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Lee CY, Gordon MJ, Markofski MM, LaVoy EC, Peterson SK, Li L, Fares S, Baum M, Pace M, Walsh D, Ferrajoli A, Basen-Engquist K. Optimization of mHealth behavioral interventions for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: the HEALTH4CLL study. J Cancer Surviv 2024:10.1007/s11764-024-01555-w. [PMID: 38472612 DOI: 10.1007/s11764-024-01555-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This pilot study of a diet and physical activity intervention (HEALTH4CLL) was conducted to reduce fatigue and improve physical function (PF) in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). METHODS The HEALTH4CLL study used a randomized factorial design based on the multiphase optimization strategy (MOST). Patients received diet, exercise, and body weight management instructional materials plus a Fitbit and were randomized to undergo one of 16 combinations of 4 evidence-based mHealth intervention strategies over 16 weeks. Patients' fatigue, PF, health-related quality of life, behavior changes, and program satisfaction and retention were assessed. Paired t-tests were used to examine changes in outcomes from baseline to follow-up among patients. Factorial analysis of variance examined effective intervention components and their combinations regarding improvement in fatigue and PF scores. RESULTS Among 31 patients, we observed significant improvements in fatigue (+ 11.8; t = 4.08, p = 0.001) and PF (+ 2.6; t = 2.75, p = 0.01) scores. The combination of resistance and aerobic exercise with daily self-monitoring was associated with improved fatigue scores (β = 3.857, SE = 1.617, p = 0.027). Analysis of the individual components of the MOST design demonstrated greater improvement in the PF score with resistance plus aerobic exercise than with aerobic exercise alone (β = 2.257, SE = 1.071, p = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS Combined aerobic and resistance exercise and daily self-monitoring improved PF and reduced fatigue in patients with CLL. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS This pilot study supported the feasibility of a low-touch mHealth intervention for survivors of CLL and provided preliminary evidence that exercising, particularly resistance exercise, can improve their symptoms and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Young Lee
- Department of Health Disparities Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Unit 1440, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Max J Gordon
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Unit 428, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Melissa M Markofski
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3875 Holman St., Rm 104 Garrison, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Emily C LaVoy
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3875 Holman St., Rm 104 Garrison, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Susan K Peterson
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Unit 1330, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Unit 1411, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sara Fares
- Department of Health Disparities Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Unit 1440, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Miranda Baum
- Department of Health Disparities Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Unit 1440, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Margaret Pace
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Unit 428, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Danielle Walsh
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Unit 428, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alessandra Ferrajoli
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Unit 428, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Karen Basen-Engquist
- Department of Health Disparities Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Unit 1440, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Lee J, Zarezadehmehrizi A, LaVoy EC, Markofski MM, Park Y. Exercise Training Improves Brachial Artery Endothelial Function, but Does Not Alter Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2023:10.1007/s12265-023-10451-0. [PMID: 37870688 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-023-10451-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to systematically review the effects of exercise training (EX) on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). Five electronic databases were searched: (i) patients with PAD aged ≥ 18; (ii) structured EX ≥ 2 weeks; (iii) measured brachial artery FMD; and (iv) measured blood inflammatory biomarkers. Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. EX increased FMD but had no effect on C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Subgroups with moderate intensity had a greater increase in FMD than subgroups with vigorous intensity. There was no difference in effect on FMD and three inflammatory biomarkers between subgroups training for ≤ 12 weeks and > 12 weeks of EX, < 50 min and ≥ 50 min of session duration, and < 150 min and ≥ 150 min of weekly volume, respectively. These results suggest that EX-induced improvement in vascular function can be independent of the improvement of systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghoon Lee
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3875 Holman St, Houston, TX, 77204-6015, USA
| | - Aliasghar Zarezadehmehrizi
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3875 Holman St, Houston, TX, 77204-6015, USA
| | - Emily C LaVoy
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3875 Holman St, Houston, TX, 77204-6015, USA
| | - Melissa M Markofski
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3875 Holman St, Houston, TX, 77204-6015, USA
| | - Yoonjung Park
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3875 Holman St, Houston, TX, 77204-6015, USA.
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Reidy PT, Borack MS, Dickinson JM, Carroll CC, Burd NA, Drummond MJ, Fry CS, Lambert BS, Gundermann DM, Glynn EL, Markofski MM, Timmerman KL, Moro T, Volpi E, Trappe S, Trappe TA, Harber MP, Rasmussen BB. Postabsorptive muscle protein synthesis is higher in outpatients as compared to inpatients. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E113-E118. [PMID: 37315157 PMCID: PMC10393319 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00144.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Several factors affect muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in the postabsorptive state. Extreme physical inactivity (e.g., bedrest) may reduce basal MPS, whereas walking may augment basal MPS. We hypothesized that outpatients would have a higher postabsorptive MPS than inpatients. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a retrospective analysis. We compared 152 outpatient participants who arrived at the research site the morning of the MPS assessment with 350 Inpatient participants who had an overnight stay in the hospital unit before the MPS assessment the following morning. We used stable isotopic methods and collected vastus lateralis biopsies ∼2 to 3 h apart to assess mixed MPS. MPS was ∼12% higher (P < 0.05) for outpatients than inpatients. Within a subset of participants, we discovered that after instruction to limit activity, outpatients (n = 13) took 800 to 900 steps in the morning to arrive at the unit, seven times more steps than inpatients (n = 12). We concluded that an overnight stay in the hospital as an inpatient is characterized by reduced morning activity and causes a slight but significant reduction in MPS compared with participants studied as outpatients. Researchers should be aware of physical activity status when designing and interpreting MPS results.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The postabsorptive muscle protein synthesis rate is lower in the morning after an overnight inpatient hospital stay compared with an outpatient visit. Although only a minimal amount of steps was conducted by outpatients (∼900), this was enough to increase postabsorptive muscle protein synthesis rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Reidy
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Michael S Borack
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Jared M Dickinson
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Chad C Carroll
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Bradley S Lambert
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - David M Gundermann
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Erin L Glynn
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Melissa M Markofski
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Kyle L Timmerman
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Tatiana Moro
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Elena Volpi
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Scott Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Todd A Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Matthew P Harber
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
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Crane JC, Gordon MJ, Basen-Engquist K, Ferrajoli A, Markofski MM, Lee CY, Fares S, Simpson RJ, LaVoy EC. Relationships between T-lymphocytes and physical function in adults with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Results from the HEALTH4CLL pilot study. Eur J Haematol 2023; 110:732-742. [PMID: 36946440 PMCID: PMC10929688 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examine physical function and T-cell phenotype in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) before and after a physical activity (PA) intervention. METHODS Physical function measures and blood samples were collected from CLL patients (Rai stage 0-4, 50% receiving targeted therapy, N = 24) enrolled in a 16-week intervention of at-home aerobic and/or resistance exercise. Flow cytometry characterized T-cells in cryopreserved peripheral blood cells. Wilcoxon signed-rank test compared physical function and T-cell phenotype at baseline and 16-weeks; Kendall's Tau assessed associations between variables. RESULTS Godin leisure-time PA score increased from baseline to 16-weeks (mean difference: 14.61, p < .01) and fatigue decreased (mean difference: 6.71, p < .001). At baseline, lower fatigue correlated with a lower proportion of CD8+ T-cells (τ = 0.32, p = .03) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) inversely correlated with the percentage of PD-1+CD8+ T-cells (τ -0.31, p = .03). At 16-weeks, CRF inversely correlated with the proportion of PD-1+CD4+ T-cells (τ -0.34, p = .02). Reduced fatigue at 16-weeks correlated with an increased CD4:CD8 ratio (τ = 0.36, p = .02) and lower percentage of HLA-DR+PD-1+CD4+ T-cells (τ = -0.37, p = .01). CONCLUSIONS This intervention increased leisure-time PA and decreased fatigue in CLL patients. These changes correlated with an increased CD4:CD8 T-cell ratio and reduced proportion of T-cells subsets previously associated with poor outcomes in CLL patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02194387.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C. Crane
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Max J. Gordon
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Karen Basen-Engquist
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Behavioral Science, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Services, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Energy Balance in Cancer Prevention and Survivorship, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health; Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Rice University; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alessandra Ferrajoli
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Melissa M. Markofski
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Che Young Lee
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Behavioral Science, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Services, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sara Fares
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Behavioral Science, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Services, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard J Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona; Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona; Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona; Tucson, AZ, USA
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center; Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Emily C. LaVoy
