MBRs), exosomes (Exos), and microparticles (MPs). We reported that MBRs were molecularly distinct at the protein level. To gain further biochemical insights into MBRs, Exos, and MPs and their emerging role in CRC, we performed, and report here, for the first time, a comprehensive transcriptome and long noncoding RNA sequencing analysis and fusion gene identification of these three EV classes using the next-generation RNA sequencing technique. Differential transcript expression analysis revealed that MBRs have a distinct transcriptomic profile compared to Exos and MPs with a high enrichment of mitochondrial transcripts lncRNA/pseudogene transcripts that are predicted to bind to ribonucleoprotein complexes, spliceosome, and RNA/stress granule proteins. A salient finding from this study is a high enrichment of several fusion genes in MBRs compared to Exos, MPs, and cell lysates from their parental cells such as MSH2 (gene encoded DNA mismatch repair protein MSH2). This suggests potential EV-liquid biopsy targets for cancer detection. Importantly, the expression of cancer progression-related transcripts found in EV classes derived from SW480 (EGFR) and SW620 (MET and MACCA1) cell lines reflects their parental cell types. Our study is the report of RNA and fusion gene compositions within MBRs (including Exos and MPs) that could have an impact on EV functionality in cancer progression and detection using EV-based RNA/ fusion gene candidates for cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wittaya Suwakulsiri
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rong Xu
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Australia Centre for Blood Diseases, Centre Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alin Rai
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maoshan Chen
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Adnan Shafiq
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - David W Greening
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Gunning JA, Gilman KE, Zúñiga TM, Simpson RJ, Limesand KH. Parotid glands have a dysregulated immune response following radiation therapy. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297387. [PMID: 38470874 PMCID: PMC10931461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer treatment often consists of surgical resection of the tumor followed by ionizing radiation (IR), which can damage surrounding tissues and cause adverse side effects. The underlying mechanisms of radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction are not fully understood, and treatment options are scarce and ineffective. The wound healing process is a necessary response to tissue injury, and broadly consists of inflammatory, proliferative, and redifferentiation phases with immune cells playing key roles in all three phases. In this study, select immune cells were phenotyped and quantified, and certain cytokine and chemokine concentrations were measured in mouse parotid glands after IR. Further, we used a model where glandular function is restored to assess the immune phenotype in a regenerative response. These data suggest that irradiated parotid tissue does not progress through a typical inflammatory response observed in wounds that heal. Specifically, total immune cells (CD45+) decrease at days 2 and 5 following IR, macrophages (F4/80+CD11b+) decrease at day 2 and 5 and increase at day 30, while neutrophils (Ly6G+CD11b+) significantly increase at day 30 following IR. Additionally, radiation treatment reduces CD3- cells at all time points, significantly increases CD3+/CD4+CD8+ double positive cells, and significantly reduces CD3+/CD4-CD8- double negative cells at day 30 after IR. Previous data indicate that post-IR treatment with IGF-1 restores salivary gland function at day 30, and IGF-1 injections attenuate the increase in macrophages, neutrophils, and CD4+CD8+ T cells observed at day 30 following IR. Taken together, these data indicate that parotid salivary tissue exhibits a dysregulated immune response following radiation treatment which may contribute to chronic loss of function phenotype in head and neck cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A. Gunning
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kristy E. Gilman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Tiffany M. Zúñiga
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kirsten H. Limesand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
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Fiuza-Luces C, Valenzuela PL, Gálvez BG, Ramírez M, López-Soto A, Simpson RJ, Lucia A. Author Correction: The effect of physical exercise on anticancer immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:229. [PMID: 38302654 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-00999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Fiuza-Luces
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group ('PaHerg'), Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pedro L Valenzuela
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group ('PaHerg'), Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain
- Systems Biology Department, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Beatriz G Gálvez
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group ('PaHerg'), Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Ramírez
- Oncohematology Unit, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- La Princesa Institute of Heah, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro López-Soto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Asturias, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain.
| | - Richard J Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea, Madrid, Spain.
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Cracchiolo MJ, Davis L, Matiatos AP, Davini DW, Husnain M, Simpson RJ, Voudouris V, Katsanis E. Comparable Efficacy of Oral Bendamustine versus Intravenous Administration in Treating Hematologic Malignancies. Res Sq 2024:rs.3.rs-3848777. [PMID: 38313301 PMCID: PMC10836110 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3848777/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to analyze potential differences in antitumor efficacy and pharmacokinetics between intravenous (IV) bendamustine (BEN) and a novel orally administered bendamustine agent (PO) that is utilizing the beneficial properties of superstaturated solid dispersions formulated in nanoparticles. Methods Pharmacokinetics of IV versus PO BEN were determined by analysis of plasma samples collected from NSG mice treated with either IV or PO BEN. Plasma samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) following a liquid-liquid extraction to determine peak BEN concentration (Cmax), area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and the half-life (t1/2) in-vivo. in-vitro cytotoxicity of BEN against human non-Hodgkin's Burkitt's Lymphoma (Raji), multiple myeloma (MM.1s), and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (RS4;11) cell lines was determined over time using MTS assays. Luciferase-tagged versions of the aforementioned cell lines were used to determine in-vivo BEN cytotoxicity of IV versus PO BEN at two different doses. Results Bendamustine at a high dose in-vitro causes cell death. There was no significant difference in antitumor efficacy between IV and novel PO BEN at a physiologically relevant concentration in all three xenograft models. In-vivo pharmacokinetics showed the oral bioavailability of BEN in mice to be 51.4%. Conclusions The novel oral BEN agent tested exhibits good oral bioavailability and systemic exposure for in-vivo antitumor efficacy comparable to IV BEN. An oral BEN formulation offers exciting clinical potential as an additional method of administration for bendamustine and warrants further evaluation in clinical studies.
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Smith KA, Zúñiga TM, Baker FL, Batatinha H, Pedlar CR, Burgess SC, Gustafson MP, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. COVID-19 vaccination produces exercise-responsive SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells regardless of infection history. J Sport Health Sci 2024; 13:99-107. [PMID: 37399887 PMCID: PMC10818112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mobilization and redistribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) specific T-cells and neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) during exercise is purported to increase immune surveillance and protect against severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We sought to determine if COVID-19 vaccination would elicit exercise-responsive SARS-CoV-2 T-cells and transiently alter nAb titers. METHODS Eighteen healthy participants completed a 20-min bout of graded cycling exercise before and/or after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine. All major leukocyte subtypes were enumerated before, during, and after exercise by flow cytometry, and immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 were determined using whole blood peptide stimulation assays, T-cell receptor (TCR)-β sequencing, and SARS-CoV-2 nAb serology. RESULTS COVID-19 vaccination had no effect on the mobilization or egress of major leukocyte subsets in response to intensity-controlled graded exercise. However, non-infected participants had a significantly reduced mobilization of CD4+ and CD8+ naive T-cells, as well as CD4+ central memory T-cells, after vaccination (synthetic immunity group); this was not seen after vaccination in those with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (hybrid immunity group). Acute exercise after vaccination robustly mobilized SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells to blood in an intensity-dependent manner. Both groups mobilized T-cells that reacted to spike protein; however, only the hybrid immunity group mobilized T-cells that reacted to membrane and nucleocapsid antigens. nAbs increased significantly during exercise only in the hybrid immunity group. CONCLUSION These data indicate that acute exercise mobilizes SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells that recognize spike protein and increases the redistribution of nAbs in individuals with hybrid immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Smith
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Tiffany M Zúñiga
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Forrest L Baker
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Helena Batatinha
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Charles R Pedlar
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St. Mary's University, Twickenham TW1 4SX, UK; Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, University College London, London WC1E 7HU, UK
| | - Shane C Burgess
- Department of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Michael P Gustafson
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Department of Pathology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Richard J Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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Nakano M, Sakamoto T, Kitano Y, Bono H, Simpson RJ, Tabunoki H. An extract from the frass of swallowtail butterfly (Papilio machaon) larvae inhibits HCT116 colon cancer cell proliferation but not other cancer cell types. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:735. [PMID: 38049715 PMCID: PMC10696813 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09841-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frass of several herbivorous insect species has been utilised as natural medicines in Asia; however, the metabolite makeup and pharmaceutical activities of insect frass have yet to be investigated. Oligophagous Papilionidae insects utilise specific kinds of plants, and it has been suggested that the biochemicals from the plants may be metabolised by cytochrome P450 (CYP) in Papilionidae insects. In this study, we extracted the components of the frass of Papilio machaon larvae reared on Angelica keiskei, Oenanthe javanica or Foeniculum vulgare and examined the biological activity of each component. Then, we explored the expression of CYP genes in the midgut of P. machaon larvae and predicted the characteristics of their metabolic system. RESULTS The components that were extracted using hexane, chloroform or methanol were biochemically different between larval frass and the host plants on which the larvae had fed. Furthermore, a fraction obtained from the chloroform extract from frass of A. keiskei-fed larvae specifically inhibited the cell proliferation of the human colon cancer cell line HCT116, whereas fractions obtained from the chloroform extracts of O. javanica- or F. vulgare-fed larval frass did not affect HCT116 cell viability. The metabolites from the chloroform extract from frass of A. keiskei-fed larvae prevented cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in HCT116 cells. Next, we explored the metabolic enzyme candidates in A. keiskei-fed larvae by RNA-seq analysis. We found that the A. keiskei-fed larval midgut might have different characteristics from the O. javanica- or F. vulgare-fed larval metabolic systems, and we found that the CYP6B2 transcript was highly expressed in the A. keiskei-fed larval midgut. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that P. machaon metabolites might be useful as pharmaceutical agents against human colon cancer subtypes. Importantly, our findings show that it might be possible to use insect metabolic enzymes for the chemical structural conversion of plant-derived compounds with complex structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Nakano
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Fuchu, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takuma Sakamoto
- Department of Science of Biological Production, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kitano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai- cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Bono
- Laboratory of Bio-DX, Genome Editing Innovation Center, Hiroshima University, 3-10-23 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, 739-0046, Japan
- Laboratory of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 3- 10-23 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, 739-0046, Japan
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tabunoki
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Fuchu, 183-8509, Japan.
