251
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Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) combines rich optical absorption contrast with the high spatial resolution of ultrasound at depths in tissue. The high scalability of PAT has enabled anatomical imaging of biological structures ranging from organelles to organs. The inherent functional and molecular imaging capabilities of PAT have further allowed it to measure important physiological parameters and track critical cellular activities. Integration of PAT with other imaging technologies provides complementary capabilities and can potentially accelerate the clinical translation of PAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yao
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jun Xia
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lihong V Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA
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252
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Lee SY, Lai YH, Huang KC, Cheng YH, Tseng TF, Sun CK. In vivo sub-femtoliter resolution photoacoustic microscopy with higher frame rates. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15421. [PMID: 26487363 PMCID: PMC4614074 DOI: 10.1038/srep15421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microscopy based on non-fluorescent absorption dye staining is widely used in various fields of biomedicine for 400 years. Unlike its fluorescent counterpart, non-fluorescent absorption microscopy lacks proper methodologies to realize its in vivo applications with a sub-femtoliter 3D resolution. Regardless of the most advanced high-resolution photoacoustic microscopy, sub-femtoliter spatial resolution is still unattainable, and the imaging speed is relatively slow. In this paper, based on the two-photon photoacoustic mechanism, we demonstrated a in vivo label free laser-scanning photoacoustic imaging modality featuring high frame rates and sub-femtoliter 3D resolution simultaneously, which stands as a perfect solution to 3D high resolution non-fluorescent absorption microscopy. Furthermore, we first demonstrated in vivo label-free two-photon acoustic microscopy on the observation of non-fluorescent melanin distribution within mouse skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Yu Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hung Lai
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Applied Physics Option, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Kai-Chih Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Fang Tseng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kuang Sun
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Physics and Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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253
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Kupfer ME, Ogle BM. Advanced imaging approaches for regenerative medicine: Emerging technologies for monitoring stem cell fate in vitro and in vivo. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:1515-28. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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254
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Kim JY, Lee C, Park K, Lim G, Kim C. A PDMS-Based 2-Axis Waterproof Scanner for Photoacoustic Microscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 15:9815-26. [PMID: 25923931 PMCID: PMC4481887 DOI: 10.3390/s150509815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) is an imaging tool to provide in vivo optically sensitive images in biomedical research. To achieve a small size, fast imaging speed, wide scan range, and high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) in a water environment, we introduce a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based 2-axis scanner for a flexible and waterproof structure. The design, theoretical background, fabrication process and performance of the scanner are explained in details. The designed and fabricated scanner has dimensions of 15 × 15 × 15 mm along the X, Y and Z axes, respectively. The characteristics of the scanner are tested under DC and AC conditions. By pairing with electromagnetic forces, the maximum scanning angles in air and water are 18° and 13° along the X and Y axes, respectively. The measured resonance frequencies in air and water are 60 and 45 Hz along the X axis and 45 and 30 Hz along the Y axis, respectively. Finally, OR-PAM with high SNRs is demonstrated using the fabricated scanner, and the PA images of micro-patterned samples and microvasculatures of a mouse ear are successfully obtained with high-resolution and wide-field of view. OR-PAM equipped with the 2-axis PDMS based waterproof scanner has lateral and axial resolutions of 3.6 μm and 26 μm, respectively. This compact OR-PAM system could potentially and widely be used in preclinical and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea.
| | - Changho Lee
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea.
| | - Kyungjin Park
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea.
| | - Geunbae Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea.
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea.
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea.
