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Lamichhane S, Bashyal S, Keum T, Noh G, Seo JE, Bastola R, Choi J, Sohn DH, Lee S. Complex formulations, simple techniques: Can 3D printing technology be the Midas touch in pharmaceutical industry? Asian J Pharm Sci 2019; 14:465-479. [PMID: 32104475 PMCID: PMC7032174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
3D printing is a method of rapid prototyping and manufacturing in which materials are deposited onto one another in layers to produce a three-dimensional object. Although 3D printing was developed in the 1980s and the technology has found widespread industrial applications for production from automotive parts to machine tools, its application in pharmaceutical area is still limited. However, the potential of 3D printing in the pharmaceutical industry is now being recognized. The ability of 3D printing to produce medications to exact specifications tailored to the needs of individual patients has indicated the possibility of developing personalized medicines. The technology allows dosage forms to be precisely printed in various shapes, sizes and textures that are difficult to produce using traditional techniques. However, there are various challenges associated with the proper application of 3D printing in the pharmaceutical sector which should be overcome to exploit the scope of this technology. In this review, an overview is provided on the various 3D printing technologies used in fabrication of complex dosage forms along with their feasibility and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Santosh Bashyal
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekwang Keum
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyubin Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jo Eun Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Rakesh Bastola
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoong Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hwan Sohn
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangkil Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
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252
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Cui M, Yang Y, Jia D, Li P, Li Q, Chen F, Wang S, Pan W, Ding P. Effect of novel internal structures on printability and drug release behavior of 3D printed tablets. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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253
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Fuenmayor E, Forde M, Healy AV, Devine DM, Lyons JG, McConville C, Major I. Comparison of fused-filament fabrication to direct compression and injection molding in the manufacture of oral tablets. Int J Pharm 2019; 558:328-340. [PMID: 30659922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Oral tablets are a convenient form to deliver active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and have a high level of acceptance from clinicians and patients. There is a wide range of excipients available for the fabrication of tablets thereby offering a versatile platform for the delivery of therapeutic agents to the gastrointestinal tract. However, the geometry of tablets is limited by conventional manufacturing processes. This study aimed to compare three manufacturing processes in the production of flat-faced oral tablets using the same formulation composed of a polymer blend and caffeine as a model drug: fused-filament fabrication (FFF), direct compression (DC) and injection molding (IM). Hot-melt extrusion was used to convert a powder blend into feedstock material for FFF and IM processes, while DC was performed on the powder mixture. Tablets were produced with the same dimensions and were characterized for their physical and dissolution properties. There were statistical differences in the physical properties and drug release profiles of the tablets produced by the different manufacturing processes. DC tablets displayed immediate release, IM provided sustained release over 48 h, and FFF tablets displayed both release types depending on the printing parameters. FFF continues to demonstrate high potential as a manufacturing process for the efficient production of personalized oral tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evert Fuenmayor
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Martin Forde
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Andrew V Healy
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Declan M Devine
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Ireland
| | - John G Lyons
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Christopher McConville
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Ian Major
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Ireland.
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254
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Nukala PK, Palekar S, Patki M, Patel K. Abuse Deterrent Immediate Release Egg-Shaped Tablet (Egglets) Using 3D Printing Technology: Quality by Design to Optimize Drug Release and Extraction. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:80. [PMID: 30645704 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1298-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid abuse is a growing problem and has become a national health crisis over the past decade in the USA. Oral ingestion, snorting, and injection are the most commonly employed routes of abuse for an immediate release product. To circumvent these issues, we have developed an egg-shaped tablet (egglet) using fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technology. Drug-loaded polymeric filaments (1.5 mm) were prepared using hot melt extrusion (HME) followed by printing into egglets of different sizes and infill densities. Based on printability and crush resistance, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was found to be the most suitable polymer for the preparation of abuse deterrent egglets. Further, egglets were evaluated and optimized for mechanical manipulation using household equipment, milling, particle size distribution, solvent extraction, and drug release as per the FDA guidance (November 2017). A multifactorial design was used to optimize egglets for solvent extraction and drug release. Extreme hardness (> 500 N) and very large particle size (> 1 mm) on mechanical manipulation confirmed the snorting deterring property while less than 15% drug extraction in 5 min (% Sext) demonstrated the deterrence for injection abuse. Quality target product profile D85 < 30 min and % Sext < 15 was achieved with egglets of 6 mm diameter, 45% infill density, and 15% w/w drug loading. Dose of drug can be easily customized by varying dimension and infill density without altering the composition. HME coupled with FDM 3D printing could be a promising tool in the preparation of patient-tailored, immediate release abuse deterrent formulation.
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255
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Öblom H, Zhang J, Pimparade M, Speer I, Preis M, Repka M, Sandler N. 3D-Printed Isoniazid Tablets for the Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis-Personalized Dosing and Drug Release. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:52. [PMID: 30617660 PMCID: PMC6373414 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1233-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to produce 3D-printed oral dosage forms with a sufficient drug dose displaying various release profiles. Hot-melt extrusion was utilized to produce drug-loaded feedstock material that was subsequently 3D-printed into 6, 8, and 10 × 2.5 mm tablets with 15% and 90% infill levels. The prepared formulations contained 30% (w/w) isoniazid in combination with one or multiple pharmaceutical polymers possessing suitable properties for oral drug delivery. Thirteen formulations were successfully hot-melt extruded of which eight had properties suitable for fused deposition modeling 3D printing. Formulations containing HPC were found to be superior regarding printability in this study. Filaments with a breaking distance below 1.5 mm were observed to be too brittle to be fed into the printer. In addition, filaments with high moisture uptake at high relative humidity generally failed to be printable. Different release profiles for the 3D-printed tablets were obtained as a result of using different polymers in the printed formulations. For 8 mm tablets printed with 90% infill, 80% isoniazid release was observed between 40 and 852 min. Drug release characteristics could further be altered by changing the infill or the size of the printed tablets allowing personalization of the tablets. This study presents novel formulations containing isoniazid for prevention of latent tuberculosis and investigates 3D printing technology for personalized production of oral solid dosage forms enabling adjustable dose and drug release properties.