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston; Houston, TX, USA
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Markofski MM, Johnston CA. Virtual Programming for Physical Activity Interventions: Integration of Behavioral Components. Am J Lifestyle Med 2023; 17:198-201. [PMID: 36896040 PMCID: PMC9989496 DOI: 10.1177/15598276221142753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-Cov-2 pandemic changed many contemporary experiences, including how healthcare and exercise programming are delivered. As a result of the pandemic, there was an increase in virtual services and programming and there continues to be a demand for virtual options. The results from Desir et al support the use of virtual visits to successfully change lifestyle factors, specifically nutrition and physical activity. The use of individualized dietary and exercise goals were important to the success of the intervention, and should not be disregarded. As virtual healthcare and exercise continues to evolve, to maximize behavior change, we should also consider how to include the social and community aspects of exercise. Regardless, it is encouraging to see that significant advances are being made in virtual programming and that the needed engagement can occur in a virtual setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Markofski
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Craig A Johnston
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Hunt RM, Elzayat MT, Markofski MM, Laughlin M, LaVoy EC. Characterization of transitional memory CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell mobilization during and after an acute bout of exercise. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1120454. [PMID: 37139298 PMCID: PMC10149718 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1120454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell subsets, including naïve (NA), central memory (CM), transitional memory (TM), effector memory (EM), and RA + effector memory (EMRA), differ in phenotype and function. T-cells are mobilized by exercise, with differences in the magnitude of mobilization between subsets. However, the response of TM T-cells to exercise has not yet been described. Further, T-cells expressing the late differentiation marker CD57 are known to be highly responsive to exercise, but the relative response of CD57 + and CD57- within T-cell subsets is unknown. We therefore aimed to characterize the exercise-induced mobilization of TM T-cells, as well as to compare the exercise response of CD57 + and CD57- cells within T-cell subsets. Methods Seventeen participants (7 female; aged 18-40 years) cycled 30 min at 80% of their estimated maximum heart rate. Venous blood obtained pre, post, and 1H post-exercise was analyzed by flow cytometry. CD45RA, CCR7, and CD28 expression within CD4 + and CD8+ T-cells identified NA, CM, TM, EM, and EMRA subsets. CD57 expression within EM, EMRA, and CD28+ T-cells was also quantified. The relative mobilization of each subset was compared by calculating fold change in cell concentration during (ingress, post/pre) and after exercise (egress,1H post/post). Cytomegalovirus (CMV) serostatus was determined by ELISA and was considered in models. Results TM CD8+ T-cell concentration was greater post-exercise than pre-exercise (138.59 ± 56.42 cells/µl vs. 98.51 ± 39.68 cells/µl, p < 0.05), and the proportion of CD8 + with a TM phenotype was elevated 1H post-exercise (1H: 32.44 ± 10.38% vs. Pre: 30.15 ± 8.77%, p < 0.05). The relative mobilization during and after exercise of TM T-cells did not differ from NA and CM but was less than EM and EMRA subsets. Similar results were observed within CD4+ T-cells. CD57 + subsets of CD28+ T-cells and of EM and EMRA CD8+ T-cells exhibited a greater relative mobilization than CD57- subsets (all p < 0.05). Conclusion These results indicate TM CD4 + and CD8+ T-cells are transiently mobilized into the blood with exercise, but not to as great of an extent as later differentiated EM and EMRA T-cells. Results also indicate CD57 identifies highly exercise responsive cells within CD8+ T-cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah M. Hunt
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mahmoud T. Elzayat
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Melissa M. Markofski
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mitzi Laughlin
- Houston Methodist Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Emily C. LaVoy
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Correspondence: Emily C. LaVoy
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Gupta P, Hodgman CF, Alvarez-Florez C, Schadler KL, Markofski MM, O’Connor DP, LaVoy EC. Comparison of three exercise interventions with and without gemcitabine treatment on pancreatic tumor growth in mice: No impact on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1039988. [PMID: 36479351 PMCID: PMC9720271 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1039988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise has been shown to slow pancreatic tumor growth, but whether exercise interventions of differing volume or intensity yield differential effects on tumor outcomes is unknown. In this study, we compared three exercise training interventions implemented with and without chemotherapy on pancreatic tumor growth in mice. Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice (6-8 weeks old) were subcutaneously inoculated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tumor cells (PDAC 4662). Upon tumor detection, mice received gemcitabine 15 mg/kg intraperitoneally 3 days/week and were assigned to exercise: high volume continuous exercise (HVCE), low volume continuous exercise (LVCE), high intensity interval training (HIIT), or sedentary (SED). HVCE ran at 12 m/min for 45 min and LVCE for 15 min, 5 days/week. HIIT ran 1-min at 20 m/min, followed by 1-min walking at 8 m/min for 20 total intervals, 3 days/week. SED did not run. Additional sets of inoculated mice were assigned to the exercise interventions but did not receive gemcitabine. Tumor volume was measured every other day for 2 weeks; tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were assessed by flow cytometry 3-week post-inoculation. Results: Tumor growth did not differ between groups that received gemcitabine (F(3, 34) = 1.487; p = 0.235; η2 = 0.116). In contrast, tumor growth differed between groups not provided gemcitabine (F(3,14) = 3.364; p = 0.049, η2 = 0.419), with trends for slower growth in LVCE than SED (p = 0.088) and HIIT (p = 0.084). Groups did not differ in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. Conclusion: Contrary to our hypotheses, the exercise interventions compared here did not further reduce pancreatic tumor growth beyond that provided by gemcitabine. However, in mice not receiving gemcitabine, there was a trend for reduced tumor growth in LVCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Gupta
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Charles F. Hodgman
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Claudia Alvarez-Florez
- Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Keri L. Schadler
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Melissa M. Markofski
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Daniel P. O’Connor
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Emily C. LaVoy
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Markofski MM, Jennings K. Resistance Or Cardiorespiratory Exercise Increases Cytotoxic T Cells In Older Adults, And Relates To Age. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000878944.43099.bb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lee CY, Gordon M, Fares S, LaVoy E, Markofski MM, Simpson RJ, Ferrajoli A, Basen-Engquist KM. Optimization Of Behavioral Interventions For Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: The HEALTH4CLL Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000883356.52809.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Markofski MM, Jennings K, Hodgman CF, Warren VE, LaVoy EC. Physical activity during the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic is linked to better mood and emotion. Stress Health 2022; 38:490-499. [PMID: 34775682 PMCID: PMC8646766 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic may negatively impact mood and emotion. Physical activity may protect against mood disturbance and promote positive affect. This study asked if physical activity before, during, or the change in physical activity with the pandemic, impacted affect and mood during the pandemic. US adult residents (18-74 years; N = 338) were surveyed from 29 April to 3 June 2020. Physical activity before and during the pandemic was assessed with the Physical Activity Rating survey. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule measured affect and the Profile of Moods Questionnaire assessed mood. Comparisons between physically inactive and active participants by Analysis of Covariance found greater vigour in participants classed as physically active before the pandemic. Positive affect, vigour and esteem-related affect were greater in participants physically active during the pandemic. Multiple linear regression revealed relationships between the change in physical activity and mood. Change in physical activity positively associated with positive affect (b = 1.06), esteem-related affect (b = 0.33) and vigour (b = 0.53), and negatively associated with negative affect (b = -0.47), total mood disturbance (b = -2.60), tension (b = -0.31), anger (b = -0.24), fatigue (b = -0.54), depression (b = -0.50) and confusion (b = -0.23). These data demonstrate that physical activity during the pandemic, and increased physical activity relative to before the pandemic, related to better mood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristofer Jennings
- Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Charles F. Hodgman
- Department of Health and Human PerformanceUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Victoria E. Warren
- Department of Health and Human PerformanceUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Emily C. LaVoy
- Department of Health and Human PerformanceUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
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Mylabathula PL, Diak DM, Baker FL, Niemiro GM, Markofski MM, Crucian BE, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. IL-2 and Zoledronic Acid Therapy Restores the In Vivo Anti-Leukemic Activity of Human Lymphocytes Pre-Exposed to Simulated Microgravity. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2022; 27:215. [PMID: 35866402 DOI: 10.31083/j.fbl2707215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that the anti-tumor activity of human lymphocytes is diminished in vitro after 12-hours pre-exposure to simulated microgravity (SMG). Here we used an immunocompromised mouse model to determine if this loss of function would extend in vivo, and to also test the efficacy of IL-2 and zoledronic acid (ZOL) therapy as a potential countermeasure against SMG-induced immune dysfunction. We adoptively transferred human lymphocytes that were exposed to either SMG or 1G-control into NSG-Tg (Hu-IL15) mice 1-week after they were injected with a luciferase-tagged human chronic myeloid leukemia (K562) cell line. Tumor growth was monitored 2x weekly with bioluminescence imaging (BLI) for up to 6-weeks. RESULTS Mice that received lymphocytes exposed to SMG showed greater tumor burden compared to those receiving lymphocytes exposed to 1G (week 6 BLI: 1.8e10 ± 8.07e9 versus 2.22e8 ± 1.39e8 photons/second; p < 0.0001). Peak BLI was also higher in the SMG group compared to 1G-control (2.34e10 ± 1.23e10 versus 3.75e8 ± 1.56e8 photons/second; p = 0.0062). Exposure to SMG did not affect the ability of human lymphocytes to engraft or evoke xeno-graft-versus-host disease in the mice. Additionally, we injected the mice with IL-2 and zoledronic acid (ZOL) to expand and activate the anti-tumor activity of NK cells and γ δ-T cells, respectively. This treatment was found to revive the loss of anti-leukemic function observed in vivo when lymphocytes were pre-exposed to SMG. CONCLUSIONS Microgravity plays a contributory role in loss of tumor control in vivo. Immuno-stimulating agents like ZOL+IL-2 may offer an important countermeasure for immune dysregulation during prolonged spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preteesh L Mylabathula
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Douglass M Diak
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Forrest L Baker
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Grace M Niemiro
