251
|
Peroxisomes in mouse and human lung: their involvement in pulmonary lipid metabolism. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:719-40. [PMID: 18665385 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Only sparse information is available from the literature on the peroxisomal compartment and its enzyme composition in mouse and human lungs. Therefore, in the present investigation we have characterized peroxisomes in different cell types of adult mouse (C57BL/6J) and human lungs in a comprehensive study using a variety of light-, fluorescence- and electron microscopic as well as biochemical techniques and by the use of various peroxisomal marker proteins (Pex13p, Pex14p, ABCD3, beta-oxidation enzymes and catalase). In contrast to previous reports, we have found that peroxisomes are present in all cell types in human and mouse lungs. However, they differ significantly and in a cell-type-specific manner in their structure, numerical abundance and enzyme composition. Whereas catalase showed significant differences between distinct cell types, Pex14p proved to be the marker of choice for labeling all lung peroxisomes. In alveolar type II cells and alveolar macrophages peroxisomes contained significant amounts of the lipid transporter ABCD3 and beta-oxidation enzymes, suggesting their involvement in the modification and recycling of surfactant lipids and in the control of lipid mediators and ligands for nuclear receptors of the PPAR family. Possible connections between ROS and lipid metabolism of lung peroxisomes are discussed.
Collapse
|
252
|
Hurtado de Catalfo GE, de Alaniz MJ, Marra CA. Dietary lipids modify redox homeostasis and steroidogenic status in rat testis. Nutrition 2008; 24:717-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
253
|
Brites P, Mooyer PAW, el Mrabet L, Waterham HR, Wanders RJA. Plasmalogens participate in very-long-chain fatty acid-induced pathology. Brain 2008; 132:482-92. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
254
|
Boselli E, Pacetti D, Curzi F, Frega N. Determination of phospholipid molecular species in pork meat by high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and evaporative light scattering detection. Meat Sci 2008; 78:305-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
255
|
Wheelock CE, Forshed J, Goto S, Hammock BD, Newman JW. Effects of pyridine exposure upon structural lipid metabolism in Swiss Webster mice. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:583-90. [PMID: 18251509 DOI: 10.1021/tx7002454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pyridine is a prototypical inducer of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1, an enzyme associated with cellular oxidative stress and membrane damage. To better understand the effect of this treatment on cellular lipids, the influence of pyridine exposure (100 mg/kg/day i.p. for 5 days) on fatty acids, fatty esters, and fatty alcohol ethers in brain, heart, liver, and adipose tissue from male Swiss Webster mice was investigated. Lipid levels in cholesterol esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids, cardiolipin, sphingomyelin, and glycerylphospholipids were quantified. Pyridine altered the level and composition of lipids involved in membrane structure (i.e., sphingomyelin, phosphatidylethanolamines, and plasmalogens), energy metabolism (i.e., free fatty acids), and long-chain fatty acid transport (i.e., cholesterol esters) in a tissue-specific manner. Subtle changes in cholesterol esters were observed in all tissues. Sphingomyelin in the brain and heart were depleted in monounsaturated fatty acids (1.4- and 1.5-fold, respectively), while the liver sphingomyelin concentrations increased (1.5-fold). Pyridine exposure also increased heart free fatty acids by 1.3-fold, enriched cardiac phosphatidylethanolamine in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids by 1.3-fold, and depleted cardiolipin-associated plasmalogens by 3.8-fold. Phosphatidylethanolamines in the brain were also enriched in both saturated fatty acids (1.2-fold) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (1.3-fold) but were depleted in plasmalogens (2.9-fold). In particular, the levels of phosphatidylethanolamine-associated arachidonic (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in both brain and cardiac tissues significantly decreased following pyridine exposure. Considering the hypothetical role of plasmalogens as membrane-bound reactive oxygen scavengers, the current findings suggest that the brain and heart should be the focus of future studies on the toxicity of pyridine, as well as other CYP 2E1 inducers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig E Wheelock
