251
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Suárez-Ramírez JE, Wu T, Lee YT, Aguila CC, Bouchard KR, Cauley LS. Division of labor between subsets of lymph node dendritic cells determines the specificity of the CD8⁺ T-cell recall response to influenza infection. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:2632-41. [PMID: 21660939 PMCID: PMC3517118 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are important targets for vaccines against a wide variety of infections that enter the body via mucosal tissues. To induce effective immunity these vaccines must include the most protective epitopes and elicit rapid recall responses at the site of infection. Although live attenuated viruses are sometimes used to induce cellular immunity against recurrent influenza infections, the mechanisms that determine the magnitude of the response to individual viral components are very poorly defined. Heterosubtypic infections in C57BL/6 mice illustrate an additional level of complexity, when the antigen specificity of the response shifts dramatically between primary and secondary challenge. This model provides a unique opportunity to identify the mechanisms that regulate memory CD8(+) T-cell reactivation in vivo and control the specificity of the recall response by pathogen-specific CTL. We show that multiple factors contribute to the changing pattern of immunodominance during secondary infection, including the location of the memory CD8(+) T cells at the time of reinfection and their ability to directly recognize migratory CD103(+) DCs as they arrive in the lung draining LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny E Suárez-Ramírez
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032-1319, USA
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252
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Doherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia 3010.
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253
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Baumgaertner P, Jandus C, Rivals JP, Derré L, Lövgren T, Baitsch L, Guillaume P, Luescher IF, Berthod G, Matter M, Rufer N, Michielin O, Speiser DE. Vaccination-induced functional competence of circulating human tumor-specific CD8 T-cells. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:2607-17. [PMID: 21796616 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
T-cells specific for foreign (e.g., viral) antigens can give rise to strong protective immune responses, whereas self/tumor antigen-specific T-cells are thought to be less powerful. However, synthetic T-cell vaccines composed of Melan-A/MART-1 peptide, CpG and IFA can induce high frequencies of tumor-specific CD8 T-cells in PBMC of melanoma patients. Here we analyzed the functionality of these T-cells directly ex vivo, by multiparameter flow cytometry. The production of multiple cytokines (IFNγ, TNFα, IL-2) and upregulation of LAMP-1 (CD107a) by tumor (Melan-A/MART-1) specific T-cells was comparable to virus (EBV-BMLF1) specific CD8 T-cells. Furthermore, phosphorylation of STAT1, STAT5 and ERK1/2, and expression of CD3 zeta chain were similar in tumor- and virus-specific T-cells, demonstrating functional signaling pathways. Interestingly, high frequencies of functionally competent T-cells were induced irrespective of patient's age or gender. Finally, CD8 T-cell function correlated with disease-free survival. However, this result is preliminary since the study was a Phase I clinical trial. We conclude that human tumor-specific CD8 T-cells can reach functional competence in vivo, encouraging further development and Phase III trials assessing the clinical efficacy of robust vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Baumgaertner
- Clinical Tumor Immune-Biology Unit, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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254
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Nonrandom attrition of the naive CD8+ T-cell pool with aging governed by T-cell receptor:pMHC interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:13694-9. [PMID: 21813761 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1107594108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity against new infections declines in the last quartile of life, as do numbers of naive T cells. Peripheral maintenance of naive T cells over the lifespan is necessary because their production drastically declines by puberty, a result of thymic involution. We report that this maintenance is not random in advanced aging. As numbers and diversity of naive CD8(+) T cells declined with aging, surviving cells underwent faster rates of homeostatic proliferation, were selected for high T-cell receptor:pMHC avidity, and preferentially acquired "memory-like" phenotype. These high-avidity precursors preferentially responded to infection and exhibited strong antimicrobial function. Thus, T-cell receptor avidity for self-pMHC provides a proofreading mechanism to maintain some of the fittest T cells in the otherwise crumbling naive repertoire, providing a degree of compensation for numerical and diversity defects in old T cells.
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255
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Kurachi M, Kurachi J, Suenaga F, Tsukui T, Abe J, Ueha S, Tomura M, Sugihara K, Takamura S, Kakimi K, Matsushima K. Chemokine receptor CXCR3 facilitates CD8(+) T cell differentiation into short-lived effector cells leading to memory degeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:1605-20. [PMID: 21788406 PMCID: PMC3149224 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20102101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Strength of inflammatory stimuli during the early expansion phase plays a crucial role in the effector versus memory cell fate decision of CD8(+) T cells. But it is not known how early lymphocyte distribution after infection has an impact on this process. We demonstrate that the chemokine receptor CXCR3 is involved in promoting CD8(+) T cell commitment to an effector fate rather than a memory fate by regulating T cell recruitment to an antigen/inflammation site. After systemic viral or bacterial infection, the contraction of CXCR3(-/-) antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells is significantly attenuated, resulting in massive accumulation of fully functional memory CD8(+) T cells. Early after infection, CXCR3(-/-) antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells fail to cluster at the marginal zone in the spleen where inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12 and IFN-α are abundant, thus receiving relatively weak inflammatory stimuli. Consequently, CXCR3(-/-) CD8(+) T cells exhibit transient expression of CD25 and preferentially differentiate into memory precursor effector cells as compared with wild-type CD8(+) T cells. This series of events has important implications for development of vaccination strategies to generate increased numbers of antigen-specific memory CD8(+) T cells via inhibition of CXCR3-mediated T cell migration to inflamed microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kurachi
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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256
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Abstract
Vaccines represent one of the greatest triumphs of modern medicine. Despite the common origins of vaccinology and immunology more than 200 years ago, the two disciplines have evolved along such different trajectories that most of the highly successful vaccines have been made empirically, with little or no immunological insight. Recent advances in innate immunity have offered new insights about the mechanisms of vaccine-induced immunity and have facilitated a more rational approach to vaccine design. Here we will discuss these advances and emerging themes on the immunology of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bali Pulendran
- Emory Vaccine Center at Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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257
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Normal T cell homeostasis: the conversion of naive cells into memory-phenotype cells. Nat Immunol 2011; 12:478-84. [PMID: 21739670 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Weak T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signals from contact with self ligands act in synergy with antiapoptotic signals induced by interleukin 7 (IL-7) to promote the survival of naive T cells in a resting state. The amount of background TCR signaling in naive T cells is set by post-thymic TCR tuning and operates at an intensity just below that required to induce entry into the cell cycle. Costimulation from higher concentrations of IL-7 and other common γ-chain cytokines can induce T cells to undergo homeostatic proliferation and conversion into cells with a memory phenotype; many of these memory phenotype cells may be the progeny of cells responding to self antigens. The molecular mechanisms that control the conversion of naive resting T cells into memory-phenotype cells TCR-dependent in normal animals are beginning to be understood.
