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Hu F, Fong KO, Cheung MPL, Liu JA, Liang R, Li TW, Sharma R, IP PP, Yang X, Cheung M. DEPDC1B Promotes Melanoma Angiogenesis and Metastasis through Sequestration of Ubiquitin Ligase CDC16 to Stabilize Secreted SCUBE3. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2105226. [PMID: 35088579 PMCID: PMC8981904 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The ability of melanoma to acquire metastasis through the induction of angiogenesis is one of the major causes of skin cancer death. Here, it is found that high transcript levels of DEP domain containing 1B (DEPDC1B) in cutaneous melanomas are significantly associated with a poor prognosis. Tissue microarray analysis indicates that DEPDC1B expression is positively correlated with SOX10 in the different stages of melanoma. Consistently, DEPDC1B is both required and sufficient for melanoma growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, and functions as a direct downstream target of SOX10 to partly mediate its oncogenic activity. In contrast to other tumor types, the DEPDC1B-mediated enhancement of melanoma metastatic potential is not dependent on the activities of RHO GTPase signaling and canonical Wnt signaling, but is acquired through secretion of signal peptide, CUB domain and EGF like domain containing 3 (SCUBE3), which is crucial for promoting angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, DEPDC1B regulates SCUBE3 protein stability through the competitive association with ubiquitin ligase cell division cycle 16 (CDC16) to prevent SCUBE3 from undergoing degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Importantly, expression of SOX10, DEPDC1B, and SCUBE3 are positively correlated with microvessel density in the advanced stage of melanomas. In conclusion, it is revealed that a SOX10-DEPDC1B-SCUBE3 regulatory axis promotes melanoma angiogenesis and metastasis, which suggests that targeting secreted SCUBE3 can be a therapeutic strategy against metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hu
- School of Biomedical SciencesLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Ki On Fong
- School of Biomedical SciencesLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - May Pui Lai Cheung
- School of Biomedical SciencesLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Jessica Aijia Liu
- Department of NeuroscienceCity University of Hong KongTat Chee AvenueHong KongChina
| | - Rui Liang
- School of Biomedical SciencesLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Tsz Wai Li
- School of Biomedical SciencesLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Rakesh Sharma
- Centre for PanorOmic SciencesProteomics and Metabolomics Core FacilityLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Philip Pun‐Ching IP
- Department of PathologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Xintao Yang
- School of Biomedical SciencesLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Martin Cheung
- School of Biomedical SciencesLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
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Chen C, Cui P, Zhao K, Niu G, Hou S, Zhao D, Zeng H. Down Syndrome Candidate Region 1 Isoform 1L regulated tumor growth by targeting both angiogenesis and tumor cells. Microvasc Res 2022; 140:104305. [PMID: 34958805 PMCID: PMC9295909 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2021.104305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is critical for solid tumor growth beyond its minimal size. Previously, we reported that Down Syndrome Candidate Region 1 isoform 1L (DSCR1-1L) was one of the most up-regulated genes in endothelial cells induced by VEGF and histamine, and regulated endothelial cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. However, it was not known whether DSCR1-1L played a role in tumor growth. In this study, we found that DSCR1-1L shRNAs significantly inhibited the growth of transplanted melanoma in mice and its associated tumoral angiogenesis. In the gain of function assay, overexpression of DSCR1-1L cDNA in mouse endothelium is sufficient to significantly increase the tumor initiation induced by carcinogen, the growth of xenografted tumor, and the tumor metastasis in our endothelially-expressed DSCR1-1L transgenic mice, in which angiogenesis was induced. It was the first time to find that DSCR1-1L was also expressed in various tumor cells. DSCR1-1L shRNAs inhibited, but overexpression of DSCR1-1L cDNA increased, the tumor cell proliferation and migration. Most recently, we reported that DSCR1-1L modulated angiogenesis by down-regulation of VE-cadherin expression. Here, we found that DSCR1-1L down-regulated the expression of E-cadherin. Hence, DSCR1-1L is an excellent therapeutic target for cancers by regulation of both the endothelial and tumor cells through down-regulating (V)E-cadherin. DSCR1-1L shRNAs have the potential to be developed for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Center for Vascular Biology Research and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Surgery of Breast and Thyroid, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Pengfei Cui
- Center for Vascular Biology Research and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Pancreatic Disease Institute, Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kevin Zhao
- Center for Vascular Biology Research and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gengming Niu
- Center for Vascular Biology Research and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Shiqiang Hou
- Center for Vascular Biology Research and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dezheng Zhao
- Center for Vascular Biology Research and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Huiyan Zeng
- Center for Vascular Biology Research and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Palme C, Wanner A, Romano V, Franchi A, Haas G, Kaye SB, Steger B. Indocyanine Green Angiographic Assessment of Conjunctival Melanocytic Disorders. Cornea 2021; 40:1519-1524. [PMID: 33591034 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether transvascular indocyanine green (ICG) dye leakage is associated with conjunctival malignancy. METHODS This is a prospective interventional study. Patients presenting with circumscribed conjunctival melanocytic disorders (CMDs) were included and examined using color photography, anterior segment optical coherence tomography to measure lesion size, and fluorescein and ICG angiography to measure vascular pattern and leakage. Time to vascular leakage was measured by 2 independent observers. Lesions were characterized as benign or malignant based on histopathological features. RESULTS Thirty patients with CMD were included: 22 lesions were benign (conjunctival nevus, n = 20; conjunctival melanocytic intraepithelial neoplasia without atypia, n = 2) and 8 were malignant (in situ conjunctival melanoma n = 2; invasive conjunctival melanoma, n = 6). Malignant lesions had larger mean maximal diameters (11.0 ± 4.5 vs. 4.2 ± 2.5 mm, P = 0.003) and more frequently showed intrinsic tumor vasculature (8 of 8 vs. 10 of 22, P = 0.007). The mean time to ICG leakage was 350.9 ± 165.9 seconds in benign and 59.6 ± 22.1 seconds (P = 0.002) in malignant lesions and was inversely correlated with lesion size and thickness. CONCLUSIONS Time to angiographic ICG dye leakage is significantly shorter in malignant versus benign CMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Palme
- Department Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; and
| | - Astrid Wanner
- Department Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; and
| | - Vito Romano
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Franchi
- Department Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; and
| | - Gertrud Haas
- Department Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; and
| | - Stephen B Kaye
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Steger
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Cheng YC, Chang YA, Chen YJ, Sung HM, Bogeski I, Su HL, Hsu YL, Wang HMD. The Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Malignant Melanoma. Cells 2021; 10:2740. [PMID: 34685720 PMCID: PMC8535053 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Different types of cells, such as endothelial cells, tumor-associated fibroblasts, pericytes, and immune cells, release extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the tumor microenvironment. The components of EVs include proteins, DNA, RNA, and microRNA. One of the most important functions of EVs is the transfer of aforementioned bioactive molecules, which in cancer cells may affect tumor growth, progression, angiogenesis, and metastatic spread. Furthermore, EVs affect the presentation of antigens to immune cells via the transfer of nucleic acids, peptides, and proteins to recipient cells. Recent studies have also explored the potential application of EVs in cancer treatment. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which EVs regulate melanoma development, progression, and their potentials to be applied in therapy. We initially describe vesicle components; discuss their effects on proliferation, anti-melanoma immunity, and drug resistance; and finally focus on the effects of EV-derived microRNAs on melanoma pathobiology. This work aims to facilitate our understanding of the influence of EVs on melanoma biology and initiate ideas for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chen Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (Y.-A.C.)
| | - Yu-An Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (Y.-A.C.)
| | - Yi-Jen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-J.C.); (Y.-L.H.)
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Min Sung
- Molecular Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; (H.-M.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Ivan Bogeski
- Molecular Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; (H.-M.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Hong-Lin Su
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Ling Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-J.C.); (Y.-L.H.)