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256
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Ilyés K, Kovács NK, Balogh A, Borbás E, Farkas B, Casian T, Marosi G, Tomuță I, Nagy ZK. The applicability of pharmaceutical polymeric blends for the fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D technique: Material considerations-printability-process modulation, with consecutive effects on in vitro release, stability and degradation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 129:110-123. [PMID: 30610954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The three dimensional printing (3DP) in the pharmaceutical domain constitutes an alternative, innovative approach compared to the conventional production methods. Fused deposition modelling (FDM), is a simple, cost-effective 3DP technique, however the range of pharmaceutical excipients that can be applied for this methodology is restricted. The study set to define the requirements of the FDM printability, using as technical support custom made, pharmaceutical polymer based filaments and to evaluate if these new dosage forms can live up to the current GMP/GCP quality standards. Formulation rationale was assessed in accordance to the apparatus functionality. Blends were pre-screened based on the processability under the API (carvedilol) thermogravimetric analysis determined critical limit. The technological process implied the use of FDM coupled with hot melt extrusion (HME), while printability was defined by means of thermal, rheological and mechanical measurements. From the pharmaceutical standpoint, the consistency of the in vitro dissolution kinetics was monitored 'at release' and 'in stability', while the print process impact was evaluated based on the previously determined processability potential. Results showed that FDM printability is multifactorial, with brittleness and melt viscosity as primary limitation factors. The increase in shear-thinning and flexural modulus can enable broader processability intervals, which in turn proved to be essential in limiting degradation product formation. The 3DP tablets released the API in an extended rate, however the temperature and humidity along production and storage should be carefully considered as it may affect the final product quality in time. In conclusion, HME + FDM can be considered as an alternative production methodology, with prospects of applicability in the clinical sector, however for some formulations extensive packaging development will be necessary before confirming their suitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Ilyés
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hațieganu", 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Norbert Krisztián Kovács
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Attila Balogh
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Enikő Borbás
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Balázs Farkas
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Tibor Casian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hațieganu", 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - György Marosi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ioan Tomuță
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hațieganu", 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Zsombor Kristóf Nagy
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
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257
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Linares V, Casas M, Caraballo I. Printfills: 3D printed systems combining fused deposition modeling and injection volume filling. Application to colon-specific drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 134:138-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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258
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Pereira BC, Isreb A, Forbes RT, Dores F, Habashy R, Petit JB, Alhnan MA, Oga EF. 'Temporary Plasticiser': A novel solution to fabricate 3D printed patient-centred cardiovascular 'Polypill' architectures. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 135:94-103. [PMID: 30579852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension and dyslipidaemia are modifiable risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and often require a complex therapeutic regimen. The administration of several medicines is commonly associated with poor levels of adherence among patients, to which World Health Organisation (WHO) proposed a fixed-dose combination unit (polypill) as a strategy to improve adherence. In this work, we demonstrate the fabrication of patient-specific polypills for the treatment of CVDs by fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing and introduce a novel solution to meet critical quality attributes. The construction of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based polypills containing four model drugs (lisinopril dihydrate, indapamide, rosuvastatin calcium and amlodipine besylate) was revealed for the first time. The impact of tablet architecture was explored using multi-layered and unimatrix structures. The novel approach of using distilled water as a 'temporary co-plasticiser' is reported and was found to significantly lower the extruding (90 °C) and 3D printing (150 °C) temperatures from 170 °C and 210 °C respectively, with consequent reduction in thermal stress to the chemicals. XRD indicated that lisinopril dihydrate and amlodipine besylate maintained their crystalline form while indapamide and rosuvastatin calcium were essentially in amorphous form in the PVA tablets. From the multilayer polypills, the release profile of each drug was dependent on its position in the multilayer. In addition to the multilayer architecture offering a higher flexibility in dose titration and a more adaptive solution to meet the expectations of patient-centred therapy, we identify that it also allows orchestrating the release of drugs of different physicochemical characteristics. Adopting such an approach opens up a pathway towards low-cost multidrug delivery systems such as tablets, stents or implants for wider range of globally approved actives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz C Pereira
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK
| | - Abdullah Isreb
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK
| | - Robert T Forbes
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK
| | - Filipa Dores
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK
| | - Rober Habashy
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK
| | - Jean-Baptiste Petit
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK
| | - Mohamed A Alhnan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Enoche F Oga
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK.
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259
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Haque S, Md S, Whittaker M, Kaminskas LM. The Applications of 3D Printing in Pulmonary Drug Delivery and Treatment of Respiratory Disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2018; 24:5072-5080. [PMID: 30520370 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666181206123414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary diseases are the third leading cause of morbidity worldwide, however treatment and diagnosis of these diseases continue to be challenging due to the complex anatomical structure as well as physiological processes in the lungs. METHODS 3D printing is progressively finding new avenues in the medical field and this technology is constantly being used for diseases where diagnosis and treatment heavily rely on the thorough understanding of complex structural-physiology relationships. The structural and functional complexity of the pulmonary system makes it well suited to 3D printing technology. RESULTS 3D printing can be used to deconstruct the complex anatomy of the lungs and improve our understanding of its physiological mechanisms, cell interactions and pathophysiology of pulmonary diseases. Thus, this technology can be quite helpful in the discovery of novel therapeutic targets, new drugs and devices for the treatment of lung diseases. CONCLUSION The intention of this review is to detail our current understanding of the applications of 3D printing in the design and evaluation of inhalable medicines and to provide an overview on its application in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary diseases. This review also discusses other technical and regulatory challenges associated with the progression of 3D printing into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadabul Haque
- Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Pde, Parkville VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Shadab Md
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Whittaker
- Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Pde, Parkville VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Lisa M Kaminskas
- Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Pde, Parkville VIC, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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260
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Palekar S, Nukala PK, Mishra SM, Kipping T, Patel K. Application of 3D printing technology and quality by design approach for development of age-appropriate pediatric formulation of baclofen. Int J Pharm 2018; 556:106-116. [PMID: 30513398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric population is a sensitive sector of the healthcare and pharmaceutical field with additional needs compared to the adult population. Extemporaneous formulations for children are generally prepared by manipulating adult formulations, but medication errors can result in suboptimal efficacy and with significant safety concerns. The aim of proposed project was to explore a 3D printing technology for the development of customized minicaplets of baclofen for the pediatric population. Based on results of 3-point bend test, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with sorbitol (10% w/w) were selected for preparation of baclofen loaded filaments using hot melt extrusion (HME). Effect of dimension, infill percentage and infill pattern on dose, disintegration time and release profile were investigated. Characteristic crystalline peaks of baclofen were absent in DSC thermograms and XRD pattern of filament and minicaplets. Minicaplets printed in diamond (fast) infill pattern with 100% infill showed higher disintegration time (38 mins) compared to linear, sharkfill and hexagonal pattern. 32 full factorial orthogonal design suggested that baclofen release (D50 and D85) was marginally affected by infill percentage but significantly affected by caplet dimension (p < 0.05). Thus, low cost FDM 3D printing technique can be a promising alternative for preparation of dose and release customized pediatric dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhant Palekar
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Pavan Kumar Nukala
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Saurabh M Mishra
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | | | - Ketan Patel
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA.