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258
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Davis MM, Altman JD, Newell EW. Interrogating the repertoire: broadening the scope of peptide-MHC multimer analysis. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11:551-8. [PMID: 21760610 PMCID: PMC3699324 DOI: 10.1038/nri3020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Labelling antigen-specific T cells with peptide-MHC multimers has provided an invaluable way to monitor T cell-mediated immune responses. A number of recent developments in this technology have made these multimers much easier to make and use in large numbers. Furthermore, enrichment techniques have provided a greatly increased sensitivity that allows the analysis of the naive T cell repertoire directly. Thus, we can expect a flood of new information to emerge in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
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259
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Tan ACL, La Gruta NL, Zeng W, Jackson DC. Precursor frequency and competition dictate the HLA-A2-restricted CD8+ T cell responses to influenza A infection and vaccination in HLA-A2.1 transgenic mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1895-902. [PMID: 21765016 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The human HLA-A2-restricted CD8(+) T cell response to influenza A virus (IAV) is largely directed against the matrix protein-derived M1(58-66) epitope and represents an archetypal example of CD8(+) T cell immunodominance. In this study, we examined the CD8(+) T cell hierarchy to M1(58-66) and two subdominant IAV-specific epitopes: NS1(122-130) and PA(46-55) in HLA-A2(+) human subjects and HLA-A2.1 transgenic (HHD) mice. Using epitope-based lipopeptides, we show that the CD8(+) T cell hierarchy induced by IAV infection could also be induced by lipopeptide vaccination in a context outside of viral infection when the Ag load is equalized. In the HHD HLA-A2.1 mouse model, we show that the naive T cell precursor frequencies, and competition at the Ag presentation level, can predict the IAV-specific CD8(+) T cell hierarchy. Immunization of mice with subdominant epitopes alone was unable to overcome the dominance of the M1(58-66)-specific response in the face of IAV challenge; however, a multiepitope vaccination strategy was most effective at generating a broad and multispecific response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amabel C L Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
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260
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Ness-Schwickerath KJ, Morita CT. Regulation and function of IL-17A- and IL-22-producing γδ T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2371-90. [PMID: 21573786 PMCID: PMC3152582 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0700-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of IL-17A and IL-22 production differs between human and murine γδ T cells. We find that human γδ T cells expressing Vγ2Vδ2 T cell receptors are peripherally polarized to produce IL-17A or IL-22, much like CD4 αβ Th17 T cells. This requires IL-6, IL-1β, and TGF-β, whereas expansion and maintenance requires IL-23, IL-1β, and TGF-β. In contrast, IL-17A and IL-22 production by murine γδ T cells is innately programmed during thymic ontogeny but requires IL-23 and IL-1β for maintenance. Murine γδ cells producing IL-17A and IL-22 play important roles in microbial, autoimmune, and inflammatory responses. However, the roles played by human IL-17A- and IL-22-producing γδ T cells are less clear but are also likely to be important. These observations highlight differences between humans and murine γδ T cells and underscore the importance of IL-17A- and IL-22-producing γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin J. Ness-Schwickerath
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine and the Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, EMRB 400F, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Craig T. Morita
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine and the Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, EMRB 400F, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
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261
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Wüthrich M, Hung CY, Gern BH, Pick-Jacobs JC, Galles KJ, Filutowicz HI, Cole GT, Klein BS. A TCR transgenic mouse reactive with multiple systemic dimorphic fungi. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1421-31. [PMID: 21705621 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Dimorphic fungi collectively account for 5-10 million new infections annually worldwide. Ongoing efforts seek to clarify mechanisms of cellular resistance to these agents and develop vaccines. A major limitation in studying the development of protective T cells in this group of organisms is the lack of tools to detect, enumerate, and characterize fungus-specific T cells during vaccination and infection. We generated a TCR transgenic mouse (Bd 1807) whose CD4(+) T cells respond to a native epitope in Blastomyces dermatitidis and also in Histoplasma capsulatum. In this study, we characterize the mouse, reveal its applications, and extend our analysis showing that 1807 cells also respond to the related dimorphic fungi Coccidioides posadasii and Paracoccidioides lutzii. On adoptive transfer into vaccinated wild-type mice, 1807 cells become activated, proliferate, and expand in the draining lymph nodes, and they differentiate into T1 effectors after trafficking to the lung upon lethal experimental challenge. Bd 1807 cells confer vaccine-induced resistance against B. dermatitidis, H. capsulatum, and C. posadasii. Transfer of naive 1807 cells at serial intervals postvaccination uncovered the prolonged duration of fungal Ag presentation. Using 1807 cells, we also found that the administration of vaccine only once induced a maximal pool of effector/memory CD4(+) cells and protective immunity by 4 wk after vaccination. The autologous adoptive transfer system described in this study reveals novel features of antifungal immunity and offers a powerful approach to study the differentiation of Ag-specific T cells responsive to multiple dimorphic fungi and the development of CD4(+) T cell memory needed to protect against fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Wüthrich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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262
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Scifo C, Mekaelian L, Munyazesa E, Schmitt-Verhulst AM, Guimezanes A. Selection of T-cell receptors with a recurrent CDR3β peptide-contact motif within the repertoire of alloreactive CD8(+) T cells. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:2414-23. [PMID: 21590766 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Peptide/MHC complexes recognized by alloreactive T lymphocytes (TLs) have been identified, but their contribution to in vivo allo-rejection is not known. We previously characterized the peptide pBM1, highly represented among endogenous H-2K(b) (K(b) )-associated peptides and critically required to induce full activation of H-2(k) monoclonal CD8(+) TLs expressing the cognate TCR-BM3.3. Here, we asked whether a pBM1/K(b) -specific TL subset could be detected within a polyclonal TL population rejecting allogeneic cells in vivo. We show that the proportion of pBM1/K(b) -binding CD8(+) TLs increased from <0.04% in naïve mice to 3% of activated CD44(+) CD8(+) TLs in H-2(k) mice rejecting K(b) -expressing cells. Among these, TCR-Vβ2 usage was greatly enriched, and 75% of them shared a TCR-Vβ2 CDR3β motif with the prototype TCR-BM3.3. Fewer than 5% of K(b) -reactive CD44(+) CD8(+) TLs not binding pBM1/K(b) displayed this CDR3β motif. We found that the recurrent CDR3β motif of pBM1/K(b) -binding TLs was assembled from distinct V/D/J recombination events, suggesting that it is recruited upon immunization for its optimal TCR-peptide/MHC fit. Thus, a CDR3β motif generated by a process akin to "convergent recombination" accounts for a sizable fraction of the alloreactive anti-K(b) TCR repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Scifo
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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263
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CD4+ T cells support cytotoxic T lymphocyte priming by controlling lymph node input. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:8749-54. [PMID: 21555577 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1100567108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid induction of CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses is critical to combat acute infection with intracellular pathogens. CD4(+) T cells help prime antigen-specific CTLs in secondary lymphoid organs after infection in the periphery. Although the frequency of naïve precursors is very low, the immune system is able to efficiently screen for cognate CTLs through mechanisms that are not well understood. Here we examine the role of CD4(+) T cells in early phases of the immune response. We show that CD4(+) T cells help optimal CTL expansion by facilitating entry of naïve polyclonal CD8(+) T cells into the draining lymph node (dLN) early after infection or immunization. CD4(+) T cells also facilitate input of naïve B cells into reactive LNs. Such "help" involves expansion of the arteriole feeding the dLN and enlargement of the dLN through activation of dendritic cells. In an antigen- and CD40-dependent manner, CD4(+) T cells activate dendritic cells to support naïve lymphocyte recruitment to the dLN. Our results reveal a previously unappreciated mode of CD4(+) T-cell help, whereby they increase the input of naïve lymphocytes to the relevant LN for efficient screening of cognate CD8(+) T cells.