- Department of Science of Biological Production, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
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Filioglou D, Husnain M, Khurana S, Simpson RJ, Katsanis E. Has the shortage of fludarabine altered the current paradigm of lymphodepletion in favor of bendamustine? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1329850. [PMID: 38077398 PMCID: PMC10702755 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1329850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common lymphodepletion regimen used prior to infusion of chimeric antigen receptor-T cells (CAR-T) is cyclophosphamide (CY) in combination with fludarabine (Flu) (CY-FLU). While cyclophosphamide (CY) possesses lymphotoxic effects, it concurrently preserves regulatory T cell activity, potentially affecting the efficacy of CAR-T cells. Moreover, the use of fludarabine (FLU) has been linked to neurotoxicity, which could complicate the early detection of immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) observed in CAR-T cell therapy. Given the ongoing shortage of FLU, alternative lymphodepleting agents have become necessary. To date, only a limited number of studies have directly compared different lymphodepleting regimens, and most of these comparisons have been retrospective in nature. Herein, we review the current literature on lymphodepletion preceding CAR-T cell therapies for lymphoid hematologic malignancies, with a specific focus on the use of bendamustine (BEN). Recent evidence suggests that administering BEN before CAR-T cell infusion yields comparable efficacy, possibly with a more favorable toxicity profile when compared to CY-FLU. This warrants further investigation through randomized prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Husnain
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Sharad Khurana
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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10
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Kidd DR, Valifard M, Qi J, Wisdom JMB, Simpson RJ, Ryan MH. Survival analysis of germination data in response to temperature for Ornithopus species and other temperate pasture legumes. Funct Plant Biol 2023; 50:792-807. [PMID: 37604504 DOI: 10.1071/fp23095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Cool temperatures can limit productivity of temperate grazing systems as poor pasture growth rates in winter create feed shortages for livestock. Ornithopus spp. (serradella) are broadly adapted annual pasture legumes that produce high-quality forage in soil types considered marginal for other temperate legume species. However, serradella establishment is perceived to be difficult in cool-season environments. We used survival analysis to compare germination rate and seedling emergence for two serradella species (yellow serradella and French serradella) against three reference species (Medicago sativa, M. polymorpha and Trifolium subterraneum ) in four temperature treatments (10/5, 15/10, 20/15 and 25/20°C; max/min). We also compared shoot relative growth rate and photosynthetic rate at 15/10°C (cool) and 23/18°C (warm). Cool temperatures (10/5, 15/10°C) did not slow germination rates for serradella relative to the reference species, but warm temperatures (20/15, 25/20°C) delayed emergence and reduced post-emergent shoot growth rates. Once established, Ornithopus spp. had similar mean photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance at cool temperatures to the reference species. We conclude that, contrary to common perception, cool temperatures did not adversely influence germination, emergence, or early growth of Ornithopus spp. relative to the reference species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Kidd
- School of Agriculture and Environment and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - M Valifard
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Street, Kaiserslautern 67653, Germany
| | - Juan Qi
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - J M B Wisdom
- School of Agriculture and Environment and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - R J Simpson
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - M H Ryan
- School of Agriculture and Environment and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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11
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Suwakulsiri W, Xu R, Rai A, Shafiq A, Chen M, Greening DW, Simpson RJ. Comparative proteomic analysis of three major extracellular vesicle classes secreted from human primary and metastatic colorectal cancer cells: Exosomes, microparticles, and shed midbody remnants. Proteomics 2023:e2300057. [PMID: 37507836 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are evolutionary-conserved secretory organelles that, based on their molecular composition, are important intercellular signaling regulators. At least three classes of circulating EVs are known based on mechanism of biogenesis: exosomes (sEVs/Exos), microparticles (lEVs/MPs), and shed midbody remnants (lEVs/sMB-Rs). sEVs/Exos are of endosomal pathway origin, microparticles (lEVs/MPs) from plasma membrane blebbing and shed midbody remnants (lEVs/sMB-Rs) arise from symmetric cytokinetic abscission. Here, we isolate sEVs/Exos, lEVs/MPs, and lEVs/sMB-Rs secreted from human isogenic primary (SW480) and metastatic (SW620) colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines in milligram quantities for label-free MS/MS-based proteomic profiling. Purified EVs revealed selective composition packaging of exosomal protein markers in SW480/SW620-sEVs/Exos, metabolic enzymes in SW480/SW620-lEVs/MPs, while centralspindlin complex proteins, nucleoproteins, splicing factors, RNA granule proteins, translation-initiation factors, and mitochondrial proteins selectively traffic to SW480/SW620- lEVs/sMB-Rs. Collectively, we identify 39 human cancer-associated genes in EVs; 17 associated with SW480-EVs, 22 with SW620-EVs. We highlight oncogenic receptors/transporters selectively enriched in sEVs/Exos (EGFR/FAS in SW480-sEVs/Exos and MET, TGFBR2, ABCB1 in SW620-sEVs/Exos). Interestingly, MDK, STAT1, and TGM2 are selectively enriched in SW480-lEVs/sMB-Rs, and ADAM15 to SW620-lEVs/sMB-Rs. Our study reveals sEVs/Exos, lEVs/MPs, and lEVs/sMB-Rs have distinct protein signatures that open potential diagnostic avenues of distinct types of EVs for clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wittaya Suwakulsiri
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment (SABE), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rong Xu
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Centre Clinical, Australia Centre for Blood Diseases, School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alin Rai
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adnan Shafiq
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment (SABE), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maoshan Chen
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - David W Greening
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment (SABE), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Zúñiga TM, Baker FL, Smith KA, Batatinha H, Lau B, Burgess SC, Gustafson MP, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. Clonal Kinetics and Single-Cell Transcriptional Profiles of T Cells Mobilized to Blood by Acute Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:991-1002. [PMID: 36719647 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute exercise redistributes large numbers of memory T cells, which may contribute to enhanced immune surveillance in regular exercisers. It is not known, however, if acute exercise promotes a broad or oligoclonal T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire or evokes transcriptomic changes in "exercise-responsive" T-cell clones. METHODS Healthy volunteers completed a graded bout of cycling exercise up to 80% V̇O 2max . DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected at rest, during exercise (EX), and 1 h after (+1H) exercise, and processed for deep TCR-β chain sequencing and tandem single-cell RNA sequencing. RESULTS The number of unique clones and unique rearrangements was decreased at EX compared with rest ( P < 0.01) and +1H ( P < 0.01). Productive clonality was increased compared with rest ( P < 0.05) and +1H ( P < 0.05), whereas Shannon's Index was decreased compared with rest ( P < 0.05) and +1H ( P < 0.05). The top 10 rearrangements in the repertoire were increased at EX compared with rest ( P < 0.05) and +1H ( P < 0.05). Cross-referencing TCR-β sequences with a public database (VDJdb) revealed that exercise increased the number of clones specific for the most prevalent motifs, including Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and influenza A. We identified 633 unique exercise-responsive T-cell clones that were mobilized and/or egressed in response to exercise. Among these clones, there was an upregulation in genes related to cell death, cytotoxicity, and activation ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Acute exercise promotes an oligoclonal T-cell repertoire by preferentially mobilizing the most dominant clones, several of which are specific to known viral antigens and display differentially expressed genes indicative of cytotoxicity, activation, and apoptosis.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- T-Lymphocytes
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Clone Cells/metabolism
- Exercise
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M Zúñiga
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Forrest L Baker
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Kyle A Smith
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | - Branden Lau
- The University of Arizona Genetics Core, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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13
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Crane JC, Gordon MJ, Basen-Engquist K, Ferrajoli A, Markofski MM, Lee CY, Fares S, Simpson RJ, LaVoy EC. Relationships between T-lymphocytes and physical function in adults with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Results from the HEALTH4CLL pilot study. Eur J Haematol 2023; 110:732-742. [PMID: 36946440 PMCID: PMC10929688 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examine physical function and T-cell phenotype in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) before and after a physical activity (PA) intervention. METHODS Physical function measures and blood samples were collected from CLL patients (Rai stage 0-4, 50% receiving targeted therapy, N = 24) enrolled in a 16-week intervention of at-home aerobic and/or resistance exercise. Flow cytometry characterized T-cells in cryopreserved peripheral blood cells. Wilcoxon signed-rank test compared physical function and T-cell phenotype at baseline and 16-weeks; Kendall's Tau assessed associations between variables. RESULTS Godin leisure-time PA score increased from baseline to 16-weeks (mean difference: 14.61, p < .01) and fatigue decreased (mean difference: 6.71, p < .001). At baseline, lower fatigue correlated with a lower proportion of CD8+ T-cells (τ = 0.32, p = .03) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) inversely correlated with the percentage of PD-1+CD8+ T-cells (τ -0.31, p = .03). At 16-weeks, CRF inversely correlated with the proportion of PD-1+CD4+ T-cells (τ -0.34, p = .02). Reduced fatigue at 16-weeks correlated with an increased CD4:CD8 ratio (τ = 0.36, p = .02) and lower percentage of HLA-DR+PD-1+CD4+ T-cells (τ = -0.37, p = .01). CONCLUSIONS This intervention increased leisure-time PA and decreased fatigue in CLL patients. These changes correlated with an increased CD4:CD8 T-cell ratio and reduced proportion of T-cells subsets previously associated with poor outcomes in CLL patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02194387.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C. Crane
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Max J. Gordon
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Karen Basen-Engquist
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Behavioral Science, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Services, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Energy Balance in Cancer Prevention and Survivorship, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health; Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Rice University; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alessandra Ferrajoli
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Melissa M. Markofski
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Che Young Lee
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Behavioral Science, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Services, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sara Fares