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261
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Lerman MJ, Lembong J, Gillen G, Fisher JP. 3D printing in cell culture systems and medical applications. APPLIED PHYSICS REVIEWS 2018; 5:041109. [PMID: 32550961 PMCID: PMC7187884 DOI: 10.1063/1.5046087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
3D printing plays an important role in various biomedical research applications including, but not limited to, culture systems and implantable devices. In this review, we discuss recent development in the applications of 3D printing technologies for clinically motivated research, particularly focusing on the fabrication of constructs subsequently incorporated with cells. Applications of this technology include pharmaceutical delivery, bioreactor culture platforms, acellular scaffolds, imaging modalities, and organ-on-a chip systems. Emphasis is placed on technological developments not possible without 3D printing technologies: where traditional manufacturing approaches would be cumbersome to demonstrate research objectives. The clinical applications of 3D printing are rapidly moving from the research to production phases and will certainly continue to grow, with ever increasing numbers of therapies becoming commercialized. The work discussed here holds promise for various applications in structural improvements, drug delivery, and physiology research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Greg Gillen
- Surface and Trace Chemical Analysis Group, Materials
Measurement Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology,
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - John P. Fisher
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: .
Tel.: 301 314 2188. Fax: 301 405 9953. URL: https://cect.umd.edu
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262
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263
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An Overview of 3D Printing Technologies for Soft Materials and Potential Opportunities for Lipid-based Drug Delivery Systems. Pharm Res 2018; 36:4. [PMID: 30406349 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is a rapidly growing additive manufacturing process and it is predicted that the technology will transform the production of goods across numerous fields. In the pharmaceutical sector, 3DP has been used to develop complex dosage forms of different sizes and structures, dose variations, dose combinations and release characteristics, not possible to produce using traditional manufacturing methods. However, the technology has mainly been focused on polymer-based systems and currently, limited information is available about the potential opportunities for the 3DP of soft materials such as lipids. METHODS This review paper emphasises the most commonly used 3DP technologies for soft materials such as inkjet printing, binder jetting, selective laser sintering (SLS), stereolithography (SLA), fused deposition modeling (FDM) and semi-solid extrusion, with the current status of these technologies for soft materials in biological, food and pharmaceutical applications. RESULT The advantages of 3DP, particularly in the pharmaceutical field, are highlighted and an insight is provided about the current studies for lipid-based drug delivery systems evaluating the potential of 3DP to fabricate innovative products. Additionally, the challenges of the 3DP technologies associated with technical processing, regulatory and material issues of lipids are discussed in detail. CONCLUSION The future utility of 3DP for printing soft materials, particularly for lipid-based drug delivery systems, offers great advantages and the technology will potentially support patient compliance and drug effectiveness via a personalised medicine approach.
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264
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Martinez PR, Goyanes A, Basit AW, Gaisford S. Influence of Geometry on the Drug Release Profiles of Stereolithographic (SLA) 3D-Printed Tablets. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:3355-3361. [PMID: 29948979 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (3D printing) permits the fabrication of tablets in shapes unattainable by powder compaction, and so the effects of geometry on drug release behavior is easily assessed. Here, tablets (printlets) comprising of paracetamol dispersed in polyethylene glycol were printed using stereolithographic 3D printing. A number of geometric shapes were produced (cube, disc, pyramid, sphere and torus) with either constant surface area (SA) or constant surface area/volume ratio (SA/V). Dissolution testing showed that printlets with constant SA/V ratio released drug at the same rate, while those with constant SA released drug at different rates. A series of tori with increasing SA/V ratio (from 0.5 to 2.4) were printed, and it was found that dissolution rate increased as the SA/V ratio increased. The data show that printlets can be fabricated in multiple shapes and that dissolution performance can be maintained if the SA/V ratio is constant or that dissolution performance of printlets can be fine-tuned by varying SA/V ratio. The results suggest that 3D printing is therefore a suitable manufacturing method for personalized dosage forms.
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265
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Zhang J, Vo AQ, Feng X, Bandari S, Repka MA. Pharmaceutical Additive Manufacturing: a Novel Tool for Complex and Personalized Drug Delivery Systems. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:3388-3402. [PMID: 29943281 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-individual variability is always an issue when treating patients of different races, genders, ages, pharmacogenetics, and pharmacokinetic characteristics. However, the development of novel dosage forms is limited by the huge investments required for production line modifications and dosages diversity. Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing can be a novel alternative solution for the development of controlled release dosages because it can produce personalized or unique dosage forms and more complex drug-release profiles. The primary objective of this manuscript is to review the 3D printing processes that have been used in the pharmaceutical area, including their general aspects, materials, and the operation of each AM technique. Advantages and shortcomings of the technologies are discussed with respect to practice and practical applications. Thus, this review will provide an overview and discussion on advanced pharmaceutical AM technologies, which can be used to produce unique controlled drug delivery systems and personalized dosages for the future of personalized medicine.