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264
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Day EB, Charlton KL, La Gruta NL, Doherty PC, Turner SJ. Effect of MHC class I diversification on influenza epitope-specific CD8+ T cell precursor frequency and subsequent effector function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6319-28. [PMID: 21536802 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Earlier studies of influenza-specific CD8(+) T cell immunodominance hierarchies indicated that expression of the H2K(k) MHC class I allele greatly diminishes responses to the H2D(b)-restriced D(b)PA(224) epitope (acid polymerase, residues 224-233 complexed with H2D(b)). The results suggested that the presence of H2K(k) during thymic differentiation led to the deletion of a prominent Vβ7(+) subset of D(b)PA(224)-specific TCRs. The more recent definition of D(b)PA(224)-specific TCR CDR3β repertoires in H2(b) mice provides a new baseline for looking again at this possible H2K(k) effect on D(b)PA(224)-specific TCR selection. We found that immune responses to several H2D(b)- and H2K(b)-restricted influenza epitopes were indeed diminished in H2(bxk) F(1) versus homozygous mice. In the case of D(b)PA(224), lower numbers of naive precursors were part of the explanation, though a similar decrease in those specific for the D(b)NP(366) epitope did not affect response magnitude. Changes in precursor frequency were not associated with any major loss of TCR diversity and could not fully account for the diminished D(b)PA(224)-specific response. Further functional and phenotypic characterization of influenza-specific CD8(+) T cells suggested that the expansion and differentiation of the D(b)PA(224)-specific set is impaired in the H2(bxk) F(1) environment. Thus, the D(b)PA(224) response in H2(bxk) F(1) mice is modulated by factors that affect the generation of naive epitope-specific precursors and the expansion and differentiation of these T cells during infection, rather than clonal deletion of a prominent Vβ7(+) subset. Such findings illustrate the difficulties of predicting and defining the effects of MHC class I diversification on epitope-specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bridie Day
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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265
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Schmidt J, Neumann-Haefelin C, Altay T, Gostick E, Price DA, Lohmann V, Blum HE, Thimme R. Immunodominance of HLA-A2-restricted hepatitis C virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses is linked to naive-precursor frequency. J Virol 2011; 85:5232-6. [PMID: 21367907 PMCID: PMC3126217 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00093-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of naïve-precursor frequency on human virus-specific CD8(+) T cell immunodominance is not well understood. Using a recently developed major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I tetramer enrichment protocol, we found a conserved hierarchy and a >10-fold difference in naïve-precursor frequencies across three HLA-A2-restricted hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific epitopes. Importantly, the NS3(1406) epitope with the highest naïve-precursor frequency in healthy donors was also the most frequently targeted epitope in a large cohort of chronically HCV-infected patients, both ex vivo and after in vitro stimulation. These results indicate for the first time that immunodominance in a human viral infection is linked to naïve-precursor frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schmidt
- Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Tayibe Altay
- Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Emma Gostick
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Price
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Volker Lohmann
- Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hubert E. Blum
- Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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266
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Butler NS, Nolz JC, Harty JT. Immunologic considerations for generating memory CD8 T cells through vaccination. Cell Microbiol 2011; 13:925-33. [PMID: 21501363 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Following infection or vaccination, naïve CD8 T cells that receive the appropriate integration of antigenic, co-stimulatory and inflammatory signals undergo a programmed series of biological changes that ultimately results in the generation of memory cells. Memory CD8 T cells, in contrast to naïve cells, more effectively limit or prevent pathogen re-infection because of both qualitative and quantitative changes that occur following their induction. Unlike vaccination strategies aimed at generating antibody production, the ability to generate protective memory CD8 T cells has proven more complicated and problematic. However, recent experimental results have revealed important principles regarding the molecular and genetic basis for memory CD8 T cell formation, as well as identified ways to manipulate their development through vaccination, resulting in potential new avenues to enhance protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah S Butler
- Department of Microbiology Department of Pathology Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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267
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Seah SGK, Sutherland RM, La Gruta NL, Brown LE, Carrington EM, Belz GT, Brady JL, Turner SJ, Zhan Y, Lew AM. The linear range for accurately quantifying antigen-specific T-cell frequencies by tetramer staining during natural immune responses. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:1499-500. [PMID: 21469136 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shirley G K Seah
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
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268
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Wirth TC, Martin MD, Starbeck-Miller G, Harty JT, Badovinac VP. Secondary CD8+ T-cell responses are controlled by systemic inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:1321-33. [PMID: 21425157 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Repeated infections and experimental prime-boost regimens frequently result in the generation of secondary (2°) CD8(+) T-cell responses. In contrast to primary (1°) CD8(+) T cells, the parameters that influence the abundance and phenotype of 2° effector and memory CD8(+) T-cell populations are largely unknown. Here, we analyze the impact of different booster infections, Ag curtailment, and systemic inflammation on the quality and quantity of secondary CD8(+) T-cell responses. We show that similar to 1° CD8(+) T-cell responses, the phenotype of 2° effector and memory CD8(+) T-cell populations is critically dependent on the nature of the infectious pathogen and the inflammatory milieu early after infection. In addition, systemic inflammation increases the number of 2° effector and memory CD8(+) T cells after booster infections and immunizations. Therefore, our data reveal new means to boost the number of 2° effector and memory CD8(+) T cells in prime-boost regimens and show a surprisingly high degree of plasticity in 2° memory CD8(+) T-cell phenotype that is controlled by systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Wirth
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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269
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Soderquest K, Walzer T, Zafirova B, Klavinskis LS, Polić B, Vivier E, Lord GM, Martín-Fontecha A. Cutting edge: CD8+ T cell priming in the absence of NK cells leads to enhanced memory responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 186:3304-8. [PMID: 21307295 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is uncertain whether NK cells modulate T cell memory differentiation. By using a genetic model that allows the selective depletion of NK cells, we show in this study that NK cells shape CD8(+) T cell fate by killing recently activated CD8(+) T cells in an NKG2D- and perforin-dependent manner. In the absence of NK cells, the differentiation of CD8(+) T cells is strongly biased toward a central memory T cell phenotype. Although, on a per-cell basis, memory CD8(+) T cells generated in the presence or the absence of NK cells have similar functional features and recall capabilities, NK cell deletion resulted in a significantly higher number of memory Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells, leading to more effective control of tumors carrying model Ags. The enhanced memory responses induced by the transient deletion of NK cells may provide a rational basis for the design of new vaccination strategies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Female
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Depletion/methods
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K/deficiency
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K/metabolism
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K/physiology
- Perforin
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins/biosynthesis
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins/genetics
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins/physiology
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Soderquest
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, SE1 9RT London, United Kingdom
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270
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Rudd BD, Venturi V, Davenport MP, Nikolich-Zugich J. Evolution of the antigen-specific CD8+ TCR repertoire across the life span: evidence for clonal homogenization of the old TCR repertoire. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 186:2056-2064. [PMID: 21248263 PMCID: PMC4119821 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Defects in T cell responses against pathogens and reduced diversity of TCRs have been described at both extremes of the life span. Yet, we still lack information on how Ag-specific T cell populations are maintained and/or altered from birth to old age. In this study, for the first time to our knowledge, we provide insight into Ag-specific TCR repertoire changes over the life span at the single-cell level. We have examined the TCR diversity of the primary CD8(+) T cell response to the immunodominant HSV-1 epitope HSV glycoprotein B 495-502 (HSV gB(498-505); SSIEFARL) (gB-8p) in neonatal, adult, and old C57BL/6 mice. The global distinctive features of the gB-8p-specific TCR repertoire were preserved in mice of different ages. However, both old and especially neonatal mice exhibited significant decreases in TCR diversity compared with that of adult mice. Still, although the neonatal Ag-specific repertoire comprised expectedly shorter germline-biased CDR3β lengths, the repertoire was surprisingly complex, and only a minority of responding cells lacked random nucleotide additions. Changes with aging included increased use of the already dominant TCRVβ10 family, a trend for lower content of the TCR containing the germline WG motif in the CDR3, and a remarkable sharing of one dominant clonotype between individual old mice, implying operation of selective mechanisms. Implications for the rational design of vaccines for neonates and the elderly are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cellular Senescence/genetics