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Behavioral Science, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Services, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard J Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona; Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona; Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona; Tucson, AZ, USA
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center; Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Emily C. LaVoy
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston; Houston, TX, USA
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14
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Batatinha H, Diak DM, Niemiro GM, Baker FL, Smith KA, Zúñiga TM, Mylabathula PL, Seckeler MD, Lau B, LaVoy EC, Gustafson MP, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. Human lymphocytes mobilized with exercise have an anti-tumor transcriptomic profile and exert enhanced graft-versus-leukemia effects in xenogeneic mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1067369. [PMID: 37077913 PMCID: PMC10109447 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1067369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundEvery bout of exercise mobilizes and redistributes large numbers of effector lymphocytes with a cytotoxic and tissue migration phenotype. The frequent redistribution of these cells is purported to increase immune surveillance and play a mechanistic role in reducing cancer risk and slowing tumor progression in physically active cancer survivors. Our aim was to provide the first detailed single cell transcriptomic analysis of exercise-mobilized lymphocytes and test their effectiveness as a donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) in xenogeneic mice engrafted with human leukemia.MethodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from healthy volunteers at rest and at the end of an acute bout of cycling exercise. Flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing was performed to identify phenotypic and transcriptomic differences between resting and exercise-mobilized cells using a targeted gene expression panel curated for human immunology. PBMCs were injected into the tail vein of xenogeneic NSG-IL-15 mice and subsequently challenged with a luciferase tagged chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line (K562). Tumor growth (bioluminescence) and xenogeneic graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) were monitored bi-weekly for 40-days.ResultsExercise preferentially mobilized NK-cell, CD8+ T-cell and monocyte subtypes with a differentiated and effector phenotype, without significantly mobilizing CD4+ regulatory T-cells. Mobilized effector lymphocytes, particularly effector-memory CD8+ T-cells and NK-cells, displayed differentially expressed genes and enriched gene sets associated with anti-tumor activity, including cytotoxicity, migration/chemotaxis, antigen binding, cytokine responsiveness and alloreactivity (e.g. graft-versus-host/leukemia). Mice receiving exercise-mobilized PBMCs had lower tumor burden and higher overall survival (4.14E+08 photons/s and 47%, respectively) at day 40 compared to mice receiving resting PBMCs (12.1E+08 photons/s and 22%, respectively) from the same donors (p<0.05). Human immune cell engraftment was similar for resting and exercise-mobilized DLI. However, when compared to non-tumor bearing mice, K562 increased the expansion of NK-cell and CD3+/CD4-/CD8- T-cells in mice receiving exercise-mobilized but not resting lymphocytes, 1-2 weeks after DLI. No differences in GvHD or GvHD-free survival was observed between groups either with or without K562 challenge.ConclusionExercise in humans mobilizes effector lymphocytes with an anti-tumor transcriptomic profile and their use as DLI extends survival and enhances the graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effect without exacerbating GvHD in human leukemia bearing xenogeneic mice. Exercise may serve as an effective and economical adjuvant to increase the GvL effects of allogeneic cell therapies without intensifying GvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Batatinha
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Douglass M. Diak
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Grace M. Niemiro
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Forrest L. Baker
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kyle A. Smith
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Tiffany M. Zúñiga
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Preteesh L. Mylabathula
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Michael D. Seckeler
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Branden Lau
- University of Arizona Genetics Core, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Emily C. LaVoy
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael P. Gustafson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- *Correspondence: Richard J. Simpson,
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15
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Gilman KE, Matiatos AP, Cracchiolo MJ, Moon AG, Davini DW, Simpson RJ, Katsanis E. Multiagent Intratumoral Immunotherapy Can Be Effective in A20 Lymphoma Clearance and Generation of Systemic T Cell Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15071951. [PMID: 37046612 PMCID: PMC10093573 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15071951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of immunotherapies has shown promise against selective human cancers. Identifying novel combinations of innate and adaptive immune cell-activating agents that can work synergistically to suppress tumor growth and provide additional protection against resistance or recurrence is critical. The A20 murine lymphoma model was used to evaluate the effect of various combination immunotherapies administered intratumorally. We show that single-modality treatment with Poly(I:C) or GM-CSF-secreting allogeneic cells only modestly controls tumor growth, whereas when given together there is an improved benefit, with 50% of animals clearing tumors and surviving long-term. Neither heat nor irradiation of GM-CSF-secreting cells enhanced the response over use of live cells. The use of a TIM-3 inhibitory antibody and an OX40 agonist in combination with Poly(I:C) allowed for improved tumor control, with 90% of animals clearing tumors with or without a combination of GM-CSF-secreting cells. Across all treatment groups, mice rejecting their primary A20 tumors were immune to subsequent challenge with A20, and this longstanding immunity was T-cell dependent. The results herein support the use of combinations of innate and adaptive immune activating agents for immunotherapy against lymphoma and should be investigated in other cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy E Gilman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Andrew P Matiatos
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | | | - Amanda G Moon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Dan W Davini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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16
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Baker FL, Zúñiga TM, Smith KA, Batatinha H, Kulangara TS, Seckeler MD, Burgess SC, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. Exercise mobilizes diverse antigen specific T-cells and elevates neutralizing antibodies in humans with natural immunity to SARS CoV-2. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 28:100600. [PMID: 36743994 PMCID: PMC9886396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data suggest that physical activity protects against severe COVID-19 and improves clinical outcomes, but how exercise augments the SARS-CoV-2 viral immune response has yet to be elucidated. Here we determine the antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell and humoral immunity to exercise in non-vaccinated individuals with natural immunity to SARS CoV-2, using whole-blood SARS-CoV-2 peptide stimulation assays, IFN-γ ELISPOT assays, 8-color flow cytometry, deep T-cell receptor (TCR) β sequencing, and anti-RBD-1 neutralizing antibody serology. We found that acute exercise reliably mobilized (∼2.5-fold increase) highly functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cells to the blood compartment in those with natural immunity to the virus. The mobilized cells reacted with spike protein (including alpha (α) and delta (δ)-variants), membrane, and nucleocapsid peptides in those previously infected but not in controls. Both groups reliably mobilized T-cells reacting with Epstein-Barr viral peptides. Exercise mobilized SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells maintained broad TCR-β diversity with no impact on CDR3 length or V and J family gene usage. Exercise predominantly mobilized MHC I restricted (i.e. CD8+) SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells that recognized ORF1ab, surface, ORF7b, nucleocapsid, and membrane proteins. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies were transiently elevated ∼1.5-fold during exercise after infection. In conclusion, we provide novel data on a potential mechanism by which exercise could increase SARS-CoV-2 immunosurveillance via the mobilization and redistribution of antigen-specific CD8 T-cells and neutralizing antibodies. Further research is needed to define the tissue specific disease protective effects of exercise as SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve, as well as the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest L. Baker
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Corresponding author. School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, 1177 E. Fourth Street Shantz Building Room 308, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Tiffany M. Zúñiga
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kyle A. Smith
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Helena Batatinha
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Terese S. Kulangara
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Michael D. Seckeler
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Shane C. Burgess
- Department of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Pathology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States
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17
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Sparrow RL, Simpson RJ, Greening DW. Preparation of Cryoprecipitate and Cryo-depleted Plasma for Proteomic Research Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2628:41-49. [PMID: 36781778 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2978-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
When frozen plasma is slowly thawed in cold conditions (1-6 °C), high-molecular-weight plasma proteins precipitate forming a concentrate known as cryoprecipitate. The concentrate is enriched with several important coagulation proteins, including fibrinogen, antihemophilic factor (factor VIII), von Willebrand factor, fibrin stabilizing factor (factor XIII), fibronectin, and small amounts of other plasma proteins. In current medical practice, clinical-grade preparations of cryoprecipitate are used mostly to correct fibrinogen deficiency caused by acute blood loss or due to functional abnormalities of the fibrinogen protein. In the past, cryoprecipitate was used to treat von Willebrand disease and hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency), but the availability of more highly purified coagulation factor concentrates or recombinant protein preparations has superseded the use of cryoprecipitate for these coagulopathies. Cryo-depleted plasma (also called cryosupernatant) is the plasma supernatant remaining following removal of the cryoprecipitate from frozen-thawed plasma and contains all the remaining soluble plasma proteins. This protocol describes the research-scale preparation of cryoprecipitate and cryo-depleted plasma suitable for proteomic studies and is based on the procedures used to prepare clinical-grade cryoprecipitate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary L Sparrow
- Transfusion Science, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David W Greening
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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18
