251
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation; the Third Affiliated Hospital; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jingbo Li
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation; the Third Affiliated Hospital; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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252
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Zhong Y, Tian F, Ma H, Wang H, Yang W, Liu Z, Liao A. FTY720 induces ferroptosis and autophagy via PP2A/AMPK pathway in multiple myeloma cells. Life Sci 2020; 260:118077. [PMID: 32810509 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second hematological plasma cell malignany and sensitive to fingolimod (FTY720), a novel immunosuppressant. Previous study shows FTY720-induced apoptosis and autophagy can cause cell death in MM cells, however, the high death rate cannot fully be explained. The study aims to investigate further mechanism of how FTY720 kills MM cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiments are performed on 25 human primary cell samples and two MM cell lines by flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Expressions of relative factors are tested by qRT-PCR or western blot. KEY FINDINGS Ferroptosis-specific inhibitors, deferoxamine mesylate (DFOM) and ferropstatin-1 (Fer-1), reverse FTY720-induced cell death in MM cells. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and soluble carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), key regulators of ferroptosis, are highly expressed in primary MM cells and can be decreased by FTY720 at the mRNA and protein level in MM cells. In addition, FTY720 induces other characteristic changes of ferroptosis. Furthermore, FTY720 can dephosphorylate AMP-activated protein kinase subunit ɑ (AMPKɑ) at the Thr172 site by activating protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and reduce the expression of phosphorylated eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2), finally cause MM cell death. Using LB-100, a PP2A inhibitor, AICAR, an agonist of AMPK, and bafilomycin A1 (Baf-A1), an autophagy inhibitor, we discover that FTY720 induces ferroptosis and autophagy through the PP2A/AMPK pathway, and ferroptosis and autophagy can reinforce each other. SIGNIFICANCE These results provide a new perspective on the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhong
- Department of Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fei Tian
- Department of Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huanxin Ma
- Department of Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huihan Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhuogang Liu
- Department of Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Aijun Liao
- Department of Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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253
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Yu R, Jin L, Li F, Fujimoto M, Wei Q, Lin Z, Ren X, Jin Q, Li H, Meng F, Jin G. Dihydroartemisinin inhibits melanoma by regulating CTL/Treg anti-tumor immunity and STAT3-mediated apoptosis via IL-10 dependent manner. J Dermatol Sci 2020; 99:193-202. [PMID: 32859456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been shown that dihydroartemisinin (DHA) is effective in the treatment of malaria. Recently studies have demonstrated that DHA also regulates tumor cell growth, angiogenesis, T cell differentiation and generation. However, how DHA affects melanoma development remains poorly defined. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of DHA on the proliferation and migration of melanoma in vivo and in vitro, and to explore its possible mechanism. METHODS B16F10 cells and melanoma-bearing BALB/c mice were used to investigate the effects of DHA on melanoma. RESULTS DHA had inhibitory effect on melanoma proliferation in a time-and dose-dependent manner. Treatment of DHA attenuated melanoma severity and histopathological changes in BALB/c mice. DHA also inhibited melanoma invasion, migration, and community formation in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry revealed a significant increase in IFN-γ+CD8+ T cells in the DHA groups. In tumor microenvironment and spleen, DHA induced expansion of CD8+CTL, while, CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and IL-10+CD4+CD25+ T cells were normalized by DHA treatment. DHA diminished expression of IL-10 and IL-6, and increased the expression of IFN-γ in the tumor and spleen. Moreover, DHA administration significantly promoted the mitochondrial apoptosis of melanoma by regulating the STAT3 pathway. CONCLUSION DHA induces mitochondrial apoptosis and alters cytokines expression by inhibiting the phosphorylation of STAT3. DHA improves anti-tumor immunity in mice through controlling CD8+CTL function by counteracting IL-10-dependent Treg cells suppression, which promises to be an alternative drug for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Yu
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China
| | - Linbo Jin
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China
| | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Laboratory of Cutaneous Immunology, Osaka UniversityImmunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China
| | - Zhenhua Lin
- Department of Pathology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China
| | - Xiangshan Ren
- Department of Pathology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China
| | - Quanxin Jin
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China
| | - Honghua Li
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China
| | - Fanping Meng
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China
| | - Guihua Jin
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China.