- Cellular Senescence/immunology
- Clone Cells
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Immunodominant Epitopes/genetics
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Longevity/genetics
- Longevity/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Peptide Fragments/biosynthesis
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Vaccinia virus/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Rudd
- Department of Immunobiology and, the Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724 and the BIO-5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson ,AZ 85719
| | - Vanessa Venturi
- Computational Biology Unit, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Miles P. Davenport
- Complex Systems in Biology Group, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Janko Nikolich-Zugich
- Department of Immunobiology and, the Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724 and the BIO-5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson ,AZ 85719
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271
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Bernatchez C, Zhu K, Li Y, Andersson H, Ionnides C, Fernandez-Vina M, Cano P, Cooper L, Abbruzzese J, Hwu P, Chang DZ, Radvanyi LG. Altered decamer and nonamer from an HLA-A0201-restricted epitope of Survivin differentially stimulate T-cell responses in different individuals. Vaccine 2011; 29:3021-30. [PMID: 21320548 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Survivin is a universal tumor antigen that is being currently targeted in vaccine approaches against cancer. Our study here examined the immunogenicity of a novel variant of an HLA-A0201-binding decamer peptide from region 95 to 104 of Survivin (ELMLGEFLKL) with a T→M modification at position 3 in the peptide. We found that this new modified 10-mer peptide had enhanced HLA-A0201 binding and induced a stronger T-cell response over its wild type counterpart peptide (ELTLGEFLKL) in select HLA-A0201(+) normal donors. In addition, when compared to the previously characterized altered 96-104 peptide (LMLGEFLKL) from the same region of Survivin currently used in vaccine trials, we found that both peptides had similar immunogenicity, but donor T cells preferentially reacted strongly to either one or the other, but not strongly to both. These results suggest that these two closely related Survivin peptides yield distinct T-cell responses and that most individuals dominantly respond to one or the other altered peptide. We also found a novel association between positive reactivity to the new altered decamer Survivin peptide in some individuals and their expression of the HLA-C0701 allele along with HLA-A0201. Thus, vaccinating with both the 10-mer and 9-mer peptides would be required to immunize a maximum number of individuals in the HLA-A0201(+) population and could lead to more consistent T-cell responses against this region of Survivin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantale Bernatchez
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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272
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Following the evidence that T-cell responses are crucial in the control of HIV-1 infection, vaccines targeting T-cell responses were tested in recent clinical trials. However, these vaccines showed a lack of efficacy. This review attempts to define the qualitative and quantitative features that are desirable for T-cell-induced responses by vaccines. We also describe strategies that could lead to achievement of this goal. RECENT FINDINGS Using the yellow fever vaccine as a benchmark of an efficient vaccine, recent studies identified factors of immune protection and more importantly innate immune pathways needed for the establishment of long-term protective adaptive immunity. SUMMARY To prevent or control HIV-1 infection, a vaccine must induce efficient and persistent antigen-specific T cells endowed with mucosal homing capacity. Such cells should have the capability to counteract HIV-1 diversity and its rapid spread from the initial site of infection. To achieve this goal, the activation of a diversified innate immune response is critical. New systems biology approaches will provide more precise correlates of immune protection that will pave the way for new approaches in T-cell-based vaccines.
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273
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Whitmire JK. Induction and function of virus-specific CD4+ T cell responses. Virology 2011; 411:216-28. [PMID: 21236461 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells - often referred to as T-helper cells - play a central role in immune defense and pathogenesis. Virus infections and vaccines stimulate and expand populations of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in mice and in man. These virus-specific CD4+ T cells are extremely important in antiviral protection: deficiencies in CD4+ T cells are associated with virus reactivation, generalized susceptibility to opportunistic infections, and poor vaccine efficacy. As described below, CD4+ T cells influence effector and memory CD8+ T cell responses, humoral immunity, and the antimicrobial activity of macrophages and are involved in recruiting cells to sites of infection. This review summarizes a few key points about the dynamics of the CD4+ T cell response to virus infection, the positive role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the differentiation of virus-specific CD4+ T cells, and new areas of investigation to improve vaccines against virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason K Whitmire
- Carolina Vaccine Institute, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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274
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Fousteri G, Dave A, Juedes A, Juntti T, Morin B, Togher L, Farber DL, von Herrath M. Increased memory conversion of naïve CD8 T cells activated during late phases of acute virus infection due to decreased cumulative antigen exposure. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14502. [PMID: 21253594 PMCID: PMC3017078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Memory CD8 T cells form an essential part of protective immunity against viral infections. Antigenic load, costimulation, CD4-help, cytokines and chemokines fluctuate during the course of an antiviral immune response thus affecting CD8 T cell activation and memory conversion. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study, naïve TCR transgenic LCMV-specific P14 CD8 T cells engaged at a late stage during the acute antiviral LCMV response showed reduced expansion kinetics but greater memory conversion in the spleen. Such late activated cells displayed a memory precursor effector phenotype already at the peak of the systemic antiviral response, suggesting that the environment determined their fate during antigen encounter. In the spleen, the majority of late transferred cells exhibited a central memory phenotype compared to the effector memory displayed by the early transferred cells. Increasing the inflammatory response by exogenous administration of IFNγ, PolyI:C or CpG did not affect memory conversion in the late transferred group, suggesting that the diverging antigen load early versus later during acute infection had determined their fate. In agreement, reduction in the LCMV antigenic load after ribavirin treatment enhanced the contribution of early transferred cells to the long lasting memory pool. Conclusions/Significance Our results show that naïve CD8 cells, exposed to reduced duration or concentration of antigen during viral infection convert into memory more efficiently, an observation that could have significant implications for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Fousteri
- Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Amy Dave
- Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Amy Juedes
- Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Therese Juntti
- Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Bret Morin
- Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa Togher
- Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Donna L. Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthias von Herrath
- Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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275
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Manzo T, Hess Michelini R, Basso V, Ricupito A, Chai JG, Simpson E, Bellone M, Mondino A. Concurrent allorecognition has a limited impact on posttransplant vaccination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:1361-8. [PMID: 21209285 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells with or without immunocompetent lymphocytes has proved a successful strategy in the treatment of hematological malignancies. We have recently shown that this approach can also cure mouse prostate cancer, provided that it is combined with tumor-specific vaccination. Whether the response to alloantigens acts by providing helper function to enhance vaccine-specific responses or in other ways impinges on vaccine immunogenicity remains to be clarified, and this question is of clinical relevance. In this study, we have addressed this issue by comparing the immunogenicity of dendritic cells pulsed with a peptide derived from a tumor/viral model Ag in recipients of donor cells either syngeneic to the host or differing for either Y-encoded or multiple minor H antigens. We report that vaccination elicits comparable proliferation and differentiation of peptide-specific CD8(+) T cells despite concurrent expansion and differentiation of minor H antigen-specific IFN-γ effector T cells. Depletion of alloreactive CD4(+) T cells reduced alloreactivity but not vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cell priming, suggesting that alloresponses do not provide helper functions in peripheral lymphoid tissues. Vaccine-mediated T cell priming was also preserved in the case of multiple minor H antigen disparities, prone to graft-versus-host disease. Thus, in the context of nonmyeloablative allotransplantation aimed at restoring an effective tumor-specific T cell repertoire, minor H antigen-specific T cells do not interfere with vaccine-induced T cell priming, supporting the notion that posttransplant vaccination is a valuable strategy to boost tumor and pathogen-specific protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Manzo