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Sparrow RL, Simpson RJ, Greening DW. Protocols for the Isolation of Platelets for Research and Contrast to Production of Platelet Concentrates for Transfusion. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2628:3-18. [PMID: 36781775 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2978-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Platelets are specialized cellular elements of blood and play a central role in maintaining normal hemostasis, wound healing, and host defense but also are implicated in pathologic processes of thrombosis, inflammation, and tumor progression and dissemination. Transfusion of platelet concentrates is an important treatment for thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) due to disease or significant blood loss, with the goal being to prevent bleeding or to arrest active bleeding. In blood circulation, platelets are in a resting state; however, when triggered by a stimulus, such as blood vessel injury, become activated (also termed procoagulant). Platelet activation is the basis of their biological function to arrest active bleeding, comprising a complex interplay of morphological phenotype/shape change, adhesion, expression of signaling molecules, and release of bioactive factors, including extracellular vesicles/microparticles. Advances in high-throughput mRNA and protein profiling techniques have brought new understanding of platelet biological functions, including identification of novel platelet proteins and secreted molecules, analysis of functional changes between normal and pathologic states, and determining the effects of processing and storage on platelet concentrates for transfusion. However, because platelets are very easily activated, it is important to understand the different in vitro methods for platelet isolation commonly used and how they differ from the perspective for use as research samples in clinical chemistry. Two simple methods are described here for the preparation of research-scale platelet samples from human whole blood, and detailed notes are provided about the methods used for the preparation of platelet concentrates for transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary L Sparrow
- Transfusion Science, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David W Greening
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Gilman KE, Cracchiolo MJ, Matiatos AP, Davini DW, Simpson RJ, Katsanis E. Partially replacing cyclophosphamide with bendamustine in combination with cyclosporine A improves survival and reduces xenogeneic graft-versus-host-disease. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1045710. [PMID: 36700195 PMCID: PMC9868157 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1045710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The use of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) for treating hematological disorders is increasing, but the development of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The use of post-transplant cyclophosphamide (CY) has significantly improved outcomes following allo-HCT, but complications of viral reactivation due to delayed immune reconstitution or relapse remain. Other laboratories are evaluating the potential benefit of lowering the dose of CY given post-transplant, whereas our laboratory has been focusing on whether partially replacing CY with another DNA alkylating agent, bendamustine (BEN) may be advantageous in improving outcomes with allo-HCT. Methods Here, we utilized a xenogeneic GvHD (xGvHD) model in which immunodeficient NSG mice are infused with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Results We show that a lower dose of CY (25 mg/kg) given on days +3 and +4 or CY (75 mg/kg) given on only day +3 post-PBMC infusion is not sufficient for improving survival from xGvHD, but can be improved with the addition of BEN (15 mg/kg) on day +4 to day +3 CY (75 mg/kg). CY/BEN treated mice when combined with cyclosporine A (CSA) (10mg/kg daily from days +5 to +18 and thrice weekly thereafter), had improved outcomes over CY/CY +CSA treated mice. Infiltration of GvHD target organs was reduced in both CY/CY and CY/BEN treatment groups versus those receiving no treatment. CY/CY +CSA mice exhibited more severe xGvHD at day 10, marked by decreased serum albumin and increased intestinal permeability. CY/BEN treated mice had reductions in naïve, effector memory and Th17 polarized T cells. RNAseq analysis of splenocytes isolated from CY/CY and CY/BEN treated animals revealed increased gene set enrichment in multiple KEGG pathways related to cell migration, proliferation/differentiation, and inflammatory pathways, among others with CY/BEN treatment. Conclusion Together, we illustrate that the use of CY/BEN is safe and shows similar control of xGvHD to CY/CY, but when combined with CSA, survival with CY/BEN is significantly prolonged compared to CY/CY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy E. Gilman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | | | - Andrew P. Matiatos
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Dan W. Davini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,*Correspondence: Emmanuel Katsanis,
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Niemiro GM, Coletta AM, Agha NH, Mylabathula PL, Baker FL, Brewster AM, Bevers TB, Fuentes-Mattei E, Basen-Engquist K, Katsanis E, Gilchrist SC, Simpson RJ. Correction: Salutary effects of moderate but not high intensity aerobic exercise training on the frequency of peripheral T-cells associated with immunosenescence in older women at high risk of breast cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Immun Ageing 2022; 19:30. [PMID: 35676680 PMCID: PMC9175449 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-022-00276-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Zúñiga TM, Baker FL, Smith KA, Batatinha H, Lau B, Gustafson MP, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. Acute exercise mobilizes NKT-like cells with a cytotoxic transcriptomic profile but does not augment the potency of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:938106. [PMID: 36189306 PMCID: PMC9519182 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.938106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CD3+/CD56+ Natural killer (NK) cell-like T-cells (NKT-like cells) represent <5% of blood lymphocytes, display a cytotoxic phenotype, and can kill various cancers. NKT-like cells can be expanded ex vivo into cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, however this therapeutic cell product has had mixed results against hematological malignancies in clinical trials. The aim of this study was to determine if NKT-like cells mobilized during acute cycling exercise could be used to generate more potent anti-tumor CIK cells from healthy donors. An acute exercise bout increased NKT-like cell numbers in blood 2-fold. Single cell RNA sequencing revealed that exercise mobilized NKT-like cells have an upregulation of genes and transcriptomic programs associated with enhanced anti-tumor activity, including cytotoxicity, cytokine responsiveness, and migration. Exercise, however, did not augment the ex vivo expansion of CIK cells or alter their surface phenotypes after 21-days of culture. CIK cells expanded at rest, during exercise (at 60% and 80% VO2max) or after (1h post) were equally capable of killing leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma target cells with and without cytokine (IL-2) and antibody (OKT3) priming in vitro. We conclude that acute exercise in healthy donors mobilizes NKT-like cells with an upregulation of transcriptomic programs involved in anti-tumor activity, but does not augment the ex vivo expansion of CIK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M. Zúñiga
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Forrest L. Baker
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kyle A. Smith
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Helena Batatinha
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Branden Lau
- University of Arizona Genetics Core, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Michael P. Gustafson
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Pathology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- *Correspondence: Richard J. Simpson,
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Zuniga TM, Baker FL, Smith KA, Batatinha H, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. Acute Aerobic Exercise Preferentially Mobilizes Dominant T-cell Clones To Transiently Lower Receptor Polyclonality In Circulation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000881888.74138.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Lee CY, Gordon M, Fares S, LaVoy E, Markofski MM, Simpson RJ, Ferrajoli A, Basen-Engquist KM. Optimization Of Behavioral Interventions For Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: The HEALTH4CLL Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000883356.52809.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Baker FL, Smith KA, Zúñiga TM, Batatinha H, Pedlar CR, Burgess SC, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. Acute Exercise Mobilizes Functional SARS-CoV-2 Specific T-Cells And Elevates Neutralizing Antibodies In Previously Infected Individuals. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000878948.45105.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Gros M, Segura E, Rookhuizen DC, Baudon B, Heurtebise-Chrétien S, Burgdorf N, Maurin M, Kapp EA, Simpson RJ, Kozik P, Villadangos JA, Bertrand MJM, Burbage M, Amigorena S. Endocytic membrane repair by ESCRT-III controls antigen export to the cytosol during antigen cross-presentation. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111205. [PMID: 35977488 PMCID: PMC9396532 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its crucial role in initiation of cytotoxic immune responses, the molecular pathways underlying antigen cross-presentation remain incompletely understood. The mechanism of antigen exit from endocytic compartments into the cytosol is a long-standing matter of controversy, confronting two main models: transfer through specific channels/transporters or rupture of endocytic membranes and leakage of luminal content. By monitoring the occurrence of intracellular damage in conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), we show that cross-presenting cDC1s display more frequent endomembrane injuries and increased recruitment of endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-III, the main repair system for intracellular membranes, relative to cDC2s. Silencing of CHMP2a or CHMP4b, two effector subunits of ESCRT-III, enhances cytosolic antigen export and cross-presentation. This phenotype is partially reversed by chemical inhibition of RIPK3, suggesting that endocytic damage is related to basal activation of the necroptosis pathway. Membrane repair therefore proves crucial in containing antigen export to the cytosol and cross-presentation in cDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Gros
- Institut Curie, PSL University, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Elodie Segura
- Institut Curie, PSL University, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005 Paris, France; Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Derek C Rookhuizen
- Institut Curie, PSL University, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Blandine Baudon
- Institut Curie, PSL University, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Nina Burgdorf
- Institut Curie, PSL University, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Maurin
- Institut Curie, PSL University, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Eugene A Kapp
- Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Patrycja Kozik
- Protein & Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Mathieu J M Bertrand
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwinjaarde 71, 9052 Zwinaarde-Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark-Zwinjaarde 71, 9052 Zwinaarde-Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marianne Burbage
- Institut Curie, PSL University, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Sebastian Amigorena
- Institut Curie, PSL University, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, 75005 Paris, France
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26
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Mylabathula PL, Diak DM, Baker FL, Niemiro GM, Markofski MM, Crucian BE, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. IL-2 and Zoledronic Acid Therapy Restores the In Vivo Anti-Leukemic Activity of Human Lymphocytes Pre-Exposed to Simulated Microgravity. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2022; 27:215. [PMID: 35866402 DOI: 10.31083/j.fbl2707215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that the anti-tumor activity of human lymphocytes is diminished in vitro after 12-hours pre-exposure to simulated microgravity (SMG). Here we used an immunocompromised mouse model to determine if this loss of function would extend in vivo, and to also test the efficacy of IL-2 and zoledronic acid (ZOL) therapy as a potential countermeasure against SMG-induced immune dysfunction. We adoptively transferred human lymphocytes that were exposed to either SMG or 1G-control into NSG-Tg (Hu-IL15) mice 1-week after they were injected with a luciferase-tagged human chronic myeloid leukemia (K562) cell line. Tumor growth was monitored 2x weekly with bioluminescence imaging (BLI) for up to 6-weeks. RESULTS Mice that received lymphocytes exposed to SMG showed greater tumor burden compared to those receiving lymphocytes exposed to 1G (week 6 BLI: 1.8e10 ± 8.07e9 versus 2.22e8 ± 1.39e8 photons/second; p < 0.0001). Peak BLI was also higher in the SMG group compared to 1G-control (2.34e10 ± 1.23e10 versus 3.75e8 ± 1.56e8 photons/second; p = 0.0062). Exposure to SMG did not affect the ability of human lymphocytes to engraft or evoke xeno-graft-versus-host disease in the mice. Additionally, we injected the mice with IL-2 and zoledronic acid (ZOL) to expand and activate the anti-tumor activity of NK cells and γ δ-T cells, respectively. This treatment was found to revive the loss of anti-leukemic function observed in vivo when lymphocytes were pre-exposed to SMG. CONCLUSIONS Microgravity plays a contributory role in loss of tumor control in vivo. Immuno-stimulating agents like ZOL+IL-2 may offer an important countermeasure for immune dysregulation during prolonged spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preteesh L Mylabathula