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254
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Lin X, Ping J, Wen Y, Wu Y. The Mechanism of Ferroptosis and Applications in Tumor Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1061. [PMID: 32774303 PMCID: PMC7388725 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron-dependent ferroptosis is a new form of cell death in recent years, which is driven by lipid peroxidation. The lethal lipid accumulation caused by glutathione depletion or inactivation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) is characteristic of the ferroptosis process. In recent years, with the in-depth study of ferroptosis, various types of diseases have been reported to be related to ferroptosis. In other words, ferroptosis, which has attracted widespread attention in the fields of biochemistry, oncology, and especially materials science, can undoubtedly provide a new way for patients. This review introduces the relevant mechanisms of ferroptosis, the relationship between ferroptosis and various cancers, as well as the application of ferroptosis in tumor treatment. We also sorted out the genes and drugs that regulate ferroptosis. Moreover, small molecule compound-induced ferroptosis has a strong inhibitory effect on tumor growth in a drug-resistant environment, which can enhance the sensitivity of chemotherapeutic drugs, suggesting that ferroptosis is very important in the treatment of tumor drug resistance, but the details are still unclear. How to use ferroptosis to fight cancer, and how to prevent drug-resistant tumor cells have become the focus and direction of research. At the end of the article, some existing problems related to ferroptosis are summarized for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Lin
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jieyi Ping
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yi Wen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Gynecology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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255
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Zhang Z, Zhou L, Xie N, Nice EC, Zhang T, Cui Y, Huang C. Overcoming cancer therapeutic bottleneck by drug repurposing. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:113. [PMID: 32616710 PMCID: PMC7331117 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00213-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever present hurdles for the discovery of new drugs for cancer therapy have necessitated the development of the alternative strategy of drug repurposing, the development of old drugs for new therapeutic purposes. This strategy with a cost-effective way offers a rare opportunity for the treatment of human neoplastic disease, facilitating rapid clinical translation. With an increased understanding of the hallmarks of cancer and the development of various data-driven approaches, drug repurposing further promotes the holistic productivity of drug discovery and reasonably focuses on target-defined antineoplastic compounds. The "treasure trove" of non-oncology drugs should not be ignored since they could target not only known but also hitherto unknown vulnerabilities of cancer. Indeed, different from targeted drugs, these old generic drugs, usually used in a multi-target strategy may bring benefit to patients. In this review, aiming to demonstrate the full potential of drug repurposing, we present various promising repurposed non-oncology drugs for clinical cancer management and classify these candidates into their proposed administration for either mono- or drug combination therapy. We also summarize approaches used for drug repurposing and discuss the main barriers to its uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Na Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Edouard C Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Tao Zhang
- The School of Biological Science and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, 610083, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, 610051, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yongping Cui
- Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU-HKUST) Medical Center, and Cancer Institute, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen, 518035, Shenzhen, China.
- Department of Pathology & Shanxi Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research on Esophageal Cancer, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China.
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256
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Homma T, Kobayashi S, Fujii J. Cysteine preservation confers resistance to glutathione-depleted cells against ferroptosis via CDGSH iron sulphur domain-containing proteins (CISDs). Free Radic Res 2020; 54:397-407. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1780229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takujiro Homma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Sho Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
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257
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Shen Y, Zhang B, Su Y, Badshah SA, Wang X, Li X, Xue Y, Xie L, Wang Z, Yang Z, Zhang G, Shang P. Iron Promotes Dihydroartemisinin Cytotoxicity via ROS Production and Blockade of Autophagic Flux via Lysosomal Damage in Osteosarcoma. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:444. [PMID: 32431605 PMCID: PMC7214747 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma cellular iron concentration is higher than that in normal bone cells and other cell types. High levels of cellular iron help catalyze the Fenton reaction to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which promotes cancer cell proliferation. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a classic anti-malarial drug, kills plasmodium through iron-dependent ROS generation. In this research, we observed the anti-osteosarcoma effects and mechanisms of DHA. We found that DHA induced ROS production, caused mitochondrial damage, and activated autophagy via stimulation of the ROS/Erk1/2 pathway. As the storage site for a pool of ferrous iron, lysosomes are often the key organelles affected by drugs targeting iron. In this study, we observed that DHA induced lysosomal superoxide production, leading lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), and autophagic flux blockage. By reducing or increasing cellular iron using deferoxamine (DFO) or ferric ammonium citrate (FAC), respectively, we found that DHA inhibited osteosarcoma in an iron-dependent manner. Therefore, iron may be a potential adjuvant for DHA in osteosarcoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shen