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Melissa M Markofski
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | | | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Richard J Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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12
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Graff RM, Jennings K, LaVoy ECP, Warren VE, Macdonald BW, Park Y, Markofski MM. T-cells in response to acute cardiorespiratory or resistance exercise in physically active or physically inactive older adults: A randomized crossover study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:119-129. [PMID: 35616304 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00301.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cells often undergo age-related changes, but regular exercise training may offset these age-related changes. However, the majority of literature is derived from cardiorespiratory exercise studies. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of acute cardiorespiratory exercise and acute resistance exercise on the T-cell response among physically active older adults (PA) compared to physically inactive older adults (PI). METHODS Twenty-four healthy older adults (PA n=12; PI n=12; mean ± SD; age (yrs) PA 62 ± 5, PI 64 ± 5; BMI (kg/m2) PA 23.9 ± 3.0, PI 25.6 ± 3.5) completed one bout each of matched intensity cardiorespiratory exercise and resistance exercise in a randomized order. Blood samples drawn pre-exercise, post-exercise, and 1h post-exercise (recovery) were analyzed by flow cytometry for T-cells and T-cell subsets. RESULTS Resistance exercise mobilized more T-cell subsets in PI (10 of the measured types, including total T-cells; CD45RA+ CD62L+, CD45RA- CD62L+, CD45RA- CD62L-, and CD45RA+ CD62L- T-cells), whereas cardiorespiratory exercise mobilized more subsets in PA (CD45RA+ CD62L- and CD57+ CD45RA+ CD62L- CD4+ T-cells). Both cardiorespiratory exercise and resistance exercise elicited a significant (p<0.05) mobilization of highly-differentiated (CD45RA+ CD62L-; CD57+ CD45RA+ CD62L-) CD8+ T-cells into the circulation post-exercise in both PA and PI groups. Furthermore, cardiorespiratory exercise resulted in a decrease in the number of circulating Th17 cells post-exercise, while resistance exercise increased Th17 cell mobilization compared to the cardiorespiratory exercise response. CONCLUSION There are differences between cardiorespiratory exercise and resistance exercise on the immune responses of T-cells, particularly in PI individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Graff
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kristofer Jennings
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Emily C P LaVoy
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Victoria E Warren
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Brad W Macdonald
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yoonjung Park
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Melissa M Markofski
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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13
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Markofski MM, Flynn MG. Elevated circulating CD16+ monocytes and TLR4+ monocytes in older adults with multiple cardiometabolic disease risk factors. Exp Gerontol 2021; 154:111530. [PMID: 34450235 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We endeavored to examine relationships between circulating monocyte phenotype and cardio-metabolic disease risk, in healthy, older adults. We performed a secondary data analysis on men and women, 55-75 yr, who were assigned to groups based on cardio-metabolic risk factors other than age. Subject in the low risk group (n = 16, 12 females) had fewer than three risk factors. Subjects in the elevated risk group (n = 29, 19 females) had three or more risk factors. Along with baseline screening for fitness and body composition, resting blood samples were assessed for markers of inflammation including: monocyte phenotype (inflammatory monocytes), monocyte cell-surface TLR4 expression, and serum C-reactive protein. The low risk group had a smaller (19.3% difference; p < 0.0001) waist circumference and lower body fat weight (36.3%; p < 0.0001), but higher V̇02max (45.5%; p = 0.0019). There were no mean differences (p > 0.05) between the low and elevated risk groups for BMI, serum cholesterol, fasting glucose, or leg press 1RM. The low risk group had lower CRP (114.7%, p = 0.0002), higher CD14+CD16- (classical) monocytes (6.7%; p = 0.0231) and fewer CD14+CD16+ (inflammatory) monocytes (46.2%; p = 0.0243) than the elevated risk group. The low risk group also had a lower percentage of CD14+CD16- monocytes that were positive for TLR4 (14.0%; p = 0.0328). Older men and women with fewer cardio-metabolic risk factors had lower serum and cellular markers of inflammation and higher aerobic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Markofski
- Deparment of Health & Human Performance, University of Houston, 3875 Holman St., Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Michael G Flynn
- HCA South Atlantic, 115 Central Island St., Charleston, SC 29492, USA.
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14
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Elzayat MT, Markofski MM, Simpson RJ, Laughlin M, LaVoy EC. No Effect of Acute Eccentric Resistance Exercise on Immune Responses to Influenza Vaccination in Older Adults: A Randomized Control Trial. Front Physiol 2021; 12:713183. [PMID: 34456752 PMCID: PMC8388854 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.713183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Older adults are at elevated risk for morbidity and mortality caused by influenza. Vaccination is the primary means of prophylaxis, but protection is often compromised in older adults. As resistance exercise mobilizes immune cells into muscle, it may enhance vaccination response. PURPOSE Compare antibody and cell mediated immune responses to influenza vaccination in older adults who performed eccentric resistance exercise immediately prior to vaccination to those who did not exercise. METHODS Twenty nine resistance training-naive older adults (20 women, 73.9 ± 5.3 years) were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: vaccination in the same arm that exercised (Ex-S), vaccination in the opposite arm that exercised (Ex-Op), and seated rest (No-Ex). Exercise consisted of 10 sets of 5 eccentric unilateral repetitions at 80% of the pre-determined concentric one repetition maximum. Lateral raises were alternated with bicep curls. No-Ex sat quietly for 25 min. Following exercise or rest, all received the 2018 quadrivalent influenza vaccine (Seqirus Afluria) in the non-dominant deltoid. Antibody titers against each influenza vaccine strain were determined by hemagglutinin inhibition assays at baseline, 6-, and 24-weeks post-vaccination. Influenza-specific T cells were quantified after stimulation with the vaccine by intracellular cytokine staining. RESULTS No significant group x time effects were found in antibody responses to any strain (interaction for A/H1N1: p = 0.682; A/H3N2: p = 0.644; B/Colorado/06/2017: p = 0.262; B/Phuket/3073/2013: p = 0.851). Groups did not differ in fold-increase of antibody titers 6- and 24-weeks post-vaccination. Influenza-specific T-cells did not differ between groups at any time (comparison at baseline: p = 0.985; 6-weeks: p = 0.889; 24 weeks: p = 0.857). One subject (Ex-S) reported flu-like symptoms 18 weeks post-vaccination. CONCLUSION Acute arm eccentric exercise did not influence antibody titers or cell mediated immune responses to the influenza vaccine delivered post-exercise in older adults. More strenuous exercise may be required for exercise to act as an adjuvant. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03736759.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud T. Elzayat
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Melissa M. Markofski
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Mitzi Laughlin
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Fondren Orthopedic Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Emily C. LaVoy
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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15
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LaVoy EC, Elzayat MT, Markofski MM. Relationship Between Perceived Exercise Intensity And Natural Killer Cell Mobilization After Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000763496.87999.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Markofski MM, Jennings K, Hodgman CF, Warren VE, LaVoy EC. Decrease In Physical Activity During SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Linked To Depression In Women But Not Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000762760.34284.2c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Baker FL, Mylabathula PL, Smith KA, Zuñiga TM, Diak DM, Niemiro GM, Markofski MM, Pedlar CR, O'Connor DP, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. Exercise Enhances The Anti-leukemia Activity Of Expanded γδ T-cells Via DNAM-1 Upregulation And PVR/Nectin-2 Recognition. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000763504.02014.c4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Borack MS, Dickinson JM, Fry CS, Reidy PT, Markofski MM, Deer RR, Jennings K, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Effect of the lysosomotropic agent chloroquine on mTORC1 activation and protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:61. [PMID: 34118944 PMCID: PMC8199655 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-021-00585-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous work in HEK-293 cells demonstrated the importance of amino acid-induced mTORC1 translocation to the lysosomal surface for stimulating mTORC1 kinase activity and protein synthesis. This study tested the conservation of this amino acid sensing mechanism in human skeletal muscle by treating subjects with chloroquine—a lysosomotropic agent that induces in vitro and in vivo lysosome dysfunction. Methods mTORC1 signaling and muscle protein synthesis (MPS) were determined in vivo in a randomized controlled trial of 14 subjects (10 M, 4 F; 26 ± 4 year) that ingested 10 g of essential amino acids (EAA) after receiving 750 mg of chloroquine (CHQ, n = 7) or serving as controls (CON, n = 7; no chloroquine). Additionally, differentiated C2C12 cells were used to assess mTORC1 signaling and myotube protein synthesis (MyPS) in the presence and absence of leucine and the lysosomotropic agent chloroquine. Results mTORC1, S6K1, 4E-BP1 and rpS6 phosphorylation increased in both CON and CHQ 1 h post EAA ingestion (P < 0.05). MPS increased similarly in both groups (CON, P = 0.06; CHQ, P < 0.05). In contrast, in C2C12 cells, 1 mM leucine increased mTORC1 and S6K1 phosphorylation (P < 0.05), which was inhibited by 2 mg/ml chloroquine. Chloroquine (2 mg/ml) was sufficient to disrupt mTORC1 signaling, and MyPS. Conclusions Chloroquine did not inhibit amino acid-induced activation of mTORC1 signaling and skeletal MPS in humans as it does in C2C12 muscle cells. Therefore, different in vivo experimental approaches are required for confirming the precise role of the lysosome and amino acid sensing in human skeletal muscle. Trial registration NCT00891696. Registered 29 April 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Borack
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA.,Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jared M Dickinson
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA.,Sealy Center On Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA.,Department of Health Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, USA
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA.,Sealy Center On Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA.,Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami of Ohio University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Melissa M Markofski
- Sealy Center On Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA.,Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rachel R Deer
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA.,Sealy Center On Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA
| | - Kristofer Jennings
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Population Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elena Volpi
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA.,Sealy Center On Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA. .,Sealy Center On Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA.