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
256
|
Astarita G, Ahmed F, Piomelli D. Identification of biosynthetic precursors for the endocannabinoid anandamide in the rat brain. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:48-57. [DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700354-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
257
|
Membrane phospholipid composition may contribute to exceptional longevity of the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber): A comparative study using shotgun lipidomics. Exp Gerontol 2007; 42:1053-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
258
|
Comparison of biochemical effects of statins and fish oil in brain: the battle of the titans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:443-71. [PMID: 17959252 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2007] [Revised: 09/16/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neural membranes are composed of glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol and proteins. The distribution of these lipids within the neural membrane is not random but organized. Neural membranes contain lipid rafts or microdomains that are enriched in sphingolipids and cholesterol. These rafts act as platforms for the generation of glycerophospholipid-, sphingolipid-, and cholesterol-derived second messengers, lipid mediators that are necessary for normal cellular function. Glycerophospholipid-derived lipid mediators include eicosanoids, docosanoids, lipoxins, and platelet-activating factor. Sphingolipid-derived lipid mediators include ceramides, ceramide 1-phosphates, and sphingosine 1-phosphate. Cholesterol-derived lipid mediators include 24-hydroxycholesterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, and 7-ketocholesterol. Abnormal signal transduction processes and enhanced production of lipid mediators cause oxidative stress and inflammation. These processes are closely associated with the pathogenesis of acute neural trauma (stroke, spinal cord injury, and head injury) and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease. Statins, the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, are effective lipid lowering agents that significantly reduce risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Beneficial effects of statins in neurological diseases are due to their anti-excitotoxic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Fish oil omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, have similar anti-excitotoxic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in brain tissue. Thus the lipid mediators, resolvins, protectins, and neuroprotectins, derived from eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid retard neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptotic cell death in brain tissue. Like statins, ingredients of fish oil inhibit generation of beta-amyloid and provide protection from oxidative stress and inflammatory processes. Collective evidence suggests that antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties of statins and fish oil contribute to the clinical efficacy of treating neurological disorders with statins and fish oil. We speculate that there is an overlap between neurochemical events associated with neural cell injury in stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. This commentary compares the neurochemical effects of statins with those of fish oil.
Collapse
|
259
|
Tie A, Bakovic M. Alternative splicing of CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase produces two isoforms that differ in catalytic properties. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:2172-81. [PMID: 17646670 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m600536-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase (Pcyt2) catalyzes the rate-controlling reaction of the CDP-ethanolamine (Kennedy) pathway. We have previously established that Pcyt2 is encoded by a single gene that can be alternatively spliced from an internal exon into two transcripts, designated Pcyt2alpha and Pcyt2beta. Little is currently known about the regulation of Pcyt2. Here, we functionally express both murine Pcyt2 (mPcyt2) transcripts and investigate the roles of the two proteins in the regulation of mPcyt2 activity. We demonstrate that the tagged and purified alpha and beta proteins differ significantly in their kinetic properties. The K(m) of mPcyt2alpha for phosphoethanolamine was 318.4 microM, compared with 140.3 microM for mPcyt2beta. The maximal velocities of the alpha and beta isoforms at saturating conditions for both substrates were 138.0 and 114.4 nmol/min/mumol enzyme, respectively. When phosphoethanolamine was used at a fixed concentration of 1 mM, the K(m) of mPcyt2alpha for CTP was 102.0 microM and that of mPcyt2beta was 84.09 microM. Using a combination of nondenaturing PAGE, gel filtration chromatography, and immunoprecipitation, we provide evidence that mPcyt2alpha and mPcyt2beta proteins can form both homodimeric and heterodimeric complexes. We show that alternative splicing of the mPcyt2 transcript is ubiquitous but could also be regulated in a tissue-specific manner, producing a variable ratio of mPcyt2alpha/mPcyt2beta mRNAs. The expression of two distinct protein isoforms maybe an important mechanism by which Pcyt2 activity is regulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Tie