- Research and Development Institute in Shenzhen, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, China.,School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Research and Development Institute in Shenzhen, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, China.,School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanwei Su
- Research and Development Institute in Shenzhen, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, China.,School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shaikh Atik Badshah
- Research and Development Institute in Shenzhen, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Biomedical Experimental Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Li
- Research and Development Institute in Shenzhen, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, China.,School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanru Xue
- Research and Development Institute in Shenzhen, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, China.,School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Xie
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhouqi Yang
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases (TMBJ), Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Peng Shang
- Research and Development Institute in Shenzhen, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
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258
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Du J, Zhou Y, Li Y, Xia J, Chen Y, Chen S, Wang X, Sun W, Wang T, Ren X, Wang X, An Y, Lu K, Hu W, Huang S, Li J, Tong X, Wang Y. Identification of Frataxin as a regulator of ferroptosis. Redox Biol 2020; 32:101483. [PMID: 32169822 PMCID: PMC7068686 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a newly discovered form of non-apoptotic regulated cell death and is characterized by iron-dependent and lipid peroxidation. Due to the enhanced dependence on iron in cancer cells, induction of ferroptosis is becoming a promising therapeutic strategy. However, the precise underlying molecular mechanism and regulation process of ferroptosis remains largely unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that the protein Frataxin (FXN) is a key regulator of ferroptosis by modulating iron homeostasis and mitochondrial function. Suppression of FXN expression specifically repressed the proliferation, destroyed mitochondrial morphology, impeded Fe-S cluster assembly and activated iron starvation stress. Moreover, suppression of FXN expression significantly enhanced erastin-induced cell death through accelerating free iron accumulation, lipid peroxidation and resulted in dramatic mitochondria morphological damage including enhanced fragmentation and vanished cristae. In addition, this type of cell death was confirmed to be ferroptosis, since it could be pharmacologically restored by ferroptotic inhibitor Fer-1 or GSH, but not by inhibitors of apoptosis, necrosis. Vice versa, enforced expression of FXN blocked iron starvation response and erastin-induced ferroptosis. More importantly, pharmacological or genetic blocking the signal of iron starvation could completely restore the resistance to ferroptosis in FXN knockdown cells and xenograft graft in vivo. This paper suggests that FXN is a novel ferroptosis modulator, as well as a potential provided target to improve the antitumor activity based on ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Du
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China; Department of Wangjiangshan, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Yanchun Li
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Yongjian Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Sufeng Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Weidong Sun
- Department of Hematology, Shaoxing Central Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312030, China; Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233000, China
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Department of Wangjiangshan, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Xueying Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yihan An
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233000, China
| | - Kang Lu
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233000, China
| | - Wanye Hu
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233000, China
| | - Siyuan Huang
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Jianghui Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Xiangmin Tong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China; Phase I Clinical Research Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China; The Second Clinical Medical School of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China; Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China; School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China; Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233000, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China; Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China; Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233000, China.
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259
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Chen Y, Li N, Wang H, Wang N, Peng H, Wang J, Li Y, Liu M, Li H, Zhang Y, Wang Z. Amentoflavone suppresses cell proliferation and induces cell death through triggering autophagy-dependent ferroptosis in human glioma. Life Sci 2020; 247:117425. [PMID: 32057904 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Glioma is the most common type of malignant tumor of the nervous system, and aggressiveness and recurrence are major obstacles for treatment. This study is designed to explore the effects of amentoflavone (AF) on glioma, and to investigate the underlying mechanism of the anti-cancer activities of AF. METHODS Cell morphology was recorded under microscopy. Cell viability and cell death ratio were determined by CCK-8 assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay, respectively. Cell cycle progression was assessed by flow cytometry. The levels of iron, MDA (malondialdehyde), lipid ROS, and GSH (reduced glutathione) were assessed by ELISA kit. The cycle-related