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255
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Listen to the chemical and histological information in biological tissue. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2015.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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256
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Giustetto P, Filippi M, Castano M, Terreno E. Non-invasive parenchymal, vascular and metabolic high-frequency ultrasound and photoacoustic rat deep brain imaging. J Vis Exp 2015:52162. [PMID: 25867127 PMCID: PMC4401174 DOI: 10.3791/52162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustics and high frequency ultrasound stands out as powerful tools for neurobiological applications enabling high-resolution imaging on the central nervous system of small animals. However, transdermal and transcranial neuroimaging is frequently affected by low sensitivity, image aberrations and loss of space resolution, requiring scalp or even skull removal before imaging. To overcome this challenge, a new protocol is presented to gain significant insights in brain hemodynamics by photoacoustic and high-frequency ultrasounds imaging with the animal skin and skull intact. The procedure relies on the passage of ultrasound (US) waves and laser directly through the fissures that are naturally present on the animal cranium. By juxtaposing the imaging transducer device exactly in correspondence to these selected areas where the skull has a reduced thickness or is totally absent, one can acquire high quality deep images and explore internal brain regions that are usually difficult to anatomically or functionally describe without an invasive approach. By applying this experimental procedure, significant data can be collected in both sonic and optoacoustic modalities, enabling to image the parenchymal and the vascular anatomy far below the head surface. Deep brain features such as parenchymal convolutions and fissures separating the lobes were clearly visible. Moreover, the configuration of large and small blood vessels was imaged at several millimeters of depth, and precise information were collected about blood fluxes, vascular stream velocities and the hemoglobin chemical state. This repertoire of data could be crucial in several research contests, ranging from brain vascular disease studies to experimental techniques involving the systemic administration of exogenous chemicals or other objects endowed with imaging contrast enhancement properties. In conclusion, thanks to the presented protocol, the US and PA techniques become an attractive noninvasive performance-competitive means for cortical and internal brain imaging, retaining a significant potential in many neurologic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierangela Giustetto
- Center for Preclinical Imaging, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin; Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin;
| | - Miriam Filippi
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin
| | | | - Enzo Terreno
- Center for Preclinical Imaging, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin; Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin
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257
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Omar M, Schwarz M, Soliman D, Symvoulidis P, Ntziachristos V. Pushing the optical imaging limits of cancer with multi-frequency-band raster-scan optoacoustic mesoscopy (RSOM). Neoplasia 2015; 17:208-14. [PMID: 25748240 PMCID: PMC4351295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a central cancer hallmark, necessary for supporting tumor growth and metastasis. In vivo imaging of angiogenesis is commonly applied, to understand dynamic processes in cancer development and treatment strategies. However, most radiological modalities today assess angiogenesis based on indirect mechanisms, such as the rate of contrast enhancement after contrast agent administration. We studied the performance of raster-scan optoacoustic mesoscopy (RSOM), to directly reveal the vascular network supporting melanoma growth in vivo, at 50 MHz and 100 MHz, through several millimeters of tumor depth. After comparing the performance at each frequency, we recorded, for the first time, high-resolution images of melanin tumor vasculature development in vivo, over a period of several days. Image validation was provided by means of cryo-slice sections of the same tumor after sacrificing the mice. We show how optoacoustic (photoacoustic) mesoscopy reveals a potentially powerful look into tumor angiogenesis, with properties and features that are markedly different than other radiological modalities. This will facilitate a better understanding of tumor's angiogenesis, and the evaluation of treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murad Omar
- Biological Imaging, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675, Muenchen, Germany; Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Schwarz
- Biological Imaging, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675, Muenchen, Germany; Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Soliman
- Biological Imaging, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675, Muenchen, Germany; Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Panagiotis Symvoulidis
- Biological Imaging, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675, Muenchen, Germany; Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Biological Imaging, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675, Muenchen, Germany; Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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258
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Kim JY, Lee C, Park K, Lim G, Kim C. Fast optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy using a 2-axis water-proofing MEMS scanner. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7932. [PMID: 25604654 PMCID: PMC4300456 DOI: 10.1038/srep07932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) is a novel label-free microscopic imaging tool to provide in vivo optical absorbing contrasts. Specially, it is crucial to equip a real-time imaging capability without sacrificing high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) for identifying and tracking specific diseases in OR-PAM. Herein we demonstrate a 2-axis water-proofing MEMS scanner made of flexible PDMS. This flexible scanner results in a wide scanning range (9 × 4 mm(2) in a transverse plane) and a fast imaging speed (5 B-scan images per second). Further, the MEMS scanner is fabricated in a compact footprint with a size of 15 × 15 × 15 mm(3). More importantly, the scanning ability in water makes the MEMS scanner possible to confocally and simultaneously reflect both ultrasound and laser, and consequently we can maintain high SNRs. The lateral and axial resolutions of the OR-PAM system are 3.6 and 27.7 μm, respectively. We have successfully monitored the flow of carbon particles in vitro with a volumetric display frame rate of 0.14 Hz. Finally, we have successfully obtained in vivo PA images of microvasculatures in a mouse ear. It is expected that our compact and fast OR-PAM system can be significantly useful in both preclinical and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Changho Lee