- Program in Immunology and Bio-Immuno-gene therapy of Cancer, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
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276
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Dash P, McClaren JL, Oguin TH, Rothwell W, Todd B, Morris MY, Becksfort J, Reynolds C, Brown SA, Doherty PC, Thomas PG. Paired analysis of TCRα and TCRβ chains at the single-cell level in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:288-95. [PMID: 21135507 PMCID: PMC3007160 DOI: 10.1172/jci44752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the TCRα and TCRβ chains expressed by T cells responding to a given pathogen or underlying autoimmunity helps in the development of vaccines and immunotherapies, respectively. However, our understanding of complementary TCRα and TCRβ chain utilization is very limited for pathogen- and autoantigen-induced immunity. To address this problem, we have developed a multiplex nested RT-PCR method for the simultaneous amplification of transcripts encoding the TCRα and TCRβ chains from single cells. This multiplex method circumvented the lack of antibodies specific for variable regions of mouse TCRα chains and the need for prior knowledge of variable region usage in the TCRβ chain, resulting in a comprehensive, unbiased TCR repertoire analysis with paired coexpression of TCRα and TCRβ chains with single-cell resolution. Using CD8+ CTLs specific for an influenza epitope recovered directly from the pneumonic lungs of mice, this technique determined that 25% of such effectors expressed a dominant, nonproductively rearranged Tcra transcript. T cells with these out-of-frame Tcra mRNAs also expressed an alternate, in-frame Tcra, whereas approximately 10% of T cells had 2 productive Tcra transcripts. The proportion of cells with biallelic transcription increased over the course of a response, a finding that has implications for immune memory and autoimmunity. This technique may have broad applications in mouse models of human disease.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Complementarity Determining Regions
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Orthomyxoviridae/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradyot Dash
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer L. McClaren
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas H. Oguin
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - William Rothwell
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brandon Todd
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa Y. Morris
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jared Becksfort
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cory Reynolds
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott A. Brown
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter C. Doherty
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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277
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Nolz JC, Harty JT. Strategies and implications for prime-boost vaccination to generate memory CD8 T cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 780:69-83. [PMID: 21842366 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5632-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Generating a large population of memory CD8 T cells is an appealing goal for vaccine design against a variety of human diseases. Indeed, experimental models have demonstrated that the overall number of memory CD8 T cells present at the time of infection correlates strongly with the ability to confer host protection against a range of different pathogens. Currently, the most conceivable approach to rapidly generate a large population of memory CD8 T cells is through the use of prime-boost vaccination. In addition, recent experimental findings have uncovered important principles that govern both the rate and magnitude of memory CD8 T cell formation. Thus, this has resulted in novel prime-boost vaccination strategies that could potentially be used in humans to generate protective populations of memory CD8 T cells.
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278
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Woodworth JS, Shin D, Volman M, Nunes-Alves C, Fortune SM, Behar SM. Mycobacterium tuberculosis directs immunofocusing of CD8+ T cell responses despite vaccination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:1627-37. [PMID: 21178003 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines that elicit T cell responses try to mimic protective memory T cell immunity after infection by increasing the frequency of Ag-specific T cells in the immune repertoire. However, the factors that determine immunodominance during infection and after vaccination and the relation between immunodominance and protection are incompletely understood. We previously identified TB10.4(20-28) as an immunodominant epitope recognized by H2-K(d)-restricted CD8(+) T cells after M. tuberculosis infection. Here we report a second epitope, EspA(150-158), that is recognized by a substantial number of pulmonary CD8(+) T cells. The relative abundance of these T cells in the naive repertoire only partially predicts their relative frequency after M. tuberculosis infection. Furthermore, although vaccination with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing these epitopes changes their relative immunodominance in the preinfection T cell repertoire, this change is transient after challenge with M. tuberculosis. We speculate that factors intrinsic to the chronic nature of M. tuberculosis infection establishes the hierarchy of immunodominance and may explain the failure of some vaccines to provide protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Woodworth
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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279
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Mumprecht S, Schürch C, Scherrer S, Claus C, Ochsenbein AF. Chronic myelogenous leukemia maintains specific CD8(+) T cells through IL-7 signaling. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:2720-30. [PMID: 20836157 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a malignant myeloproliferative disease of hematopoietic stem cells. The disease progresses after several years from an initial chronic phase to a blast phase. Leukemia-specific T cells are regularly detected in CML patients and may be involved in the immunological control of the disease. Here, we analyzed the role of leukemia-specific CD8(+) T cells in CML disease control and the mechanism that maintains CD8(+) T-cell immunosurveillance in a retroviral-induced murine CML model. To study antigen-specific immune responses, the glycoprotein of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus was used as model leukemia antigen. Leukemia-specific CTL activity was detectable in vivo in CML mice and depletion of CD8(+) T cells rapidly led to disease progression. CML-specific CTL were characterized by the expression of the IL-7 receptor α-chain. In addition, leukemia cells produced IL-7 that was crucial for the maintenance of leukemia-specific CTL and for disease control. Therefore, CML cells maintain the specific CD8(+) T-cell-mediated immune control by IL-7 secretion. This results in prolonged control of disease and probably contributes to the characteristic chronic phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Mumprecht
- Tumor Immunology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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280
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Allen S, Turner SJ, Bourges D, Gleeson PA, Driel IR. Shaping the T‐cell repertoire in the periphery. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 89:60-9. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Allen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Dorothée Bourges
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Paul A Gleeson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Ian R Driel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
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281
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Su YC, Lee CC, Kung JT. Effector function-deficient memory CD8+ T cells clonally expand in the liver and give rise to peripheral memory CD8+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:7498-506. [PMID: 21078905 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Upon adoptive transfer into histocompatible mice, naive CD8(+) T cells stimulated ex vivo by TCR+IL-4 turn into long-lived functional memory cells. The liver contains a large number of so formed memory CD8(+) T cells, referred to as liver memory T cells (T(lm)) in the form of cell clusters. The CD62L(low) expression and nonlymphoid tissue distribution of T(lm) cells are similar to effector memory (T(em)) cells, yet their deficient cytotoxicity and IFN-γ inducibility are unlike T(em) cells. Adoptive transfer of admixtures of TCR+IL-4-activated Vβ8(+) and Vβ5(+) CD8(+) T cells into congenic hosts reveals T(lm) clusters that are composed of all Vβ5(+) or Vβ8(+), not mixed Vβ5(+)/Vβ8(+) cells, indicating that T(lm) clusters are formed by clonal expansion. Clonally expanded CD8(+) T cell clusters are also seen in the liver of Listeria monocytogenes-immune mice. T(lm) clusters closely associate with hepatic stellate cells and their formation is IL-15/IL-15R-dependent. CD62L(low) T(LM) cells can home to the liver and secondary lymphoid tissues, remain CD62L(low), or acquire central memory (T(cm))-characteristic CD62L(hi) expression. Our findings show the liver as a major site of CD8(+) memory T cell growth and that T(lm) cells contribute to the pool of peripheral memory cells. These previously unappreciated T(lm) characteristics indicate the inadequacy of the current T(em)/T(cm) classification scheme and help ongoing efforts aimed at establishing a unifying memory T cell development pathway. Lastly, our finding of T(lm) clusters suggests caution against interpreting focal lymphocyte infiltration in clinical settings as pathology and not normal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chia Su