proteins, ferroptosis-related protein, autophagy-related protein, and the phosphorylation of AMPK, mTOR and p70S6K were analyzed by western blotting. The autophagic flux was observed by transfecting cells with mRFP-GFP-LC3 plasmids. The xenograft murine models were established to analyze the effects of amentoflavone in vivo. The immunohistochemistry assay was performed to analyze the expression of LC3B, Beclin1, ATG5, ATG7, and ferritin heavy chain (FTH). RESULTS Our results showed that AF treatment led to reduction in cell viability and cell death. In addition, AF was found to block cell cycle progression in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Following treatment with AF, the intracellular levels of iron, MDA, and lipid OS were increased, and the levels of GSH and the mitochondrial membrane potential were reduced. In addition, our results showed that AF promoted the autophagic by regulating autophagy-relevant proteins. Our results also showed that the autophagy-induction by AF was associated with regulation of AMPK/mTOR signaling. Mechanistically, the inhibition effects of AF on glioma cell were reversed by DFO, ferreostatin-1 as well as upregulation of FTH. Meanwhile, the FTH levels were increased by compound C and knockdown of ATG7. Moreover, both autophagy inhibitor Baf A1 and knockdown of ATG7 were able to compromising AF-induce ferroptosis and cell death. In vivo, the tumor growth was suppressed by AF in a dose-dependent manner. The level of MDA in the tumor tissue was increased while the level of GSH in tumor tissue was decreased by AF in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the expression of LC3B, Beclin1, ATG5, ATG7 were increased, and the expression of FTH were decreased by AF in a dose-dependent manner in vivo. Conclusion These results demonstrate that AF triggered ferroptosis in autophagy-dependent manner. Our results suggest that AF has the potential to be considered as a novel treatment agent in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ning Li
- The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Haijing Wang
- The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ningning Wang
- The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Peng
- The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Wang
- The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yihong Li
- The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Mingdi Liu
- The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Li
- The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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260
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IMCA Induces Ferroptosis Mediated by SLC7A11 through the AMPK/mTOR Pathway in Colorectal Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1675613. [PMID: 32322334 PMCID: PMC7160732 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1675613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis, implicated in several diseases, is a new form of programmed and nonapoptotic cell death triggered by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation after inactivation of the cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc-, which is composed of solute carrier family 7 membrane 11 (SLC7A11) and solute carrier family 3 membrane 2 (SLC3A2). Therefore, inducing ferroptosis through inhibiting the cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc- may be an effective way to treat cancer. In previous screening tests, we found that the benzopyran derivative 2-imino-6-methoxy-2H-chromene-3-carbothioamide (IMCA) significantly inhibited the viability of colorectal cancer cells. However, the impact of IMCA on ferroptosis remains unknown. Hence, this study investigated the effect of IMCA on ferroptosis and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanism. Results showed that IMCA significantly inhibited the cell viability of colorectal cancer cells in vitro and inhibited tumor growth with negligible organ toxicity in vivo. Further studies showed that IMCA significantly induced the ferroptosis of colorectal cancer cells. Mechanistically, IMCA downregulated the expression of SLC7A11 and decreased the contents of cysteine and glutathione, which resulted in reactive oxygen species accumulation and ferroptosis. Furthermore, overexpression of SLC7A11 significantly attenuated the ferroptosis caused by IMCA. In addition, IMCA regulated the activity of the AMPK/mTOR/p70S6k signaling pathway, which is related to the activity of SLC7A11 and ferroptosis. Collectively, our research provided experimental evidences on the activity and mechanism of ferroptosis induced by IMCA and revealed that IMCA might be a promising therapeutic drug for colorectal cancer.
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Liu J, Kuang F, Kroemer G, Klionsky DJ, Kang R, Tang D. Autophagy-Dependent Ferroptosis: Machinery and Regulation. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:420-435. [PMID: 32160513 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process capable of degrading various biological molecules (e.g., protein, glycogen, lipids, DNA, and RNA) and organelles (e.g., mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum [ER] ribosomes, lysosomes, and micronuclei) via the lysosomal pathway. Ferroptosis is a type of oxidative stress-dependent regulated cell death associated with iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. The recently discovered role of autophagy, especially selective types of autophagy (e.g., ferritinophagy, lipophagy, clockophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy), in driving cells toward ferroptotic death motivated us to explore the functional interactions between metabolism, immunity, and cell death. Here, we describe types of selective autophagy and discuss the regulatory mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy-dependent ferroptosis. We also summarize chemical modulators that are currently available for triggering or blocking autophagy-dependent ferroptosis and that may be developed for therapeutic interventions in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510600, China
| | - Feimei Kuang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510600, China
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1138, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75006 Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94800 Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510600, China; Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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262