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Douglass M Diak
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Forrest L Baker
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Grace M Niemiro
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Melissa M Markofski
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | | | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Richard J Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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27
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Batatinha H, Simpson RJ. Reply to Ewell and Abbotts. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:168-169. [PMID: 35776895 PMCID: PMC9255702 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00243.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Batatinha
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Richard J Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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28
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Katsanis E, Stea B, Kovacs K, Truscott L, Husnain M, Khurana S, Roe DJ, Simpson RJ. Feasibility and efficacy of partially replacing post-transplant cyclophosphamide with bendamustine in pediatric and young adult patients undergoing haploidentical bone marrow transplantation. Transplant Cell Ther 2022; 28:390.e1-390.e10. [PMID: 35460929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PT-CY) is the most widely applied graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) prophylaxis regimen in T-cell replete haploidentical bone marrow transplantation (haplo-BMT). While PT-CY has been met with great success in the haplo-BMT arena by suppressing GvHD, patients without acute GvHD have high relapse rates. OBJECTIVE One of the strategies being explored by others to lessen relapse rates is the dose reduction of PT-CY. We have taken a different approach in evaluating whether partially replacing PT-CY with post-transplant bendamustine (PT-BEN) would be advantageous, which is based on our pre-clinical research that delineated several beneficial immunomodulatory properties of BEN. STUDY DESIGN We therefore initiated and completed a Phase Ia trial which evaluated the progressive substitution of PT-CY with PT-BEN (NCT02996773). Thirteen patients with high-risk hematologic malignancies have received PT-CY/BEN and their outcomes compared to 31 contemporaneous haplo-BMT recipients treated with the same myeloablative conditioning (MAC) regimens but receiving only PT-CY. RESULTS We demonstrate that partial replacement of PT-CY with PT-BEN on day +4 (PT-CY/BEN) is well tolerated and associated with significantly earlier trilineage engraftment. We also show favorable trends to significant improvements in univariate and multivariate analyses, with PT-CY/BEN compared to PT-CY, with respect to chronic GvHD (HR, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.005, 1.11; P=0.06), and GvHD-free-relapse-free survival (GRFS) (HR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.05, 0.86; P=0.039). Our human trial has transitioned to Phase Ib which will further evaluate the safety and potential benefits of PT-CY/BEN. Herein, we also expand our pediatric, adolescent, and young adult (AYA) experience to 31 patients demonstrating an overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and GRFS at 3 years of 85.6%, 76.1% and 58.2%, respectively in a largely racial/ethnic minority cohort. CONCLUSIONS PT-CY/BEN appears to be a promising treatment option that requires further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA; Banner University Medical Center, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Baldassarre Stea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA; Banner University Medical Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Laurel Truscott
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA; Banner University Medical Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Muhammad Husnain
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA; Banner University Medical Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sharad Khurana
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA; Banner University Medical Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Denise J Roe
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
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29
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Stokes J, Simpson RJ, Katsanis E. Commentary: Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide Uniquely Restrains Alloreactive CD4+ T-Cell Proliferation and Differentiation After Murine MHC-Haploidentical Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:887648. [PMID: 35493453 PMCID: PMC9046566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.887648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Stokes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- *Correspondence: Emmanuel Katsanis,
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Niemiro GM, Coletta AM, Agha NH, Mylabathula PL, Baker FL, Brewster AM, Bevers TB, Fuentes-Mattei E, Basen-Engquist K, Katsanis E, Gilchrist SC, Simpson RJ. Salutary effects of moderate but not high intensity aerobic exercise training on the frequency of peripheral T-cells associated with immunosenescence in older women at high risk of breast cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Immun Ageing 2022; 19:17. [PMID: 35321743 PMCID: PMC8941789 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-022-00266-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Immunosenescence is described as age-associated changes within the immune system that are responsible for decreased immunity and increased cancer risk. Physically active individuals have fewer ‘senescent’ and more naïve T-cells compared to their sedentary counterparts, but it is not known if exercise training can rejuvenate ‘older looking’ T-cell profiles. We determined the effects of 12-weeks supervised exercise training on the frequency of T-cell subtypes in peripheral blood and their relationships with circulating levels of the muscle-derived cytokines (i.e. ‘myokines’) IL-6, IL-7, IL-15 and osteonectin in older women at high risk of breast cancer. The intervention involved 3 sessions/week of either high intensity interval exercise (HIIT) or moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICT) and were compared to an untrained control (UC) group. Results HIIT decreased total granulocytes, CD4+ T-cells, CD4+ naïve T-cells, CD4+ recent thymic emigrants (RTE) and the CD4:CD8 ratio after training, whereas MICT increased total lymphocytes and CD8 effector memory (EM) T-cells. The change in total T-cells, CD4+ naïve T-cells, CD4+ central memory (CM) T-cells and CD4+ RTE was elevated after MICT compared to HIIT. Changes in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_{2\max } $$\end{document}V˙O2max after training, regardless of exercise prescription, was inversely related to the change in highly differentiated CD8+ EMRA T-cells and positively related to changes in β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) expression on CM CD4+ and CM CD8+ T-cells. Plasma myokine levels did not change significantly among the groups after training, but individual changes in IL-7 were positively related to changes in the number of β2-AR expressing CD4 naïve T cells in both exercise groups but not controls. Further, CD4 T-cells and CD4 naive T-cells were negatively related to changes in IL-6 and osteonectin after HIIT but not MICT, whereas CD8 EMRA T-cells were inversely related to changes in IL-15 after MICT but not HIIT. Conclusions Aerobic exercise training alters the frequency of peripheral T-cells associated with immunosenescence in middle aged/older women at high risk of breast cancer, with HIIT (pro-senescent) and MICT (anti-senescent) evoking divergent effects. Identifying the underlying mechanisms and establishing whether exercise-induced changes in peripheral T-cell numbers can alter the risk of developing breast cancer warrants investigation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12979-022-00266-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M Niemiro
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Adriana M Coletta
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Cancer Control and Population Sciences Program, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Nadia H Agha
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Preteesh Leo Mylabathula
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Forrest L Baker
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Abenaa M Brewster
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Therese B Bevers
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Enrique Fuentes-Mattei
- Department of Radiation Oncology Clinical Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Karen Basen-Engquist
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Susan C Gilchrist
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA. .,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA. .,Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. .,School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA. .,Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. .,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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Valenzuela PL, Saco-Ledo G, Santos-Lozano A, Morales JS, Castillo-García A, Simpson RJ, Lucia A, Fiuza-Luces C. Exercise Training and Natural Killer Cells in Cancer Survivors: Current Evidence and Research Gaps Based on a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med Open 2022; 8:36. [PMID: 35244811 PMCID: PMC8897541 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00419-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Exercise training can positively impact the immune system and particularly natural killer (NK) cells, at least in healthy people. This effect would be of relevance in the context of cancer given the prominent role of these cells in antitumor immunity. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to summarize current evidence on the effects of exercise training on the levels and function of NK cells in cancer survivors (i.e., from the time of diagnosis until the end of life). Methods Relevant articles were searched in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (until January 11, 2022). Randomized controlled trials (RCT) of exercise training (i.e., non-acute) interventions vs usual care conducted in cancer survivors and assessing NK number and/or cytotoxic activity (NKCA) before and upon completion of the intervention were included. Methodological quality of the studies was assessed with the PEDro scale, and results were meta-analyzed using a random effects (Dersimoian and Laird) model. Results Thirteen RCT including 459 participants (mean age ranging 11–63 years) met the inclusion criteria. Methodological quality of the studies was overall fair (median PEDro score = 5 out of 10). There was heterogeneity across studies regarding cancer types (breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and other solid tumors), treatment (e.g., receiving vs having received chemotherapy), exercise modes (aerobic or resistance exercise, Tai Chi, Yoga) and duration (2–24 weeks). No consistent effects were observed for NK number in blood (mean difference [MD]: 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] − 0.35 to 3.29, p = 0.113) or NKCA as assessed in vitro (MD: − 0.02, 95%CI − 0.17 to 0.14, p = 0.834). However, mixed results existed across studies, and some could not be meta-analyzed due to lack of information or methodological heterogeneity. Conclusions Current evidence does not support a significant effect of exercise training intervention on NK cells in blood or on their ‘static response’ (as assessed in vitro) in cancer survivors. Several methodological issues and research gaps are highlighted in this review, which should be considered in future studies to draw definite conclusions on this topic. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-022-00419-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Valenzuela