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266
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Pharmaceutical applications of 3D printing technology: current understanding and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-018-00414-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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267
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Lepowsky E, Amin R, Tasoglu S. Assessing the Reusability of 3D-Printed Photopolymer Microfluidic Chips for Urine Processing. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E520. [PMID: 30424453 PMCID: PMC6215198 DOI: 10.3390/mi9100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is emerging as a method for microfluidic device fabrication boasting facile and low-cost fabrication, as compared to conventional fabrication approaches, such as photolithography, for poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) counterparts. Additionally, there is an increasing trend in the development and implementation of miniaturized and automatized devices for health monitoring. While nonspecific protein adsorption by PDMS has been studied as a limitation for reusability, the protein adsorption characteristics of 3D-printed materials have not been well-studied or characterized. With these rationales in mind, we study the reusability of 3D-printed microfluidics chips. Herein, a 3D-printed cleaning chip, consisting of inlets for the sample, cleaning solution, and air, and a universal outlet, is presented to assess the reusability of a 3D-printed microfluidic device. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used a representative urinary protein and phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) was chosen as the cleaning agent. Using the 3-(4-carboxybenzoyl)quinoline-2-carboxaldehyde (CBQCA) fluorescence detection method, the protein cross-contamination between samples and the protein uptake of the cleaning chip were assessed, demonstrating a feasible 3D-printed chip design and cleaning procedure to enable reusable microfluidic devices. The performance of the 3D-printed cleaning chip for real urine sample handling was then validated using a commercial dipstick assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lepowsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Reza Amin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
- Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
- The Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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268
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Tian P, Yang F, Xu Y, Lin MM, Yu LP, Lin W, Lin QF, Lv ZF, Huang SY, Chen YZ. Oral disintegrating patient-tailored tablets of warfarin sodium produced by 3D printing. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 44:1918-1923. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1503291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Tian
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Dosage Forms of Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Dosage Forms of Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min-Mei Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Dosage Forms of Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Ping Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Feng Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Dosage Forms of Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhu-Fen Lv
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Dosage Forms of Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Yu Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Dosage Forms of Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Zhong Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Dosage Forms of Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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269
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3D printed capsules for quantitative regional absorption studies in the GI tract. Int J Pharm 2018; 550:418-428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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270
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Trenfield SJ, Goyanes A, Telford R, Wilsdon D, Rowland M, Gaisford S, Basit AW. 3D printed drug products: Non-destructive dose verification using a rapid point-and-shoot approach. Int J Pharm 2018; 549:283-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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271
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Feuerbach T, Callau-Mendoza S, Thommes M. Development of filaments for fused deposition modeling 3D printing with medical grade poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymers. Pharm Dev Technol 2018; 24:487-493. [PMID: 30149761 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2018.1514522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The manufacturing of custom implants and patient-tailored drug dosage forms with fused deposition modeling (FDM) three-dimensional (3D) printing is currently considered to be very promising. Most FDM printers are designed as an open filament system, for which filaments with a defined size are required. In addition to this processing requirement, the filament material must be of medical or pharmaceutical quality, in order to be suitable in these applications. In this work, filaments with nominal diameters of 1.75 mm and diameter tolerances of ±0.05 mm or lower were developed in a continuous extrusion process. The filaments were made from different medical grade poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) copolymers. Thermal characterization of the material with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed increased material degradation with increasing hydrophilicity. Mechanical characterization of the filaments showed tensile strengths in the range of 41-48 MPa and Young's moduli in the range of 2055-2099 MPa. Stress relaxation tests showed no irreversible change in filament diameter under processing conditions similar to the utilized 3D printer. Due to unexpected differences in processability in the 3D printer, the molecular weight of the materials was identified as an additional relevant parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Feuerbach
- a Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering , TU Dortmund University , Dortmund , Germany
| | - Sara Callau-Mendoza
- a Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering , TU Dortmund University , Dortmund , Germany
| | - Markus Thommes
- a Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering , TU Dortmund University , Dortmund , Germany
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272
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Rahman Z, Barakh Ali SF, Ozkan T, Charoo NA, Reddy IK, Khan MA. Additive Manufacturing with 3D Printing: Progress from Bench to Bedside. AAPS JOURNAL 2018; 20:101. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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273
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Fu J, Yin H, Yu X, Xie C, Jiang H, Jin Y, Sheng F. Combination of 3D printing technologies and compressed tablets for preparation of riboflavin floating tablet-in-device (TiD) systems. Int J Pharm 2018; 549:370-379. [PMID: 30107218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Gastric floating tablets are a multifunctional dosage form with the merits of long-term gastric retention, sustained release and improved bioavailability though floating time and sustained release are usually not satisfied. Here we designed a novel gastric floating system by combining compressed tablets with 3D printed devices, wherein a riboflavin tablet was filled into a device. The table-filled device can be called a tablet-in-device (TiD) system. Commercial poly(lactic acid) filaments were used for fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing of the body and cap of the device. Four types of TiD systems were prepared. The basic structures of them involved non-net, centrally symmetric double-net (including a peripheral sealed air-filled chamber and a centric net-on-both-sides chamber), single-net (including a sealed air-filled chamber on the top side and a net-on-one-side chamber on the bottom side), and eccentric double-net (including an eccentric net-on-both-sides chamber and an air-filled chamber). They were exquisitely designed after precise calculations of every chamber parameters according to the buoyant principle. All of them showed good floating ability, although only the latter two TiD systems were selected due to appropriate drug release. Compressed riboflavin tablets, consisting of riboflavin, lactose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and magnesium stearate, were prepared with the direct compaction method. All the tablets showed rapid drug release though the release was highly hindered by the devices in the TiD systems due to the barrier effect of devices and the tablet slurry formation. The single-net and double-net TiD systems achieved the cumulative release of 41% and 62% at 72 h, respectively, along with simultaneously well floating. In vivo long-term (>72 h) gastric floating function of TiD systems was further demonstrated on the rabbit models by the CT investigation. TiD systems are appropriate for oral administration of drugs with super long-term floating and controlled release in the gastric route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Fu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Hui Yin
- Department of Radiology, 307 Hospital, PLA, 8 East Street, Beijing 100071, China; Department of Radiology, Clinical College of 307th Hospital of PLA, Anhui Medical University, Beijing 10071, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Cong Xie
- Department of Radiology, 307 Hospital, PLA, 8 East Street, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Heliu Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yiguang Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Fugeng Sheng
- Department of Radiology, 307 Hospital, PLA, 8 East Street, Beijing 100071, China; Department of Radiology, Clinical College of 307th Hospital of PLA, Anhui Medical University, Beijing 10071, China.