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
260
|
Bakovic M, Fullerton MD, Michel V. Metabolic and molecular aspects of ethanolamine phospholipid biosynthesis: the role of CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase (Pcyt2). Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 85:283-300. [PMID: 17612623 DOI: 10.1139/o07-006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The CDP-ethanolamine branch of the Kennedy pathway is the major route for the formation of ethanolamine-derived phospholipids, including diacyl phosphatidylethanolamine and alkenylacyl phosphatidylethanolamine derivatives, known as plasmalogens. Ethanolamine phospholipids are essential structural components of the cell membranes and play regulatory roles in cell division, cell signaling, activation, autophagy, and phagocytosis. The physiological importance of plasmalogens has not been not fully elucidated, although they are known for their antioxidant properties and deficiencies in a number of inherited peroxisomal disorders. This review highlights important aspects of ethanolamine phospholipid metabolism and reports current molecular information on 1 of the regulatory enzymes in their synthesis, CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase (Pcyt2). Pcyt2 is encoded by a single, nonredundant gene in animal species that could be alternatively spliced into 2 potential protein products. We describe properties of the mouse and human Pcyt2 genes and their regulatory promoters and provide molecular evidence for the existence of 2 distinct Pcyt2 proteins. The goal is to obtain more insight into Pcyt2 catalytic function and regulation to facilitate a better understanding of the production of ethanolamine phospholipids via the CDP-ethanolamine branch of the Kennedy pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marica Bakovic
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
261
|
Ali ZS, Van Der Voorn JP, Powers JM. A comparative morphologic analysis of adult onset leukodystrophy with neuroaxonal spheroids and pigmented glia--a role for oxidative damage. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2007; 66:660-72. [PMID: 17620991 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3180986247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a blinded study on 5 cases of hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids and 10 cases of the pigmentary type of orthochromatic leukodystrophy, 6 of the latter having a family history of neurologic illness. Patients presented in the third to sixth decade with behavioral, cognitive, and motor symptoms. All cases displayed widespread myelin loss, predominantly frontotemporal with relative sparing of subcortical U-fibers, and variable numbers of both neuroaxonal spheroids and pigmented glia. Immunohistochemically, spheroids contained amyloid precursor/neurofilament proteins, several neurotransmitters or neuropeptides, and ubiquitin. Cytoplasmic inclusions in glia and numerous pigmented macrophages were autofluorescent and stained consistently with diastase-periodic acid-Schiff, prolonged Ziehl-Nielsen, and Sudan black, but the same cells labeled inconsistently for iron or ferritin. Ultrastructurally, the most characteristic autofluorescent glial lipopigments consisted of bosselated masses of granular, electron-dense material. These morphologic features are those of ceroid, an end-product of oxidative damage. Glial immunoreactivity for markers of oxidative stress (hemeoxygenase-1 and superoxide dismutase 2) and damage (4-hydroxynonenal, malondialdehyde, and nitrotyrosine) was noted, particularly in cases with increased iron and ferritin. These data support the hypothesis that the similar clinicopathologic features of hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids and the pigmentary type of orthochromatic leukodystrophy reflect a common disease due, at least in part, to an oxidative insult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zarina S Ali
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