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, '12 de Octubre' ('imas12'), Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias (CAA), 7ª Planta, Bloque D, Av. de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Saco-Ledo
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, '12 de Octubre' ('imas12'), Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias (CAA), 7ª Planta, Bloque D, Av. de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Santos-Lozano
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, '12 de Octubre' ('imas12'), Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias (CAA), 7ª Planta, Bloque D, Av. de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.,I+HeALTH, Department of Health Sciences, European University Miguel de Cervantes, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Javier S Morales
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | | | - Richard J Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, '12 de Octubre' ('imas12'), Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias (CAA), 7ª Planta, Bloque D, Av. de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Fiuza-Luces
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, '12 de Octubre' ('imas12'), Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias (CAA), 7ª Planta, Bloque D, Av. de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
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Batatinha H, Baker FL, Smith KA, Zúñiga TM, Pedlar CR, Burgess SC, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. Recent COVID-19 vaccination has minimal effects on the physiological responses to graded exercise in physically active healthy people. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:275-282. [PMID: 34882029 PMCID: PMC8799387 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00629.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletes are advised to receive the COVID-19 vaccination to protect themselves from SARS-CoV-2 infection during major competitions. Despite this, many athletes are reluctant to get the COVID-19 vaccine due to concerns that symptoms of vaccinosis may impair athletic performance. This study aimed to determine the effects of COVID-19 vaccination on the physiological responses to graded exercise. Healthy physically active participants completed a 20-min bout of graded cycling exercise at intensities corresponding to 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% of the predetermined V̇O2max before and ∼21 days after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine (2-dose Pfizer mRNA or 1-dose Johnson & Johnson). Vaccination had no effect on a large number of physiological responses to exercise measured in blood (e.g., lactate, epinephrine, and cortisol) and by respiratory gas exchange (e.g., oxygen uptake, CO2 production, ventilation, respiratory exchange ratio, predicted V̇O2max, and ventilatory threshold) (P > 0.05). We did, however, find significant elevations in heart rate (∼5 beats/min) and norepinephrine (P = 0.006 and 0.04, respectively) in response to vigorous (i.e., 70%-80% V̇O2max) intensity exercise after vaccination, particularly in those who received the two-shot Pfizer mRNA vaccine regimen. These findings held true when compared with demographically matched controls who completed identical bouts of exercise several weeks apart without receiving a vaccine; delta values for heart rate (P = 0.03) and norepinephrine (P = 0.01) were elevated in the second trial for those who received the Pfizer mRNA vaccine compared with the controls at the 70% and 80% V̇O2max stages, respectively. Recent COVID-19 vaccination has minimal effects on the physiological responses to graded exercise in physically active healthy people. The small elevations in cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to exercise after the Pfizer mRNA vaccine regimen could have implications for athletes at the elite level and warrants investigation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Recent COVID-19 vaccination does not affect a large number of physiological responses to graded exercise, indicating that vaccination is unlikely to impair exercise capacity in normal healthy people. Heart rate and norepinephrine levels were elevated in response to exercise after the two-dose Pfizer mRNA vaccination compared to controls. Small elevations in cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to exercise after recent COVID-19 vaccination could have implications for exercise performance in elite athletes and warrants investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Batatinha
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Forrest L Baker
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Kyle A Smith
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Tiffany M Zúñiga
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Charles R Pedlar
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St. Mary's University, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shane C Burgess
- Department of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Richard J Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Katsanis E, Hanley PJ, Simpson RJ. Editorial: Advances in Pediatric Hematopoietic Cell Therapies and Transplantation. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:847288. [PMID: 35155311 PMCID: PMC8832116 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.847288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Patrick J Hanley
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Rosa-Neto JC, Lira FS, Little JP, Landells G, Islam H, Chazaud B, Pyne DB, Teixeira AM, Batatinha H, Moura Antunes B, Guerra Minuzzi L, Palmowski J, Simpson RJ, Krüger K. Immunometabolism-fit: How exercise and training can modify T cell and macrophage metabolism in health and disease. Exerc Immunol Rev 2022; 28:29-46. [PMID: 35452394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The term immunometabolism describes cellular and molecular metabolic processes that control the immune system and the associated immune responses. Acute exercise and regular physical activity have a substantial influence on the metabolism and the immune system, so that both processes are closely associated and influence each other bidirectionally. SCOPE OF REVIEW We limit the review here to focus on metabolic phenotypes and metabolic plasticity of T cells and macrophages to describe the complex role of acute exercise stress and regular physical activity on these cell types. The metabolic and immunological consequences of the social problem of inactivity and how, conversely, an active lifestyle can break this vicious circle, are then described. Finally, these aspects are evaluated against the background of an aging society. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS T cells and macrophages show high sensitivity to changes in their metabolic environment, which indirectly or directly affects their central functions. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour have an important influence on metabolic status, thereby modifying immune cell phenotypes and influencing immunological plasticity. A detailed understanding of the interactions between acute and chronic physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and the metabolic status of immune cells, can help to target the dysregulated immune system of people who live in a much too inactive society.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Cesar Rosa-Neto
- Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Cell Biology and Development, Institute of Biomedical Sciences 1, University of São Paulo (ICB1-USP), São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Fábio Santos Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Jonathan Peter Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, CANADA
| | - Graham Landells
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, CANADA
| | - Hashim Islam
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, CANADA
| | - Bénédicte Chazaud
- Institut NeuroMyoGene, Unité Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, Univ Lyon, CNRS 5261, INSERM U1315, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - David B Pyne
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Ana Maria Teixeira
- University of Coimbra, Research Center for Sports and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Helena Batatinha
- Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Cell Biology and Development, Institute of Biomedical Sciences 1, University of São Paulo (ICB1-USP), São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Barbara Moura Antunes
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil
- Facultad de Deportes Campus Ensenada, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, México
| | - Luciele Guerra Minuzzi
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil
- University of Coimbra, Research Center for Sports and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jana Palmowski
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - Richard J Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness; Department of Pediatrics; Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35394 Giessen, Germany
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Baker FL, Smith KA, Zúñiga TM, Batatinha H, Niemiro GM, Pedlar CR, Burgess SC, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. Acute exercise increases immune responses to SARS CoV-2 in a previously infected man. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 18:100343. [PMID: 34514439 PMCID: PMC8423674 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is emerging that exercise and physical activity provides protection against severe COVID-19 disease in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, but it is not known how exercise affects immune responses to the virus. A healthy man completed a graded cycling ergometer test prior to and after SARS-CoV-2 infection, then again after receiving an adenovirus vector-based COVID-19 vaccine. Using whole blood SARS-CoV-2 peptide stimulation assays, IFN-γ ELISPOT assays, flow cytometry, ex vivo viral-specific T-cell expansion assays and deep T-cell receptor (TCR) β sequencing, we found that exercise robustly mobilized highly functional SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells to the blood compartment that recognized spike protein, membrane protein, nucleocapsid antigen and the B.1.1.7 α-variant, and consisted mostly of CD3+/CD8+ T-cells and double-negative (CD4-/CD8-) CD3+ T-cells. The magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 T-cell mobilization with exercise was intensity dependent and robust when compared to T-cells recognizing other viruses (e.g. CMV, EBV, influenza). Vaccination enhanced the number of exercise-mobilized SARS-CoV-2 T-cells recognizing spike protein and the α-variant only. Exercise-mobilized SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells proliferated more vigorously to ex vivo peptide stimulation and maintained broad TCR-β diversity against SARS-CoV-2 antigens both before and after ex vivo expansion. Neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were transiently elevated during exercise after both infection and vaccination. Finally, infection was associated with an increased metabolic demand to defined exercise workloads, which was restored to pre-infection levels after vaccination. This case study provides impetus for larger studies to determine if these immune responses to exercise can facilitate viral clearance, ameliorate symptoms of long COVID syndrome, and/or restore functional exercise capacity following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest L. Baker
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kyle A. Smith
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Tiffany M. Zúñiga
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Helena Batatinha
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Grace M. Niemiro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Charles R. Pedlar
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Performance Science, St. Mary's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shane C. Burgess