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274
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Fina F, Goyanes A, Madla CM, Awad A, Trenfield SJ, Kuek JM, Patel P, Gaisford S, Basit AW. 3D printing of drug-loaded gyroid lattices using selective laser sintering. Int J Pharm 2018; 547:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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275
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Kavanagh ON, Albadarin AB, Croker DM, Healy AM, Walker GM. Maximising success in multidrug formulation development: A review. J Control Release 2018; 283:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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276
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Formulation strategies for solid oral dosage form using 3D printing technology: A mini-review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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277
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Wu S, Li JS, Mai J, Chang MW. Three-Dimensional Electrohydrodynamic Printing and Spinning of Flexible Composite Structures for Oral Multidrug Forms. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:24876-24885. [PMID: 29953813 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b08880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A simple method to rapidly customize and to also mass produce oral dosage forms is arguably a current bottleneck in the development of modern personalized medicine. Specifically, delayed-release mechanisms with well-controlled dosage profiles for combinations of traditional Chinese herbal extracts and Western medications are not well established. Herein, we demonstrate a novel multidrug-loaded membrane sandwich with structures infused with ibuprofen (IBU) and Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) using three-dimensional electrohydrodynamic printing and electrospinning techniques. The resulting flexible membrane consists of microscaled, multilayered cellulose acetate (CA) membranes loaded with IBU in the shape of either concentric squares or circles, as the top and bottom layers of a sandwich structure. In between the CA-IBU layers are randomly electrospun polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) layers loaded with GLP. The complete fibrous membrane sandwich can be folded and embedded into a 0-size capsule to achieve oral compliance. Simulated in vitro testing of gastric and intestinal fluids demonstrated a triphasic release profile. There was an immediate release of GLP after gastric juices dissolved the capsule shell and the PVP, followed by the short-term release of 60% of the IBU within an hour afterward, and the remaining IBU was released in a sustained manner following a Fickian diffusion profile. In summary, this multidrug (both hydrophilic and/or hydrophobic) oral system with precision-designed structures should enable personalized therapeutic dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Mai
- Alfred E. Mann Institute for Biomedical Engineering at the University of Southern California , Los Angeles 90007 , California , United States
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278
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Feuerbach T, Kock S, Thommes M. Characterisation of fused deposition modeling 3D printers for pharmaceutical and medical applications. Pharm Dev Technol 2018; 23:1136-1145. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2018.1492618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Feuerbach
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kock
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Markus Thommes
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
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279
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Sadia M, Isreb A, Abbadi I, Isreb M, Aziz D, Selo A, Timmins P, Alhnan MA. From 'fixed dose combinations' to 'a dynamic dose combiner': 3D printed bi-layer antihypertensive tablets. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 123:484-494. [PMID: 30041029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There is an increased evidence for treating hypertension by a combination of two or more drugs. Increasing the number of daily intake of tablets has been reported to negatively affect the compliance of patients. Therefore, numerous fixed dose combinations (FDCs) have been introduced to the market. However, the inherent rigid nature of FDCs does not allow the titration of the dose of each single component for an individual patient's needs. In this work, flexible dose combinations of two anti-hypertensive drugs in a single bilayer tablet with a range of doses were fabricated using dual fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printer. Enalapril maleate (EM) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) loaded filaments were produced via hot-melt extrusion (HME). Computer software was utilised to design sets of oval bi-layer tablets of individualised doses. Thermal analysis and x-ray diffractometer (XRD) indicated that HCT remained crystalline in the polymeric matrix whilst EM appeared to be in an amorphous form. The interaction between anionic EM and cationic methacrylate polymer may have contributed to a drop in the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the filament and obviated the need for a plasticiser. Across all tablet sets, the methacrylate polymeric matrix provided immediate drug release profiles. This dynamic dosing system maintained the advantages of FDCs while providing a superior flexibility of dosing range, hence offering an optimal clinical solution to hypertension therapy in a patient-centric healthcare service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzna Sadia
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK
| | - Abdullah Isreb
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK
| | - Ibrahim Abbadi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK
| | - Mohammad Isreb
- School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford, UK
| | - David Aziz
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK
| | - Amjad Selo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Peter Timmins
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Mohamed A Alhnan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK.
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280
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Kempin W, Domsta V, Brecht I, Semmling B, Tillmann S, Weitschies W, Seidlitz A. Development of a dual extrusion printing technique for an acid- and thermo-labile drug. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 123:191-198. [PMID: 30031859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last years fused deposition modeling has been increasingly considered as a game-changing technique for the preparation of individualized pharmaceutical products. Until now investigations have mainly focused on dosage forms loaded with very stable drugs or model substances. Going beyond this early stage of research, developers will also have to deal with more challenging active substances. In this work different printing designs for tablets containing the acid- and thermo-labile drug pantoprazole sodium were tested. Initial dual extrusion printing of a cellulose acetate phthalate coat and a tablet core of polyethylene glycol 6000 with 10% (m/m) pantoprazole sodium resulted in thermal degradation of pantoprazole at cellulose acetate phthalate printing temperatures of 141 °C. Therefore, different tablet designs were developed. The sectioning of the design of the tablet coat in a gastro-resistant cellulose acetate phthalate bottom part and an upper nearly insoluble polycaprolactone part printed at only 58 °C was suitable to prevent visible signs of thermal degradation. Dissolution testing indicated also no drug loss during dual extrusion printing. However, printed enteric tablets with shell thicknesses of 0.4 to 0.5 mm were not completely gastro-resistant. Drug release at intestinal pH values was delayed compared to uncoated cores. In conclusion, 3D-printing of gastro-resistant tablets containing thermo- and acid-labile drugs seems in principle possible. However, it remains an unsolved challenge to meet United States Pharmacopeia requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Kempin
- Institute of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Vanessa Domsta
- Institute of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Iris Brecht
- Takeda GmbH, Plant Oranienburg, 16515 Oranienburg, Germany
| | | | - Susan Tillmann
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International AG Zürich, 8152 Glattpark, Switzerland
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Institute of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anne Seidlitz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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281
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Awad A, Trenfield SJ, Gaisford S, Basit AW. 3D printed medicines: A new branch of digital healthcare. Int J Pharm 2018; 548:586-596. [PMID: 30033380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is a highly disruptive technology with the potential to change the way pharmaceuticals are designed, prescribed and produced. Owing to its low cost, diversity, portability and simplicity, fused deposition modeling (FDM) is well suited to a multitude of pharmaceutical applications in digital health. Favourably, through the combination of digital and genomic technologies, FDM enables the remote fabrication of drug delivery systems from 3D models having unique shapes, sizes and dosages, enabling greater control over the release characteristics and hence bioavailability of medications. In turn, this system could accelerate the digital healthcare revolution, enabling medicines to be tailored to the individual needs of each patient on demand. To date, a variety of FDM 3D printed medical products (e.g. implants) have been commercialised for clinical use. However, within pharmaceuticals, certain regulatory hurdles still remain. This article reviews the current state-of-the-art in FDM technology for medical and pharmaceutical research, including its use for personalised treatments and interconnection within digital health networks. The outstanding challenges are also discussed, with a focus on the future developments that are required to facilitate its integration within pharmacies and hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atheer Awad
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Sarah J Trenfield
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Simon Gaisford
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; FabRx Ltd., 3 Romney Road, Ashford, Kent TN24 0RW, UK
| | - Abdul W Basit
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; FabRx Ltd., 3 Romney Road, Ashford, Kent TN24 0RW, UK.