262
|
Fuchs B, Müller K, Göritz F, Blottner S, Schiller J. Characteristic Oxidation Products of Choline Plasmalogens are Detectable in Cattle and Roe Deer Spermatozoa by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Lipids 2007; 42:991-8. [PMID: 17717713 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-007-3108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens (1-O-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholines and -phosphoethanolamines) are important constituents of spermatozoa membranes and possess significant antioxidative properties. This particularly holds as plasmalogens from spermatozoa also possess a very high content of highly unsaturated fatty acyl residues (especially 22:6). The organic spermatozoa extracts of two different ruminants (cattle and roe deer) were analyzed for their contents of characteristic choline plasmalogen oxidation products by matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. It will be shown that 1-hydroxy-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (LPC 22:6) and formyl-LPC 22:6 are reliable measures of lipid oxidation of spermatozoa and allow, accordingly, conclusions about the storage conditions. All data on spermatozoa were also confirmed by the investigation of the oxidation behavior of selected reference compounds. It will be shown that, equally if plasmalogens or diacyl PC species are used, oxidation takes place primarily at the double bond next to the glycerol backbone. These data were additionally confirmed by recording the corresponding post source decay (PSD) fragment ion spectra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beate Fuchs
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
263
|
Razeto A, Mattiroli F, Carpanelli E, Aliverti A, Pandini V, Coda A, Mattevi A. The crucial step in ether phospholipid biosynthesis: structural basis of a noncanonical reaction associated with a peroxisomal disorder. Structure 2007; 15:683-92. [PMID: 17562315 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ether phospholipids are essential constituents of eukaryotic cell membranes. Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 3 is a severe peroxisomal disorder caused by inborn deficiency of alkyldihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase (ADPS). The enzyme carries out the most characteristic step in ether phospholipid biosynthesis: formation of the ether bond. The crystal structure of ADPS from Dictyostelium discoideum shows a fatty-alcohol molecule bound in a narrow hydrophobic tunnel, specific for aliphatic chains of 16 carbons. Access to the tunnel is controlled by a flexible loop and a gating helix at the protein-membrane interface. Structural and mutagenesis investigations identify a cluster of hydrophilic catalytic residues, including an essential tyrosine, possibly involved in substrate proton abstraction, and the arginine that is mutated in ADPS-deficient patients. We propose that ether bond formation might be orchestrated through a covalent imine intermediate with the flavin, accounting for the noncanonical employment of a flavin cofactor in a nonredox reaction.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Alkyl and Aryl Transferases/chemistry
- Alkyl and Aryl Transferases/genetics
- Alkyl and Aryl Transferases/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Catalysis
- Chondrodysplasia Punctata, Rhizomelic/enzymology
- Chondrodysplasia Punctata, Rhizomelic/metabolism
- Chondrodysplasia Punctata, Rhizomelic/pathology
- Conserved Sequence
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Dictyostelium/enzymology
- Dimerization
- Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide/chemistry
- Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide/metabolism
- Histidine/metabolism
- Humans
- Hydrogen Bonding
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors
- Models, Biological
- Models, Chemical
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Structure
- Peroxisomal Disorders/enzymology
- Peroxisomal Disorders/genetics
- Phenylalanine/metabolism
- Phospholipid Ethers/chemistry
- Phospholipid Ethers/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Spectrum Analysis, Raman
- Substrate Specificity
- Tyrosine/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adelia Razeto
- Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
264
|
Abstract
The structural properties of alkyldihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase (ADPS) described by Razeto et al. (2007) in this issue of Structure provide new insights into how this peroxisomal flavoenzyme catalyzes a nonredox reaction in the conversion of an ester to an ether linkage in plasmologen biosynthesis.