- Department of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Becquer A, Haling RE, Warren A, Alden Hull R, Stefanski A, Richardson AE, Ryan MH, Kidd DR, Lambers H, Sandral GA, Simpson RJ. Critical phosphorus requirements of Trifolium species: The importance of root morphology and root acclimation in response to phosphorus stress. Physiol Plant 2021; 173:1030-1047. [PMID: 34263457 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Differences in root morphology and acclimation to low-phosphorus (P) soil were examined among eight legume species from the Trifolium Section Tricocephalum to understand how these root attributes determine P acquisition. Ornithopus sativus was included as a highly P-efficient benchmark species. Plants were grown as microswards in pots with five rates of P supplied in a topsoil layer to mimic uneven P distribution within a field soil profile. Topsoil and subsoil roots were harvested separately to enable measurement of the nutrient-foraging responses. Critical P requirement (lowest P supply for maximum yield) varied over a threefold range, reflecting differences in root morphology and acclimation of nutrient-foraging roots to P stress. Among the species, there was a 3.2-fold range in root length density, a 1.7-fold range in specific root length, and a 2.1-fold range in root hair length. O. sativus had the lowest critical P requirement, displayed a high root length density, the highest specific root length, and the longest root hairs. Acquisition of P from P-deficient soil was facilitated by development of a large root hair cylinder (i.e. a large root-soil interface). This, in turn, was determined by the intrinsic root morphology attributes of each genotype, and the plasticity of its root morphology response to internal P stress. Root acclimation in low-P soil by all species was mostly associated with preferential allocation of mass to nutrient-foraging roots. Only O. sativus and four of the Trifolium species adjusted specific root length beneficially, and only O. sativus increased its root hair length in low-P soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Becquer
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- INRA, UMR Eco&Sols, Montpellier, Cedex 1, France
| | | | - Anne Warren
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Megan H Ryan
- School of Agriculture and Environment and Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel R Kidd
- School of Agriculture and Environment and Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Graeme A Sandral
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
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Rai A, Fang H, Claridge B, Simpson RJ, Greening DW. Proteomic dissection of large extracellular vesicle surfaceome unravels interactive surface platform. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12164. [PMID: 34817906 PMCID: PMC8612312 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular vesicle (EV) surface proteome (surfaceome) acts as a fundamental signalling gateway by bridging intra- and extracellular signalling networks, dictates EVs' capacity to communicate and interact with their environment, and is a source of potential disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets. However, our understanding of surface protein composition of large EVs (L-EVs, 100-800 nm, mean 310 nm, ATP5F1A, ATP5F1B, DHX9, GOT2, HSPA5, HSPD1, MDH2, STOML2), a major EV-subtype that are distinct from small EVs (S-EVs, 30-150 nm, mean 110 nm, CD44, CD63, CD81, CD82, CD9, PDCD6IP, SDCBP, TSG101) remains limited. Using a membrane impermeant derivative of biotin to capture surface proteins coupled to mass spectrometry analysis, we show that out of 4143 proteins identified in density-gradient purified L-EVs (1.07-1.11 g/mL, from multiple cancer cell lines), 961 proteins are surface accessible. The surface molecular diversity of L-EVs include (i) bona fide plasma membrane anchored proteins (cluster of differentiation, transporters, receptors and GPI anchored proteins implicated in cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions); and (ii) membrane surface-associated proteins (that are released by divalent ion chelator EDTA) implicated in actin cytoskeleton regulation, junction organization, glycolysis and platelet activation. Ligand-receptor analysis of L-EV surfaceome (e.g., ITGAV/ITGB1) uncovered interactome spanning 172 experimentally verified cognate binding partners (e.g., ANGPTL3, PLG, and VTN) with highest tissue enrichment for liver. Assessment of biotin inaccessible L-EV proteome revealed enrichment for proteins belonging to COPI/II-coated ER/Golgi-derived vesicles and mitochondria. Additionally, despite common surface proteins identified in L-EVs and S-EVs, our data reveals surfaceome heterogeneity between the two EV-subtype. Collectively, our study provides critical insights into diverse proteins operating at the interactive platform of L-EVs and molecular leads for future studies seeking to decipher L-EV heterogeneity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin Rai
- Molecular ProteomicsBaker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVictoria3004Australia
- Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoria3004Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic HealthUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoria3052Australia
| | - Haoyun Fang
- Molecular ProteomicsBaker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVictoria3004Australia
| | - Bethany Claridge
- Molecular ProteomicsBaker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVictoria3004Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
| | - David W Greening
- Molecular ProteomicsBaker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVictoria3004Australia
- Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoria3004Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic HealthUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoria3052Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
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Simpson RJ, Boßlau TK, Weyh C, Niemiro GM, Batatinha H, Smith KA, Krüger K. Exercise and adrenergic regulation of immunity. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 97:303-318. [PMID: 34302965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training has a profound impact on immunity, exerting a multitude of positive effects in indications such as immunosenescence, cancer, viral infections and inflammatory diseases. The immune, endocrine and central nervous systems work in a highly synergistic manner and it has become apparent that catecholamine signaling through leukocyte β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) is a key mechanism by which exercise mediates improvements in immune function to help mitigate numerous disease conditions. Central to this is the preferential mobilization and redistribution of effector lymphocytes with potent anti-viral and anti-tumor activity, their interaction with muscle-derived cytokines, and the effects of catecholamine signaling on mitochondrial biogenesis, immunometabolism and the resulting inflammatory response. Here, we review the impact of acute and chronic exercise on adrenergic regulation of immunity in the context of aging, cancer, viral infections and inflammatory disease. We also put forth our contention that exercise interventions designed to improve immunity, prevent disease and reduce inflammation should consider the catecholamine-AR signaling axis as a therapeutic target and ask whether or not the adrenergic signaling machinery can be 'trained' to improve immune responses to stress, disease or during the normal physiological process of aging. Finally, we discuss potential strategies to augment leukocyte catecholamine signaling to boost the effects of exercise on immunity in individuals with desensitized β-ARs or limited exercise tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Simpson
- University of Arizona, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Immunobiology, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Tim K Boßlau
- University of Gießen, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Gießen, Germany
| | - Christopher Weyh
- University of Gießen, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Gießen, Germany
| | - Grace M Niemiro
- University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Helena Batatinha
- University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kyle A Smith
- University of Arizona, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Karsten Krüger
- University of Gießen, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Gießen, Germany.
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Krieger SS, Zwart SR, Mehta S, Wu H, Simpson RJ, Smith SM, Crucian B. Alterations in Saliva and Plasma Cytokine Concentrations During Long-Duration Spaceflight. Front Immunol 2021; 12:725748. [PMID: 34504500 PMCID: PMC8422944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.725748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-duration spaceflight is known to cause immune dysregulation in astronauts. Biomarkers of immune system function are needed to determine both the need for and effectiveness of potential immune countermeasures for astronauts. Whereas plasma cytokine concentrations are a well-established biomarker of immune status, salivary cytokine concentrations are emerging as a sensitive indicator of stress and inflammation. For this study, to aid in characterizing immune dysregulation during spaceflight, plasma and saliva cytokines were monitored in astronauts before, during and after long-duration spaceflight onboard the International Space Station. Blood was collected from 13 astronauts at 3 timepoints before, 5 timepoints during and 3 timepoints after spaceflight. Saliva was collected from 6 astronauts at 2 timepoints before spaceflight, 2 timepoints during and 3 timepoints following spaceflight. Samples were analyzed using multiplex array technology. Significant increases in the plasma concentration of IL-3, IL-15, IL-12p40, IFN-α2, and IL-7 were observed during spaceflight compared to before flight baseline. Significant decreases in saliva GM-CSF, IL-12p70, IL-10 and IL-13 were also observed during spaceflight as compared to compared to before flight baseline concentrations. Additionally, plasma TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 concentrations tended to be consistently higher during spaceflight, although these did not reach statistical significance. Overall, the findings confirm an in-vivo hormonal dysregulation of immunity, appearing pro-inflammatory and Th1 in nature, persists during long-duration orbital spaceflight. These biomarkers may therefore have utility for monitoring the effectiveness of biomedical countermeasures for astronauts, with potential application in terrestrial research and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara R Zwart
- University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Preventive Medicine and Population Health, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Satish Mehta
- JES Tech, Human Health and Performance Directorate, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Honglu Wu
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Johnson Space Center, Human Health and Performance Directorate, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Scott M Smith
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Johnson Space Center, Human Health and Performance Directorate, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Brian Crucian
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Johnson Space Center, Human Health and Performance Directorate, Houston, TX, United States
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40
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Elzayat MT, Markofski MM, Simpson RJ, Laughlin M, LaVoy EC. No Effect of Acute Eccentric Resistance Exercise on Immune Responses to Influenza Vaccination in Older Adults: A Randomized Control Trial. Front Physiol 2021; 12:713183. [PMID: 34456752 PMCID: PMC8388854 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.713183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Older adults are at elevated risk for morbidity and mortality caused by influenza. Vaccination is the primary means of prophylaxis, but protection is often compromised in older adults. As resistance exercise mobilizes immune cells into muscle, it may enhance vaccination response. PURPOSE Compare antibody and cell mediated immune responses to influenza vaccination in older adults who performed eccentric resistance exercise immediately prior to vaccination to those who did not exercise. METHODS Twenty nine resistance training-naive older adults (20 women, 73.9 ± 5.3 years) were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: vaccination in the same arm that exercised (Ex-S), vaccination in the opposite arm that exercised (Ex-Op), and seated rest (No-Ex). Exercise consisted of 10 sets of 5 eccentric unilateral repetitions at 80% of the pre-determined concentric one repetition maximum. Lateral raises were alternated with bicep curls. No-Ex sat quietly for 25 min. Following exercise or rest, all received the 2018 quadrivalent influenza vaccine (Seqirus Afluria) in the non-dominant deltoid. Antibody titers against each influenza vaccine strain were determined by hemagglutinin inhibition assays at baseline, 6-, and 24-weeks post-vaccination. Influenza-specific T cells were quantified after stimulation with the vaccine by intracellular cytokine staining. RESULTS No significant group x time effects were found in antibody responses to any strain (interaction for A/H1N1: p = 0.682; A/H3N2: p = 0.644; B/Colorado/06/2017: p = 0.262; B/Phuket/3073/2013: p = 0.851). Groups did not differ in fold-increase of antibody titers 6- and 24-weeks post-vaccination. Influenza-specific T-cells did not differ between groups at any time (comparison at baseline: p = 0.985; 6-weeks: p = 0.889; 24 weeks: p = 0.857). One subject (Ex-S) reported flu-like symptoms 18 weeks post-vaccination. CONCLUSION Acute arm eccentric exercise did not influence antibody titers or cell mediated immune responses to the influenza vaccine delivered post-exercise in older adults. More strenuous exercise may be required for exercise to act as an adjuvant. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03736759.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud T. Elzayat