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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282
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Pulecio J, Petrovic J, Prete F, Chiaruttini G, Lennon-Dumenil AM, Desdouets C, Gasman S, Burrone OR, Benvenuti F. Cdc42-mediated MTOC polarization in dendritic cells controls targeted delivery of cytokines at the immune synapse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:2719-32. [PMID: 21059854 PMCID: PMC2989776 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The immune synapse (IS) forms as dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells interact in lymph nodes during initiation of adaptive immunity. Factors that contribute to the formation and maintenance of IS stability and function have been mostly studied in T cells, whereas little is known about events occurring during synapse formation in DCs. Here, we show that DCs activated by Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists reorient the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) toward the interacting T cell during antigen-specific synapse formation through a mechanism that depends on the Rho GTPase Cdc42. IL-12, a pivotal cytokine produced by DCs, is found enriched around the MTOC at early time points after TLR ligation and is dragged to the DC-T cell interface in antigen-specific synapses. Synaptic delivery of IL-12 induces activation of pSTAT4 and IFN-γ neosynthesis in CD8(+) naive T cells engaged in antigen-specific conjugates and promotes the survival of antigen-primed T cells. We propose that DC polarization increases the local concentration of proinflammatory mediators at the IS and that this represents a new mechanism by which T cell priming is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Pulecio
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy
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283
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Yoon H, Kim TS, Braciale TJ. The cell cycle time of CD8+ T cells responding in vivo is controlled by the type of antigenic stimulus. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15423. [PMID: 21079741 PMCID: PMC2975678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of cells comprising the mammalian adaptive immune system is the requirement for these rare naïve T (and B) lymphocytes directed to a specific microorganism to undergo proliferative expansion upon first encounter with this antigen. In the case of naïve CD8+ T cells the ability of these rare quiescent lymphocytes to rapidly activate and expand into effector T cells in numbers sufficient to control viral and certain bacterial infections can be essential for survival. In this report we examined the activation, cell cycle time and initial proliferative response of naïve murine CD8+ T cells responding in vivo to Influenza and Vaccinia virus infection or vaccination with viral antigens. Remarkably, we observed that CD8+ T cells could divide and proliferate with an initial cell division time of as short as 2 hours. The initial cell cycle time of responding CD8+ T cells is not fixed but is controlled by the antigenic stimulus provided by the APC in vivo. Initial cell cycle time influences the rate of T cell expansion and the numbers of effector T cells subsequently accumulating at the site of infection. The T cell cycle time varies with duration of the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The duration of G1 is inversely correlated with the phosphorylation state of the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein in the responding T cells. The implication of these findings for the development of adaptive immune responses and the regulation of cell cycle in higher eukaryotic cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heesik Yoon
- The Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Taeg S. Kim
- The Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Braciale
- The Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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284
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Wirth TC, Harty JT, Badovinac VP. Modulating numbers and phenotype of CD8+ T cells in secondary immune responses. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:1916-26. [PMID: 20411564 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Prime-boost regimens are frequently used to increase the number of memory CD8(+) T cells and thus the protective capacity of experimental vaccinations; however, it is currently unknown how the frequency and phenotype of primary (1 degrees ) memory CD8(+) T cells impact the quantity and phenotype of secondary (2 degrees ) memory CD8(+) T-cell populations. Here, we show that 2 degrees infections of mice that received different 1 degrees infections and/or immunizations generated similar numbers of 2 degrees effector and memory CD8(+) T cells. Remarkably, this result was independent of the numbers and phenotype of 1 degrees memory CD8(+) T cells present at the time of rechallenge. However, after adoptive transfer of low numbers of 1 degrees memory CD8(+) T cells, a linear correlation between 1 degrees memory CD8(+) T-cell input and 2 degrees memory CD8(+) T-cell numbers was observed. These data suggest that, above a very low threshold, boosting of 1 degrees memory CD8(+) T-cell populations elicits 2 degrees immune responses of similar magnitude. Therefore, our study has important implications for the design of prime-boost regimens that aim to generate protective CD8(+) T-cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Wirth
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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285
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Stäger S, Joshi T, Bankoti R. Immune evasive mechanisms contributing to persistent Leishmania donovani infection. Immunol Res 2010; 47:14-24. [PMID: 20087685 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-009-8135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani, a causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, has evolved several strategies to interfere with the immune system and establish persistent infections that are potentially lethal. In this article, we discuss two mechanisms of immune evasion adopted by the parasite: the induction of immune suppressive IL-10 responses and the generation of poor and functionally impaired CD8(+) T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Stäger
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, BRB, Rm 655, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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286
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Chu HH, Moon JJ, Kruse AC, Pepper M, Jenkins MK. Negative selection and peptide chemistry determine the size of naive foreign peptide-MHC class II-specific CD4+ T cell populations. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4705-13. [PMID: 20861357 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Naive CD4(+) T cell populations that express TCRs specific for different foreign peptide-MHC class II complex (pMHCII) ligands can vary in size over several orders of magnitude. This variation may explain why immune responses to some peptides are stronger than others. In this study, we used a sensitive pMHCII-tetramer-based cell enrichment method to study the derivation of two naive foreign pMHCII-specific naive CD4(+) T cell populations that differed in size by 8-fold in normal mice. Analysis of mice in which thymic negative selection was impaired revealed that the smaller population underwent more clonal deletion than the larger population. In addition, large naive cell populations tended to recognize peptides with tryptophan residues as TCR contacts. Thus, the foreign pMHCII that tend to be recognized by large naive populations induce minimal clonal deletion and contain certain amino acids with the capacity to interact favorably with TCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hamlet Chu
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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287
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Cebon J, Knights A, Ebert L, Jackson H, Chen W. Evaluation of cellular immune responses in cancer vaccine recipients: lessons from NY-ESO-1. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:617-29. [PMID: 20518717 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The rigorous evaluation of cancer vaccination requires evidence of benefit to patients with cancer or those at risk of relapse from the disease. Clinical trials are expensive and require considerable human and clinical resources in order to demonstrate this benefit. In the era of defined cancer antigens, it is possible to evaluate immunogenic targets, and assess the quality and magnitude of immune responses against these antigens following vaccination. Analyzing these surrogate end points complements clinical assessment and provides a depth of understanding to better inform trial evaluation and design. We have used the immunogenic cancer testis antigen NY-ESO-1 as a model antigen. This article summarizes our experience in monitoring immunity against NY-ESO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cebon
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia
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288