Collapse
|
265
|
Lessig J, Schiller J, Arnhold J, Fuchs B. Hypochlorous acid-mediated generation of glycerophosphocholine from unsaturated plasmalogen glycerophosphocholine lipids. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:1316-24. [PMID: 17395985 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m600478-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The myeloperoxidase-derived metabolite hypochlorous acid (HOCl) promotes the selective cleavage of plasmalogens into chloro fatty aldehydes and 1-lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). The subsequent conversion of the initially generated LPC was investigated in plasmalogen samples in dependence on the fatty acid residue in the sn-2 position by matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and (31)P NMR spectroscopy. Plasmalogens containing an oleic acid residue in the sn-2 position are converted by moderate amounts of HOCl primarily to 1-lyso-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and at increased HOCl concentrations to the corresponding chlorohydrin species. In contrast, plasmalogens containing highly unsaturated docosahexaenoic acid yield upon HOCl treatment 1-lyso-2-docosahexaenoyl-glycerophosphocholine and glycerophosphocholine. The formation of the latter product denotes a novel pathway for the action of HOCl on plasmalogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Lessig
- University of Leipzig, Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
266
|
Kraffe E, Marty Y, Guderley H. Changes in mitochondrial oxidative capacities during thermal acclimation of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: roles of membrane proteins, phospholipids and their fatty acid compositions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 210:149-65. [PMID: 17170158 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the properties of mitochondria from oxidative muscle of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were examined during warm (5 degrees C to 15 degrees C) acclimation. Trout were studied shortly after the initial thermal change and after 8 weeks acclimation to 15 degrees C. To identify potential mechanisms by which oxidative capacities change, the modifications of phospholipid composition, membrane proteins and functional capacities of red muscle mitochondria were examined. Marked functional changes of isolated muscle mitochondria during warm acclimation of rainbow trout were reflected by a host of modifications in phospholipid composition, but by few shifts in protein components. Shortly after transfer of trout from 5 degrees C to 15 degrees C, the maximal oxidative capacity of mitochondria measured at 15 degrees C increased slightly, but rates at both assay temperatures (5 degrees C and 15 degrees C) decreased markedly after warm acclimation. The increase in capacity in short-term warm exposed trout was most pronounced when rates at 15 degrees C were expressed relative to cytochrome a and c(1) levels. Non-phosphorylating (State 4) rates of oxygen uptake increased with short-term warm exposure before returning to initial levels after warm acclimation. Cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) activity in the mitochondrial preparations decreased with warm acclimation. The thermal sensitivity of the ADP affinity was markedly modified during short-term warm exposure, when the ADP/O ratio increased, but warm acclimation returned these values to those observed initially. ADP affinity increased after warm acclimation. Changes in the mitochondrial content of cytochromes and adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) could not explain these patterns. On the other hand, changes in the proportions of the lipid classes and in the acyl chain composition of certain phospholipid classes mirror the modifications in functional properties. Short-term exposure to 15 degrees C decreased the ratio of diacylphosphatidylethanolamine/diacylphosphatidylcholine (diacylPE/diacylPC), whereas warm acclimation led to restructuring of fatty acids (FA) and to increases of plasmalogen forms of PE and PC. Modification of overall membrane unsaturation did not appear to be the primary aim of restructuring membrane FA during warm acclimation, as total mitochondrial phospholipids and the major phospholipid classes only showed slight shifts of their acyl composition with warm acclimation. On the other hand, natural lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) showed dramatic changes in FA content, as 16:0 and 18:1n-9 doubled whereas 22:6n-3 decreased from around 50% to 32% in warm acclimated trout. Similarly, in cardiolipin (CL), the levels of 16:0 and 18:1n-7 halved while 18:2n-6 increased to over 20% of the FA with warm acclimation. Given the central role of CL in modulating the activity of CCO, F(0)F(1)-ATPase and ANT, these changes suggest that specific compositional changes in CL are important modulators of mitochondrial capacities. The many structural changes in membrane lipids contrast with the limited modifications of the membrane protein components examined and support the concept of lipid structure modulating mitochondrial capacities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Kraffe
- Unité mixte CNRS 6521, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, C.S. 93837, 29238 Brest cedex 3, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
267
|
Abstract