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Brissot E, Bernard DG, Loréal O, Brissot P, Troadec MB. Too much iron: A masked foe for leukemias. Blood Rev 2020; 39:100617. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2019.100617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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263
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Shi ZZ, Fan ZW, Chen YX, Xie XF, Jiang W, Wang WJ, Qiu YT, Bai J. Ferroptosis in Carcinoma: Regulatory Mechanisms and New Method for Cancer Therapy. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:11291-11304. [PMID: 31908494 PMCID: PMC6927606 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s232852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a new form of programmed cell death with characteristic accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting from iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Ferroptosis is involved in many diseases, including cancer, and induction of ferroptosis has shown attractive antitumour activities. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the regulatory mechanisms of key regulators of ferroptosis, including the catalytic subunit solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), the glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), p53 and non-coding RNAs, the correlations between ferroptosis and iron homeostasis or autophagy, ferroptosis-inducing agents and nanomaterials and the diagnostic and prognostic value of ferroptosis-associated genes in TCGA data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Zhou Shi
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Wen Fan
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Xia Chen
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Feng Xie
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Tan Qiu
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Bai
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
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264
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Ding Y, Yang J, Ma Y, Yao T, Chen X, Ge S, Wang L, Fan X. MYCN and PRC1 cooperatively repress docosahexaenoic acid synthesis in neuroblastoma via ELOVL2. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:498. [PMID: 31856871 PMCID: PMC6923955 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1492-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background The MYCN amplification is a defining hallmark of high-risk neuroblastoma. Due to irregular oncogenes orchestration, tumor cells exhibit distinct fatty acid metabolic features from non-tumor cells. However, the function of MYCN in neuroblastoma fatty acid metabolism reprogramming remains unknown. Methods Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) was used to find the potential target fatty acid metabolites of MYCN. Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and clinical bioinformatics analysis was used to find the related target genes. The function of the identified target gene ELOVL2 on cell growth was detected through CCK-8 assay, Soft agar colony formation assay, flow Cytometry assay and mouse xenograft. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and Immunoprecipitation-Mass Spectrometer (IP-MS) further identified the target gene and the co-repressor of MYCN. Results The fatty acid profile of MYCN-depleted neuroblastoma cells identified docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid with anti-tumor activity, significantly increased after MYCN depletion. Compared with MYCN single-copy neuroblastoma cells, DHA level was significantly lower in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cells. RT-PCR and clinical bioinformatics analysis discovered that MYCN interfered DHA accumulation via ELOVL fatty acid elongase 2 (ELOVL2) which is a rate-limiting enzyme of cellular DHA synthesis. Enforced ELOVL2 expression in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cells led to decreased cell growth and counteracted the growth-promoting effect of MYCN overexpression both in vitro and vivo. ELOVL2 Knockdown showed the opposite effect in MYCN single-copy neuroblastoma cells. In primary neuroblastoma, high ELOVL2 transcription correlated with favorable clinical tumor biology and patient survival. The mechanism of MYCN-mediated ELOVL2 inhibition contributed to epigenetic regulation. MYCN recruited PRC1 (Polycomb repressive complex 1), catalysed H2AK119ub (histone 2A lysine 119 monoubiquitination) and inhibited subsequent ELOVL2 transcription. Conclusions The tumor suppressive properties of DHA and ELOVL2 are repressed by the MYCN and PRC1 jointly, which suggests a new epigenetic mechanism of MYCN-mediated fatty acid regulation and indicates PRC1 inhibition as a potential novel strategy to activate ELOVL2 suppressive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yawen Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Tengteng Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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265
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Liang C, Zhang X, Yang M, Dong X. Recent Progress in Ferroptosis Inducers for Cancer Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1904197. [PMID: 31595562 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 839] [Impact Index Per Article: 167.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a newly discovered form of regulated cell death that is the nexus between metabolism, redox biology, and human health. Emerging evidence shows the potential of triggering ferroptosis for cancer therapy, particularly for eradicating aggressive malignancies that are resistant to traditional therapies. Recently, there has been a great deal of effort to design and develop anticancer drugs based on ferroptosis induction. Recent advances of ferroptosis-inducing agents at the intersection of chemistry, materials science, and cancer biology are presented. The basis of ferroptosis is summarized first to highlight the feasibility and characteristics of triggering ferroptosis for cancer therapy. A literature review of ferroptosis inducers (including small molecules and nanomaterials) is then presented to delineate their design, action mechanisms, and anticancer applications. Finally, some considerations for research on ferroptosis inducers are spotlighted, followed by a discussion on the challenges and future development directions of this burgeoning field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xinglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Mengsu Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Xiaochen Dong