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Graff RM, Jennings K, Davies NA, Carrillo AE, Lavoy EC, Ryan EJ, Markofski MM. A Short-Term Paleolithic Dietary Intervention Does Not Alter Adipokines Linked to Adiposity. Int J Exerc Sci 2021; 14:113-122. [PMID: 34055149 PMCID: PMC8136607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Paleolithic diet, characterized by an emphasis on hunter-gatherer type foods accompanied by an exclusion of grains, dairy products, and highly processed food items, is often promoted for weight loss and a reduction in cardiometabolic disease risk factors. Specific adipokines, such as adiponectin, omentin, nesfatin, and vaspin are reported to be dysregulated with obesity and may respond favorably to diet-induced fat loss. We aimed to evaluate the effects of an eight-week Paleolithic dietary intervention on circulating adiponectin, omentin, nesfatin, and vaspin in a cohort of physically inactive, but otherwise healthy adults. METHODS Seven inactive adults participated in eight weeks of adherence to the Paleolithic Diet. Fasting blood samples, anthropometric, and body composition data were collected from each participant pre-and post-intervention. Serum adiponectin, omentin, nesfatin, and vaspin were measured. RESULTS After eight weeks of following the Paleolithic diet, there were reductions (p<0.05) in relative body fat (-4.4%), waist circumference (- 5.9 cm), and sum of skinfolds (-36.8 mm). No changes were observed in waist to hip ratio (WHR), or in adiponectin, omentin, and nesfatin (p>0.05), while serum vaspin levels for all participants were undetectable. CONCLUSIONS It is possible that although eight weeks resulted in modest body composition changes, short-term fat loss will not induce changes in adiponectin, omentin, and nesfatin in apparently healthy adults. Larger, long-term intervention studies that examine Paleolithic diet-induced changes across sex, body composition, and in populations with metabolic dysregulation are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Graff
- Department of Health & Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristofer Jennings
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Natalie A Davies
- Department of Movement Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andres E Carrillo
- Department of Movement Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, GREECE
| | - Emily C Lavoy
- Department of Health & Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Edward J Ryan
- Department of Movement Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Melissa M Markofski
- Department of Health & Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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20
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Heenan KA, Carrillo AE, Fulton JL, Ryan EJ, Edsall JR, Rigopoulos D, Markofski MM, Flouris AD, Dinas PC. Effects of Nutrition/Diet on Brown Adipose Tissue in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2752. [PMID: 32927664 PMCID: PMC7551565 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown adipose tissue (BAT) provides a minor contribution to diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT)-the metabolic response to food consumption. Increased BAT activity is generally considered beneficial for mammalian metabolism and has been associated with favorable health outcomes. The aim of the current systematic review was to explore whether nutritional factors and/or diet affect human BAT activity. METHODS We searched PubMed Central, Embase and Cochrane Library (trials) to conduct this systematic review (PROSPERO protocol: CRD42018082323). RESULTS We included 24 eligible papers that studied a total of 2785 participants. We found no mean differences in standardized uptake value of BAT following a single meal or after 6 weeks of L-Arginine supplementation. Resting energy expenditure (REE), however, was increased following a single meal and after supplementation of capsinoid and catechin when compared to a control condition (Z = 2.41, p = 0.02; mean difference = 102.47 (95% CI = 19.28-185.67)). CONCLUSIONS Human BAT activity was not significantly affected by nutrition/diet. Moreover, REE was only increased in response to a single meal, but it is unlikely that this was due to increased BAT activity. BAT activity assessments in response to the chronic effect of food should be considered along with other factors such as body composition and/or environmental temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A. Heenan
- Department of Movement Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (K.A.H.); (A.E.C.); (J.L.F.); (E.J.R.); (J.R.E.)
| | - Andres E. Carrillo
- Department of Movement Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (K.A.H.); (A.E.C.); (J.L.F.); (E.J.R.); (J.R.E.)
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, GR42100 Trikala, Greece; (D.R.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Jacob L. Fulton
- Department of Movement Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (K.A.H.); (A.E.C.); (J.L.F.); (E.J.R.); (J.R.E.)
| | - Edward J. Ryan
- Department of Movement Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (K.A.H.); (A.E.C.); (J.L.F.); (E.J.R.); (J.R.E.)
| | - Jason R. Edsall
- Department of Movement Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (K.A.H.); (A.E.C.); (J.L.F.); (E.J.R.); (J.R.E.)
| | - Dimitrios Rigopoulos
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, GR42100 Trikala, Greece; (D.R.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Melissa M. Markofski
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA;
| | - Andreas D. Flouris
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, GR42100 Trikala, Greece; (D.R.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Petros C. Dinas
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, GR42100 Trikala, Greece; (D.R.); (A.D.F.)