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Min David Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (Y.-A.C.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung City 404, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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5
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Greig EC, Laver NV, Mendonca LS, Levine ES, Baumal CR, Waheed NK, Duker JS. SWEPT-SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY IN SMALL CHOROIDAL MELANOMAS AND CHOROIDAL NEVI. Retina 2021; 41:1182-1192. [PMID: 33315830 PMCID: PMC8140669 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000003053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the use of swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography to detect distinct vascular features in small choroidal melanomas and choroidal nevi. METHODS Patients with a choroidal nevus or a treatment-naïve choroidal melanoma were imaged with color fundus photography, ultrasound, and swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (12 × 12 mm). High-risk features including overlying fluid, orange pigment, shaggy photoreceptors, acoustic hollowness, depth >2 mm, and basal diameter >5 mm were assessed. Optical coherence tomography angiography vascular markers included: choroidal vessel visualization, choroidal vessel depth, and choriocapillaris flow signal, assessed qualitatively by comparison with surrounding, unaffected choriocapillaris. RESULTS Twenty-nine lesions were included in this study, seven flat choroidal nevi, 17 elevated choroidal nevi, and 5 choroidal melanomas. Distinct vascular patterns were noted between flat nevi, elevated nevi, and small choroidal melanomas. Choroidal melanomas displayed two types of vasculature: "nevus-like" vasculature with straight parallel vessels and complex vasculature with vascular loops and crosslinking. Visualized choroidal vessels were significantly deeper in melanomas (110 µm) than elevated (84 µm) or flat nevi (70 µm). In a size-matched subanalysis of 5 elevated choroidal nevi and 5 choroidal melanomas, choroidal melanomas had increased mean choroidal vessel depth (P = 0.015), deepest choroidal vessel visualized (P = 0.034), and presence of a deep choroidal vessel >155 µm (P = 0.048). CONCLUSION Swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography may detect distinct vascular features in choroidal nevi and small choroidal melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Custo Greig
- Department of Ophthalmology, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Nora V. Laver
- Department of Ophthalmology, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Luisa S.M. Mendonca
- Department of Ophthalmology, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Emily S. Levine
- Department of Ophthalmology, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caroline R. Baumal
- Department of Ophthalmology, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nadia K. Waheed
- Department of Ophthalmology, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jay S. Duker
- Department of Ophthalmology, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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6
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Zhang C, Smalley I, Emmons MF, Sharma R, Izumi V, Messina J, Koomen JM, Pasquale EB, Forsyth PA, Smalley KSM. Noncanonical EphA2 Signaling Is a Driver of Tumor-Endothelial Cell Interactions and Metastatic Dissemination in BRAF Inhibitor‒Resistant Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:840-851.e4. [PMID: 32890629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acquired BRAF/MAPK/extracellular signal‒regulated kinase inhibitor resistance in melanoma results in a new transcriptional state associated with an increased risk of metastasis. In this study, we identified noncanonical ephrin receptor (Eph) EphA2 signaling as a driver of the resistance-associated metastatic state. We used mass spectrometry‒based proteomic and phenotypic assays to demonstrate that the expression of active noncanonical EphA2-S897E in melanoma cells led to a mesenchymal-to-amoeboid transition driven by Cdc42 activation. The induction of mesenchymal-to-amoeboid transition promoted melanoma cell invasion, survival under shear stress, adhesion to endothelial cells under continuous-flow conditions, increased permeability of endothelial cell monolayers, and stimulated melanoma transendothelial cell migration. In vivo, melanoma cells expressing EphA2-S897E or active Cdc42 showed superior lung retention after tail-vain injection. Analysis of BRAF inhibitor‒sensitive and ‒resistant melanoma cells demonstrated resistance to be associated with a mesenchymal-to-amoeboid transition switch, upregulation of Cdc42 activity, increased invasion, and transendothelial migration. The drug-resistant metastatic state was dependent on histone deacetylase 8 activity. Silencing of histone deacetylase 8 led to the inhibition of EphA2 and protein kinase B phosphorylation, reduced invasion, and impaired melanoma cell-endothelial cell interactions. In summary, we have demonstrated that the metastatic state associated with acquired BRAF inhibitor resistance is dependent on noncanonical EphA2 signaling, leading to increased melanoma-endothelial cell interactions and enhanced tumor dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- The Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Inna Smalley
- The Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
| | - Michael F Emmons
- The Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Ritin Sharma
- The Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Victoria Izumi
- The Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jane Messina
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - John M Koomen
- The Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Elena B Pasquale
- Department of Tumor Initiation and Maintenance, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Peter A Forsyth
- The Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA; The Department of Neuro-Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA; Tom Baker Cancer Center, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keiran S M Smalley
- The Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA; The Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
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7
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Lechertier T, Reynolds LE, Kim H, Pedrosa AR, Gómez-Escudero J, Muñoz-Félix JM, Batista S, Dukinfield M, Demircioglu F, Wong PP, Matchett KP, Henderson NC, D'Amico G, Parsons M, Harwood C, Meier P, Hodivala-Dilke KM. Pericyte FAK negatively regulates Gas6/Axl signalling to suppress tumour angiogenesis and tumour growth. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2810. [PMID: 32499572 PMCID: PMC7272651 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of the protein tyrosine kinase, Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), in endothelial cells has implicated its requirement in angiogenesis and tumour growth, but how pericyte FAK regulates tumour angiogenesis is unknown. We show that pericyte FAK regulates tumour growth and angiogenesis in multiple mouse models of melanoma, lung carcinoma and pancreatic B-cell insulinoma and provide evidence that loss of pericyte FAK enhances Gas6-stimulated phosphorylation of the receptor tyrosine kinase, Axl with an upregulation of Cyr61, driving enhanced tumour growth. We further show that pericyte derived Cyr61 instructs tumour cells to elevate expression of the proangiogenic/protumourigenic transmembrane receptor Tissue Factor. Finally, in human melanoma we show that when 50% or more tumour blood vessels are pericyte-FAK negative, melanoma patients are stratified into those with increased tumour size, enhanced blood vessel density and metastasis. Overall our data uncover a previously unknown mechanism of tumour growth by pericytes that is controlled by pericyte FAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanguy Lechertier
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Louise E Reynolds
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Hyojin Kim
- Cell Death & Inflammation, The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Ana Rita Pedrosa
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jesús Gómez-Escudero
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - José M Muñoz-Félix
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Silvia Batista
- Systems Oncology Group, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown Av. Brasília, Doca de Pedrouços, 1400-038, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Matthew Dukinfield
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Fevzi Demircioglu
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ping Pui Wong
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510120, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kylie P Matchett
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gabriela D'Amico
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Nikon Imaging Centre@King's, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Kings College London, Room 3.22B, New Hunts House Guys Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Catherine Harwood
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Pascal Meier
- Cell Death & Inflammation, The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Kairbaan M Hodivala-Dilke
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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8
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Li CY, Wang Q, Wang XM, Li GX, Shen S, Wei XL. Gambogic acid exhibits anti-metastatic activity on malignant melanoma mainly through inhibition of PI3K/Akt and ERK signaling pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 864:172719. [PMID: 31586634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gambogic acid (GA) is a potential anti-cancer compound that is extracted from the resin of Garciania hanburyi. The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-metastatic effect of GA on melanoma cell lines in vitro and to explore the underlying mechanism. The anti-proliferative activity of GA on melanoma cells was assessed by CCK-8 assay. The Wound-healing, transwell, adhesion, and tube formation assays were performed to examine the inhibition of GA on the cell's migration, invasion, adhesion, and angiogenesis capacities, respectively. Enzymatic activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were detected by gelatin zymography assay. Protein expressions regulated by GA treatment were tested by Western blot assay. The present results showed that GA significantly inhibited the proliferation of highly metastatic melanoma A375, B16-F10 cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in time- and doses-dependent manners. Furthermore, GA significantly inhibited the migratory, invasive and adhesive properties of A375 and B16-F10 cells, and tube-forming potential of HUVECs at sub-IC50 concentrations, where no significant cytotoxicity was observed. Mechanistically, GA treatment suppressed the EMT and angiogenesis processes and reduced the enzymatic activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Moreover, abnormal PI3K/Akt and ERK signaling pathways in A375 and B16-F10 cells and HUVECs were notably suppressed by GA treatment. Collectively, our results suggest that GA exerts anti-metastasis activity in melanoma cells by suppressing the EMT and angiogenesis through the PI3K/Akt and ERK signaling pathways, and might be used as a phytomedicine against metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Li
- Department of Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, International Medical School, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji University Affiliated Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, No. 507 Zhengmin, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- Department of Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, International Medical School, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Guo-Xia Li
- Department of Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, International Medical School, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Shen Shen
- Department of Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, International Medical School, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Wei
- Department of Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, International Medical School, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
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Zhang Z, Imani S, Shasaltaneh MD, Hosseinifard H, Zou L, Fan Y, Wen Q. The role of vascular mimicry as a biomarker in malignant melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1134. [PMID: 31752759 PMCID: PMC6873453 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) a microvascular system consisting of non-endothelial cells that is newly formed by aggressive tumors, has been proposed as an important therapeutic target in malignant melanoma (MM). We performed a systematic literature review to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of VM status for overall survival of MM patients. METHODS The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the QUADAS-2 tool. Diagnostic capacity of VM variables, including sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and the area under summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC), were pooled using Meta-DiSc software. RESULTS A retrospective observational study was conducted based on twelve clinical studies including 978 clinically confirmed melanoma patients with proportion (P). VM+ melanoma cells were associated with poor prognosis in 38% of MM group (P = 0.35, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.27-0.42, p < 0.001). The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.82 (95% CI: 0.79-0.84) and 0.69 (95% CI: 0.66-0.71), respectively. Furthermore, the pooled PLR, NLR, and DOR were 2.56 (95% CI: 1.94-3.93), 0.17 (95% CI: 0.07-0.42), and 17.75 (95% CI: 5.30-59.44), respectively. Furthermore, the AUC of SROC was 0.63, indicating high reliability of VM status as a biomarker. Importantly, subgroup results suggested that VM+ status is a significantly accurate prognostic biomarker when diagnosed by the CD31-/PAS+ staining methods in Asian MM samples (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the potential of VM status of tumors as a promising prognostic biomarker and emphasize an effective adjuvant therapeutic strategy in the prognosis of Asian MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province 646000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Saber Imani
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province 646000 People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Hossein Hosseinifard
- Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine (RCEBM), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Linglin Zou
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province 646000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province 646000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinglian Wen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province 646000 People’s Republic of China
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10
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Stålhammar G, See TRO, Phillips SS, Grossniklaus HE. Density of PAS positive patterns in uveal melanoma: Correlation with vasculogenic mimicry, gene expression class, BAP-1 expression, macrophage infiltration, and risk for metastasis. Mol Vis 2019; 25:502-516. [PMID: 31588174 PMCID: PMC6776441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive patterns of vasculogenic mimicry (VM) have been associated with poor prognosis in uveal melanoma (UM). We examined these patterns with digital image analysis and transmission electron microscopy, and correlated them with BAP-1 expression, gene expression class, macrophage infiltration, and metastatic disease in full tumor cross-sections and intratumor regions. Methods Thirty-two enucleated eyes with UM were stained immunohistochemically (BAP-1, laminin, CD31, and CD68) and with PAS without hematoxylin counterstain. Retrospective data on gene expression class and patient survival were retrieved. Tumor sections were digitally scanned and analyzed with the QuPath Bioimage analysis software, and imaged with transmission electron microscopy. Results The mean area proportion covered by CD31, laminin, and PAS positive patterns in tumor cross-sections was 0.9% (SD 0.6), 3.0% (SD 1.9), and 8.4% (SD 5.9), respectively. PAS density was statistically significantly greater in tumors with gene expression class 2 (p=0.02). The cumulative 5-year metastasis-free survival decreased for each quartile of increased PAS density (1.0, 0.75, 0.40, and 0.17, p=0.004). Forty percent of the tumors had heterogeneous BAP-1 expression. Intratumor regions with low BAP-1 expression were more likely to harbor VM (p<0.0001), and had statistically significantly greater PAS density (p<0.0001) and number of CD68 positive cells (p=0.01). Conclusions PAS positive patterns in UM are composed of a mixture of blood vessels and extracellular matrix (ECM), including VM. Increased density of PAS positive patterns correlated with gene expression class and metastasis, and colocated to tumor regions with macrophage infiltration and low BAP-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Stålhammar
- Ophthalmic Pathology and Oncology Service, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Thonnie Rose O. See
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Stephen S. Phillips
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Hans E. Grossniklaus
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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11