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Mackerness KJ, Cox MA, Lilly LM, Weaver CT, Harrington LE, Zajac AJ. Pronounced virus-dependent activation drives exhaustion but sustains IFN-γ transcript levels. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3643-51. [PMID: 20720198 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During many chronic infections, the responding CD8 T cells become exhausted as they progressively lose their ability to elaborate key effector functions. Unlike prototypic memory CD8 cells, which rapidly synthesize IFN-gamma following activation, severely exhausted T cells fail to produce this effector molecule. Nevertheless, the ontogeny of exhausted CD8 T cells, as well as the underlying mechanisms that account for their functional inactivation, remains ill defined. We have used cytokine reporter mice, which mark the transcription of IFN-gamma mRNA by the expression of Thy1.1, to decipher how activation events during the early stages of a chronic infection dictate the development of exhaustion. We show that virus-specific CD8 T cells clearly respond during the early stages of chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, and that this early T cell response is more pronounced than that initially observed in acutely infected hosts. Thus, exhausted CD8 T cells appear to emerge from populations of potently activated precursors. Unlike acute infections, which result in massive expansion of the responding T cells, there is a rapid attenuation of further expansion during chronic infections. The exhausted T cells that subsequently emerge in chronically infected hosts are incapable of producing the IFN-gamma protein. Surprisingly, high levels of the IFN-gamma transcript are still present in exhausted cells, demonstrating that ablation of IFN-gamma production by exhausted cells is not due to transcriptional silencing. Thus, posttranscription regulatory mechanisms likely disable this effector module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Mackerness
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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289
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290
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Nikolich-Zugich J, Rudd BD. Immune memory and aging: an infinite or finite resource? Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 22:535-40. [PMID: 20674320 PMCID: PMC2925022 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in the field of immune memory research and the accumulating literature on age-related alterations in homeostasis, primary and memory T cell responses make it pertinent to address whether and how memory responses are affected by aging with regard to their generation, maintenance, and protective function. New knowledge of T cell repertoire maintenance over long periods of time, particularly when confronted with persistent pathogen challenge, is now enriched further by studies on whether recent immunological memory can 'overfill' and/or constrict prior memory responses. Along with studies on potentiation of memory responses by dietary/metabolic interventions and the recent advances on regulation of primary responses with aging, these findings provide a platform for new approaches to vaccination of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janko Nikolich-Zugich
- Department of Immunobiology and the Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 1656 E Mabel St., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
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291
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Obar JJ, Lefrançois L. Early events governing memory CD8+ T-cell differentiation. Int Immunol 2010; 22:619-25. [PMID: 20504887 PMCID: PMC2908475 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxq053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the regulation of the CD8(+) T-cell response and how protective memory cells are generated has been intensely studied. It is now appreciated that a naive CD8(+) T cell requires at least three signals to mount an effective immune response: (i) TCR triggering, (ii) co-stimulation and (iii) inflammatory cytokines. Only recently have we begun to understand the molecular integration of those signals and how early events regulate the fate decisions of the responding CD8(+) T cells. This review will discuss the recent findings about both the extracellular and intracellular factors that regulate the destiny of responding CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Obar
- Center for Integrated Immunology and Vaccine Research, Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-1319, USA
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292
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Tatum AM, Watson AM, Schell TD. Direct presentation regulates the magnitude of the CD8+ T cell response to cell-associated antigen through prolonged T cell proliferation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2763-72. [PMID: 20660711 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude and complexity of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cell responses is determined by intrinsic properties of the immune system and extrinsic factors, such as vaccination. We evaluated mechanisms that regulate the CD8(+) T cell response to two distinct determinants derived from the same protein Ag, SV40 T Ag (T Ag), following immunization of C57BL/6 mice with T Ag-transformed cells. The results show that direct presentation of T cell determinants by T Ag-transformed cells regulates the magnitude of the CD8(+) T cell response in vivo but not the immunodominance hierarchy. The immunodominance hierarchy was reversed in a dose-dependent manner by addition of excess naive T cells targeting the subdominant determinant. However, T cell competition played only a minor role in limiting T cell accumulation under physiological conditions. We found that the magnitude of the T cell response was regulated by the ability of T Ag-transformed cells to directly present the T Ag determinants. The hierarchy of the CD8(+) T cell response was maintained when Ag presentation in vivo was restricted to cross-presentation, but the presence of T Ag-transformed cells capable of direct presentation dramatically enhanced T cell accumulation at the peak of the response. This enhancement was due to a prolonged period of T cell proliferation, resulting in a delay in T cell contraction. Our findings reveal that direct presentation by nonprofessional APCs can dramatically enhance accumulation of CD8(+) T cells during the primary response, revealing a potential strategy to enhance vaccination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Tatum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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293
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Colpitts SL, Scott P. The early generation of a heterogeneous CD4+ T cell response to Leishmania major. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2416-23. [PMID: 20624946 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells are an essential component of both the primary and secondary immune response against the intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania major. Our laboratory has previously shown that CD62L(high) IL-7R(high) central memory T (T(CM)) cells mediate protective immunity following secondary challenge. To determine when T(CM) cells develop, we examined the phenotype of Leishmania-specific CD4(+) T cells in the first 2 wk following infection. As expected, we identified a population of CD4(+) T cells present in the draining lymph node with the characteristics of effector T cells. However, in addition, a second population phenotypically resembling T(CM) cells emerged coincident with the effector population. These T cells, expressing CD62L, CCR7, and IL-7R, failed to produce IFN-gamma, but had the capacity to give rise to IFN-gamma-producing effector cells. Our studies also demonstrated that the degree of proliferation and the timing of lymph node entry impact T(CM) cell development. The early generation of T(CM) cells following L. major infection indicates that T(CM) cells may not only control secondary infections, but may also contribute to the control of the primary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Colpitts
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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294
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Ness-Schwickerath KJ, Jin C, Morita CT. Cytokine requirements for the differentiation and expansion of IL-17A- and IL-22-producing human Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 184:7268-80. [PMID: 20483730 PMCID: PMC2965829 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human gammadelta T cells expressing the Vgamma2Vdelta2 TCR play important roles in immune responses to microbial pathogens by monitoring prenyl pyrophosphate isoprenoid metabolites. Most adult Vgamma2Vdelta2 cells are memory cytotoxic cells that produce IFN-gamma. Recently, murine gammadelta T cells were found to be major sources of IL-17A in antimicrobial and autoimmune responses. To determine if primate gammadelta T cells play similar roles, we characterized IL-17A and IL-22 production by Vgamma2Vdelta2 cells. IL-17A-producing memory Vgamma2Vdelta2 cells exist at low but significant frequencies in adult humans (1:2762 T cells) and at even higher frequencies in adult rhesus macaques. Higher levels of Vgamma2Vdelta2 cells produce IL-22 (1:1864 T cells), although few produce both IL-17A and IL-22. Unlike adult humans, in whom many IL-17A+ Vgamma2Vdelta2 cells also produce IFN-gamma (Tgammadelta1/17), the majority of adult macaques IL-17A+ Vdelta2 cells (Tgammadelta17) do not produce IFN-gamma. To define the cytokine requirements for Tgammadelta17 cells, we stimulated human neonatal Vgamma2Vdelta2 cells with the bacterial Ag, (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate, and various cytokines and mAbs in vitro. We find that IL-6, IL-1beta, and TGF-beta are required to generate Tgammadelta17 cells in neonates, whereas Tgammadelta1/17 cells additionally required IL-23. In adults, memory Tgammadelta1/17 and Tgammadelta17 cells required IL-23, IL-1beta, and TGF-beta, but not IL-6. IL-22-producing cells showed similar requirements. Both neonatal and adult IL-17A+ Vgamma2Vdelta2 cells expressed elevated levels of retinoid-related orphan receptor gammat. Our data suggest that, like Th17 alphabeta T cells, Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells can be polarized into Tgammadelta17 and Tgammadelta1/17 populations with distinct cytokine requirements for their initial polarization and later maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin J. Ness-Schwickerath
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, EMRB 400F, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, EMRB 400F, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Chenggang Jin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, EMRB 400F, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Craig T. Morita
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, EMRB 400F, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, EMRB 400F, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
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295