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 210009, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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266
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Zhang Z, Guo M, Li Y, Shen M, Kong D, Shao J, Ding H, Tan S, Chen A, Zhang F, Zheng S. RNA-binding protein ZFP36/TTP protects against ferroptosis by regulating autophagy signaling pathway in hepatic stellate cells. Autophagy 2019; 16:1482-1505. [PMID: 31679460 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1687985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a recently discovered form of programmed cell death, but its regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the RNA-binding protein ZFP36/TTP (ZFP36 ring finger protein) plays a crucial role in regulating ferroptosis in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Upon exposure to ferroptosis-inducing compounds, the ubiquitin ligase FBXW7/CDC4 (F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7) decreased ZFP36 protein expression by recognizing SFSGLPS motif. FBXW7 plasmid contributed to classical ferroptotic events, whereas ZFP36 plasmid impaired FBXW7 plasmid-induced HSC ferroptosis. Interestingly, ZFP36 plasmid inhibited macroautophagy/autophagy activation by destabilizing ATG16L1 (autophagy related 16 like 1) mRNA. ATG16L1 plasmid eliminated the inhibitory action of ZFP36 plasmid on ferroptosis, and FBXW7 plasmid enhanced the effect of ATG16L1 plasmid on autophagy. Importantly, ZFP36 plasmid promoted ATG16L1 mRNA decay via binding to the AU-rich elements (AREs) within the 3'-untranslated region. The internal mutation of the ARE region abrogated the ZFP36-mediated ATG16L1 mRNA instability, and prevented ZFP36 plasmid-mediated ferroptosis resistance. In mice, treatment with erastin and sorafenib alleviated murine liver fibrosis by inducing HSC ferroptosis. HSC-specific overexpression of Zfp36 impaired erastin- or sorafenib-induced HSC ferroptosis. Noteworthy, we analyzed the effect of sorafenib on HSC ferroptosis in fibrotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma receiving sorafenib monotherapy. Attractively, sorafenib monotherapy led to ZFP36 downregulation, ferritinophagy activation, and ferroptosis induction in human HSCs. Overall, these results revealed novel molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of ferroptosis, and also identified ZFP36-autophagy-dependent ferroptosis as a potential target for the treatment of liver fibrosis. ABBREVIATIONS ARE: AU-rich elements; ATG: autophagy related; BECN1: beclin 1; CHX: cycloheximide; COL1A1: collagen type I alpha 1 chain; ELAVL1/HuR: ELAV like RNA binding protein 1; FBXW7/CDC4: F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7; FN1: fibronectin 1; FTH1: ferritin heavy chain 1; GPX4/PHGPx: glutathione peroxidase 4; GSH: glutathione; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; HSC: hepatic stellate cell; LSEC: liver sinusoidal endothelial cell; MAP1LC3A: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha; MDA: malondialdehyde; NCOA4: nuclear receptor coactivator 4; PTGS2/COX2: prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2; RBP: RNA-binding protein; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SLC7A11/xCT: solute carrier family 7 member 11; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; TP53/p53: tumor protein p53; UTR: untranslated region; ZFP36/TTP: ZFP36 ring finger protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing, China
| | - Mei Guo
- Department of Pathogenic biology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| | - Yujia Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing, China
| | - Min Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing, China
| | - Desong Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing, China
| | - Jiangjuan Shao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing, China
| | - Hai Ding
- Department of Integrated TCM and Western Medicine, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing, China
| | - Shanzhong Tan
- Department of Integrated TCM and Western Medicine, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing, China
| | - Anping Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University , St Louis, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing, China
| | - Shizhong Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing, China
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267
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Niu Y, Zhang J, Tong Y, Li J, Liu B. Physcion 8-O-β-glucopyranoside induced ferroptosis via regulating miR-103a-3p/GLS2 axis in gastric cancer. Life Sci 2019; 237:116893. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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268
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Fujii J, Homma T, Kobayashi S. Ferroptosis caused by cysteine insufficiency and oxidative insult. Free Radic Res 2019; 54:969-980. [PMID: 31505959 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1666983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Free iron has long been assumed to be a deteriorating factor in an oxidative insult and was recently found to be directly associated with ferroptosis, a specific type of cell death. The free iron-involved production of lipid peroxides activates the fatal pathway, resulting in nonapoptotic, programed cell death. Lipid peroxides appear to destroy membrane integrity, leading to cell rupture. Glutathione (GSH) is a major redox molecule that functions to protect against ferroptosis by its ability to donate an electron to glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), the sole enzyme that reduces phospholipid hydroperoxides. The availability of free cysteine (Cys) determines the levels of GSH synthesis, and, hence, its deprivation causes ferroptosis. Free iron is provided via ferritinophagy, the chaperone-mediated autophagic degradation of ferritin, but GPX4 also undergoes degradation via chaperone-mediated autophagy. Activated Nrf2 and ATF4 induce the expression of the cystine transporter xCT to cope with ferroptosis. To the contrary, the excessive activation of p53 induces ferroptosis by suppressing the expression of xCT in genetic and nongenetic manners. It therefore appears that xCT functions as the gatekeeper for determining cellular survival by regulating the availability of Cys in the cell. The issue of the extent of involvement of ferroptosis in an in vivo situation largely remains ambiguous. Establishing tools for specifying ferroptotic cells in situ would facilitate our understanding of its roles in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata City, Japan