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjin Park
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Geunbae Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
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259
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Abstract
Recruitment of leukocytes into arteries is a hallmark event throughout all stages of atherosclerosis and hence stands out as a primary therapeutic target. To understand the molecular mechanisms of arterial leukocyte subset infiltration, real-time visualization of recruitment processes of leukocyte subsets at high resolution is a prerequisite. In this review we provide a balanced overview of optical imaging modalities in the more commonly used experimental models for atherosclerosis (e.g., mouse models) allowing for in vivo display of recruitment processes in large arteries and further detail strategies to overcome hurdles inherent to arterial imaging. We further provide a synopsis of techniques allowing for non-toxic, photostable labeling of target structures. Finally, we deliver a short summary of ongoing developments including the emergence of novel labeling approaches, the use of superresolution microscopy, and the potentials of opto-acoustic microscopy and intravascular 2-dimensional near-infrared fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco T A Megens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
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260
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Wang T, Brewer M, Zhu Q. An overview of optical coherence tomography for ovarian tissue imaging and characterization. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 7:1-16. [PMID: 25329515 PMCID: PMC4268384 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has the lowest survival rate among all the gynecologic cancers because it is predominantly diagnosed at late stages due to the lack of reliable symptoms and efficacious screening techniques. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an emerging technique that provides high-resolution images of biological tissue in real time, and demonstrates great potential for imaging of ovarian tissue. In this article, we review OCT studies for visualization and diagnosis of human ovaries as well as quantitative extraction of ovarian tissue optical properties for classifying normal and malignant ovaries. OCT combined with other imaging modalities to further improve ovarian tissue diagnosis is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianheng Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Molly Brewer
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Quing Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering & Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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261
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Park S, Kim J, Jeon M, Song J, Kim C. In vivo photoacoustic and fluorescence cystography using clinically relevant dual modal indocyanine green. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 14:19660-8. [PMID: 25337743 PMCID: PMC4239921 DOI: 10.3390/s141019660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Conventional X-ray-based cystography uses radio-opaque materials, but this method uses harmful ionizing radiation and is not sensitive. In this study, we demonstrate nonionizing and noninvasive photoacoustic (PA) and fluorescence (FL) cystography using clinically relevant indocyanine green (ICG) in vivo. After transurethral injection of ICG into rats through a catheter, their bladders were photoacoustically and fluorescently visualized. A deeply positioned bladder below the skin surface (i.e., ~1.5-5 mm) was clearly visible in the PA and FL image using a laser pulse energy of less than 2 mJ/cm2 (1/15 of the safety limit). Then, the in vivo imaging results were validated through in situ studies. Our results suggest that dual modal cystography can provide a nonionizing and noninvasive imaging tool for bladder mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjo Park
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 1370, Sankyuk-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
| | - Jeesu Kim
- Departments of Creative IT Engineering and Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea.
| | - Mansik Jeon
- Departments of Creative IT Engineering and Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea.
| | - Jaewon Song
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 1370, Sankyuk-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Departments of Creative IT Engineering and Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea.
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262
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Hai P, Yao J, Maslov KI, Zhou Y, Wang LV. Near-infrared optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:5192-5195. [PMID: 25166107 PMCID: PMC4161671 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.005192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Compared with visible light (380-700 nm), near-infrared light (700-1400 nm) undergoes weaker optical attenuation in biological tissue; thus, it can penetrate deeper. Herein, we demonstrate near-infrared optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (NIR-OR-PAM) with 1046 nm illumination. A penetration depth of 3.2 mm was achieved in chicken breast tissue ex vivo using optical fluence within the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) limit (100 mJ/cm2). Beyond ∼0.6 mm deep in chicken breast tissue, NIR-OR-PAM has shown finer resolution than the visible counterpart with 570 nm illumination. The deep imaging capability of NIR-OR-PAM was validated in both a mouse ear and a mouse brain. NIR-OR-PAM of possible lipid contrast was explored as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Hai
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Konstantin I. Maslov
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Yong Zhou
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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263