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282
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Lim SH, Kathuria H, Tan JJY, Kang L. 3D printed drug delivery and testing systems - a passing fad or the future? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 132:139-168. [PMID: 29778901 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The US Food and Drug Administration approval of the first 3D printed tablet in 2015 has ignited growing interest in 3D printing, or additive manufacturing (AM), for drug delivery and testing systems. Beyond just a novel method for rapid prototyping, AM provides key advantages over traditional manufacturing of drug delivery and testing systems. These includes the ability to fabricate complex geometries to achieve variable drug release kinetics; ease of personalising pharmacotherapy for patient and lowering the cost for fabricating personalised dosages. Furthermore, AM allows fabrication of complex and micron-sized tissue scaffolds and models for drug testing systems that closely resemble in vivo conditions. However, there are several limitations such as regulatory concerns that may impede the progression to market. Here, we provide an overview of the advantages of AM drug delivery and testing, as compared to traditional manufacturing techniques. Also, we discuss the key challenges and future directions for AM enabled pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seng Han Lim
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Block S4A, Level 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Himanshu Kathuria
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Block S4A, Level 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Justin Jia Yao Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Block S4A, Level 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Lifeng Kang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Pharmacy and Bank Building A15, NSW 2006, Australia.
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283
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Kollamaram G, Croker DM, Walker GM, Goyanes A, Basit AW, Gaisford S. Low temperature fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing of thermolabile drugs. Int J Pharm 2018; 545:144-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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284
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Su CK, Chen JC. One-step three-dimensional printing of enzyme/substrate-incorporated devices for glucose testing. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1036:133-140. [PMID: 30253823 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To substantially simplify the fabrication of analytical devices for rapid screening tests, in this study we employed multi-material fused deposition modeling-type three-dimensional printing (3DP) and two functionalized thermoplastic filaments-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) incorporating peroxidase-mimicking iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) infiltrated with the chromogenic substrate o-phenylenediamine (OPD)-for the one-step manufacture of enzyme/substrate-incorporated multi-well plates. Upon contact with samples, these fabricated devices (i) released the chromogenic substrate OPD into the solution, (ii) efficiently catalyzed the oxidation of OPD mediated by the peroxidase substrate H2O2, (iii) enabled assays of those substances availably oxidized by their specific oxidases to generate H2O2, and (iv) facilitated colorimetric observation by the naked eye or through absorbance measurements after loading into a microplate reader. With glucose oxidase immobilized in each well, samples appropriately diluted could be directly loaded for derivatizing and analyzing glucose without adding any other reagents. After assay optimization, the limits of detection reached as low as 2.8 μM for H2O2 and 5.0 μM for glucose; the method's applicability was illustrated in terms of determining glucose concentrations in urine, serum, and plasma samples. These 3D-printed peroxidase mimic/chromogenic substrate-incorporated multi-well plates appear to be highly suitable for rapid and high-throughput screening of glucose in clinical samples. We demonstrate that adequate functionalization of raw materials for 3DP can contribute to the development of novel multifunctional devices with many potential practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kuan Su
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.
| | - Jo-Chin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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285
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Smith DM, Kapoor Y, Klinzing GR, Procopio AT. Pharmaceutical 3D printing: Design and qualification of a single step print and fill capsule. Int J Pharm 2018; 544:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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286
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Kadry H, Al-Hilal TA, Keshavarz A, Alam F, Xu C, Joy A, Ahsan F. Multi-purposable filaments of HPMC for 3D printing of medications with tailored drug release and timed-absorption. Int J Pharm 2018; 544:285-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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287
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Development of a Simple Mechanical Screening Method for Predicting the Feedability of a Pharmaceutical FDM 3D Printing Filament. Pharm Res 2018; 35:151. [PMID: 29855818 PMCID: PMC5982458 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The filament-based feeding mechanism employed by the majority of fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printers dictates that the materials must have very specific mechanical characteristics. Without a suitable mechanical profile, the filament can cause blockages in the printer. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to screen the mechanical properties of pharmaceutically-relevant, hot-melt extruded filaments to predetermine their suitability for FDM. METHODS A texture analyzer was used to simulate the forces a filament is subjected to inside the printer. The texture analyzer produced a force-distance curve referred to as the flexibility profile. Principal Component Analysis and Correlation Analysis statistical methods were then used to compare the flexibility profiles of commercial filaments to in-house made filaments. RESULTS Principal component analysis showed clearly separated clustering of filaments that suffer from mechanical defects versus filaments which are suitable for printing. Correlation scores likewise showed significantly greater values with feedable filaments than their mechanically deficient counterparts. CONCLUSION The screening method developed in this study showed, with statistical significance and reproducibility, the ability to predetermine the feedability of extruded filaments into an FDM printer.
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288
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Nadgorny M, Ameli A. Functional Polymers and Nanocomposites for 3D Printing of Smart Structures and Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:17489-17507. [PMID: 29742896 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing (3DP) has attracted a considerable amount of attention during the past years, being globally recognized as one of the most promising and revolutionary manufacturing technologies. Although the field is rapidly evolving with significant technological advancements, materials research remains a spotlight of interest, essential for the future developments of 3DP. Smart polymers and nanocomposites, which respond to external stimuli by changing their properties and structure, represent an important group of materials that hold a great promise for the fabrication of sensors, actuators, robots, electronics, and medical devices. The interest in exploring functional materials and their 3DP is constantly growing in an attempt to meet the ever-increasing manufacturing demand of complex functional platforms in an efficient manner. In this review, we aim to outline the recent advances in the science and engineering of functional polymers and nanocomposites for 3DP technologies. The report covers temperature-responsive polymers, polymers and nanocomposites with electromagnetic, piezoresistive and piezoelectric behaviors, self-healing polymers, light- and pH-responsive materials, and mechanochromic polymers. The main objective is to link the performance and functionalities to the fundamental properties, chemistry, and physics of the materials, and to the process-driven characteristics, in an attempt to provide a multidisciplinary image and a deeper understanding of the topic. The challenges and opportunities for future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Nadgorny
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Melbourne , Parkville 3010 , Victoria , Australia
| | - Amir Ameli
- Advanced Composites Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering , Washington State University Tri-Cities , 2710 Crimson Way , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
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289
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Awad A, Trenfield SJ, Goyanes A, Gaisford S, Basit AW. Reshaping drug development using 3D printing. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1547-1555. [PMID: 29803932 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry stands on the brink of a revolution, calling for the recognition and embracement of novel techniques. 3D printing (3DP) is forecast to reshape the way in which drugs are designed, manufactured, and used. Although a clear trend towards personalised fabrication is perceived, here we accentuate the merits and shortcomings of each technology, providing insights into aspects such as the efficiency of production, global supply, and logistics. Contemporary opportunities for 3DP in drug discovery and pharmaceutical development and manufacturing are unveiled, offering a forward-looking view on its potential uses as a digitised tool for personalised dispensing of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atheer Awad
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Sarah J Trenfield
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | | | - Simon Gaisford
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; FabRx Ltd, 3 Romney Road, Ashford TN24 0RW, UK
| | - Abdul W Basit
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; FabRx Ltd, 3 Romney Road, Ashford TN24 0RW, UK.