| | - Takujiro Homma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata City, Japan
| | - Sho Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata City, Japan
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269
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Wang F, Lv H, Zhao B, Zhou L, Wang S, Luo J, Liu J, Shang P. Iron and leukemia: new insights for future treatments. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:406. [PMID: 31519186 PMCID: PMC6743129 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Iron, an indispensable element for life, is involved in all kinds of important physiological activities. Iron promotes cell growth and proliferation, but it also causes oxidative stress damage. The body has a strict regulation mechanism of iron metabolism due to its potential toxicity. As a cancer of the bone marrow and blood cells, leukemia threatens human health seriously. Current studies suggest that dysregulation of iron metabolism and subsequent accumulation of excess iron are closely associated with the occurrence and progress of leukemia. Specifically, excess iron promotes the development of leukemia due to the pro-oxidative nature of iron and its damaging effects on DNA. On the other hand, leukemia cells acquire large amounts of iron to maintain rapid growth and proliferation. Therefore, targeting iron metabolism may provide new insights for approaches to the treatment of leukemia. This review summarizes physiologic iron metabolism, alternations of iron metabolism in leukemia and therapeutic opportunities of targeting the altered iron metabolism in leukemia, with a focus on acute leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Huanhuan Lv
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.,Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China.,Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Liangfu Zhou
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Shenghang Wang
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Jie Luo
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Junyu Liu
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Peng Shang
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China. .,Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
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270
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Wang Y, Chen Q, Shi C, Jiao F, Gong Z. Mechanism of glycyrrhizin on ferroptosis during acute liver failure by inhibiting oxidative stress. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:4081-4090. [PMID: 31545489 PMCID: PMC6797988 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the anti‑ferroptosis effects of the HMGB1 inhibitor glycyrrhizin (GLY). The present study used a cell and animal model of acute liver failure (ALF), induced using tumor necrosis factor‑α, lipopolysaccharide and D‑galactosamine, to investigate the effects of GLY. The expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), heme oxygenase‑1 (HO‑1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2‑related factor 2 (Nrf2) were detected were detected by western blotting in L02 hepatocytes and mouse liver. The expression of GPX4 and HMGB1 in L02 hepatocytes and mouse liver was detected by immunofluorescence. The pathological changes to liver tissues were determined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Fe2+, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) were tested using kits. Compared with the normal group, the degree of liver damage and liver function in the model animal group was severe. The protein levels of HMGB1 in L02 cells and liver tissues were significantly increased. The expression of NRF2, HO‑1 and GPX4 was significantly decreased. The levels of LDH, Fe2+, malondialdehyde (MDA) and ROS were increased, whereas the level of GSH was decreased. Treatment with GLY reduced the degree of liver damage, the expression of HMGB1 was decreased, and the levels of Nrf2, HO‑1 and GPX4 were increased. The levels of LDH, Fe2+, MDA, ROS were decreased, while the level of GSH was increased by GLY treatment. The results of the present study indicated that HMGB1 is involved in the process of ferroptosis. The HMGB1 inhibitor GLY significantly reduced the degree of ferroptosis during ALF by inhibiting oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Chunxia Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Fangzhou Jiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Zuojiong Gong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Luo Y, Sun X, Huang L, Yan J, Yu BY, Tian J. Artemisinin-Based Smart Nanomedicines with Self-Supply of Ferrous Ion to Enhance Oxidative Stress for Specific and Efficient Cancer Treatment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:29490-29497. [PMID: 31355624 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Though abundant researches report that artemisinin could inhibit cancer cell growth via generating toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), the therapeutic efficiency of artemisinin for cancer treatment is still limited owing to the insufficient intracellular ferrous ion and defensive effect of intracellular glutathione. Herein, we report a cathepsin B-controllable smart nanomedicine based on the structural and pharmacodynamic characteristics of artemisinin, which employed transferrin-peptide-modified mesoporous silica to codeliver artemisinin and buthionine-sulfoximine, a glutathione scavenger, into cancer cells. As a gatekeeper, the transferrin-peptide can not only target the cancer cells but also supply the extra ferrous iron to catalyze artemisinin to produce excessive ROS to kill cancer cells efficiently. Once the designed nanomedicine attack into lysosome of tumor cells, the cargos of nanomedicine can be released in the presence of cathepsin B to immediately activate self-amplification of oxidative stress by simultaneously elevating the levels of ROS and weakening the levels of glutathione. We anticipate that this rational design strategy provides innovative opportunities for artemisinin in the clinical application of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingping Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198 , P. R. China