In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge about the biochemistry of mammalian peroxisomes, especially human peroxisomes. The identification and characterization of yeast mutants defective either in the biogenesis of peroxisomes or in one of its metabolic functions, notably fatty acid beta-oxidation, combined with the recognition of a group of genetic diseases in man, wherein these processes are also defective, have provided new insights in all aspects of peroxisomes. As a result of these and other studies, the indispensable role of peroxisomes in multiple metabolic pathways has been clarified, and many of the enzymes involved in these pathways have been characterized, purified, and cloned. One aspect of peroxisomes, which has remained ill defined, is the transport of metabolites across the peroxisomal membrane. Although it is clear that mammalian peroxisomes under in vivo conditions are closed structures, which require the active presence of metabolite transporter proteins, much remains to be learned about the permeability properties of mammalian peroxisomes and the role of the four half ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters therein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J A Wanders
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Disease, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
268
|
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a host defense mechanism associated with neutralization of an insult and restoration of normal structure and function of brain. Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of all major CNS diseases. The main mediators of neuroinflammation are microglial cells. These cells are activated during a CNS injury. Microglial cells initiate a rapid response that involves cell migration, proliferation, release of cytokines/chemokines and trophic and/or toxic effects. Cytokines/chemokines stimulate phospholipases A2 and cyclooxygenases. This results in breakdown of membrane glycerophospholipids with the release of arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Oxidation of AA produces pro-inflammatory prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. One of the lyso-glycerophospholipids, the other products of reactions catalyzed by phospholipase A2, is used for the synthesis of pro-inflammatory platelet-activating factor. These pro-inflammatory mediators intensify neuroinflammation. Lipoxin, an oxidized product of AA through 5-lipoxygenase, is involved in the resolution of inflammation and is anti-inflammatory. Docosahexaenoic acid is metabolized to resolvins and neuroprotectins. These lipid mediators inhibit the generation of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. Levels of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes are markedly increased in acute neural trauma and neurodegenerative diseases. Docosahexaenoic acid and its lipid mediators prevent neuroinflammation by inhibiting transcription factor NFkappaB, preventing cytokine secretion, blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes, and modulating leukocyte trafficking. Depending on its timing and magnitude in brain tissue, inflammation serves multiple purposes. It is involved in the protection of uninjured neurons and removal of degenerating neuronal debris and also in assisting repair and recovery processes. The dietary ratio of AA to DHA may affect neurodegeneration associated with acute neural trauma and neurodegenerative diseases. The dietary intake of docosahexaenoic acid offers the possibility of counter-balancing the harmful effects of high levels of AA-derived pro-inflammatory lipid mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akhlaq A Farooqui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
269
|
Gorgas K, Teigler A, Komljenovic D, Just WW. The ether lipid-deficient mouse: Tracking down plasmalogen functions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:1511-26. [PMID: 17027098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Revised: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemical and physico-chemical properties as well as physiological functions of major mammalian ether-linked glycerolipids, including plasmalogens were reviewed. Their chemical structures were described and their effect on membrane fluidity and membrane fusion discussed. The recent generation of mouse models with ether lipid deficiency offered the possibility to study ether lipid and particularly plasmalogen functions in vivo. Ether lipid-deficient mice revealed severe phenotypic alterations, including arrest of spermatogenesis, development of cataract and defects in central nervous system myelination. In several cell culture systems lack of plasmalogens impaired intracellular cholesterol distribution affecting plasma membrane functions and structural changes of ER and Golgi cisternae. Based on these phenotypic anomalies that were accurately described conclusions were drawn on putative functions of plasmalogens. These functions were related to cell-cell or cell-extracellular matrix interactions, formation of lipid raft microdomains and intracellular cholesterol homeostasis. There are several human disorders, such as Zellweger syndrome, rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata, Alzheimer's disease, Down syndrome, and Niemann-Pick type C disease that are distinguished by altered tissue plasmalogen concentrations. The role plasmalogens might play in the pathology of these disorders is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Gorgas
- Institut für Anatomie und Zellbiologie, Abteilung Medizinische Zellbiologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
270
|
Wanders RJA, Waterham HR. Peroxisomal disorders: the single peroxisomal enzyme deficiencies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:1707-20. [PMID: 17055078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomal disorders are a group of inherited diseases in man in which either peroxisome biogenesis or one or more peroxisomal functions are impaired. The peroxisomal disorders identified to date are usually classified in two groups including: (1) the disorders of peroxisome biogenesis, and (2) the single peroxisomal enzyme deficiencies. This review is focused on the second group of disorders, which currently includes ten different diseases in which the mutant gene affects a protein involved in one of the following peroxisomal functions: (1) ether phospholipid (plasmalogen) biosynthesis; (2) fatty acid beta-oxidation; (3) peroxisomal alpha-oxidation; (4) glyoxylate detoxification, and (5) H2O2 metabolism.