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Melissa M. Markofski
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Mitzi Laughlin
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Fondren Orthopedic Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Emily C. LaVoy
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Greening DW, Notaras M, Chen M, Xu R, Smith JD, Cheng L, Simpson RJ, Hill AF, van den Buuse M. Chronic methamphetamine interacts with BDNF Val66Met to remodel psychosis pathways in the mesocorticolimbic proteome. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4431-4447. [PMID: 31822818 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0617-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) abuse has reached epidemic proportions in many countries and can induce psychotic episodes mimicking the clinical profile of schizophrenia. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is implicated in both Meth effects and schizophrenia. We therefore studied the long-term effects of chronic Meth exposure in transgenic mice engineered to harbor the human BDNFVal66Met polymorphism expressed via endogenous mouse promoters. These mice were chronically treated with an escalating Meth regime during late adolescence. At least 4 weeks later, all hBDNFVal66Met Meth-treated mice exhibited sensitization confirming persistent behavioral effects of Meth. We used high-resolution quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics to biochemically map the long-term effects of Meth within the brain, resulting in the unbiased detection of 4808 proteins across the mesocorticolimbic circuitry. Meth differentially altered dopamine signaling markers (e.g., Dat, Comt, and Th) between hBDNFVal/Val and hBDNFMet/Met mice, implicating involvement of BDNF in Meth-induced reprogramming of the mesolimbic proteome. Targeted analysis of 336 schizophrenia-risk genes, as well as 82 growth factor cascade markers, similarly revealed that hBDNFVal66Met genotype gated the recruitment of these factors by Meth in a region-specific manner. Cumulatively, these data represent the first comprehensive analysis of the long-term effects of chronic Meth exposure within the mesocorticolimbic circuitry. In addition, these data reveal that long-term Meth-induced brain changes are strongly dependent upon BDNF genetic variation, illustrating how drug-induced psychosis may be modulated at the molecular level by a single genetic locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Greening
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Molecular Proteomics, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Notaras
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maoshan Chen
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases (ACBD), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Joel D Smith
- Biological Research Unit, Racing Analytical Services Ltd, Flemington, VIC, Australia
| | - Lesley Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maarten van den Buuse
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
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Baker FL, Mylabathula PL, Smith KA, Zuñiga TM, Diak DM, Niemiro GM, Markofski MM, Pedlar CR, O'Connor DP, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. Exercise Enhances The Anti-leukemia Activity Of Expanded γδ T-cells Via DNAM-1 Upregulation And PVR/Nectin-2 Recognition. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000763504.02014.c4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Smith KA, Batatinha H, Hoffman EA, Baker FL, Niemiro GM, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. Voluntary Wheel Running Slows Tumor Progression In A Murine Lymphoma Model. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000763520.42102.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zuniga TM, Baker FL, Smith KA, Gustafson MP, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. Acute Exercise Enhances The Ex Vivo Expansion And Cytolytic Phenotype Of Cytokine Induced Killer Cells. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000763512.92841.7f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Batatinha H, Diak DM, Niemiro GM, Mylabathula P, Baker FL, Smith KA, Zúñiga TM, Park Y, LaVoy EC, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. Human Lymphocytes Mobilized With Exercise Extend Survival And Lower Leukemic Burden In Xenogeneic Mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000763528.05151.3e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gustafson MP, Wheatley-Guy CM, Rosenthal AC, Gastineau DA, Katsanis E, Johnson BD, Simpson RJ. Exercise and the immune system: taking steps to improve responses to cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e001872. [PMID: 34215686 PMCID: PMC8256759 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable success of cancer immunotherapies has provided new hope to cancer patients. Unfortunately, a significant proportion of patients remain unable to respond to immunotherapy or maintain durable clinical responses. The lack of objective responses likely results from profound immune dysfunction often observed in patients with cancer. There is substantial evidence that exercise and physical activity can reduce incidence and improve outcomes in cancer patients. As the immune system is highly responsive to exercise, one potential avenue to improve immune function is through exercise and physical activity. A single event of dynamic exercise results in the substantial mobilization of leukocytes with increased functional capacities into the circulation. Chronic, or long-term, exercise leads to higher physical fitness in terms of greater cardiorespiratory function and/or muscle strength and endurance. High aerobic capacity, as measured by maximal oxygen uptake, has been associated with the reduction of dysfunctional T cells and improvements in the abundance of some T cell populations. To be sure, however, the mechanisms of exercise-mediated immune changes are both extensive and diverse. Here, we examine the evidence and theorize how acute and chronic exercise could be used to improve responses to cancer immunotherapies including immune checkpoint inhibitors, dendritic cell vaccines, natural killer cell therapies, and adoptive T cell therapies such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Although the parameters of optimal exercise to yield defined outcomes remain to be determined, the available current data provide a compelling justification for additional human studies and clinical trials investigating the adjuvant use of exercise in immuno-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Gustafson
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | | | - Dennis A Gastineau
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Pediatrics, Immunobiology, University of Arizona Medical Center - University Campus, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Bruce D Johnson
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Pediatrics, Immunobiology, and Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona Medical Center - University Campus, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Molina MS, Hoffman EA, Stokes J, Kummet N, Smith KA, Baker F, Zúñiga TM, Simpson RJ, Katsanis E. Regulatory Dendritic Cells Induced by Bendamustine Are Associated With Enhanced Flt3 Expression and Alloreactive T-Cell Death. Front Immunol 2021; 12:699128. [PMID: 34249005 PMCID: PMC8264365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.699128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth factor Flt3 ligand (Flt3L) is central to dendritic cell (DC) homeostasis and development, controlling survival and expansion by binding to Flt3 receptor tyrosine kinase on the surface of DCs. In the context of hematopoietic cell transplantation, Flt3L has been found to suppress graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), specifically via host DCs. We previously reported that the pre-transplant conditioning regimen consisting of bendamustine (BEN) and total body irradiation (TBI) results in significantly reduced GvHD compared to cyclophosphamide (CY)+TBI. Pre-transplant BEN+TBI conditioning was also associated with greater Flt3 expression among host DCs and an accumulation of pre-cDC1s. Here, we demonstrate that exposure to BEN increases Flt3 expression on both murine bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) and human monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs). BEN favors development of murine plasmacytoid DCs, pre-cDC1s, and cDC2s. While humans do not have an identifiable equivalent to murine pre-cDC1s, exposure to BEN resulted in decreased plasmacytoid DCs and increased cDC2s. BEN exposure and heightened Flt3 signaling are associated with a distinct regulatory phenotype, with increased PD-L1 expression and decreased ICOS-L expression. BMDCs exposed to BEN exhibit diminished pro-inflammatory cytokine response to LPS and induce robust proliferation of alloreactive T-cells. These proliferative alloreactive T-cells expressed greater levels of PD-1 and underwent increased programmed cell death as the concentration of BEN exposure increased. Alloreactive CD4+ T-cell death may be attributable to pre-cDC1s and provides a potential mechanism by which BEN+TBI conditioning limits GvHD and yields T-cells tolerant to host antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Molina
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Emely A Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Jessica Stokes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Nicole Kummet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kyle A Smith
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Forrest Baker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Tiffany M Zúñiga
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Greening DW, Simpson RJ. Understanding extracellular vesicles. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2100126. [PMID: 34138522 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202100126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Simpson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, USA. .,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, USA. .,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
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50
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Rai A, Greening DW, Xu R, Suwakulsiri W, Simpson RJ. Exosomes Derived from the Human Primary Colorectal Cancer Cell Line SW480 Orchestrate Fibroblast-Led Cancer Invasion. Proteomics 2021; 20:e2000016. [PMID: 32438511 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In localized tumors, basement membrane (BM) prevents invasive outgrowth of tumor cells into surrounding tissues. When carcinomas become invasive, cancer cells either degrade BM or reprogram stromal fibroblasts to breach BM barrier and lead invasion of cancer cells into surrounding tissues in a process called fibroblast-led invasion. However, tumor-derived factors orchestrating fibroblast-led invasion remain poorly understood. Here it is shown that although early-stage primary colorectal adenocarcinoma (SW480) cells are themselves unable to invade Matrigel matrix, they secrete exosomes that reprogram normal fibroblasts to acquire de novo capacity to invade matrix and lead invasion of SW480 cells. Strikingly, cancer cells follow leading fibroblasts as collective epithelial-clusters, thereby circumventing need for epithelial to mesenchymal transition, a key event associated with invasion. Moreover, acquisition of pro-invasive phenotype by fibroblasts treated with SW480-derived exosomes relied on exosome-mediated MAPK pathway activation. Mass spectrometry-based protein profiling reveals that cancer exosomes upregulate fibroblasts proteins implicated in focal adhesion (ITGA2/A6/AV, ITGB1/B4/B5, EGFR, CRK), regulators of actin cytoskeleton (RAC1, ARF1, ARPC3, CYFIP1, NCKAP1, ICAM1, ERM complex), and signalling pathways (MAPK, Rap1, RAC1, Ras) important in pro-invasive remodeling of extracellular matrix. Blocking tumor exosome-mediated signaling to fibroblasts therefore represents an attractive therapeutic strategy in restraining tumors by perturbing stroma-driven invasive outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin Rai
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - David W Greening
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Wittaya Suwakulsiri
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
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