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Li CY, Wang Q, Wang X, Li G, Shen S, Wei X. Scutellarin inhibits the invasive potential of malignant melanoma cells through the suppression epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 858:172463. [PMID: 31211986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the leading cause of death from skin disease, due in large part to its propensity to metastasize. Scutellarin is an active flavone extracted from traditional Chinese herb Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand. Mazz. Recent studies have reported that scutellarin can be utilized to treat various types of tumors. In this study, we investigated the effects of scutellarin on melanoma cancer cell invasive potential and the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects using A375 melanoma cells lines. The in-vitro antitumor activity of scutellarin was evaluated by CCK-8 assay, wound-healing assay, transwell assays, adhesion assays, and tube formation assays to assess the cell viability, migration, invasion, adhesion, and angiogenesis, respectively. Also, western blotting assay was used to assess the level of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway proteins in A375 cells. We found that scutellarin significantly inhibited melanoma cell lines and HUVECs viability in a time- and concentration-dependent manners. Additionally, scutellarin effectively suppressed tumor cell migration, invasion, adhesion through the suppression of EMT and angiogenesis by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. These results indicated that scutellarin could markedly inhibit the invasive potential of melanoma cell lines by suppressing the EMT and angiogenesis through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. It suggests that scutellarin might be a potential compound in malignant melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Li
- Department of Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, International Medical School, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated Tongji University, No. 507 Zhengmin, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, International Medical School, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Guoxia Li
- Department of Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, International Medical School, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Shen Shen
- Department of Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, International Medical School, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xiaolu Wei
- Department of Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, International Medical School, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
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12
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Manaster Y, Shipony Z, Hutzler A, Kolesnikov M, Avivi C, Shalmon B, Barshack I, Besser MJ, Feferman T, Shakhar G. Reduced CTL motility and activity in avascular tumor areas. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:1287-1301. [PMID: 31253998 PMCID: PMC11028152 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02361-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Patchy infiltration of tumors by cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) predicts poorer prognosis for cancer patients. The factors limiting intratumoral CTL dissemination, though, are poorly understood. To study CTL dissemination in tumors, we histologically examined human melanoma samples and used mice to image B16-OVA tumors infiltrated by OT-I CTLs using intravital two-photon microscopy. In patients, most CTLs concentrated around peripheral blood vessels, especially in poorly infiltrated tumors. In mice, OT-I CTLs had to cluster around tumor cells to efficiently kill them in a contact-and perforin-dependent manner and cytotoxicity was strictly antigen-specific. OT-I CTLs as well as non-specific CTLs concentrated around peripheral vessels, and cleared the tumor cells around them. This was also the case when CTLs were injected directly into the tumors. CTLs crawled rapidly only in areas within 50 µm of flowing blood vessels and transient occlusion of vessels immediately, though reversibly, stopped their migration. In vitro, oxygen depletion and blockade of oxidative phosphorylation also reduced CTL motility. Taken together, these results suggest that hypoxia limits CTL migration away from blood vessels, providing immune-privileged niches for tumor cells to survive. Normalizing intratumoral vasculature may thus synergize with tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Manaster
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Wolfson Bldg., 234 Herzl St., 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zohar Shipony
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Wolfson Bldg., 234 Herzl St., 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anat Hutzler
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Wolfson Bldg., 234 Herzl St., 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Masha Kolesnikov
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Wolfson Bldg., 234 Herzl St., 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Camila Avivi
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Derech Sheba 2, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Bruria Shalmon
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Derech Sheba 2, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Iris Barshack
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Derech Sheba 2, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Michal J Besser
- Ella Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Derech Sheba 2, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Human Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Medical School, Tel-Aviv University, 35 Klachkin st, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tali Feferman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Wolfson Bldg., 234 Herzl St., 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Guy Shakhar
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Wolfson Bldg., 234 Herzl St., 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
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Li L, Fan P, Chou H, Li J, Wang K, Li H. Herbacetin suppressed MMP9 mediated angiogenesis of malignant melanoma through blocking EGFR-ERK/AKT signaling pathway. Biochimie 2019; 162:198-207. [PMID: 31075281 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma remains a challenge for clinical practice and novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Herbacetin, a natural flavonoid compound that has multiple pharmacological activities, exerts anticancer effects on several human tumors. In this study, the anti-angiogenesis effect of Herbacetin in human malignant melanoma was investigated. The results indicated that Herbacetin treatment significantly suppressed tumor growth and angiogenesis of malignant melanoma both in vitro and in vivo. In melanoma A375 and Hs294T cells, Herbacetin treatment suppressed both EGF-induced and constitutive phosphorylation of EGFR, accelerated the internalization and degradation of EGFR, and subsequently suppressed the activation of the downstream kinases (AKT and ERK). Moreover, MMP9 was determined as a key angiogenic factor in Herbacetin treated melanoma cells. Knockdown of MMP9 suppressed the in vitro angiogenesis while overexpression of MMP9 in Herbacetin treated melanoma cells restored the angiogenesis ability. We concluded that Herbacetin suppressed melanoma angiogenesis through blocking EGFR-ERK/AKT-MMP9 signaling pathway and Herbacetin may be developed as a potential drug for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Pengfei Fan
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Haiyan Chou
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China.
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14
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Zhao Q, Lin R, Liu C, Zhao J, Si G, Song L, Meng J. Quantitative analysis on in vivo tumor-microvascular images from optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. J Biophotonics 2019; 12:e201800421. [PMID: 30734505 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) has been shown to be an excellent imaging modality for monitoring and study of tumor microvasculature. However, previous studies focused mainly on the normal tissues and did not quantify the tumor microvasculature. In this study, we present an in vivo OR-PAM imaging of the melanomas and hepatoma implanted in the mouse ear. We quantify the vessel growth by extracting the skeletons of both dense and thin branches of the tumor microvasculature obtained by Hessian matrix enhancement followed by improved two-step multistencils fast marching method. Compared with the previous methods of using OR-PAM for normal tissues, our method was more effective in extracting the binary vascular network in the tumor images and in obtaining the complete and continuous microvascular skeleton maps. Our demonstration of using OR-PAM in improving microvasculature of tumors and quantification of tumor growth would push deep this technology for the early diagnosis and treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, China
| | - Riqiang Lin
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chengbo Liu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingxiu Zhao
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, China
| | - Guangtao Si
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, China
| | - Liang Song
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Meng
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, China
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15
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Abstract
We couple a tumor growth model embedded in a microenvironment, with a bio distribution model able to simulate a whole organ. The growth model yields the evolution of tumor cell population, of the differential pressure between cell populations, of porosity of ECM, of consumption of nutrients due to tumor growth, of angiogenesis, and related growth factors as function of the locally available nutrient. The bio distribution model on the other hand operates on a frozen geometry but yields a much refined distribution of nutrient and other molecules. The combination of both models will enable simulating the growth of a tumor in a whole organ, including a realistic distribution of therapeutic agents and allow hence to evaluate the efficacy of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Santagiuliana
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Miljan Milosevic
- Bioengineering Research and Development Center BioIRC Kragujevac, Prvoslava Stojanovica 6, Kragujevac, 34000, Serbia
- Belgrade Metropolitan University, Tadeuša Košćuška 63, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Bogdan Milicevic
- Bioengineering Research and Development Center BioIRC Kragujevac, Prvoslava Stojanovica 6, Kragujevac, 34000, Serbia
| | - Giuseppe Sciumè
- Institut de Mécanique et d'Ingénierie (I2M, CNRS UMR 5295), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Vladimir Simic
- Bioengineering Research and Development Center BioIRC Kragujevac, Prvoslava Stojanovica 6, Kragujevac, 34000, Serbia
| | - Arturas Ziemys
- The Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., R7 117, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Milos Kojic
- Bioengineering Research and Development Center BioIRC Kragujevac, Prvoslava Stojanovica 6, Kragujevac, 34000, Serbia
- The Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., R7 117, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Bernhard A Schrefler
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy
- The Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., R7 117, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 2a, D-85748, Garching b. München, Germany
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16
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Hugdahl E, Bachmann IM, Schuster C, Ladstein RG, Akslen LA. Prognostic value of uPAR expression and angiogenesis in primary and metastatic melanoma. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210399. [PMID: 30640942 PMCID: PMC6331131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is important for the progression of cutaneous melanoma. Here, we analyzed the prognostic impact of the angiogenic factor urokinase plasminogen activator resecptor (uPAR), vascular proliferation index (VPI) and tumor necrosis as a measure of hypoxia in a patient series of nodular melanomas (n = 255) and matched loco-regional metastases (n = 78). Expression of uPAR was determined by immunohistochemistry and VPI was assessed by dual immunohistochemistry using Factor-VIII/Ki67 staining. Necrosis was recorded based on HE-slides. As novel findings, high uPAR expression and high VPI were associated with each other, and with increased tumor thickness, presence of tumor necrosis, tumor ulceration, increased mitotic count and reduced cancer specific survival in primary melanoma. In matched cases, VPI was decreased in metastases, whereas the frequency of necrosis was increased. Our findings demonstrate for the first time the impact on melanoma specific survival of uPAR expression and VPI in primary tumors, and of increased necrosis as an indicator of tumor hypoxia in loco-regional metastases. These findings support the importance of tumor angiogenesis in melanoma aggressiveness, and suggest uPAR as an indicator of vascular proliferation and a potential biomarker in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Hugdahl
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Dermatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingeborg M. Bachmann
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Dermatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Cornelia Schuster
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Oncology Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rita G. Ladstein
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Dermatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars A. Akslen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Si P, Yuan E, Liba O, Winetraub Y, Yousefi S, SoRelle ED, Yecies DW, Dutta R, de la Zerda A. Gold Nanoprisms as Optical Coherence Tomography Contrast Agents in the Second Near-Infrared Window for Enhanced Angiography in Live Animals. ACS Nano 2018; 12:11986-11994. [PMID: 30422624 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is an important tool for investigating vascular networks and microcirculation in living tissue. Traditional OCTA detects blood vessels via intravascular dynamic scattering signals derived from the movements of red blood cells (RBCs). However, the low hematocrit and long latency between RBCs in capillaries make these OCTA signals discontinuous, leading to incomplete mapping of the vascular networks. OCTA imaging of microvascular circulation is particularly challenging in tumors due to the abnormally slow blood flow in angiogenic tumor vessels and strong attenuation of light by tumor tissue. Here, we demonstrate in vivo that gold nanoprisms (GNPRs) can be used as OCT contrast agents working in the second near-infrared window, significantly enhancing the dynamic scattering signals in microvessels and improving the sensitivity of OCTA in skin tissue and melanoma tumors in live mice. With GNPRs as contrast agents, the postinjection OCT angiograms showed 41 and 59% more microvasculature than preinjection angiograms in healthy mouse skin and melanoma tumors, respectively. By enabling better characterization of microvascular circulation in vivo, GNPR-enhanced OCTA could lead to better understanding of vascular functions during pathological conditions, more accurate measurements of therapeutic response, and improved patient prognoses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adam de la Zerda
- The Chan Zuckerberg Biohub , San Francisco , California 94158 , United States
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18
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Bourland J, Fradette J, Auger FA. Tissue-engineered 3D melanoma model with blood and lymphatic capillaries for drug development. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13191. [PMID: 30181613 PMCID: PMC6123405 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31502-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While being the rarest skin cancer, melanoma is also the deadliest. To further drug discovery and improve clinical translation, new human cell-based in vitro models are needed. Our work strives to mimic the melanoma microenvironment in vitro as an alternative to animal testing. We used the self-assembly method to produce a 3D human melanoma model exempt of exogenous biomaterial. This model is based on primary human skin cells and melanoma cell lines while including a key feature for tumor progression: blood and lymphatic capillaries. Major components of the tumor microenvironment such as capillaries, human extracellular matrix, a stratified epidermis (involucrin, filaggrin) and basement membrane (laminin 332) are recapitulated in vitro. We demonstrate the persistence of CD31+ blood and podoplanin+/LYVE-1+ lymphatic capillaries in the engineered tissue. Chronic treatment with vemurafenib was applied to the model and elicited a dose-dependent response on proliferation and apoptosis, making it a promising tool to test new compounds in a human-like environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bourland
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, Qc, Canada
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Qc, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
| | - Julie Fradette
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, Qc, Canada
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Qc, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
| | - François A Auger
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, Qc, Canada.
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Qc, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada.