| | - Xian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198 , P. R. China
| | - Liwei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198 , P. R. China
| | - Jin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198 , P. R. China
| | - Bo-Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198 , P. R. China
| | - Jiangwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198 , P. R. China
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Lv H, Zhen C, Liu J, Yang P, Hu L, Shang P. Unraveling the Potential Role of Glutathione in Multiple Forms of Cell Death in Cancer Therapy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3150145. [PMID: 31281572 PMCID: PMC6590529 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3150145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione is the principal intracellular antioxidant buffer against oxidative stress and mainly exists in the forms of reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). The processes of glutathione synthesis, transport, utilization, and metabolism are tightly controlled to maintain intracellular glutathione homeostasis and redox balance. As for cancer cells, they exhibit a greater ROS level than normal cells in order to meet the enhanced metabolism and vicious proliferation; meanwhile, they also have to develop an increased antioxidant defense system to cope with the higher oxidant state. Growing numbers of studies have implicated that altering the glutathione antioxidant system is associated with multiple forms of programmed cell death in cancer cells. In this review, we firstly focus on glutathione homeostasis from the perspectives of glutathione synthesis, distribution, transportation, and metabolism. Then, we discuss the function of glutathione in the antioxidant process. Afterwards, we also summarize the recent advance in the understanding of the mechanism by which glutathione plays a key role in multiple forms of programmed cell death, including apoptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy. Finally, we highlight the glutathione-targeting therapeutic approaches toward cancers. A comprehensive review on the glutathione homeostasis and the role of glutathione depletion in programmed cell death provide insight into the redox-based research concerning cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Lv
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Zhejiang Heye Health Technology Co. Ltd., Anji, Zhejiang 313300, China
- Research Centre of Microfluidic Chip for Health Care and Environmental Monitoring, Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Taicang, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Chenxiao Zhen
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Junyu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Pengfei Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Research Centre of Microfluidic Chip for Health Care and Environmental Monitoring, Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Taicang, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Lijiang Hu
- Zhejiang Heye Health Technology Co. Ltd., Anji, Zhejiang 313300, China
| | - Peng Shang
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Research Centre of Microfluidic Chip for Health Care and Environmental Monitoring, Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Taicang, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
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273
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Tang M, Huang Z, Luo X, Liu M, Wang L, Qi Z, Huang S, Zhong J, Chen JX, Li L, Wu D, Chen L. Ferritinophagy activation and sideroflexin1-dependent mitochondria iron overload is involved in apelin-13-induced cardiomyocytes hypertrophy. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:445-457. [PMID: 30731113 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Excess iron accumulation and cardiac oxidative stress have been shown as important mediators of cardiac hypertrophy, whereas it remains largely elusive about the occurrence of mitochondrial iron overload and its significance during cardiac hypertrophy. In the present study, we aim to investigate the role of NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy and SFXN1-dependent mitochondria iron overload in apelin-13-induced cardiomyocytes hypertrophy. Apelin-13 significantly promotes ferric citrate (FAC)-induced total cellular and mitochondria ion production, as well as mitochondria ROS contents. Mechanistically, apelin-13 effectively induces the expression of SFXN1, a mitochondria iron transporting protein and NCOA4, a cargo receptor of ferritinophagy in dose and time-dependent manner. Conversely, blockade of APJ by F13A abolishes these stimulatory effects. In addition, apelin-13-triggered mitochondria iron overload is reversed by the genetic inhibition of SFXN1 and NCOA4. NCOA4 deficiency via its silencing also interferes with the enhanced expression of SFXN1 evoked by apelin-13. In apelin-13-treated H9c2 cells, the promotion in cell diameter, volume as well as protein contents are obviously suppressed by the knockdown of NCOA4 and SFXN1 with their corresponding siRNAs. Remarkably, the human and murine hypertrophic hearts models, as well as apelin-13-injected mice models, present evident cardiac mitochondrial iron deposition and raised expressions of NCOA4 and SFXN1. Taken together, these results provide experimental evidences that NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy might be defined as an essential mechanism leading to apelin-13-cardiomyocytes hypertrophy in SFXN1-dependent mitochondria iron overload manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Tang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Xuling Luo
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Meiqing Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Zhihao Qi
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Shifang Huang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Jiuchang Zhong
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Jian-Xiong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Lanfang Li
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
| | - Di Wu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
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