Collapse
|
271
|
Affiliation(s)
- F Morice
- Unité de Dermatologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Pellegrin-Enfants, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex
| | | |
Collapse
|
272
|
The American Aging Association honors Huber R. Warner, PhD., Retiring Associate Director, National Institute on Aging. J Am Aging Assoc 2005; 27:319-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11357-005-4559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Revised: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
273
|
Phospholipases: Occurrence and production in microorganisms, assay for high-throughput screening, and gene discovery from natural and man-made diversity. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-005-1131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
274
|
Abstract
The cellular lipidome comprises over 1000 different lipids. Most lipids look similar having a polar head and hydrophobic tails. Still, cells recognize lipids with exquisite specificity. The functionality of lipids is determined by their local concentration, which varies between organelles, between the two leaflets of the lipid bilayer and even within the lateral plane of the membrane. To incorporate function, cellular lipidomics must not only determine which lipids are present but also the concentration of each lipid at each specific intracellular location in time and the lipid's interaction partners. Moreover, cellular lipidomics must include the enzymes of lipid metabolism and transport, their specificity, localization and regulation. Finally, it requires a thorough understanding of the physical properties of lipids and membranes, especially lipid-lipid and lipid-protein interactions. In the context of a cell, the complex relationships between metabolites can only be understood by viewing them as an integrated system. Cellular lipidomics provides a framework for understanding and manipulating the vital role of lipids, especially in membrane transport and sorting and in cell signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit van Meer
- Department of Membrane Enzymology, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
275
|
Guo Z, Vikbjerg AF, Xu X. Enzymatic modification of phospholipids for functional applications and human nutrition. Biotechnol Adv 2005; 23:203-59. [PMID: 15763405 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2004] [Accepted: 02/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rapid progress in biochemistry of phospholipids and evolution of modern bioengineering has brought forth a number of novel concepts and technical advancements in the modification of phospholipids for industrial applications and human nutrition. Highlights cover preparation of novel phospholipid analogs based on the latest understanding of pivotal role of phospholipids in manifold biological processes, exploration of remarkable application potentials of phospholipids in meliorating human health, as well as development of new chemical and biotechnological approaches applied to the modification of phospholipids. This work reviews the natural occurrence and structural characteristics of phospholipids, their updated knowledge on manifold biological and nutritional functions, traditional and novel physical and chemical approaches to modify phospholipids as well as their applications to obtain novel phospholipids, and brief introduction of the efforts focusing on de novo syntheses of phospholipids. Special attention is given to the summary of molecular structural characteristics and catalytic properties of multiple phospholipases, which helps to interpret experimental phenomena and to improve reaction design. This will of course provide fundamental bases also for the development of enzymatic technology to produce structured or modified phospholipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Guo
- Food Biotechnology and Engineering Group, BioCentrum-DTU, Building 221, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
276
|
Liu D, Nagan N, Just WW, Rodemer C, Thai TP, Zoeller RA. Role of dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens and nonether glycerolipids. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:727-35. [PMID: 15687349 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m400364-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The variant CHO-K1 cell line, NRel-4, is unable to synthesize plasmalogens because of a severe reduction in dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase (DHAPAT) activity (Nagan, N., A. K. Hajra, L. K. Larkins, P. Lazarow, P. E. Purdue, W. B. Rizzo, and R. A. Zoeller. 