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19
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Coleman DJ, Rondeau MJ, Silverman RH, Folberg R, Rummelt V, Woods SM, Lizzi FL. Correlation of Microcirculation Architecture with Ultrasound Backscatter Parameters of Uveal Melanoma. Eur J Ophthalmol 2018; 5:96-106. [PMID: 7549450 DOI: 10.1177/112067219500500206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound tissue characterization parameters of size and acoustic concentration can be used to sub-classify uveal melanoma and estimate the patient's risk of death. Histologically determined microcirculation patterns have also been found to sub-classify uveal melanoma and predict patient's risk of death. This study examines the spatial relationship between tumor features detected by the two techniques. Three dimensional ultrasound images that depict the size and relative concentration of scattering elements in uveal melanoma within a range of approximately 50-120 microns were compared with PAS (without hematoxylin) stained histological sections graded and localized according to tumor microvascular patterns. Both ultrasound parameter imaging and histopathology were accomplished by workers masked to the other procedure. In three of five patients vascular networks were identified histopathologically. The predominant ultrasound feature seen in the regions of the histologically identified networks were clusters of scatterers in the range of approximately 50-80 microns. In the two cases without a network vascular pattern, lower range scatterers dominated the tumor volume. All the cases could be distinguished by the size and distribution of contiguous spatial clusters of acoustic scatterers. Scatterer size features detected in three dimensional ultrasound parameter images can identify tumor regions containing a specific microvascular pattern. Ultrasound tissue characterization features used to sub-classify uveal melanoma may have a biophysical basis related to patterns of tumor microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Coleman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, USA
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20
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Shobatake C, Miyagawa F, Ogawa K, Azukizawa H, Hirai T, Kuwahara M, Asada H. Preoperative assessment of tumour thickness and vascularity using high-frequency ultrasonography in ten cases of cutaneous melanoma. Eur J Dermatol 2018; 28:256-258. [PMID: 29400300 DOI: 10.1684/ejd.2018.3223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fumi Miyagawa
- Department of Dermatology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Kohei Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Hiroaki Azukizawa
- Department of Dermatology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Toshiko Hirai
- Department of Endoscopy and Ultrasound, Nara Medical University Hospital
| | - Masamitu Kuwahara
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Plastic Surgery, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Hideo Asada
- Department of Dermatology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine
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Neuber C, Belter B, Meister S, Hofheinz F, Bergmann R, Pietzsch HJ, Pietzsch J. Overexpression of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase EphB4 Triggers Tumor Growth and Hypoxia in A375 Melanoma Xenografts: Insights from Multitracer Small Animal Imaging Experiments. Molecules 2018; 23:E444. [PMID: 29462967 PMCID: PMC6017846 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental evidence has associated receptor tyrosine kinase EphB4 with tumor angiogenesis also in malignant melanoma. Considering the limited in vivo data available, we have conducted a systematic multitracer and multimodal imaging investigation in EphB4-overexpressing and mock-transfected A375 melanoma xenografts. Tumor growth, perfusion, and hypoxia were investigated by positron emission tomography. Vascularization was investigated by fluorescence imaging in vivo and ex vivo. The approach was completed by magnetic resonance imaging, radioluminography ex vivo, and immunohistochemical staining for blood and lymph vessel markers. Results revealed EphB4 to be a positive regulator of A375 melanoma growth, but a negative regulator of tumor vascularization. Resulting in increased hypoxia, this physiological characteristic is considered as highly unfavorable for melanoma prognosis and therapy outcome. Lymphangiogenesis, by contrast, was not influenced by EphB4 overexpression. In order to distinguish between EphB4 forward and EphrinB2, the natural EphB4 ligand, reverse signaling a specific EphB4 kinase inhibitor was applied. Blocking experiments show EphrinB2 reverse signaling rather than EphB4 forward signaling to be responsible for the observed effects. In conclusion, functional expression of EphB4 is considered a promising differentiating characteristic, preferentially determined by non-invasive in vivo imaging, which may improve personalized theranostics of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Neuber
- Department Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01314 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Birgit Belter
- Department Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01314 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Meister
- Department Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01314 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Frank Hofheinz
- Department Positron Emission Tomography, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01314 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Department Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01314 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Hans-Jürgen Pietzsch
- Department Radionuclide Theragnostics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01314 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Department Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01314 Dresden, Germany.
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
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Caunii A, Oprean C, Cristea M, Ivan A, Danciu C, Tatu C, Paunescu V, Marti D, Tzanakakis G, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A, Susan R, Soica C, Avram S, Dehelean C. Effects of ursolic and oleanolic on SK‑MEL‑2 melanoma cells: In vitro and in vivo assays. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1651-1660. [PMID: 29039461 PMCID: PMC5673023 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the triterpenoids, oleanolic acid (OA) and its isomer, ursolic acid (UA) are promising therapeutic candidates, with potential benefits in the management of melanoma. In this study, we aimed to examine the in vitro and in vivo anti‑invasive and anti‑metastatic activity of OA and UA to determine their possible usefulness as chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agents in melanoma. For the in vitro experiments, the anti‑proliferative activity of the triterpenic compounds on SK‑MEL‑2 melanoma cells was examined. The anti‑invasive potential was assessed by testing the effects of the active compound on vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) adhesion to melanoma cells. Normal and tumor angiogenesis were evaluated in vivo by chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The two test triterpenoid acids, UA and OA, exerted differential effects in vitro and in vivo on the SK‑MEL‑2 melanoma cells. UA exerted a significant and dose‑dependent anti‑proliferative effect in vitro, compared to OA. The cytotoxic effects in vitro on the melanoma cells were determined by the examining alterations in the cell cycle phases induced by UA that lead to cell arrest in the S phase. Moreover, UA was found to affect SK‑MEL‑2 melanoma cell invasiveness by limiting the cell adhesion capacity to ICAM molecules, but not influencing their adhesion to VCAM molecules. On the whole, in this study, by assessing the effects of the two triterpenoids in vivo, our results revealed that OA had a greater potential to impair the invasive capacity and tumor angiogenesis compared with UA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Caunii
- Faculty of Pharmacy, 'Victor Babeş' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timişoara
| | - Camelia Oprean
- Faculty of Pharmacy, 'Victor Babeş' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timişoara
- 'Pius Brinzeu' Timişoara County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Oncogen Institute, 300723 Timişoara
| | - Mirabela Cristea
- 'Pius Brinzeu' Timişoara County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Oncogen Institute, 300723 Timişoara
| | - Alexandra Ivan
- 'Pius Brinzeu' Timişoara County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Oncogen Institute, 300723 Timişoara
- Faculty of Medicine, 'Victor Babeş' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timişoara
| | - Corina Danciu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, 'Victor Babeş' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timişoara
| | - Calin Tatu
- 'Pius Brinzeu' Timişoara County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Oncogen Institute, 300723 Timişoara
- Faculty of Medicine, 'Victor Babeş' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timişoara
| | - Virgil Paunescu
- 'Pius Brinzeu' Timişoara County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Oncogen Institute, 300723 Timişoara
- Faculty of Medicine, 'Victor Babeş' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timişoara
| | - Daniela Marti
- Faculty of Medicine, Western University Vasile Goldis, Arad 310025, Romania
| | - George Tzanakakis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Aristides Tsatsakis
- Faculty of Medicine, 'Victor Babeş' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timişoara
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Razvan Susan
- Faculty of Medicine, 'Victor Babeş' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timişoara
| | - Codruta Soica
- Faculty of Pharmacy, 'Victor Babeş' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timişoara
| | - Stefana Avram
- Faculty of Pharmacy, 'Victor Babeş' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timişoara
| | - Cristina Dehelean
- Faculty of Pharmacy, 'Victor Babeş' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timişoara
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Huang R, Andersen LMK, Rofstad EK. Metastatic pathway and the microvascular and physicochemical microenvironments of human melanoma xenografts. J Transl Med 2017; 15:203. [PMID: 29017512 PMCID: PMC5634823 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant melanoma of the skin can metastasize through blood vessels and lymphatics. The primary tumor develops a vascular microenvironment characterized by abnormal blood vessels and lymphatics and a physicochemical microenvironment characterized by low oxygen tension, regions with hypoxic tissue, and high interstitial fluid pressure (IFP). This study aimed at identifying relationships between the metastatic route of melanomas and characteristic features of the microvascular and physicochemical microenvironments of the primary tumor. METHODS Two patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models (E-13, N-15) and four cell line-derived xenografts (CDX) models (C-10, D-12, R-18, T-22) of human melanoma were included in the study. Tumors were transplanted to an orthotopic site in BALB/c-nu/nu mice, and when the tumors had grown to a volume of 500-600 mm3, the IFP of the primary tumor was measured and the hypoxia marker pimonidazole was administered before the host mouse was euthanized. The primary tumor, lungs, and six pairs of lymph nodes were evaluated by examining hematoxylin/eosin-stained and immunostained histological preparations. The expression of angiogenesis-related genes was assessed by quantitative PCR. RESULTS C-10, D-12, and E-13 tumors disseminated primarily by the hematogenous route and developed pulmonary metastases. These tumors showed high angiogenic activity and high expression of the F3 gene as well as ANGPT2 and TIE1, genes encoding proteins of the angiopoietin-tie system. N-15, R-18, and T-22 tumors disseminated mainly by the lymphogenous route and developed metastases in draining lymph nodes. These tumors had highly elevated IFP and showed high expression of NRP2, a gene encoding neuropilin-2. CONCLUSION The primary metastatic route of orthotopic human melanoma xenografts and the development of lung and lymph node metastases are influenced significantly by the microvascular and physicochemical microenvironments of the primary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Huang
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lise Mari K. Andersen