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Warren VE, Graff RM, LaVoy EC, Markofski MM. Treadmill Walking Increases Percent Of Circulating Monocytes (CD14+) Expressing CX3CR1 In Older Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000683752.87997.1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Markofski MM, Graff RM, Cardenas MA, Levitt M, Cook C, Jennings K, Phillips MD. Regular Exercise Training Decreases Circulating Myostatin In Older Overweight Women At Rest And In Response To Acute Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000678140.97707.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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LaVoy EC, Elzayat MT, Markofski MM. Acute Resistance Exercise Fails To Improve Influenza Vaccine Response In Older Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000671484.12704.e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Markofski MM, Jennings K, Timmerman KL, Dickinson JM, Fry CS, Borack MS, Reidy PT, Deer RR, Randolph A, Rasmussen BB, Volpi E. Effect of Aerobic Exercise Training and Essential Amino Acid Supplementation for 24 Weeks on Physical Function, Body Composition, and Muscle Metabolism in Healthy, Independent Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 74:1598-1604. [PMID: 29750251 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential amino acids (EAA) and aerobic exercise (AE) acutely and independently stimulate skeletal muscle protein anabolism in older adults. OBJECTIVE In this Phase 1, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial, we determined if chronic EAA supplementation, AE training, or a combination of the two interventions could improve muscle mass and function by stimulating muscle protein synthesis. METHODS We phone-screened 971, enrolled 109, and randomized 50 independent, low-active, nonfrail, and nondiabetic older adults (age 72 ± 1 years). We used a 2 × 2 factorial design. The interventions were: daily nutritional supplementation (15 g EAA or placebo) and physical activity (supervised AE training 3 days/week or monitored habitual activity) for 24 weeks. Muscle strength, physical function, body composition, and muscle protein synthesis were measured before and after the 24-week intervention. RESULTS Forty-five subjects completed the 24-week intervention. VO2peak and walking speed increased (p < .05) in both AE groups, irrespective of supplementation type, but muscle strength increased only in the EAA + AE group (p < .05). EAA supplementation acutely increased (p < .05) muscle protein synthesis from basal both before and after the intervention, with a larger increase in the EAA + AE group after the intervention. Total and regional lean body mass did not change significantly with any intervention. CONCLUSIONS In nonfrail, independent, healthy older adults AE training increased walking speed and aerobic fitness, and, when combined with EAA supplementation, it also increased muscle strength and EAA-stimulated muscle protein synthesis. These increases occurred without improvements in muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristofer Jennings
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Kyle L Timmerman
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Jared M Dickinson
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Michael S Borack
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Rachel R Deer
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Amanda Randolph
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Elena Volpi
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
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Agha NH, Mehta SK, Rooney BV, Laughlin MS, Markofski MM, Pierson DL, Katsanis E, Crucian BE, Simpson RJ. Exercise as a countermeasure for latent viral reactivation during long duration space flight. FASEB J 2020; 34:2869-2881. [PMID: 31908052 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902327r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Latent viral reactivation is a commonly reported manifestation of immune system dysregulation during spaceflight. As physical fitness and exercise training have been shown to benefit multiple arms of the immune system, we hypothesized that higher levels of preflight physical fitness and/or maintaining fitness during a mission would protect astronauts from latent viral reactivation. Standardized tests of maximal strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) were performed in 22 international space station (ISS) crewmembers before and after a ~6-month mission. Reactivation of cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and varicella zoster virus (VZV) was determined in crewmembers and ground-based controls before, during, and after spaceflight. Crewmembers with higher CRF before spaceflight had a 29% reduced risk of latent viral reactivation compared to crew with lower CRF. Higher preflight upper body muscular endurance was associated with a 39% reduced risk of viral reactivation, a longer time to viral reactivation, and lower peak viral DNA concentrations, particularly for EBV and VZV. Latent viral reactivation rates were highest in crew with lower preflight CRF and higher levels of CRF deconditioning on return to Earth. We conclude that physical fitness may protect astronauts from latent viral reactivation during long duration spaceflight missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia H Agha
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Bridgette V Rooney
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,GeoControl Systems Inc., NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mitzi S Laughlin
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Melissa M Markofski
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Richard J Simpson
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Agha NH, Baker FL, Kunz HE, Spielmann G, Mylabathula PL, Rooney BV, Mehta SK, Pierson DL, Laughlin MS, Markofski MM, Crucian BE, Simpson RJ. Salivary antimicrobial proteins and stress biomarkers are elevated during a 6-month mission to the International Space Station. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 128:264-275. [PMID: 31751178 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00560.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As the international space community plans for manned missions to Mars, spaceflight-associated immune dysregulation has been identified as a potential risk to the health and safety of the flight crew. There is a need to determine whether salivary antimicrobial proteins, which act as a first line of innate immune defense against multiple pathogens, are altered in response to long-duration (>6 mo) missions. We collected 7 consecutive days of whole and sublingual saliva samples from eight International Space Station (ISS) crewmembers and seven ground-based control subjects at nine mission time points, ~180 and ~60 days before launch (L-180/L-60), on orbit at flight days ~10 and ~90 (FD10/FD90) and ~1 day before return (R-1), and at R+0, R+18, R+33, and R+66 days after returning to Earth. We found that salivary secretory (s)IgA, lysozyme, LL-37, and the cortisol-to-dehydroepiandrosterone ratio were elevated in the ISS crew before (L-180) and during (FD10/FD90) the mission. "Rookie" crewmembers embarking on their first spaceflight mission had lower levels of salivary sIgA but increased levels of α-amylase, lysozyme, and LL-37 during and after the mission compared with the "veteran" crew who had previously flown. Latent herpesvirus reactivation was distinct to the ~6-mo mission crewmembers who performed extravehicular activity ("spacewalks"). Crewmembers who shed at least one latent virus had higher cortisol levels than those who did not shed. We conclude that long-duration spaceflight alters the concentration and/or secretion of several antimicrobial proteins in saliva, some of which are related to crewmember flight experience, biomarkers of stress, and latent viral reactivation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Spaceflight-associated immune dysregulation may jeopardize future exploration-class missions. Salivary antimicrobial proteins act as a first line of innate immune defense. We report here that several of these proteins are elevated in astronauts during an International Space Station mission, particularly in those embarking on their first space voyage. Astronauts who shed a latent herpesvirus also had higher concentrations of salivary cortisol compared with those who did not shed. Stress-relieving countermeasures are needed to preserve immunity and prevent viral reactivation during prolonged voyages into deep space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia H Agha
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Forrest L Baker
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Hawley E Kunz
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.,Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Guillaume Spielmann
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.,School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Preteesh L Mylabathula
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Bridgette V Rooney
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.,GeoControl Systems, Incorporated, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Satish K Mehta
- JesTech, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Duane L Pierson
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mitzi S Laughlin
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.,Fondren Orthopedic Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Melissa M Markofski
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Brian E Crucian
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Markofski MM, Jennings K, Dolan C, Davies NA, LaVoy EC, Ryan EJ, Carrillo AE. Single-Arm 8-Week Ad Libitum Self-Prepared Paleo Diet Reduces Cardiometabolic Disease Risk Factors in Overweight Adults. Am J Lifestyle Med 2019; 15:690-700. [PMID: 34916890 DOI: 10.1177/1559827619866157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The paleo diet is popular among the general population due to promoted weight loss and disease prevention benefits. We examined the effectiveness of a self-administered paleo diet in improving cardiometabolic disease risk factors. Overweight, physically inactive but otherwise healthy adults (males = 4, females = 3, age 32.7 ± 4.9 years, body mass index [BMI] 29.4 ± 2.4 kg/m2) habitually eating a traditional Western diet (1853.4 ± 441.2 kcal; 34.0% carbohydrate; 41.4% fat; 19.2% protein) completed an ad libitum self-administered paleo diet for 8 weeks. Height, weight, blood pressure, and a fasting blood sample were collected pre- and post-paleo dietary intervention. Blood samples were analyzed for fasting cardiometabolic disease biomarkers-including brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21, and leptin. After 8 weeks, body mass (-5.3 kg, P = .008), BMI (-1.7 kg/m2, P = .002), serum leptin (-56.2%, P = .012), serum FGF21 (-26.7%, P = .002), and serum BDNF (-25.8%, P = .045) significantly decreased. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were unchanged following the paleo dietary intervention (P > .05). Average energy intake (-412.6 kcal, P = .016) significantly decreased with the paleo dietary intervention mostly due to a reduction in carbohydrate consumption (-69.2 g; P = .003). An 8-week self-administered paleo dietary intervention was effective in improving cardiometabolic disease risk factors in a healthy, physically inactive overweight adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Markofski
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (MMM, CD, ECL).,Office of Biostatistics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (KJ).,Department of Exercise Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (NAD, EJR, AEC).,FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, Greece (AEC)
| | - Kristofer Jennings
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (MMM, CD, ECL).,Office of Biostatistics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (KJ).,Department of Exercise Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (NAD, EJR, AEC).,FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, Greece (AEC)
| | - Chad Dolan
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (MMM, CD, ECL).,Office of Biostatistics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (KJ).,Department of Exercise Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (NAD, EJR, AEC).,FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, Greece (AEC)
| | - Natalie A Davies
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (MMM, CD, ECL).,Office of Biostatistics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (KJ).,Department of Exercise Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (NAD, EJR, AEC).,FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, Greece (AEC)
| | - Emily C LaVoy
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (MMM, CD, ECL).,Office of Biostatistics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (KJ).,Department of Exercise Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (NAD, EJR, AEC).,FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, Greece (AEC)
| | - Edward J Ryan
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (MMM, CD, ECL).,Office of Biostatistics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (KJ).,Department of Exercise Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (NAD, EJR, AEC).,FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, Greece (AEC)
| | - Andres E Carrillo
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (MMM, CD, ECL).,Office of Biostatistics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (KJ).,Department of Exercise Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (NAD, EJR, AEC).,FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, Greece (AEC)