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290
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Trenfield SJ, Awad A, Goyanes A, Gaisford S, Basit AW. 3D Printing Pharmaceuticals: Drug Development to Frontline Care. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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291
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Thach U, Prelot B, Hesemann P. Design of ionosilicas: Tailoring ionosilicas for the efficient adsorption of p-aminosalicylate. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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292
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Acosta-Vélez GF, Zhu TZ, Linsley CS, Wu BM. Photocurable poly(ethylene glycol) as a bioink for the inkjet 3D pharming of hydrophobic drugs. Int J Pharm 2018; 546:145-153. [PMID: 29705105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Binder jetting and material extrusion are the two most common additive manufacturing techniques used to create pharmaceutical tablets. However, their versatility is limited since the powder component is present throughout the dosage forms fabricated by binder jet 3D printing and material extrusion 3D printing requires high operating temperatures. Conversely, material jetting allows for compositional control at a voxel level and can dispense material at room temperature. Unfortunately, there are a limited number of materials that are both printable and biocompatible. Therefore, the aim of this study was to engineer photocurable bioinks that are suitable for hydrophobic active pharmaceutical ingredients and have rapid gelation times upon visible light exposure. The resulting bioinks were comprised of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (250 Da) as the crosslinkable monomer, Eosin Y as the photoinitiator, and methoxide-poly(ethylene glycol)-amine as the coinitiator. Additionally, poly(ethylene glycol) (200 Da) was added as a plasticizer to modulate the drug release profiles, and Naproxen was used as the model drug due to its high hydrophobicity. Various bioink formulations were dispensed into the bottom half of blank preform tablets - made via direct compression - using a piezoelectric nozzle, photopolymerized, and capped with the top half of the preform tablet to complete the pharmaceutical dosage form. Results from the release studies showed that drug release can be modulated by both the percent of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate in the formulation and the light exposure time used to cure the bioinks. These bioinks have the potential to expand the library of materials available for creating pharmaceutical tablets via inkjet printing with personalized drug dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanny F Acosta-Vélez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Room 5121, Engineering V, P.O. Box: 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Timothy Z Zhu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Room 5121, Engineering V, P.O. Box: 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Chase S Linsley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Room 5121, Engineering V, P.O. Box: 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Benjamin M Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Room 5121, Engineering V, P.O. Box: 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Division of Advanced Prosthodontics and the Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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293
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Kempin W, Domsta V, Grathoff G, Brecht I, Semmling B, Tillmann S, Weitschies W, Seidlitz A. Immediate Release 3D-Printed Tablets Produced Via Fused Deposition Modeling of a Thermo-Sensitive Drug. Pharm Res 2018; 35:124. [PMID: 29679157 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dissolution speeds of tablets printed via Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) so far are significantly lower compared to powder or granule pressed immediate release tablets. The aim of this work was to print an actual immediate release tablet by choosing suitable polymers and printing designs, also taking into account lower processing temperatures (below 100°C) owing to the used model drug pantoprazole sodium. METHODS Five different pharmaceutical grade polymers polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K12), polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000), Kollidon® VA64, polyethylene glycol 20,000 (PEG 20,000) and poloxamer 407 were successfully hot-melt-extruded to drug loaded filaments and printed to tablets at the required low temperatures. RESULTS Tablets with the polymers PEG 6000 and PVP K12 and with a proportion of 10% pantoprazole sodium (w/w) demonstrated a fast drug release that was completed within 29 min or 10 min, respectively. By reducing the infill rate of PVP tablets to 50% and thereby increase the tablet porosity it was even possible to reduce the mean time for total drug release to only 3 min. CONCLUSIONS The knowledge acquired through this work might be very beneficial for future FDM applications in the field of immediate release tablets especially with respect to thermo-sensitive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Kempin
- Institute of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Vanessa Domsta
- Institute of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Grathoff
- Economic geology and mineralogy, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Iris Brecht
- Plant Oranienburg, Takeda GmbH, 16515, Oranienburg, Germany
| | | | - Susan Tillmann
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International AG Zürich, 8152, Glattpark, Switzerland
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Institute of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anne Seidlitz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17487, Greifswald, Germany.