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Obar JJ, Lefrançois L. Early signals during CD8 T cell priming regulate the generation of central memory cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:263-72. [PMID: 20519649 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The CD8(+) T cell response to infection is characterized by the appearance of short-lived (CD127(low) killer cell lectin-like receptor G 1-high) and memory-precursor (CD127(high) killer cell lectin-like receptor G 1-low) effector cells. How and when central-memory T (T(CM); CD62L(high) CCR7(+)) cell and effector-memory T(T(EM); CD62L(low) CCR7(-)) cell subsets are established remains unclear. We now show that the T(CM) cell lineage represents an early developmental branchpoint during the CD8(+) T cell response to infection. Central-memory CD8(+) T cells could be identified prior to the peak of the CD8(+) T cell response and were enriched in lymphoid organs. Moreover, the kinetics and magnitude of T(CM) cell development were dependent on the infectious agent. Furthermore, the extent of early Ag availability, which regulated programmed death-1 and CD25 expression levels, controlled the T(CM)/T(EM) cell lineage decision ultimately through IL-2 and IL-15 signaling levels. These observations identify key early signals that help establish the T(CM)/T(EM) cell dichotomy and provide the means to manipulate memory lineage choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Obar
- Department of Immunology, Center for Integrated Immunology and Vaccine Research, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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296
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Gerlach C, van Heijst JWJ, Swart E, Sie D, Armstrong N, Kerkhoven RM, Zehn D, Bevan MJ, Schepers K, Schumacher TNM. One naive T cell, multiple fates in CD8+ T cell differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:1235-46. [PMID: 20479114 PMCID: PMC2882844 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20091175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which the immune system produces effector and memory T cells is largely unclear. To allow a large-scale assessment of the development of single naive T cells into different subsets, we have developed a technology that introduces unique genetic tags (barcodes) into naive T cells. By comparing the barcodes present in antigen-specific effector and memory T cell populations in systemic and local infection models, at different anatomical sites, and for TCR–pMHC interactions of different avidities, we demonstrate that under all conditions tested, individual naive T cells yield both effector and memory CD8+ T cell progeny. This indicates that effector and memory fate decisions are not determined by the nature of the priming antigen-presenting cell or the time of T cell priming. Instead, for both low and high avidity T cells, individual naive T cells have multiple fates and can differentiate into effector and memory T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gerlach
- Division of Immunology, Central Microarray Facility, and Bioinformatics and Statistics Group, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
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297
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Legoux F, Debeaupuis E, Echasserieau K, De La Salle H, Saulquin X, Bonneville M. Impact of TCR reactivity and HLA phenotype on naive CD8 T cell frequency in humans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:6731-8. [PMID: 20483723 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The impact of MHC phenotype on the shaping of the peripheral naive T cell repertoire in humans remains unknown. To address this, we compared the frequency and antigenic avidity of naive T cells specific for immunodominant self-, viral, and tumor Ags presented by a human MHC class I allele (HLA-A*02, referred to as A2) in individuals expressing or not this allele. Naive T cell frequencies varied from one Ag specificity to another but were restrained for a given specificity. Although A2-restricted T cells showed similar repertoire features and antigenic avidities in A2+ and A2- donors, A2 expression had either a positive, neutral, or negative impact on the frequency of A2-restricted naive CD8 T cells, depending on their fine specificity. We also identified in all donors CD4 T cells specific for A2/peptide complexes, whose frequencies were not affected by MHC class I expression, but nevertheless correlated with those of their naive CD8 T cell counterparts. Therefore, both selection by self-MHC and inherent TCR reactivity regulate the frequency of human naive T cell precursors. Moreover this study also suggests that T cell repertoire shaping by a given self-MHC allele is dispensable for generation of immunodominant T cell responses restricted by this particular allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Legoux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 892, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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298
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Jenkins MK, Chu HH, McLachlan JB, Moon JJ. On the composition of the preimmune repertoire of T cells specific for Peptide-major histocompatibility complex ligands. Annu Rev Immunol 2010; 28:275-94. [PMID: 20307209 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Millions of T cells are produced in the thymus, each expressing a unique alpha/beta T cell receptor (TCR) capable of binding to a foreign peptide in the binding groove of a host major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule. T cell-mediated immunity to infection is due to the proliferation and differentiation of rare clones in the preimmune repertoire that by chance express TCRs specific for peptide-MHC (pMHC) ligands derived from the microorganism. Here we review recent findings that have altered our understanding of how the preimmune repertoire is established. Recent structural studies indicate that a germline-encoded tendency of TCRs to bind MHC molecules contributes to the MHC bias of T cell repertoires. It has also become clear that the preimmune repertoire contains functionally heterogeneous subsets including recent thymic emigrants, mature naive phenotype cells, memory phenotype cells, and natural regulatory T cells. In addition, sensitive new detection methods have revealed that the repertoire of naive phenotype T cells consists of distinct pMHC-specific populations that consistently vary in size in different individuals. The implications of these new findings for the clonal selection theory, self-tolerance, and immunodominance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc K Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, 55455, USA.
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299
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Cockburn IA, Chen YC, Overstreet MG, Lees JR, van Rooijen N, Farber DL, Zavala F. Prolonged antigen presentation is required for optimal CD8+ T cell responses against malaria liver stage parasites. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000877. [PMID: 20463809 PMCID: PMC2865532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization with irradiated sporozoites is currently the most effective vaccination strategy against liver stages of malaria parasites, yet the mechanisms underpinning the success of this approach are unknown. Here we show that the complete development of protective CD8+ T cell responses requires prolonged antigen presentation. Using TCR transgenic cells specific for the malaria circumsporozoite protein, a leading vaccine candidate, we found that sporozoite antigen persists for over 8 weeks after immunization--a remarkable finding since irradiated sporozoites are incapable of replication and do not differentiate beyond early liver stages. Persisting antigen was detected in lymphoid organs and depends on the presence of CD11c+ cells. Prolonged antigen presentation enhanced the magnitude of the CD8+ T cell response in a number of ways. Firstly, reducing the time primed CD8+ T cells were exposed to antigen in vivo severely reduced the final size of the developing memory population. Secondly, fully developed memory cells expanded in previously immunized mice but not when transferred to naïve animals. Finally, persisting antigen was able to prime naïve cells, including recent thymic emigrants, to become functional effector cells capable of eliminating parasites in the liver. Together these data show that the optimal development of protective CD8+ T cell immunity against malaria liver stages is dependent upon the prolonged presentation of sporozoite-derived antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A. Cockburn
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yun-Chi Chen
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Overstreet
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jason R. Lees
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nico van Rooijen
- Vrije Universiteit, VUMC, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Donna L. Farber
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fidel Zavala
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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300
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Enumeration of human antigen–specific naive CD8+ T cells reveals conserved precursor frequencies. Blood 2010; 115:3718-25. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-10-251124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The number of antigen-specific naive CD8+ T cells is believed to be important in the shaping of adaptive immune responses, and is predictive for the magnitude of priming responses in mouse models. Because of extremely low precursor frequencies, knowledge about these cells comes from indirect techniques and estimations. Here, we present a strategy based on the combination of tetramer staining, magnetic-bead enrichment, and multiparametric cytometry, which permitted direct detection and analysis of CD8+ T cells reactive for 6 different naive epitopes (MART-126-35, HIV-1 Gag p1777-85, hepatitis C virus [HCV] NS31406-1415, HCV Core132-140, NY-ESO-1157-165, and cytomegalovirus [CMV] pp65495-503). Interestingly, we detected higher than 100-fold differences in precursor frequency across these epitopes (from 0.6 × 10−6 to 1.3 × 10−4), but conserved frequencies among humans. Development of a procedure for direct assessment of T-cell precursor frequency in humans has important implications, with particular relevance to vaccine development and monitoring of tumor and self-reactive T cells.
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