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Randolph AC, Markofski MM, Rasmussen BB, Volpi E. Effect of essential amino acid supplementation and aerobic exercise on insulin sensitivity in healthy older adults: A randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr 2019; 39:1371-1378. [PMID: 31307843 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The combination of prolonged essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation and aerobic exercise training (Ex) improves muscle protein metabolism, strength and function in healthy older adults. However, excess EAA intake may worsen insulin sensitivity. Here we report the effects of EAA supplementation (EAA, n = 11), placebo (PLA, n = 10), aerobic exercise with placebo (Ex + PLA, n = 11) or Ex with EAA supplementation (Ex + EAA, n = 10) for 22 weeks on insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic older adults. METHODS A 2 × 2 design with block randomization and double blinding for supplement or placebo was used. Subjects ingested EAA (15 g) or placebo daily. Exercising subjects participated in supervised progressive vigorous treadmill walking 3 times weekly. Measures of insulin sensitivity by oral glucose tolerance testing were collected at baseline and 22 weeks. Dietary intakes of protein and specific amino acids were determined in a subset of subjects. RESULTS Overall, exercise improved insulin sensitivity, while EAA supplementation had no effect. In the dietary subset, post-intervention insulin sensitivity did not correlate significantly with the total intake of EAA, anti-angiogenic amino acids (cysteine, methionine), or branched-chain amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, valine). CONCLUSIONS Overall, we conclude that in healthy older adults with moderate protein intake, EAA supplementation is metabolically safe as it does not decrease insulin sensitivity regardless of its combination with aerobic exercise. Thus, daily protein intake should be controlled for when modeling insulin sensitivity. Future studies should explore the role of increased blood flow as a potential explanatory factor for the observed interaction between aerobic exercise and supplementation. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT00872911.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Randolph
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Melissa M Markofski
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Elena Volpi
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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Graff RM, Jennings K, Davies NA, Carrillo AE, LaVoy EC, Ryan EJ, Markofski MM. A Short Term Paleolithic Dietary Intervention Does Not Alter Adipokines Implicated In Obesity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000561657.13721.cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Markofski MM, Baker FL, Simpson RJ, Agha NH. Exercise-induced Changes In Circulating Follistatin And GDF-15 Are Intensity- And Duration-dependent. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000561999.22383.5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Macdonald BW, Dolan C, Love AN, Markofski MM. Circulating Mcp-1 Is Not Related To Self-reported Moderate To Vigorous Physical Activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000562885.59231.b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Markofski MM, Coen PM, Flynn MG. Chronic Exercise and Immunity. Lifestyle Medicine 2019. [DOI: 10.1201/9781315201108-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Brightwell CR, Markofski MM, Moro T, Fry CS, Porter C, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise improves skeletal muscle quality in older adults. Transl Sports Med 2019; 2:109-119. [PMID: 31123725 PMCID: PMC6518946 DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, age-associated involuntary loss of muscle and strength, can progress to clinically relevant functional decline. Resistance exercise attenuates muscle and strength loss but may not be feasible for some older adults. Aerobic exercise training (AET) improves cardiopulmonary health; however, effects on protein turnover, muscle mass, and strength are less clear. We aimed to determine whether AET improves basal myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS) and capillarization, promoting hypertrophy and strength. We hypothesized that AET improves strength with increased MPS and capillarization. Older adults were randomized to non-exercise (NON; n = 11, 71.4 ± 4.18 years) or exercise (EX; n = 12, 73.7 ± 4.05 years). EX completed 24 weeks of AET (walking 3×/week, 45 minutes, 70% heart rate reserve); NON remained sedentary. A stable isotope tracer was infused. MPS and capillarization were analyzed from vastus lateralis muscle biopsies. Strength was measured via isokinetic dynamometry. Lean mass was determined with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Basal MPS increased in EX (+50.7%, P = 0.01) along with capillary density (+66.4%, P = 0.03), peak oxygen consumption (+15.8%, P = 0.01), quadriceps strength (+15.1%, P = 0.01), and muscle quality (peak torque divided by leg lean mass, +15.5%, P = 0.01). Lean mass did not change (P > 0.05). AET increases muscle protein turnover and capillarization in older adults, improving muscle quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille R. Brightwell
- Department of Nutrition and MetabolismUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Division of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and AnatomyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
| | | | - Tatiana Moro
- Department of Nutrition and MetabolismUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Sealy Center on AgingUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Center for RecoveryPhysical Activity, and NutritionUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
| | - Christopher S. Fry
- Department of Nutrition and MetabolismUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Center for RecoveryPhysical Activity, and NutritionUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
| | - Craig Porter
- Center for RecoveryPhysical Activity, and NutritionUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Metabolism UnitShriners Hospitals for ChildrenGalvestonTexas
| | - Elena Volpi
- Sealy Center on AgingUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Center for RecoveryPhysical Activity, and NutritionUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
| | - Blake B. Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and MetabolismUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Sealy Center on AgingUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Center for RecoveryPhysical Activity, and NutritionUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
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Brightwell CR, Markofski MM, Moro T, Fry CS, Porter C, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Cover Image. Transl Sports Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Flynn MG, Markofski MM, Carrillo AE. Elevated Inflammatory Status and Increased Risk of Chronic Disease in Chronological Aging: Inflamm-aging or Inflamm-inactivity? Aging Dis 2019; 10:147-156. [PMID: 30705775 PMCID: PMC6345337 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-associated hyper-inflammation or "inflamm-aging" has been linked to the development of chronic diseases and characterized as an unavoidable aspect of aging. However, the inflamm-aging model does not adequately address the potential anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training and the potential for exercise to ameliorate several age-related diseases. In this brief review, we introduce a new paradigm-inflamm-inactivity-that describes a potent counter-measure to age-associated inflammatory illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Flynn
- HCA South Atlantic Division, Charleston, SC 29492, USA
- College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424, USA
| | - Melissa M. Markofski
- University of Houston, Department of Health and Human Performance, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Andres E. Carrillo
- Department of Exercise Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
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Hong J, Kim K, Park E, Lee J, Markofski MM, Marrelli SP, Park Y. Exercise ameliorates endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated vascular dysfunction in mesenteric arteries in atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7938. [PMID: 29784903 PMCID: PMC5962591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is closely associated with atherosclerosis, but the effects of exercise on ER stress-mediated endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis is not yet fully understood. We assessed endothelium-dependent vasodilation in isolated mesenteric arteries from wild type (WT), WT with exercise (WT-EX), ApoE knockout (ApoE KO), and ApoE KO mice with exercise (ApoE KO-EX). Vasodilation to acetylcholine (ACh) was elicited in the presence of inhibitors of ER stress, eNOS, caspase-1, and UCP-2 (Tudca, L-NAME, AC-YVARD-cmk, and Genipin, respectively) and the ER stress inducer (Tunicamycin). Immunofluorescence was used to visualize the expression of CHOP, as an indicator of ER stress, in superior mesenteric arteries (SMA). Dilation to ACh was attenuated in ApoE KO but was improved in ApoE KO-EX. Incubation of Tudca and AC-YVARD-cmk improved ACh-induced vasodilation in ApoE KO. L-NAME, tunicamycin, and Genipin attenuated vasodilation in WT, WT-EX and ApoE KO-EX, but not in ApoE KO. Exercise training reversed the increase in CHOP expression in the endothelium of SMA of ApoE KO mice. We conclude that ER stress plays a significant role in endothelial dysfunction of resistance arteries in atherosclerosis and that exercise attenuates ER stress and regulates its critical downstream signaling pathways including eNOS, UCP-2 and caspase-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyoung Hong
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Kwangchan Kim
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Eunkyung Park
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Jonghae Lee
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Melissa M Markofski
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Sean P Marrelli
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at UT Health, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yoonjung Park
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
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Brightwell CR, Moro T, Fry CS, Markofski MM, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Aerobic Exercise Training Improves Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis, Capillarization, and Quadriceps Strength in Older Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000537222.24538.0d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Agha NH, Baker FL, Kunz HE, Graff R, Azadan R, Dolan C, Laughlin MS, Hosing C, Markofski MM, Bond RA, Bollard CM, Simpson RJ. Vigorous exercise mobilizes CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells to peripheral blood via the β 2-adrenergic receptor. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 68:66-75. [PMID: 29017969 PMCID: PMC6980177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute dynamic exercise mobilizes CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to the bloodstream, potentially serving as an economical adjuvant to boost the collection of HSCs from stem cell transplant donors. The mechanisms responsible for HSC mobilization with exercise are unknown but are likely due to hemodynamic perturbations, endogenous granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), and/or β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) signaling. We characterized the temporal response of HSC mobilization and plasma G-CSF following exercise, and determined the impact of in vivo β-AR blockade on the exercise-induced mobilization of HSCs. Healthy runners (n = 15) completed, in balanced order, two single bouts of steady state treadmill running exercise at moderate (lasting 90-min) or vigorous (lasting 30-min) intensity. A separate cohort of healthy cyclists (n = 12) completed three 30-min cycling ergometer trials at vigorous intensity after ingesting: (i) 10 mg bisoprolol (β1-AR antagonist); (ii) 80 mg nadolol (β1 + β2-AR antagonist); or (iii) placebo, in balanced order with a double-blind design. Blood samples collected before, during (runners only), immediately after, and at several points during exercise recovery were used to determine circulating G-CSF levels (runners only) and enumerate CD34+ HSCs by flow cytometry (runners and cyclists). Steady state vigorous but not moderate intensity exercise mobilized HSCs, increasing the total blood CD34+ count by ∼4.15 ± 1.62 Δcells/µl (+202 ± 92%) compared to resting conditions. Plasma G-CSF increased in response to moderate but not vigorous exercise. Relative to placebo, nadolol and bisoprolol lowered exercising heart rate and blood pressure to comparable levels. The number of CD34+ HSCs increased with exercise after the placebo and bisoprolol trials, but not the nadolol trial, suggesting β2-AR signaling mediated the mobilization of CD34+ cells [Placebo: 2.10 ± 1.16 (207 ± 69.2%), Bisoprolol 1.66 ± 0.79 (+163 ± 29%), Nadolol: 0.68 ± 0.54 (+143 ± 36%) Δcells/µL]. We conclude that the mobilization of CD34+ HSCs with exercise is not dependent on circulating G-CSF and is likely due to the combined actions of β2-AR signaling and hemodynamic shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia H Agha
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3875 Holman Street, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Forrest L Baker