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar K. Rofstad
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Box 4953, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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Alexopoulou AN, Lees DM, Bodrug N, Lechertier T, Fernandez I, D'Amico G, Dukinfield M, Batista S, Tavora B, Serrels B, Hodivala‐Dilke K. Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) tyrosine 397E mutation restores the vascular leakage defect in endothelium-specific FAK-kinase dead mice. J Pathol 2017; 242:358-370. [PMID: 28444899 PMCID: PMC5518444 DOI: 10.1002/path.4911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitors have been developed as potential anticancer agents and are undergoing clinical trials. In vitro activation of the FAK kinase domain triggers autophosphorylation of Y397, Src activation, and subsequent phosphorylation of other FAK tyrosine residues. However, how FAK Y397 mutations affect FAK kinase-dead (KD) phenotypes in tumour angiogenesis in vivo is unknown. We developed three Pdgfb-iCreert -driven endothelial cell (EC)-specific, tamoxifen-inducible homozygous mutant mouse lines: FAK wild-type (WT), FAK KD, and FAK double mutant (DM), i.e. KD with a putatively phosphomimetic Y397E mutation. These ECCre+;FAKWT/WT , ECCre+;FAKKD/KD and ECCre+;FAKDM/DM mice were injected subcutaneously with syngeneic B16F0 melanoma cells. Tumour growth and tumour blood vessel functions were unchanged between ECCre+;FAKWT/WT and ECCre-;FAKWT/WT control mice. In contrast, tumour growth and vessel density were decreased in ECCre+;FAKKD/KD and ECCre+;FAKDM/DM mice, as compared with Cre - littermates. Despite no change in the percentage of perfused vessels or pericyte coverage in either genotype, tumour hypoxia was elevated in ECCre+;FAKKD/KD and ECCre+;FAKDM/DM mice. Furthermore, although ECCre+;FAKKD/KD mice showed reduced blood vessel leakage, ECCre+;FAKDM/DM and ECCre-;FAKDM/DM mice showed no difference in leakage. Mechanistically, fibronectin-stimulated Y397 autophosphorylation was reduced in Cre+;FAKKD/KD ECs as compared with Cre+;FAKWT/WT cells, with no change in phosphorylation of the known Src targets FAK-Y577, FAK-Y861, FAK-Y925, paxillin-Y118, p130Cas-Y410. Cre+;FAKDM/DM ECs showed decreased Src target phosphorylation levels, suggesting that the Y397E substitution actually disrupted Src activation. Reduced VE-cadherin-pY658 levels in Cre+;FAKKD/KD ECs were rescued in Cre+FAKDM/DM ECs, corresponding with the rescue in vessel leakage in the ECCre+;FAKDM/DM mice. We show that EC-specific FAK kinase activity is required for tumour growth, angiogenesis, and vascular permeability. The ECCre+;FAKDM/DM mice restored the KD-dependent tumour vascular leakage observed in ECCre+;FAKKD/KD mice in vivo. This study opens new fields in in vivo FAK signalling. © 2017 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Delphine M Lees
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Natalia Bodrug
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Tanguy Lechertier
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Isabelle Fernandez
- Platform of Expertise for Rare Diseases Paris‐SudLe Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
| | - Gabriela D'Amico
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Matthew Dukinfield
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Silvia Batista
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer ResearchSuttonUK
| | - Bernardo Tavora
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer BiologyRockefeller UniversityNew YorkUSA
| | - Bryan Serrels
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh CentreUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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Lu L, Yu X, Zhang L, Ding X, Pan H, Wen X, Xu S, Xing Y, Fan J, Ge S, Zhang H, Jia R, Fan X. The Long Non-Coding RNA RHPN1-AS1 Promotes Uveal Melanoma Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010226. [PMID: 28124977 PMCID: PMC5297855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that aberrant long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are significantly correlated with the pathogenesis, development and metastasis of cancers. RHPN1 antisense RNA 1 (RHPN1-AS1) is a 2030-bp transcript originating from human chromosome 8q24. However, the role of RHPN1-AS1 in uveal melanoma (UM) remains to be clarified. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the molecular function of RHPN1-AS1 in UM. The RNA levels of RHPN1-AS1 in UM cell lines were examined using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were designed to quench RHPN1-AS1 expression, and UM cells stably expressing short hairpin (sh) RHPN1-AS1 were established. Next, the cell proliferation and migration abilities were determined using a colony formation assay and a transwell migration/invasion assay. A tumor xenograft model in nude mice was established to confirm the function of RHPN1-AS1 in vivo. RHPN1-AS1 was significantly upregulated in a number of UM cell lines compared with the normal human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell line. RHPN1-AS1 knockdown significantly inhibited UM cell proliferation and migration in vitro and in vivo. Our data suggest that RHPN1-AS1 could be an oncoRNA in UM, which may serve as a candidate prognostic biomarker and target for new therapies in malignant UM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linna Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Leilei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Xia Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Hui Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Xuyang Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Shiqiong Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Yue Xing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Jiayan Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Segaoula Z, Leclercq J, Verones V, Flouquet N, Lecoeur M, Ach L, Renault N, Barczyk A, Melnyk P, Berthelot P, Thuru X, Lebegue N. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of N-[2-(4-Hydroxyphenylamino)-pyridin-3-yl]-4-methoxy-benzenesulfonamide (ABT-751) Tricyclic Analogues as Antimitotic and Antivascular Agents with Potent in Vivo Antitumor Activity. J Med Chem 2016; 59:8422-40. [PMID: 27538123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Benzopyridothiadiazepine (2a) and benzopyridooxathiazepine (2b) were modified to produce tricyclic quinazolinone 15-18 or benzothiadiazine 26-27 derivatives. These compounds were evaluated in cytotoxicity and tubulin inhibition assays and led to potent inhibitors of tubulin polymerization. N-[2(4-Methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-1,2-dihydro-pyrimidino[2,1-b]quinazolin-6-one (16a) exhibited the best in vitro cytotoxic activity (GI50 10-66.9 nM) against the NCI 60 human tumor cell line and significant potency against tubulin assembly (IC50 0.812 μM). In mechanism studies, 16a was shown to block cell cycle in G2/M phase and to disrupt microtubule formation and displayed good antivascular properties as inhibition of cell migration, invasion, and endothelial tube formation. Compound 16a was evaluated in C57BL/6 mouse melanoma B16F10 xenograft model to validate its antitumor activity, in comparison with reference ABT-751 (1). Compound 16a displayed strong in vivo antitumor and antivascular activities at a dose of 5 mg/kg without obvious toxicity, whereas 1 needed a 10-fold higher concentration to reach similar effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharie Segaoula
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille , UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France
- Oncovet Clinical Research , SIRIC ONCOLille, Parc Eurasante, Rue du Dr Alexandre Yersin, F-59120 Loos, France
| | - Julien Leclercq
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille , UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Valérie Verones
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille , UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Flouquet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille , UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marie Lecoeur
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille , EA 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Lionel Ach
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille , EA 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Renault
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille , U995 - LIRIC - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Amélie Barczyk
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille , U995 - LIRIC - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Patricia Melnyk
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille , UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Pascal Berthelot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille , UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Xavier Thuru
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille , UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Lebegue
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille , UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France
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Schuster C, Akslen LA, Straume O. Expression of Heat Shock Protein 27 in Melanoma Metastases Is Associated with Overall Response to Bevacizumab Monotherapy: Analyses of Predictive Markers in a Clinical Phase II Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155242. [PMID: 27166673 PMCID: PMC4864228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify potential predictive biomarkers in 35 patients with metastatic melanoma treated with anti-angiogenic bevacizumab monotherapy in a clinical phase II study. The immunohistochemical expression of various angiogenic factors in tissues from primary melanomas and metastases as well as their concentration in blood samples were examined. Strong expression of Heat Shock Protein 27 (HSP27) in metastases correlated significantly with complete or partial response to bevacizumab (p = 0.044). Furthermore, clinical benefit, i.e., complete or partial response or stable disease for at least 6 months, was more frequent in patients with strong expression of HSP27 in primary tumors (p = 0.046). Tissue expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A), its splicing variant VEGF165b or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) did not correlate with response, and the concentration of HSP27, VEGF-A or bFGF measured in blood samples before treatment did not show predictive value. Further, microvessel density, proliferating microvessel density and presence of glomeruloid microvascular proliferations were assessed in sections of primary tumors and metastases. Microvessel density in primary melanomas was significantly higher in patients with clinical benefit than in non-responders (p = 0.042). In conclusion, our findings suggest that strong HSP27 expression in melanoma metastases predicts response to bevacizumab treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Schuster
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars A. Akslen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail: (OS); (LAA)
| | - Oddbjørn Straume
- Department of Oncology and Medical Physics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail: (OS); (LAA)
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Markowitz O, Schwartz M, Minhas S, Siegel DM. Speckle-variance optical coherence tomography: a novel approach to skin cancer characterization using vascular patterns. Dermatol Online J 2016; 22:13030/qt7w10290r. [PMID: 27617454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive imaging devices are currently being utilized in research and clinical settings to help visualize, characterize, anddiagnose cancers of the skin. Speckle-variance optical coherence tomography (svOCT) is one such technology that offers considerable promise for non-invasive, real time detection of skin cancers given its added ability to show changes in microvasculature. We present four early lesions of the face namely sebaceous hyperplasia, basal cell skin cancer, pigmented actinic keratosis, and malignant melanoma in situ that each display different important identification markers on svOCT. Up until now, svOCT has mainly been evaluated for lesion diagnosis using transversal (vertical) sections. Our preliminary svOCT findings use dynamic en face (horizontal) visualization to differentiate lesions based on their specific vascular organizations. These observed patterns further elucidate the potential of this imaging device to become a powerful tool in patient disease assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Markowitz
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center; New York Harbor Healthcare System; Mount Sinai Medical Center.