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Wang T, Nandy S, Salehi HS, Kumavor PD, Zhu Q. A low-cost photoacoustic microscopy system with a laser diode excitation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:3053-8. [PMID: 25401019 PMCID: PMC4230864 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.003053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is capable of mapping microvasculature networks in biological tissue and has demonstrated great potential for biomedical applications. However, the clinical application of the PAM system is limited due to the use of bulky and expensive pulsed laser sources. In this paper, a low-cost optical-resolution PAM system with a pulsed laser diode excitation has been introduced. The lateral resolution of this PAM system was estimated to be 7 µm by imaging a carbon fiber. The phantoms made of polyethylene tubes filled with blood and a mouse ear were imaged to demonstrate the feasibility of this PAM system for imaging biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianheng Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Sreyankar Nandy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Hassan S. Salehi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Patrick D. Kumavor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Quing Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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264
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Li W, Sun X, Wang Y, Niu G, Chen X, Qian Z, Nie L. In vivo quantitative photoacoustic microscopy of gold nanostar kinetics in mouse organs. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:2679-85. [PMID: 25136493 PMCID: PMC4132997 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.002679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We developed a high-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) system with a near-infrared (NIR) laser to noninvasively monitor the distribution of gold nanostar (GNS) in blood vessels, liver and spleen in mice. Photoacoustic images of organs at deep depths were continuously acquired in vivo every 30 minutes after a single dose of GNS by tail vein injection. The experimental results showed that GNS accumulated significantly in both liver and spleen from blood circulation after administration, which was qualitatively validated by fluorescence imaging. Our studies demonstrate that PAM might be potentially used for noninvasive tracing the kinetics of exogenous nanoparticles in biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210016, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiaolian Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gang Niu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhiyu Qian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210016, China
| | - Liming Nie
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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265
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Omar M, Soliman D, Gateau J, Ntziachristos V. Ultrawideband reflection-mode optoacoustic mesoscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:3911-4. [PMID: 24978769 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.003911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We developed a reflection-mode optoacoustic mesoscopy system, based on raster-scanning of a custom designed spherically focused ultrasound detector, enabling seamless epi-illumination of the volume imaged. We study the performance of acoustic-resolution mesoscopy operating at an ultrawideband bandwidth of 20-180 MHz. i.e., a frequency band spreading over virtually an order of magnitude. Using tomographic reconstruction we showcase previously unreported, to our knowledge, axial resolutions of 4 μm and transverse resolutions of 18 μm reaching depths of up to 5 mm. We further investigate the frequency-dependence of features seen on the images to understand the implications of ultrawideband measurements. We show the overall imaging performance and the frequency ranges that contribute to observable resolution improvements from phantoms and animals.
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266
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Ho CJH, Balasundaram G, Driessen W, McLaren R, Wong CL, Dinish US, Attia ABE, Ntziachristos V, Olivo M. Multifunctional photosensitizer-based contrast agents for photoacoustic imaging. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5342. [PMID: 24938638 PMCID: PMC4061552 DOI: 10.1038/srep05342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging is a novel hybrid imaging modality combining the high spatial resolution of optical imaging with the high penetration depth of ultrasound imaging. Here, for the first time, we evaluate the efficacy of various photosensitizers that are widely used as photodynamic therapeutic (PDT) agents as photoacoustic contrast agents. Photoacoustic imaging of photosensitizers exhibits advantages over fluorescence imaging, which is prone to photobleaching and autofluorescence interference. In this work, we examined the photoacoustic activity of 5 photosensitizers: zinc phthalocyanine, protoporphyrin IX, 2,4-bis [4-(N,N-dibenzylamino)-2,6-dihydroxyphenyl] squaraine, chlorin e6 and methylene blue in phantoms, among which zinc phthalocyanine showed the highest photoacoustic activity. Subsequently, we evaluated its tumor localization efficiency and biodistribution at multiple time points in a murine model using photoacoustic imaging. We observed that the probe localized at the tumor within 10 minutes post injection, reaching peak accumulation around 1 hour and was cleared within 24 hours, thus, demonstrating the potential of photosensitizers as photoacoustic imaging contrast agents in vivo. This means that the known advantages of photosensitizers such as preferential tumor uptake and PDT efficacy can be combined with photoacoustic imaging capabilities to achieve longitudinal monitoring of cancer progression and therapy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Jun Hui Ho
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | | | - Wouter Driessen
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
- iThera Medical, GmbH, Germany
| | - Ross McLaren
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Chi Lok Wong
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - U. S. Dinish
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | | | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Malini Olivo
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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267
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Yao J, Wang LV. Sensitivity of photoacoustic microscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2014; 2:87-101. [PMID: 25302158 PMCID: PMC4182819 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Building on its high spatial resolution, deep penetration depth and excellent image contrast, 3D photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has grown tremendously since its first publication in 2005. Integrating optical excitation and acoustic detection, PAM has broken through both the optical diffusion and optical diffraction limits. PAM has 100% relative sensitivity to optical absorption (i.e., a given percentage change in the optical absorption coefficient yields the same percentage change in the photoacoustic amplitude), and its ultimate detection sensitivity is limited only by thermal noise. Focusing on the engineering aspects of PAM, this Review discusses the detection sensitivity of PAM, compares the detection efficiency of different PAM designs, and summarizes the imaging performance of various endogenous and exogenous contrast agents. It then describes representative PAM applications with high detection sensitivity, and outlines paths to further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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268