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3875 Holman Street, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Hawley E Kunz
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3875 Holman Street, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Rachel Graff
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3875 Holman Street, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Rod Azadan
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3875 Holman Street, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Chad Dolan
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3875 Holman Street, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Mitzi S Laughlin
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3875 Holman Street, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Chitra Hosing
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Melissa M Markofski
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3875 Holman Street, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Richard A Bond
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Health System and The George Washington University, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3875 Holman Street, Houston, TX 77204, USA; Department of Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Arlinghaus KR, Markofski MM, Johnston CA. Reducing Anxiety to Increase Exercise in Individuals With Decreased Lung Capacity. Am J Lifestyle Med 2017; 11:307-309. [PMID: 30202347 PMCID: PMC6125101 DOI: 10.1177/1559827617703058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of chronic disease is complex. For many diseases, the treatment for the disease may mimic disease symptoms. For example, exercise training is recommended as part of the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Individuals may confuse the physiological experiences related to exercise with COPD symptoms. This type of association between treatment and disease can cause anxiety. For health care practitioners to successfully motivate their patients to make the necessary behavior changes for disease treatment, anxiety must also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa M. Markofski
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Craig A. Johnston
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
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Borack MS, Reidy PT, Husaini SH, Markofski MM, Deer RR, Richison AB, Lambert BS, Cope MB, Mukherjea R, Jennings K, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Soy-Dairy Protein Blend or Whey Protein Isolate Ingestion Induces Similar Postexercise Muscle Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Signaling and Protein Synthesis Responses in Older Men. J Nutr 2016; 146:2468-2475. [PMID: 27798330 PMCID: PMC5118761 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.231159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous work demonstrated that a soy-dairy protein blend (PB) prolongs hyperaminoacidemia and muscle protein synthesis in young adults after resistance exercise. Objective: We investigated the effect of PB in older adults. We hypothesized that PB would prolong hyperaminoacidemia, enhancing mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and muscle protein anabolism compared with a whey protein isolate (WPI). Methods: This double-blind, randomized controlled trial studied men 55–75 y of age. Subjects consumed 30 g protein from WPI or PB (25% soy, 25% whey, and 50% casein) 1 h after leg extension exercise (8 sets of 10 repetitions at 70% one-repetition maximum). Blood and muscle amino acid concentrations and basal and postexercise muscle protein turnover were measured by using stable isotopic methods. Muscle mTORC1 signaling was assessed by immunoblotting. Results: Both groups increased amino acid concentrations (P < 0.05) and mTORC1 signaling after protein ingestion (P < 0.05). Postexercise fractional synthesis rate (FSR; P ≥ 0.05), fractional breakdown rate (FBR; P ≥ 0.05), and net balance (P = 0.08) did not differ between groups. WPI increased FSR by 67% (mean ± SEM: rest: 0.05% ± 0.01%; postexercise: 0.09% ± 0.01%; P < 0.05), decreased FBR by 46% (rest: 0.17% ± 0.01%; postexercise: 0.09% ± 0.03%; P < 0.05), and made net balance less negative (P < 0.05). PB ingestion did not increase FSR (rest: 0.07% ± 0.03%; postexercise: 0.09% ± 0.01%; P ≥ 0.05), tended to decrease FBR by 42% (rest: 0.25% ± 0.08%; postexercise: 0.15% ± 0.08%; P = 0.08), and made net balance less negative (P < 0.05). Within-group percentage of change differences were not different between groups for FSR, FBR, or net balance (P ≥ 0.05). Conclusions: WPI and PB ingestion after exercise in older men induced similar responses in hyperaminoacidemia, mTORC1 signaling, muscle protein synthesis, and breakdown. These data add new evidence for the use of whey or soy-dairy PBs as targeted nutritional interventions to counteract sarcopenia. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01847261.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kristofer Jennings
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; and
| | - Elena Volpi
- Sealy Center on Aging.,Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, and
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, .,Department of Nutrition and Metabolism.,Sealy Center on Aging
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Reidy PT, Borack MS, Markofski MM, Dickinson JM, Deer RR, Husaini SH, Walker DK, Igbinigie S, Robertson SM, Cope MB, Mukherjea R, Hall-Porter JM, Jennings K, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Protein Supplementation Has Minimal Effects on Muscle Adaptations during Resistance Exercise Training in Young Men: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. J Nutr 2016; 146:1660-9. [PMID: 27466602 PMCID: PMC4997282 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.231803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To our knowledge the efficacy of soy-dairy protein blend (PB) supplementation with resistance exercise training (RET) has not been evaluated in a longitudinal study. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to determine the effect of PB supplementation during RET on muscle adaptation. METHODS In this double-blind randomized clinical trial, healthy young men [18-30 y; BMI (in kg/m(2)): 25 ± 0.5] participated in supervised whole-body RET at 60-80% 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) for 3 d/wk for 12 wk with random assignment to daily receive 22 g PB (n = 23), whey protein (WP) isolate (n = 22), or an isocaloric maltodextrin (carbohydrate) placebo [(MDP) n = 23]. Serum testosterone, muscle strength, thigh muscle thickness (MT), myofiber cross-sectional area (mCSA), and lean body mass (LBM) were assessed before and after 6 and 12 wk of RET. RESULTS All treatments increased LBM (P < 0.001). ANCOVA did not identify an overall treatment effect at 12 wk (P = 0.11). There tended to be a greater change in LBM from baseline to 12 wk in the PB group than in the MDP group (0.92 kg; 95% CI: -0.12, 1.95 kg; P = 0.09); however, changes in the WP and MDP groups did not differ. Pooling data from combined PB and WP treatments showed a trend for greater change in LBM from baseline to 12 wk compared with MDP treatment (0.69 kg; 95% CI: -0.08, 1.46 kg; P = 0.08). Muscle strength, mCSA, and MT increased (P < 0.05) similarly for all treatments and were not different (P > 0.10) between treatments. Testosterone was not altered. CONCLUSIONS PB supplementation during 3 mo of RET tended to slightly enhance gains in whole-body and arm LBM, but not leg muscle mass, compared with RET without protein supplementation. Although protein supplementation minimally enhanced gains in LBM of healthy young men, there was no enhancement of gains in strength. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01749189.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Reidy
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences;,Departments of Nutrition and Metabolism
| | - Michael S Borack
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences;,Departments of Nutrition and Metabolism
| | | | - Jared M Dickinson
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences;,Departments of Nutrition and Metabolism
| | | | | | - Dillon K Walker
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences;,Departments of Nutrition and Metabolism
| | - Sherry Igbinigie
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; and
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elena Volpi
- Internal Medicine/Geriatrics;,Sealy Center on Aging; and
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences; Departments of Nutrition and Metabolism, Sealy Center on Aging; and
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Abstract
The list of diseases with a known inflammatory etiology is growing. Cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, diabetes, geriatric cachexia, and Alzheimer's disease have all been shown to be linked to or exacerbated by aberrantly regulated inflammatory processes. Nevertheless, there is mounting evidence that those who are physically active, or who become physically active, have a reduction in biomarkers associated with chronic inflammation. There was strong early consensus that exercise-induced reductions in inflammation were explained by body mass index or body fatness, but recent studies provide support for the contention that exercise has body fat-independent anti-inflammatory effects. With few exceptions, the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise appear to occur regardless of age or the presence of chronic diseases. What remains unclear are the mechanisms by which exercise training induces these anti-inflammatory effects, but there are several intriguing possibilities, including release of endogenous products, such as heat shock proteins; selective reduction of visceral adipose tissue mass or reducing infiltration of adipocytes by macrophages; shift in immune cell phenotype; cross-tolerizing effects; or exercise-induced shifts in accessory proteins of toll-like receptor signaling. However, future research endeavors are likely to uncover additional potential mechanisms, and it could be some time before functional mechanisms are made clear. In summary, the potential anti-inflammatory influences of exercise training may provide a low-cost, readily available, and effective treatment for low-grade systemic inflammation and could contribute significantly to the positive effects of exercise training on chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Flynn
- Wastl Human Performance Lab, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana (MGF, MMM) and the Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (BKM)
| | - Brian K McFarlin
- Wastl Human Performance Lab, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana (MGF, MMM) and the Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (BKM)
| | - Melissa M Markofski
- Wastl Human Performance Lab, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana (MGF, MMM) and the Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (BKM)
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Markofski MM, Dickinson JM, Drummond MJ, Fry CS, Fujita S, Gundermann DM, Glynn EL, Jennings K, Paddon-Jones D, Reidy PT, Sheffield-Moore M, Timmerman KL, Rasmussen BB, Volpi E. Effect of age on basal muscle protein synthesis and mTORC1 signaling in a large cohort of young and older men and women. Exp Gerontol 2015; 65:1-7. [PMID: 25735236 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The rate of muscle loss with aging is higher in men than women. However, women have smaller muscles throughout the adult life. Protein content is a major determinant of skeletal muscle size. This study was designed to determine if age and sex differentially impact basal muscle protein synthesis and mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. We performed a secondary data analysis on a cohort of 215 healthy, non-obese (BMI<30kg·m(-2)) young (18-40y; 74 men, 52 women) and older (60-87y; 57 men, 32 women) adults. The database contained information on physical characteristics, basal muscle protein fractional synthetic rate (FSR; n=215; stable isotope methodology) and mTORC1 signaling (n=125, Western blotting). FSR and mTORC1 signaling were measured at rest and after an overnight fast. mTORC1 and S6K1 phosphorylation were higher (p<0.05) in older subjects with no sex differences. However, there were no age or sex differences or interaction for muscle FSR (p>0.05). Body mass index, fat free mass, or body fat was not a significant covariate and did not influence the results. We conclude that age and sex do not influence basal muscle protein synthesis. However, basal mTORC1 hyperphosphorylation in the elderly may contribute to insulin resistance and the age-related anabolic resistance of skeletal muscle protein metabolism to nutrition and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Markofski
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jared M Dickinson
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA; Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA; Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA; Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - David M Gundermann
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA; Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Erin L Glynn
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kristofer Jennings
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA; Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Melinda Sheffield-Moore
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kyle L Timmerman
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA; Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA; Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Elena Volpi
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA.