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Bentolila LA, Prakash R, Mihic-Probst D, Wadehra M, Kleinman HK, Carmichael TS, Péault B, Barnhill RL, Lugassy C. Imaging of Angiotropism/Vascular Co-Option in a Murine Model of Brain Melanoma: Implications for Melanoma Progression along Extravascular Pathways. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23834. [PMID: 27048955 PMCID: PMC4822155 DOI: 10.1038/srep23834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotropism/pericytic mimicry and vascular co-option involve tumor cell interactions with the abluminal vascular surface. These two phenomena may be closely related. However, investigations of the two processes have developed in an independent fashion and different explanations offered as to their biological nature. Angiotropism describes the propensity of tumor cells to spread distantly via continuous migration along abluminal vascular surfaces, or extravascular migratory metastasis (EVMM). Vascular co-option has been proposed as an alternative mechanism by which tumors cells may gain access to a blood supply. We have used a murine brain melanoma model to analyze the interactions of GFP human melanoma cells injected into the mouse brain with red fluorescent lectin-labeled microvascular channels. Results have shown a striking spread of melanoma cells along preexisting microvascular channels and features of both vascular co-option and angiotropism/pericytic mimicry. This study has also documented the perivascular expression of Serpin B2 by angiotropic melanoma cells in the murine brain and in human melanoma brain metastases. Our findings suggest that vascular co-option and angiotropism/pericytic mimicry are closely related if not identical processes. Further studies are needed in order to establish whether EVMM is an alternative form of cancer metastasis in addition to intravascular cancer dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent A. Bentolila
- California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
| | - Roshini Prakash
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
| | - Daniela Mihic-Probst
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Madhuri Wadehra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Thomas S. Carmichael
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
| | - Bruno Péault
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center and Broad Stem Cell Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine and BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Raymond L. Barnhill
- Department of Pathology, Institut Curie, and University of Paris Réne Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Claire Lugassy
- Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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Decoster L, Vande Broek I, Neyns B, Majois F, Baurain JF, Rottey S, Rorive A, Anckaert E, De Mey J, De Brakeleer S, De Grève J. Biomarker Analysis in a Phase II Study of Sunitinib in Patients with Advanced Melanoma. Anticancer Res 2015; 35:6893-6899. [PMID: 26637913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the efficacy of sunitinib in patients with advanced melanoma and to correlate angiogenic biomarkers with response and survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a phase II study in patients with advanced pre-treated melanoma. The primary endpoint was tumor response. Blood samples for biomarker analysis including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and its receptors VEGFR1 and -2, placental growth factor (PlGF) and circulating endothelial cells (CEC) were collected at baseline and during the first cycle. RESULTS Four out of 39 patients (13%) achieved a partial response and eight (26%) stable disease. Time to progression was at least six months in seven patients. High baseline VEGFR1 levels and high baseline PlGF levels were both associated with a non-significant worse survival (p=0.08 for both). CONCLUSION Sunitinib demonstrates limited activity in unselected patients with refractory advanced melanoma, but a minority of patients experienced long-term disease control. Identification of these patients remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lore Decoster
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncology Centre, University Hospital Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Bart Neyns
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncology Centre, University Hospital Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Françoise Majois
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jolimont Hospital, Haine Saint Paul, Belgium
| | | | - Sylvie Rottey
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Gent, Gent, Belgium
| | - Andrée Rorive
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ellen Anckaert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Radioimmunology, University Hospital Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Johan De Mey
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sylvia De Brakeleer
- Laboratory of Molecular and Medical Oncology, University Hospital Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jacques De Grève
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncology Centre, University Hospital Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Pastushenko I, Vermeulen PB, Vicente-Arregui S, Van den Eynden GG, Alvarez-Alegret R, Querol I, Rutten A, Carapeto FJ, Dirix LY, Van Laere S. Peritumoral D2-40 Chalkley score independently predicts metastases and survival in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma. J Cutan Pathol 2015; 42:699-711. [PMID: 26264662 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many observational studies investigated the prognostic significance of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in patients with melanoma. However, the obtained results are rather contradictory, probably due to the lack of the consensus methodology. METHODS To investigate the prognostic significance of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis-related parameters in patients with melanoma, we performed a retrospective investigation following the consensus recommendations for angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis quantification in solid tumors and reporting recommendations for tumor marker (REMARK) criteria for reporting the results. Blood and lymphatic vessel Chalkley scores, endothelial cell proliferation fractions and microvessel densities were quantified using a double immunostaining for endothelial marker CD34 or lymphendothelial marker D240 and the proliferation marker Ki-67 in 196 patients with melanoma. These parameters were evaluated separately for peritumoral (PT) and intratumoral areas and were correlated with outcome. RESULTS In multivariate analysis PT D240 Chalkley score was identified as a strongest predictor for sentinel lymph node metastases, non-sentinel lymph node metastases, distant metastases, disease free survival and overall survival in patients with melanoma. CONCLUSIONS If additional studies corroborate our findings, we believe that the inclusion of PT D240 Chalkley counts to the routine pathology examination of melanoma samples would provide additional information for identifying high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ievgenia Pastushenko
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital 'Clínico Lozano Blesa', Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Peter B Vermeulen
- Translational Cancer Research Unit Antwerp, Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Gert G Van den Eynden
- Translational Cancer Research Unit Antwerp, Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Ignacio Querol
- Department of Medicine, Psychiatry and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Annemie Rutten
- Translational Cancer Research Unit Antwerp, Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Francisco J Carapeto
- Department of Medicine, Psychiatry and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luc Y Dirix
- Translational Cancer Research Unit Antwerp, Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Laere
- Translational Cancer Research Unit Antwerp, Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Tejera-Vaquerizo A, Arias-Santiago S, Nagore E, Martín-Cuevas P, Orgaz-Molina J, Traves V, Herrera-Acosta E, Naranjo-Sintes R, Guillén C, Herrera-Ceballos E. Defining the dermoscopic characteristics of fast-growing cutaneous melanomas. Melanoma Res 2015; 25:269-72. [PMID: 25919929 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A high growth rate in melanomas has been associated with a more aggressive phenotype and worse survival. The aim of this study was to define the dermoscopic characteristics associated with this type of cutaneous melanoma. We carried out a retrospective study of 132 cutaneous melanomas, analyzing certain clinical characteristics and the most important dermoscopic variables related to the melanomas. Fast-growing melanomas were considered to be those with a growth rate of more than 0.5 mm per month. Fast-growing melanomas more often lacked an atypical network, were symmetrical, presented ulceration, and were hypopigmented. The dermoscopic vascular pattern often showed atypical irregular vessels and milky-red areas. The association of these two is a specific characteristic. Fast-growing melanomas have a characteristic phenotype and dermoscopy can be useful for their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Tejera-Vaquerizo
- aUnidad de Gestión Clínica de Dermatología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria/Universidad de Málaga, Málaga bServicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio cServicio de Dermatología dServicio de Anatomía Patológica, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
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Spiliopoulos K, Peschos D, Batistatou A, Ntountas I, Agnantis N, Kitsos G. Vasculogenic mimicry: lessons from melanocytic tumors. In Vivo 2015; 29:309-317. [PMID: 25977376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cell vasculogenic mimicry refers to the formation of tumor cell-lined vessels that contribute to tumor neovascularization and nutrient and oxygen supply. These tumor cells express many endothelial and stem cell markers, resulting in them having a unique phenotype. This phenomenon is observed in a variety of neoplasms, such as glioblastomas and sarcomas, as well as breast, ovarian, liver and lung carcinomas. It is also evident in melanocytic lesions, regardless of their benign or malignant nature. The biochemical and molecular events that regulate vasculogenic mimicry provide opportunities for development of novel forms of tumor-targeted treatments. Furthermore, the presence of this process in a tumor might have prognostic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitrios Peschos
- Department of Physiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Anna Batistatou
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis Ntountas
- First Department of Ophthalmology, 'G. Gennimatas' General Hospital of Athens, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Niki Agnantis
- Department of Physiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Georgios Kitsos
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Zidlik V, Brychtova S, Uvirova M, Ziak D, Dvorackova J. The changes of angiogenesis and immune cell infiltration in the intra- and peri-tumoral melanoma microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:7876-89. [PMID: 25913374 PMCID: PMC4425055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16047876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma (MM) urgently needs identification of new markers with better predictive value than currently-used clinical and histological parameters. Cancer cells stimulate the formation of a specialized tumor microenvironment, which reciprocally affects uncontrolled proliferation and migration. However, this microenvironment is heterogeneous with different sub-compartments defined by their access to oxygen and nutrients. This study evaluated microvascular density (MVD), CD3+ lymphocytes (TILs) and FOXP3+ T-regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs) on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections using light microscopy. We analyzed 82 malignant melanomas, divided according to the AJCC TNM classification into four groups--pT1 (35), pT2 (17), pT3 (18) and pT4 (12)--and 25 benign pigmented nevi. All parameters were measured in both the central areas of tumors (C) and at their periphery (P). A marked increase in all parameters was found in melanomas compared to nevi (p = 0.0001). There was a positive correlation between MVD, TILs, FOXP3+ Tregs and the vertical growth phase. The results show that MVD, TILs and FOXP3+ Tregs substantially influence cutaneous melanoma microenvironment. We found significant topographic differences of the parameters between central areas of tumors and their boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Zidlik
- CGB Laboratory, a.s., Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Pathology, AGEL Research and Training Institute-Ostrava-Vitkovice Branch, Korenskeho 10, Ostrava 71000, Czech Republic.
| | - Svetlana Brychtova
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic.
| | - Magdalena Uvirova
- CGB Laboratory, a.s., Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Pathology, AGEL Research and Training Institute-Ostrava-Vitkovice Branch, Korenskeho 10, Ostrava 71000, Czech Republic.
| | - Dusan Ziak
- CGB Laboratory, a.s., Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Pathology, AGEL Research and Training Institute-Ostrava-Vitkovice Branch, Korenskeho 10, Ostrava 71000, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Dvorackova
- CGB Laboratory, a.s., Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Pathology, AGEL Research and Training Institute-Ostrava-Vitkovice Branch, Korenskeho 10, Ostrava 71000, Czech Republic.
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, Ostrava 70300, Czech Republic.
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Omar M, Schwarz M, Soliman D, Symvoulidis P, Ntziachristos V. Pushing the optical imaging limits of cancer with multi-frequency-band raster-scan optoacoustic mesoscopy (RSOM). Neoplasia 2015; 17:208-14. [PMID: 25748240 PMCID: PMC4351295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a central cancer hallmark, necessary for supporting tumor growth and metastasis. In vivo imaging of angiogenesis is commonly applied, to understand dynamic processes in cancer development and treatment strategies. However, most radiological modalities today assess angiogenesis based on indirect mechanisms, such as the rate of contrast enhancement after contrast agent administration. We studied the performance of raster-scan optoacoustic mesoscopy (RSOM), to directly reveal the vascular network supporting melanoma growth in vivo, at 50 MHz and 100 MHz, through several millimeters of tumor depth. After comparing the performance at each frequency, we recorded, for the first time, high-resolution images of melanin tumor vasculature development in vivo, over a period of several days. Image validation was provided by means of cryo-slice sections of the same tumor after sacrificing the mice. We show how optoacoustic (photoacoustic) mesoscopy reveals a potentially powerful look into tumor angiogenesis, with properties and features that are markedly different than other radiological modalities. This will facilitate a better understanding of tumor's angiogenesis, and the evaluation of treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murad Omar
- Biological Imaging, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675, Muenchen, Germany; Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Schwarz
- Biological Imaging, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675, Muenchen, Germany; Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Soliman
- Biological Imaging, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675, Muenchen, Germany; Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Panagiotis Symvoulidis
- Biological Imaging, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675, Muenchen, Germany; Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Biological Imaging, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675, Muenchen, Germany; Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Aung PP, Leone D, Feller JK, Yang S, Hernandez M, Yaar R, Singh R, Helm T, Mahalingam M. Microvessel density, lymphovascular density, and lymphovascular invasion in primary cutaneous melanoma-correlation with histopathologic prognosticators and BRAF status. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:304-12. [PMID: 25537974 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between microvessel density (MVD), lymphovascular density (LVD), and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) in primary cutaneous melanoma (PCM) remains unclear. Given this, a total of 102 PCMs were assessed for MVD (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and Endocan), LVD (D2-40), and LVI (immunostaining with D2-40/S-100 and hematoxylin and eosin); tumoral S-100A13, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, and Endocan; and BRAF status. LVD was associated with MVD (P = .01). MVD was higher in PCMs with depth greater than or equal to 2 mm and ulceration (P = .04, .05), whereas LVD was higher in PCMs with depth greater than or equal to 2 mm and mitoses (P = .03, .02). After adjusting for MVD and LVD, only ulceration was associated with LVI (P < .02). A BRAF mutation was seen in 30.4% cases, and when present, both LVD and host response (P = .0008 and .04, respectively) were significantly associated with MVD. Immunostaining with S-100A13 was noted in 99% of cases and a significant association noted only with ulceration (P = .05). Immunostaining increased LVI positivity (46.5% versus 4.9% by hematoxylin and eosin, P < .0001). MVD and LVD are not associated with LVI, appear to be closely related with each other, and are associated with select markers of poor prognosticative value. The association between a host response and LVD and MVD in PCMs with a BRAF mutation suggests that they exhibit potential for strategizing immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyu Phyu Aung
- Dermatopathology Section, Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118.
| | - Dominick Leone
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118.
| | - John Kyle Feller
- Dermatopathology Section, Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118.
| | - Shi Yang
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118.
| | - Marier Hernandez
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390.
| | - Ron Yaar
- Aurora Diagnostics, Greensboro, NC 27408.