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Bai X, Gong X, Hau W, Lin R, Zheng J, Liu C, Zeng C, Zou X, Zheng H, Song L. Intravascular optical-resolution photoacoustic tomography with a 1.1 mm diameter catheter. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92463. [PMID: 24651256 PMCID: PMC3961364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging is an emerging technology that can provide anatomic, functional, and molecular information about biological tissue. Intravascular spectroscopic and molecular photoacoustic imaging can potentially improve the identification of atherosclerotic plaque composition, the detection of inflammation, and ultimately the risk stratification of atherosclerosis. In this study, a first-of-its-kind intravascular optical-resolution photoacoustic tomography (OR-PAT) system with a 1.1 mm diameter catheter is developed, offering optical-diffraction limited transverse resolution as fine as 19.6 μm, ∼ 10-fold finer than that of conventional intravascular photoacoustic and ultrasonic imaging. To offer complementary imaging information and depth, the system also acquires co-registered intravascular ultrasound images in parallel. Imaging of an iliac stent and a lipid phantom shows that the high resolution and contrast of OR-PAT can enable improved stent implantation guidance and lipid identification. In the future, these capabilities may ultimately improve the diagnosis and interventional treatment of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, which are prone to cause thrombotic complications such as myocardial infarction and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Bai
- Research Lab for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Key Lab for Molecular Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaojing Gong
- Research Lab for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Key Lab for Molecular Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - William Hau
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Riqiang Lin
- Research Lab for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Key Lab for Molecular Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaxiang Zheng
- Research Lab for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Key Lab for Molecular Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chengbo Liu
- Research Lab for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Key Lab for Molecular Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Beijing Center for Mathematics and Information Interdisciplinary Sciences (BCMIIS), Beijing, China
| | - Chengzhi Zeng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Zou
- Research Lab for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Key Lab for Molecular Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hairong Zheng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liang Song
- Research Lab for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Key Lab for Molecular Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Beijing Center for Mathematics and Information Interdisciplinary Sciences (BCMIIS), Beijing, China
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269
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Xia J, Li G, Wang L, Nasiriavanaki M, Maslov K, Engelbach JA, Garbow JR, Wang LV. Wide-field two-dimensional multifocal optical-resolution photoacoustic-computed microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:5236-9. [PMID: 24322226 PMCID: PMC3928040 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.005236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) is an emerging technique that directly images optical absorption in tissue at high spatial resolution. To date, the majority of OR-PAM systems are based on single-focused optical excitation and ultrasonic detection, limiting the wide-field imaging speed. While 1D multifocal OR-PAM (1D-MFOR-PAM) has been developed, the potential of microlens and transducer arrays has not been fully realized. Here we present the development of 2D multifocal optical-resolution photoacoustic-computed microscopy (2D-MFOR-PACM), using a 2D microlens array and a full-ring ultrasonic transducer array. The 10 mm×10 mm microlens array generates 1800 optical foci within the focal plane of the 512-element transducer array, and raster scanning the microlens array yields optical-resolution photoacoustic images. The system has improved the in-plane resolution of a full-ring transducer array from ≥100 to 29 μm and achieved an imaging time of 36 s over a 10 mm×10 mm field of view. In comparison, the 1D-MFOR-PAM would take more than 4 min to image over the same field of view. The imaging capability of the system was demonstrated on phantoms and animals both ex vivo and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Guo Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Lidai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Mohammadreza Nasiriavanaki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Konstantin Maslov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - John A. Engelbach
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Joel R. Garbow
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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270
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Hu S, Wang L. Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy: auscultation of biological systems at the cellular level. Biophys J 2013; 105:841-7. [PMID: 23972836 PMCID: PMC3752103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) offers unprecedented sensitivity to optical absorption and opens a new window to study biological systems at multiple length- and timescales. In particular, optical-resolution PAM (OR-PAM) has pushed the technical envelope to submicron length scales and millisecond timescales. Here, we review the state of the art of OR-PAM in biophysical research. With properly chosen optical wavelengths, OR-PAM can spectrally differentiate a variety of endogenous and exogenous chromophores, unveiling the anatomical, functional, metabolic, and molecular information of biological systems. Newly uncovered contrast mechanisms of linear dichroism and Förster resonance energy transfer further distinguish OR-PAM. Integrating multiple contrasts and advanced scanning mechanisms has capacitated OR-PAM to comprehensively interrogate biological systems at the cellular level in real time. Two future directions are discussed, where OR-PAM holds the potential to translate basic biophysical research into clinical healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hu
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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