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Timmerman KL, Amonette WE, Markofski MM, Ansinelli HA, Gleason EA, Rasmussen BB, Mossberg KA. Blunted IL-6 and IL-10 response to maximal aerobic exercise in patients with traumatic brain injury. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 115:111-8. [PMID: 25213007 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2997-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In healthy individuals, strenuous exercise typically results in a transient increase in the inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6). This increase in IL-6 is reported to have pleiotropic effects including increased glucose uptake, increased fat oxidation, and anti-inflammatory actions. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine if patients with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) have a differential cytokine response to exercise compared to healthy control subjects (CON). METHODS Eight patients with a TBI and eight age- and sex-matched controls completed an exercise test to volitional exhaustion. Metabolic data were collected continuously, and blood was collected at baseline, immediately post-exercise, and every 10 min for an hour post-exercise. Serum was analyzed for IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-10 (IL-10), and cortisol. RESULTS Peak oxygen consumption (CON 33 ± 2 ml kg(-1) min(-1); TBI 29 ± 2 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) and respiratory exchange ratio during exercise were equivalent between groups. There were no baseline differences between groups for cytokine or cortisol concentrations. Exercise did not increase IL-6 in TBI, whereas IL-6 was elevated from baseline in CON at 0, 40, and 50 min post-exercise (p < 0.05). IL-10 and cortisol increased from baseline in CON at 40 min post-exercise (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that patients recovering from TBI have blunted IL-6, IL-10, and cortisol responses following a peak exercise test compared to non-TBI controls. This lack of an exercise response may represent impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function.
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Markofski MM, Carrillo AE, Timmerman KL, Jennings K, Coen PM, Pence BD, Flynn MG. Exercise training modifies ghrelin and adiponectin concentrations and is related to inflammation in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 69:675-81. [PMID: 24013674 PMCID: PMC4111637 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to observe exercise training-induced effects on adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin. Twenty-nine older, healthy participants were classified as physically active (comparison group: N = 15, 70.9 ± 1.2 years) or physically inactive (exercise group: N = 14, 70.5 ± 1.4 years). Exercise group participants completed 12 weeks of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training, whereas comparison group participants maintained their current level of exercise and served as a physically active comparison group. Monocyte phenotype, as well as serum ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II were analyzed prior to and following the 12-week period. Ghrelin and adiponectin increased 47% and 55%, respectively, in exercise group participants following exercise training. Percent change in ghrelin (post and pre) was negatively correlated with the percent change in CD14+CD16+ monocytes (post and pre) in exercise group participants. Despite no changes in body mass, these data contribute to evidence for the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andres E Carrillo
- Department of Exercise Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Paul M Coen
- Department of Health and Physical Activity, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brandt D Pence
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Michael G Flynn
- Department of Health and Human Performance, College of Charleston, South Carolina
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Markofski MM, Flynn MG, Carrillo AE, Armstrong CLH, Campbell WW, Sedlock DA. Resistance exercise training-induced decrease in circulating inflammatory CD14+CD16+ monocyte percentage without weight loss in older adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1737-48. [PMID: 24832193 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2902-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exercise training reduces systemic inflammation in weight-stable people, but concurrent diet-induced body weight loss is not well studied. We hypothesized that resistance training would decrease inflammatory monocyte percentage and improve biomarkers associated with disease risk, independent of weight loss. METHODS Forty physically inactive (PI) subjects (58.0 ± 5.7 years; BMI 30.1 ± 4.3 kg m(-2)) completed baseline testing, and 26 of these subjects completed 12-week of resistance training exercises while consuming either their usual, weight-maintenance diet (RE, n = 14) or an energy-restricted diet (RE-ER, n = 12). Nine physically active (PA) subjects served as a comparison group (60.1 ± 6.1 years; BMI 25.8 ± 3.1 kg m(-2)). RESULTS At baseline, circulating CD14+CD16+ monocyte percentage, C-reactive protein, and cholesterol were higher in PI vs. PA. Post-intervention, RE subjects had a ~35 % decrease in circulating CD14+CD16+, and a lower LPS-stimulated TNFα and IL-6 production, while RE-ER subjects had lower cholesterol than RE. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that resistance training is an effective means for older, overweight adults to reduce systemic inflammation. The unexpected lack of response with concurrent energy restriction underscores the need for further research on the use of resistance training and diet to reduce inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Markofski
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University St., Galveston, TX, 77555-0177, USA,
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Markofski MM, Jennings K, Fisher SR, Rasmussen BB, Volpi E. Supervised Walking 3 Times/week Increases The Weekly Step Activity In Low Active Older Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000493540.30559.ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Drummond MJ, Timmerman KL, Markofski MM, Walker DK, Dickinson JM, Jamaluddin M, Brasier AR, Rasmussen BB, Volpi E. Short-term bed rest increases TLR4 and IL-6 expression in skeletal muscle of older adults. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R216-23. [PMID: 23761639 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00072.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bed rest induces significant loss of leg lean mass in older adults. Systemic and tissue inflammation also accelerates skeletal muscle loss, but it is unknown whether inflammation is associated to inactivity-induced muscle atrophy in healthy older adults. We determined if short-term bed rest increases toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling and pro-inflammatory markers in older adult skeletal muscle biopsy samples. Six healthy, older adults underwent seven consecutive days of bed rest. Muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were taken after an overnight fast before and at the end of bed rest. Serum cytokine expression was measured before and during bed rest. TLR4 signaling and cytokine mRNAs associated with pro- and anti-inflammation and anabolism were measured in muscle biopsy samples using Western blot analysis and qPCR. Participants lost ∼4% leg lean mass with bed rest. We found that after bed rest, muscle levels of TLR4 protein expression and interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor-κB1, interleukin-10, and 15 mRNA expression were increased after bed rest (P < 0.05). Additionally, the cytokines interferon-γ, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, were elevated in serum samples following bed rest (P < 0.05). We conclude that short-term bed rest in older adults modestly increased some pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in muscle samples while systemic changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines were mostly absent. Upregulation of TLR4 protein content suggests that bed rest in older adults increases the capacity to mount an exaggerated, and perhaps unnecessary, inflammatory response in the presence of specific TLR4 ligands, e.g., during acute illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J Drummond
- Univ. of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1213, USA.
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Markofski MM, Timmerman KL, Dickinson JM, Reidy PT, Borack M, Rasmussen BB, Volpi E. The acute aerobic exercise‐induced increase in amino acid transporter expression adapts to exercise training in older adults. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.350.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul T Reidy
- Rehabilitaiton SciencesUniv. of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX
| | - Michael Borack
- Rehabilitaiton SciencesUniv. of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX
| | | | - Elena Volpi
- Sealy Center on AgingUniv. of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX
- Dept. of Internal Medicine‐Division of GeriatricsUniv. of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX
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