1998. Isolation of a Chinese hamster fibroblast variant defective in dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase activity and plasmalogen biosynthesis: use of a novel two-step selection protocol. Biochem. J. 332: 273-279). Northern analysis demonstrated that the loss of this activity was attributable to a severe reduction in mRNA levels for DHAPAT. Transfection of NRel-4 cells with a plasmid bearing the human DHAPAT cDNA recovered DHAPAT activity and plasmalogen biosynthesis. Examination of clonal isolates from the transfected population showed that recovery of as little as 10% of wild-type DHAPAT activity restored plasmalogen levels to 55% of normal, whereas in one isolate, NRel-4.15, which overexpressed DHAPAT activity by 6-fold over wild-type cells, plasmalogen levels were returned only to wild-type values. Although the rate of plasmenylethanolamine biosynthesis was restored in NRel-4.15, the biosynthesis of nonether glycerolipids was either decreased or unaffected, suggesting that peroxisomal DHAPAT does not normally contribute to nonether glycerolipid biosynthesis. These data demonstrate that a defect in the gene that codes for peroxisomal DHAPAT is the primary lesion in the NRel-4 cell line and that the peroxisomal DHAPAT is essential for the biosynthesis of plasmalogens in animal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dailan Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
277
|
Preetha A, Banerjee R, Huilgol N. Dynamic surface tensiometry of tissues using Langmuir films. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2005; 40:35-43. [PMID: 15620838 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2004.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Langmuir monolayers are useful models of biomembranes as they allow simulation of biological conditions and rigorous thermodynamic analysis. This technique was used to characterize tissues at body temperature for the first time in our study. The organs studied include liver, kidney, stomach, testis, heart and brain from goat and certain human cancerous as well as their corresponding normal biopsies to reveal the potential of the tissue monolayer technique. Monolayers were formed on the surface of deionized water by spreading monolayer amounts of the tissue homogenates. The parameters calculated were minimum surface tension, relative lift off area, relative limiting area, compressibility and hysteresis area. Our results reveal that the parameters can differentiate between tissues obtained from different organs and were statistically significant using one-way ANOVA and Newman Keul's test (P<0.05). For example goat's stomach tissue had the lowest hysteresis area (DeltaG) value (27.6 microJ) whereas brain DeltaG value was nine folds higher than stomach value. Brain had the lowest minimum surface tension of 30.3+/-1.0 mN/m whereas stomach had a value of 40.5+/-0. 2 mN/m. Interestingly, the DeltaG values of human normal neck and esophageal tissues were 3.4 and 3.2 folds greater than that of their respective cancer tissues whereas the DeltaG values of vulval and breast cancer tissues were 4.6 and 4 folds greater than that of their respective normal tissues. While the gammamin values of neck cancer tissue showed 95% increase from normal tissue values, those of vulval and breast cancer tissues were 46 and 50% less compared to their respective normal tissue values. Though all the surface tensiometric parameters showed significant changes, minimum surface tension and hysteresis area were the most sensitive indicators of tissue types and diseased states. Further, the effects of therapeutics could also be monitored by this technique. This is evidenced by the post-radiotherapy tissue isotherms of neck and vulval cancers, where clinical radio-sensitivity was associated with a shift in the tensiometry towards their respective normal isotherms. The small sample amounts required, precision of the technique, very low within group variability, organ specificity and sensitivity to detect changes in diseased states make it a promising tool for prognostic evaluation of diseased states and monitoring effects of therapeutics. Further research is warranted in this promising and hitherto unexplored field of tissue tensiometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Preetha
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
278
|
Wanders RJA. Peroxisomes, lipid metabolism, and peroxisomal disorders. Mol Genet Metab 2004; 83:16-27. [PMID: 15464416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2004.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Accepted: 08/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes catalyse a large variety of different cellular functions of which most have to do with lipid metabolism. This paper deals with the role of peroxisomes in three key pathways of lipid metabolism, including: (1) etherphospholipid biosynthesis, (2) fatty acid beta-oxidation, and (3) fatty acid alpha-oxidation. Apart from a brief description of the peroxisomal enzymes involved in each of these pathways, the interaction between peroxisomes and other subcellular organelles, notably microsomes and peroxisomes, will be discussed. Finally, the current state of knowledge with respect to the different disorders of peroxisomal lipid metabolism will be described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J A Wanders
- Laboratory for Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|