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Mt Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029.
| | - Thomas Helm
- Department of Dermatology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203.
| | - Meera Mahalingam
- Dermatopathology Section, Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118.
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Pastushenko I, Vermeulen PB, Van den Eynden GG, Rutten A, Carapeto FJ, Dirix LY, Van Laere S. Mechanisms of tumour vascularization in cutaneous malignant melanoma: clinical implications. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:220-33. [PMID: 24641095 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma represents < 10% of all skin cancers but is responsible for the majority of skin-cancer-related deaths. Metastatic melanoma has historically been considered as one of the most therapeutically challenging malignancies. Fortunately, for the first time after decades of basic research and clinical investigation, new drugs have produced major clinical responses. Angiogenesis has been considered an important target for cancer treatment. Initial efforts have focused primarily on targeting endothelial and tumour-related vascular endothelial growth factor signalling. Here, we review different mechanisms of tumour vascularization described in melanoma and discuss the potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pastushenko
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínico Universitario 'Lozano Blesa', Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
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Krzykawska-Serda M, Dąbrowski JM, Arnaut LG, Szczygieł M, Urbańska K, Stochel G, Elas M. The role of strong hypoxia in tumors after treatment in the outcome of bacteriochlorin-based photodynamic therapy. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 73:239-51. [PMID: 24835769 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Blood flow and pO2 changes after vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (V-PDT) or cellular-targeted PDT (C-PDT) using 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2,6-difluoro-3-N-methylsulfamoylphenyl) bacteriochlorin (F2BMet) as photosensitizer were investigated in DBA/2 mice with S91 Cloudman mouse melanoma, and correlated with long-term tumor responses. F2BMet generates both singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals under near-infrared radiation, which consume oxygen. Partial oxygen pressure was lowered in PDT-treated tumors and this was ascribed both to oxygen consumption during PDT and to fluctuations in oxygen transport after PDT. Similarly, microcirculatory blood flow changed as a result of the disruption of blood vessels by the treatment. A novel noninvasive approach combining electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry and laser Doppler blood perfusion measurements allowed longitudinal monitoring of hypoxia and vascular function changes in the same animals, after PDT. C-PDT induced parallel changes in tumor pO2 and blood flow, i.e., an initial decrease immediately after treatment, followed by a slow increase. In contrast, V-PDT led to a strong and persistent depletion of pO2, although the microcirculatory blood flow increased. Strong hypoxia after V-PDT led to a slight increase in VEGF level 24h after treatment. C-PDT caused a ca. 5-day delay in tumor growth, whereas V-PDT was much more efficient and led to tumor growth inhibition in 90% of animals. The tumors of 44% of mice treated with V-PDT regressed completely and did not reappear for over 1 year. In conclusion, mild and transient hypoxia after C-PDT led to intense pO2 compensatory effects and modest tumor inhibition, but strong and persistent local hypoxia after V-PDT caused tumor growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Krzykawska-Serda
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Luis G Arnaut
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; Luzitin SA, 3045-016 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Małgorzata Szczygieł
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krystyna Urbańska
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grażyna Stochel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Martyna Elas
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
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Martin DK, Uckermann O, Bertram A, Liebner C, Hendruschk S, Sitoci-Ficici KH, Schackert G, Lord EM, Temme A, Kirsch M. Differential growth inhibition of cerebral metastases by anti-angiogenic compounds. Anticancer Res 2014; 34:3293-3302. [PMID: 24982333 PMCID: PMC4388740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation of brain metastases is intrinsically linked to concomitant angiogenesis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the combined effects of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and EMD121974 on the growth and distribution of melanoma brain metastases since both substances may interact with important steps in the cascade of brain metastases formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Brain metastases were induced by either stereotactic implantation of cells to the brain parenchyma or by injection of the melanoma cells into the internal carotid artery to mimic hematogenous metastatic spread in mice. Naive or IL-12-overexpressing murine K1735 melanoma cells were used either alone or in combination with intraperitoneal anti-integrin treatment using EMD121974. RESULTS Solid melanoma metastases were more susceptible to daily low-dose treatment of EMD121974 than multiple hematogenous metastases. Interleukin-12 had a profound effect on both types of brain metastases. After 21 days, a marked reduction of vascularity was observed in both tumor types. CONCLUSION The combination of endogenous IL-12 production with integrin blockade resulted in additive effects for murine hematogenous brain metastases but not for focal brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Martin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ortrud Uckermann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Aiko Bertram
- Department of Neurosurgery, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Corina Liebner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandy Hendruschk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kerim Hakan Sitoci-Ficici
- Department of Neurosurgery, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schackert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Edith M Lord
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, U.S.A
| | - Achim Temme
- Department of Neurosurgery, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany CRTD/DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Kirsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany CRTD/DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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Vilain R, Wilmott JS, Scolyer RA. A light shines on melanoma metastagenesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:696-7. [PMID: 24890897 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rubaltelli L, Beltrame V, Scagliori E, Bezzon E, Frigo AC, Rastrelli M, Stramare R. Potential use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the detection of metastatic superficial lymph nodes in melanoma patients. Ultraschall Med 2014; 35:67-71. [PMID: 23860858 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1335857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Malignant melanoma represents a significant and growing public health burden worldwide. Ultrasonography is the most useful diagnostic modality for regional lymph nodal staging. Because any focal areas of cortical lobulation or thickening-swelling should also be considered as a sign of metastases, we are going to report the usefulness of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in the differential diagnosis of benign or malignant lymph nodes in patients with malignant melanoma based on blood stream patterns and investigate the diagnostic capability. PATIENTS AND METHODS After the excision of cutaneous melanoma with positive excision margins but with negative sentinel lymph node, 540 patients underwent US of superficial lymph nodes. The inclusion criteria for CEUS consisted of both major signs (absence of the echogenic hilus, round shape, and peripheral capsular vascularity) and minor ones (the presence of focal cortical thickening). The diagnostic capability was evaluated by comparing the cytological findings with the enhancement pattern on CEUS. RESULTS US in combination with CEUS correctly classified 534/540 patients. CEUS applied to lymph nodes with focal cortical thickening on grayscale US confirmed great sensitivity (0.98) and specificity (0.99) but above all, it showed a markedly improved accuracy of 0.99. The likelihood ratios confirmed the good performance of the methods used. CONCLUSION CEUS increases the diagnostic accuracy of US in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant LNs but it also allows us, when possible, to avoid unnecessary invasive operations such as LN FNAC. Moreover, CEUS may guide FNAC in the case of focal cortical thickening on the basis of hypoperfusion, with a reduction in the number of false negatives and much earlier detection of nodal metastatic foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rubaltelli
- Department of Medicine, Radiology, University of Padova
| | - V Beltrame
- Department of Medicine, Radiology, University of Padova
| | - E Scagliori
- Department of Radiology, Venetian Oncology Institute (IOV), IRCCS, Padova
| | - E Bezzon
- Department of Radiology, Venetian Oncology Institute (IOV), IRCCS, Padova
| | - A C Frigo
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova
| | - M Rastrelli
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV), IRCCS, Padova
| | - R Stramare
- Department of Medicine, Radiology, University of Padova
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Toader MP, Ţăranu T, Toader Ş, Chirana A, Ţăranu T. Correlation between lymphatic vessel density and microvessel density in cutaneous malignant melanoma. Rom J Morphol Embryol 2014; 55:141-5. [PMID: 24715179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant melanoma is an aggressive neoplasm, known for its propensity to early metastatic spread, via lymphatic as well as blood vessels. Tumor progression to an aggressive phenotype is associated with angiogenesis. Tumor lymphangiogenesis may represent a marker for assessing the risk of metastasis in the regional lymph nodes. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied the lymphatic vessel density in peritumoral and intratumoral areas compared to overall microvessel density in 12 cases of malignant melanoma of the face. All cases were primary invasive melanomas, with a Clark level of invasion III and IV. Lymphatic vessels were marked with D2-40 murine monoclonal antibody and their density evaluated through hot-spot method by examination on optic microscopy (200×). Overall microvessel density was assessed using the same method, vascular endothelial cells being visualized using CD31 monoclonal antibody. Statistical analysis was made using SPSS 17.0 software package (Pearson correlation test and Student's t-test). RESULTS The disposition and aspect of the lymphatic vessels were different in peritumoral and intratumoral areas. Thus, in peritumoral areas lymphatics were generally regular, large, dilated vessels whereas intratumoral lymphatic vessels were smaller, with an irregular lumen. Lymphatic vessel density was generally higher in peritumoral areas. Intratumoral lymphatic vessel density was lower, but significantly correlated to overall microvessel density in these areas. Overall microvessels density was increased in thick cutaneous melanoma. Vessels in the peritumoral areas were larger and more numerous compared to those found in normal tissue. In cases with a dense peritumoral inflammatory infiltrate, we found the highest vascular density. Intratumoral angiogenesis was moderate in most cases, with irregular, smaller or collapsed vessels. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of the lymphatic vessel density may prove to be useful for the prognostic assessment in malignant melanoma, as it may predict the patients with a risk of developing lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Paula Toader
- Department of General and Oro-maxillo-facial Pathology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iassy, Romania;
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Cao Z, Bao M, Miele L, Sarkar FH, Wang Z, Zhou Q. Tumour vasculogenic mimicry is associated with poor prognosis of human cancer patients: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:3914-23. [PMID: 23992642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.07.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) has been reported in various malignant tumours and is known to play an important role in cancer progression and metastasis. However, the impact of VM on the overall survival of human cancer patients remains controversial. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether VM is associated with 5-year survival of human cancer patients. METHODS Twenty-two eligible clinical studies with data on both tumour cell-dominant VM and the 5-year survival of 3062 patients involved in 15 types of cancers were pooled in the meta-analysis. RESULTS The 5-year overall survival of VM-positive and -negative cancer patients was 31% and 56%, respectively. The relative risk (RR) of the 5-year survival of VM-positive patients was significantly higher than that of VM-negative cases (RR=1.531; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.357-1.726; P<0.001). Notably, metastatic melanoma patients demonstrated a higher VM rate (45.3%) than patients with primary melanoma (23.1%) and showed worse 5-year survival, suggesting that VM contributes to tumour metastasis and poor prognosis in cancer patients. Subgroup analysis indicated that a poor 5-year survival was significantly associated with eight types of VM-positive malignant tumours, such as lung, colon, liver cancers, sarcomas and melanoma; but was not associated with the seven other types of cancers, such as prostate cancer. Heterogeneity and publication biases were found among the 22 studies, mainly due to the divergent characteristics of cancers and extremely low survival rate in six types of malignant tumours. CONCLUSION VM-positive cancer patients show a poor 5-year overall survival compared with VM-negative malignant tumour cases, particularly in metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Cao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