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294
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Lepowsky E, Tasoglu S. Emerging Anti-Fouling Methods: Towards Reusability of 3D-Printed Devices for Biomedical Applications. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E196. [PMID: 30424129 PMCID: PMC6187557 DOI: 10.3390/mi9040196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices are used in a myriad of biomedical applications such as cancer screening, drug testing, and point-of-care diagnostics. Three-dimensional (3D) printing offers a low-cost, rapid prototyping, efficient fabrication method, as compared to the costly-in terms of time, labor, and resources-traditional fabrication method of soft lithography of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). Various 3D printing methods are applicable, including fused deposition modeling, stereolithography, and photopolymer inkjet printing. Additionally, several materials are available that have low-viscosity in their raw form and, after printing and curing, exhibit high material strength, optical transparency, and biocompatibility. These features make 3D-printed microfluidic chips ideal for biomedical applications. However, for developing devices capable of long-term use, fouling-by nonspecific protein absorption and bacterial adhesion due to the intrinsic hydrophobicity of most 3D-printed materials-presents a barrier to reusability. For this reason, there is a growing interest in anti-fouling methods and materials. Traditional and emerging approaches to anti-fouling are presented in regard to their applicability to microfluidic chips, with a particular interest in approaches compatible with 3D-printed chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lepowsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
- Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
- The Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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295
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A 3D printed bilayer oral solid dosage form combining metformin for prolonged and glimepiride for immediate drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 120:40-52. [PMID: 29678613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fused Deposition Modelling (a.k.a. FDM-3D printing) has been previously employed in the development of personalized medicines with unique properties and release behavior. In the present work, a bilayer dosage form containing two anti-diabetic drugs with different daily dosage regimens; i.e. metformin and glimepiride, was manufactured via FDM 3D printing, studied using a variety of techniques and characterized in vitro. Metformin and glimepiride were embedded in Eudragit® RL sustained release layer and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) layer respectively. Incorporation of more than one API's into the formulation is desirable, as it increases patient compliance and reduces cost of treatment, especially when distinct dosages of API's can be adjusted individually in situ, in order to meet each patient's specific needs, a capability provided by 3D printing. A number of different preparation methods, which involved different plasticizers and extruders, were tested on manufacturing Eudragit® RL drug-loaded filaments for printing the sustained release layer. The properties of the produced filaments were assessed by means of mechanical and physicochemical characterization techniques and the filaments with the optimum properties were used for printing. Microfocus computed tomography (μCT) imaging-based actual/nominal comparison analysis showed a printing accuracy ranging between -100, +200 μm, while X-ray (XRD) diffractograms revealed the incorporation of the (initially crystalline) API's as amorphous dispersions into polymer matrices. Dissolution tests showed sufficient drug release for both drugs in desired time frames (75 min for glimepiride and 480 min for metformin). The results from the current study emphasize the potentiality of 3D printing technology for tailor-made solid dosage forms for combined pharmacotherapy, even at the cases when API's with different desirable release profiles are employed.
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296
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Ludwig PE, Huff TJ, Zuniga JM. The potential role of bioengineering and three-dimensional printing in curing global corneal blindness. J Tissue Eng 2018; 9:2041731418769863. [PMID: 29686829 PMCID: PMC5900811 DOI: 10.1177/2041731418769863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An insufficiency of accessible allograft tissue for corneal transplantation leaves many impaired by untreated corneal disease. There is promise in the field of regenerative medicine for the development of autologous corneal tissue grafts or collagen-based scaffolds. Another approach is to create a suitable corneal implant that meets the refractive needs of the cornea and is integrated into the surrounding tissue but does not attempt to perfectly mimic the native cornea on a cellular level. Materials that have been investigated for use in the latter concept include natural polymers such as gelatin, semisynthetic polymers like gelatin methacrylate, and synthetic polymers. There are advantages and disadvantages inherent in natural and synthetic polymers: natural polymers are generally more biodegradable and biocompatible, while synthetic polymers typically provide greater control over the characteristics or property adjustment of the materials. Additive manufacturing could aid in the precision production of keratoprostheses and the personalization of implants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trevor J Huff
- Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jorge M Zuniga
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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297
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Fuenmayor E, Forde M, Healy AV, Devine DM, Lyons JG, McConville C, Major I. Material Considerations for Fused-Filament Fabrication of Solid Dosage Forms. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E44. [PMID: 29614811 PMCID: PMC6027190 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Material choice is a fundamental consideration when it comes to designing a solid dosage form. The matrix material will ultimately determine the rate of drug release since the physical properties (solubility, viscosity, and more) of the material control both fluid ingress and disintegration of the dosage form. The bulk properties (powder flow, concentration, and more) of the material should also be considered since these properties will influence the ability of the material to be successfully manufactured. Furthermore, there is a limited number of approved materials for the production of solid dosage forms. The present study details the complications that can arise when adopting pharmaceutical grade polymers for fused-filament fabrication in the production of oral tablets. The paper also presents ways to overcome each issue. Fused-filament fabrication is a hot-melt extrusion-based 3D printing process. The paper describes the problems encountered in fused-filament fabrication with Kollidon® VA64, which is a material that has previously been utilized in direct compression and hot-melt extrusion processes. Formulation and melt-blending strategies were employed to increase the printability of the material. The paper defines for the first time the essential parameter profile required for successful 3D printing and lists several pre-screening tools that should be employed to guide future material formulation for the fused-filament fabrication of solid dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evert Fuenmayor
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland.
| | - Martin Forde
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland.
| | - Andrew V Healy
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland.
| | - Declan M Devine
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland.
| | - John G Lyons
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland.
| | - Christopher McConville
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Ian Major
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland.
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298
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Ehtezazi T, Algellay M, Islam Y, Roberts M, Dempster NM, Sarker SD. The Application of 3D Printing in the Formulation of Multilayered Fast Dissolving Oral Films. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1076-1085. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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299
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Tagami T, Nagata N, Hayashi N, Ogawa E, Fukushige K, Sakai N, Ozeki T. Defined drug release from 3D-printed composite tablets consisting of drug-loaded polyvinylalcohol and a water-soluble or water-insoluble polymer filler. Int J Pharm 2018; 543:361-367. [PMID: 29605693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
3D-printed tablets are a promising new approach for personalized medicine. In this study, we fabricated composite tablets consisting of two components, a drug and a filler, by using a fused deposition modeling-type 3D printer. Polyvinylalcohol (PVA) polymer containing calcein (a model drug) was used as the drug component and PVA or polylactic acid (PLA) polymer without drug was used as the water-soluble or water-insoluble filler, respectively. Various kinds of drug-PVA/PVA and drug-PVA/PLA composite tablets were designed, and the 3D-printed tablets exhibited good formability. The surface area of the exposed drug component is highly correlated with the initial drug release rate. Composite tablets with an exposed top and a bottom covered with a PLA layer were fabricated. These tablets showed zero-order drug release by maintaining the surface area of the exposed drug component during drug dissolution. In contrast, the drug release profile varied for tablets whose exposed surface area changed. Composite tablets with different drug release lag times were prepared by changing the thickness of the PVA filler coating the drug component. These results which used PVA and PLA filler will provide useful information for preparing the tablets with multi-components and tailor-made tablets with defined drug release profiles using 3D printers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuaki Tagami
- Drug Delivery and Nano Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Noriko Nagata
- Drug Delivery and Nano Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Naomi Hayashi
- Drug Delivery and Nano Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Emi Ogawa
- Drug Delivery and Nano Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Kaori Fukushige
- Drug Delivery and Nano Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Norihito Sakai
- The Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 2-4, Komatsubara-cho, Kita-ku, Osaka 530-0018, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ozeki
- Drug Delivery and Nano Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan.
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300
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3D printing of vaginal rings with personalized shapes for controlled release of progesterone. Int J Pharm 2018; 539:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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