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Park H, Jung HY, Choi HJ, Kim DY, Yoo JY, Yun CO, Min JK, Kim YM, Kwon YG. Distinct roles of DKK1 and DKK2 in tumor angiogenesis. Angiogenesis 2013; 17:221-34. [PMID: 24091497 PMCID: PMC3898121 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-013-9390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis is essential for tumor invasive growth and metastasis, and generates abnormal vascular structures unlike developmental neovessel formation. To reduce tumor vascular abnormalities such as leakage and perivascular cell coverage deficiency that limit cancer therapy effectiveness, novel therapeutic approaches focus on vessel normalization. We have previously shown that Dickkopf-1 (DKK1), a Wnt antagonist, inhibits and its homolog DKK2 enhances, angiogenesis in normal tissues. In the present study, we investigated the effects of DKK1 and DKK2 on tumor growth and angiogenesis. Treatment of B16F10 melanoma-bearing mice with adenovirus expressing DKK1 significantly reduced tumor growth but DKK2 increased growth compared with controls. Similar pattern of tumor growth was observed in endothelial-specific DKK1 and DKK2 transgenic mice. Interestingly, tumor vascular density and perfusion were significantly decreased by DKK1 but increased by DKK2. Moreover, coverage of blood vessels by pericytes was reduced by DKK1, while DKK2 increased it. We further observed that DKK1 diminished retinal vessel density and increased avascular area in an in vivo murine model of oxygen-induced retinopathy, whereas DKK2 showed opposite results. These findings demonstrate that DKK1 and DKK2 have differential roles in normalization and functionality of tumor blood vessels, in addition to angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongryeol Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-752 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyei Yoon Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-752 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-752 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-752 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Yoo
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Ki Min
- Research Center for Integrative Cellulomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Taejon, 305-806 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Myoung Kim
- Vascular System Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 200-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-752 Republic of Korea
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Crisan M, Crisan D, Sannino G, Lupsor M, Badea R, Amzica F. Ultrasonographic staging of cutaneous malignant tumors: an ultrasonographic depth index. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 305:305-13. [PMID: 23400334 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-013-1321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to assess the role of conventional and high-frequency ultrasound in the evaluation of the depth of cutaneous skin cancer. The study was performed on 46 subjects, divided into 3 categories, according to their skin pathology [basal cell carcinoma (BCC), 18 subjects; superficial spreading melanoma (SSM), 8 subjects; nodular melanoma (NM), 20 subjects]. Conventional and high-frequency ultrasonographic measurements were performed in order to assess the thickness of the tumors and the vascularization degree. We compared the mean values of the tumoral thickness obtained by using ultrasound (ultrasonographic depth index) with the histological depth index, obtained after performing histological sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and specific monoclonal antibodies in case of pigmented tumors. We established a correlation index between the histological and ultrasonographic values of the tumoral thickness. We found a strong correlation between the ultrasonographic index (measured by high-frequency sonography) and the histological index for nodular BCC (correlation of 98.4 %), NM subjects (correlation of 98.4 %), and SSM subjects (correlation of 99.4 %). An increase of the blood supply was noticed in nodular lesions only. Ultrasonography allows a very accurate assessment of skin cancer. The ultrasonographic depth index can be considered an objective, non-invasive marker for cutaneous tumors, comparable to the histological one, with a very good sensitivity (98-99 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Crisan
- Histology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Orecchia P, Conte R, Balza E, Petretto A, Mauri P, Mingari MC, Carnemolla B. A novel human anti-syndecan-1 antibody inhibits vascular maturation and tumour growth in melanoma. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:2022-33. [PMID: 23352437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Syndecan-1 is a cell membrane protein that, after its shedding by heparanase enzymes, is accumulated in the extracellular matrix of some tumours, e.g. myeloma and lung carcinoma, where it modulates several key processes of tumourigenesis such as cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis, angiogenesis and metastasis. Few studies have focused on syndecan-1 in malignant melanoma, a tumour for which new therapeutic targets are desperately needed. We aimed to investigate the role of syndecan-1 in melanoma and to evaluate the potential therapeutic efficacy of a novel fully human anti-syndecan-1 recombinant antibody in this deadly disease. METHODS The OC-46F2 recombinant antibody was generated by selecting a human antibody phage display library on human melanoma cells and by its expression in mammalian cells. The specific antigen recognised by the antibody was identified by mass spectrometry. Murine models of human melanoma and ovarian carcinoma were used in the pre-clinical in vivo experiments. RESULTS The fully human antibody OC-46F2, specific for the extracellular domain of syndecan-1, inhibited vascular maturation and tumour growth in an experimental human melanoma model. The therapeutic efficacy of this antibody was also demonstrated in an experimental ovarian carcinoma model. A co-distribution of syndecan-1 with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) observed in the intratumour melanoma microenvironment was absent in the tumours from mice treated with OC-46F2 scFv. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the role of syndecan-1 as a potential therapeutic target in melanoma and ovarian carcinoma and provide a new tool able to block vessel maturation, one of the mechanisms that underpin the angiogenic process essential for solid tumour growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Orecchia
- Laboratory of Immunology, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
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Stelter L, Evans MJ, Jungbluth AA, Longo VA, Zanzonico P, Ritter G, Bomalaski JS, Old L, Larson SM. Imaging of tumor vascularization using fluorescence molecular tomography to monitor arginine deiminase treatment in melanoma. Mol Imaging 2013; 12:67-73. [PMID: 23348793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on their inability to express argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), some cancer entities feature the characteristic of L-arginine (Arg) auxotrophy. This inability to intrinsically generate Arg makes them applicable for arginine deiminase (ADI) treatment, an Arg-depleting drug. Arg is also used for the synthesis of endothelial nitric oxide (NO), which mainly confers vasodilatation but is also considered to have a major influence on tumor vascularization. The purpose of this study was to define changes in tumor vasculature in an ADI-treated melanoma xenograft mouse model using the blood pool agent AngioSense 750 and fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT). We used an ASS-negative melanoma xenograft mouse model and subjected it to weekly ADI treatment. Changes in tumor size were measured, and alterations in tumor vasculature were depicted by FMT and CD31 immunohistochemistry (IHC). On ADI treatment and effective antitumor therapy, we observed a drop in NO plasma levels and visualized changes in tumor vascularization with FMT and IHC. ADI treatment in melanoma xenografts has a tumor-reducing effect, which can be noninvasively imaged by quantifying tumor vascularization with FMT and IHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Stelter
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York Branch, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Simonsen TG, Gaustad JV, Leinaas MN, Rofstad EK. Tumor-line specific causes of intertumor heterogeneity in blood supply in human melanoma xenografts. Microvasc Res 2012; 85:16-23. [PMID: 23149341 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of most cancer treatments is strongly influenced by the tumor blood supply. The results of experimental studies using xenografted tumors to evaluate novel cancer treatments may therefore vary considerably depending on the blood supply of the specific tumor model being used. Mechanisms underlying intertumor heterogeneity in the blood supply of xenografted tumors derived from same tumor line are poorly understood, and were investigated here by using intravital microscopy to assess tumor blood supply and vascular morphology in human melanomas growing in dorsal window chambers in BALB/c nu/nu mice. Two melanoma lines, A-07 and R-18, were included in the study. These lines differed substantially in angiogenic profiles. Thus, when the expression of 84 angiogenesis-related genes was investigated with a quantitative PCR array, 25% of these genes showed more than a 10-fold difference in expression. Furthermore, A-07 tumors showed higher vascular density, higher vessel tortuosity, higher vessel diameters, shorter vessel segments, and more chaotic vascular architecture than R-18 tumors. Both lines showed large intertumor heterogeneity in blood supply. In the A-07 line, tumors with low microvascular density, long vessel segment, and high vessel tortuosity showed poor blood supply, whereas in the R-18 line, poor tumor blood supply was associated with low tumor arteriolar diameters. Thus, tumor-line specific causes of intertumor heterogeneity in blood supply were identified in human melanoma xenografts, and these tumor-line specific mechanisms were possibly a result of tumor-line specific angiogenic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trude G Simonsen
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Chen LX, Sun BC, Li XR, He YJ, Song GX. [Overexpression of the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2 in choroidal melanoma: correlation with vesculogenic mimicry and prognosis]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2012; 48:985-990. [PMID: 23302271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the correlation of EphA2 protein expression with vesculogenic mimicry (VM), clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis in choroidal melanoma (CM). METHODS It was a retrospective case series study. Between January 1992 and December 2005, 56 cases of human CM with clinicopathologic data from the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University were studied. HE stainings were performed to observe the microcirculation patterns in tumor tissue specimens. VM was found in 26 of the 56 cases using CD31/periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) double staining and transelectron microscopy. All cases were divided into two groups: VM-positive and VM-negative. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on paraffin sections of the 56 cases of CM specimens to investigate the expression of EphA2. According to tumor cells positive rate and staining intensity of the results of evaluation, the specimens were divided into low expression and high expression groups.χ(2)-test and t-test were used to analyzed the enumeration data and measurement data, respectively. Survival analysis was used to further elucidate its correlation with clinicopathological characteristics, VM and prognosis. Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyzed the influence factors of prognosis. RESULTS VM channels were found in 26 of the 56 CM cases and VM-negative 30 cases. VM-positivity was related to cell type, tumor size and recurrence and metastasis, and the differences were statistically significant (χ(2) = 4.612, 5.346, 5.213; P = 0.036, 0.021, 0.027). The results showed that EphA2 was up-regulated in the VM-positive group compared with the group of VM-negative group. The positive rates of EphA2 expression in the VM-positive group and VM-negative group were 92.3% (25/26) and 70.0% (21/30), respectively, with a significant difference between the two groups (t = 2.247, P = 0.009). The EphA2 protein was expressed in epithelioid (10/12), mixed (11/15) and spindle (41.40%) cell types, with a significant difference among these histological types (χ(2) = 6.513, P = 0.010). The expression rate of EphA2 protein were significantly higher in large (54.55%, 18/33) than small (45.45%, 15/33) tumors, and the expression of EphA2 in metastatic and recurrence patients (10/11) were significantly higher compared with controls (31.11%, 14/45) (χ(2) = 4.556, 8.211;P = 0.016, 0.005). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed the presence of VM resulted in a poor prognosis (t = 9.263, P = 0.000). The Cox proportional hazards model indicated that the EphA2 overexpression and the presence of VM were independent predictors of a poor prognosis (χ(2) = 12.041, P = 0.001). Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between them (r = 0.412, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrate that EphA2 may play a critical role in the formation process of VM in CM, implicating EphA2 as a valuable marker for the prediction of recurrence, metastasis and prognosis in CM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-xia Chen
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Center, the College of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin 300084, China
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