251
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Generating Site-Specifically Modified Proteins via a Versatile and Stable Nucleophilic Carbon Ligation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:293-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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252
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Verma VA, Pillow TH, DePalatis L, Li G, Phillips GL, Polson AG, Raab HE, Spencer S, Zheng B. The cryptophycins as potent payloads for antibody drug conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:864-8. [PMID: 25613677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The cryptophycins are a potent class of cytotoxic agents that were evaluated as antibody drug conjugate (ADC) payloads. Free cryptophycin analog 1 displayed cell activity an order of magnitude more potent than approved ADC payloads MMAE and DM1. This potency increase was also reflected in the activity of the cryptophycin ADCs, attached via a either cleavable or non-cleavable linker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal A Verma
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States.
| | - Thomas H Pillow
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Laura DePalatis
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Guangmin Li
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | | | - Andrew G Polson
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Helga E Raab
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Susan Spencer
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Bing Zheng
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
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253
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Ji JA, Liu J, Wang YJ. Formulation Development for Antibody-Drug Conjugates. ANTIBODY-DRUG CONJUGATES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13081-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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254
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Fontaine SD, Reid R, Robinson L, Ashley GW, Santi DV. Long-Term Stabilization of Maleimide–Thiol Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 26:145-52. [DOI: 10.1021/bc5005262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun D. Fontaine
- ProLynx, 455 Mission
Bay Blvd. South, Suite 145, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Ralph Reid
- ProLynx, 455 Mission
Bay Blvd. South, Suite 145, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Louise Robinson
- ProLynx, 455 Mission
Bay Blvd. South, Suite 145, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Gary W. Ashley
- ProLynx, 455 Mission
Bay Blvd. South, Suite 145, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Daniel V. Santi
- ProLynx, 455 Mission
Bay Blvd. South, Suite 145, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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255
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Valliere-Douglass JF, Hengel SM, Pan LY. Approaches to Interchain Cysteine-Linked ADC Characterization by Mass Spectrometry. Mol Pharm 2014; 12:1774-83. [PMID: 25474122 DOI: 10.1021/mp500614p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) harness the cell-killing potential of cytotoxic agents and the tumor targeting specificity of monoclonal antibodies to selectively kill tumor cells. Recent years have witnessed the development of several promising modalities that follow the same basic principles of ADC based therapies but which employ unique cytotoxic agents and conjugation strategies in order to realize therapeutic benefit. The complexity and heterogeneity of ADCs present a challenge to some of the conventional analytical methods that industry has relied upon for biologics characterization. This current review will highlight some of the more recent methodological approaches in mass spectrometry that have bridged the gap that is created when conventional analytical techniques provide an incomplete picture of ADC product quality. Specifically, we will discuss mass spectrometric approaches that preserve and/or capture information about the native structure of ADCs and provide unique insights into the higher order structure (HOS) of these therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shawna M Hengel
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
| | - Lucy Y Pan
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
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256
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Sukumaran S, Gadkar K, Zhang C, Bhakta S, Liu L, Xu K, Raab H, Yu SF, Mai E, Fourie-O'Donohue A, Kozak KR, Ramanujan S, Junutula JR, Lin K. Mechanism-Based Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model for THIOMAB™ Drug Conjugates. Pharm Res 2014; 32:1884-93. [PMID: 25446772 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1582-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE THIOMAB™ drug conjugates (TDCs) with engineered cysteine residues allow site-specific drug conjugation and defined Drug-to-Antibody Ratios (DAR). In order to help elucidate the impact of drug-loading, conjugation site, and subsequent deconjugation on pharmacokinetics and efficacy, we have developed an integrated mathematical model to mechanistically characterize pharmacokinetic behavior and preclinical efficacy of MMAE conjugated TDCs with different DARs. General applicability of the model structure was evaluated with two different TDCs. METHOD Pharmacokinetics studies were conducted for unconjugated antibody and purified TDCs with DAR-1, 2 and 4 for trastuzumab TDC and Anti-STEAP1 TDC in mice. Total antibody concentrations and individual DAR fractions were measured. Efficacy studies were performed in tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS An integrated model consisting of distinct DAR species (DAR0-4), each described by a two-compartment model was able to capture the experimental data well. Time series measurements of each Individual DAR species allowed for the incorporation of site-specific drug loss through deconjugation and the results suggest a higher deconjugation rate from heavy chain site HC-A114C than the light chain site LC-V205C. Total antibody concentrations showed multi-exponential decline, with a higher clearance associated with higher DAR species. The experimentally observed effects of TDC on tumor growth kinetics were successfully described by linking pharmacokinetic profiles to DAR-dependent killing of tumor cells. CONCLUSION Results from the integrated model evaluated with two different TDCs highlight the impact of DAR and site of conjugation on pharmacokinetics and efficacy. The model can be used to guide future drug optimization and in-vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Sukumaran
- Genentech Research and Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
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257
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Kamath AV, Iyer S. Preclinical Pharmacokinetic Considerations for the Development of Antibody Drug Conjugates. Pharm Res 2014; 32:3470-9. [PMID: 25446773 PMCID: PMC4596897 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are an emerging new class of targeted therapeutics for cancer that use antibodies to deliver cytotoxic drugs to cancer cells. There are two FDA approved ADCs on the market and over 30 ADCs in the clinical pipeline against a number of different cancer types. The structure of an ADC is very complex with multiple components and considerable efforts are ongoing to determine the attributes necessary for clinical success. Understanding the pharmacokinetics of an ADC and how it impacts efficacy and toxicity is a critical part of optimizing ADC design and delivery i.e., dose and schedule. This review discusses the pharmacokinetic considerations for an ADC and tools and strategies that can be used to evaluate molecules at the preclinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita V Kamath
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, Inc, 1 DNA Way (Mailstop 463A), South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Suhasini Iyer
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, Inc, 1 DNA Way (Mailstop 463A), South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
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258
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Shefet-Carasso L, Benhar I. Antibody-targeted drugs and drug resistance--challenges and solutions. Drug Resist Updat 2014; 18:36-46. [PMID: 25476546 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-based therapy of various human malignancies has shown efficacy in the past 30 years and is now one of the most successful and leading strategies for targeted treatment of patients harboring hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) aim to take advantage of the affinity and specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to selectively deliver potent cytotoxic drugs to antigen-expressing tumor cells. Key parameters for ADC include choosing the optimal components of the ADC (the antibody, the linker and the cytotoxic drug) and selecting the suitable cell-surface target antigen. Building on the success of recent FDA approval of brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris) and ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla), ADCs are currently a class of drugs with a robust pipeline with clinical applications that are rapidly expanding. The more ADCs are being evaluated in preclinical models and clinical trials, the clearer are becoming the parameters and the challenges required for their therapeutic success. This rapidly growing knowledge and clinical experience are revealing novel modalities and mechanisms of resistance to ADCs, hence offering plausible solutions to such challenges. Here, we review the key parameters for designing a powerful ADC, focusing on how ADCs are addressing the challenge of multiple drug resistance (MDR) and its rational overcoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeeRon Shefet-Carasso
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Itai Benhar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel.
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259
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Antibody fragment-conjugated polymeric micelles incorporating platinum drugs for targeted therapy of pancreatic cancer. Biomaterials 2014; 39:23-30. [PMID: 25477168 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated therapies including antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have shown much potential in cancer treatment by tumor-targeted delivery of cytotoxic drugs. However, there is a limitation of payloads that can be delivered by ADCs. Integration of antibodies to drug-loaded nanocarriers broadens the applicability of antibodies to a wide range of therapeutics. Herein, we developed antibody fragment-installed polymeric micelles via maleimide-thiol conjugation for selectively delivering platinum drugs to pancreatic tumors. By tailoring the surface density of maleimide on the micelles, one tissue factor (TF)-targeting Fab' was conjugated to each carrier. Fab'-installed platinum-loaded micelles exhibited more than 15-fold increased cellular binding within 1 h and rapid cellular internalization compared to non-targeted micelles, leading to superior in vitro cytotoxicity. In vivo, Fab'-installed micelles significantly suppressed the growth of pancreatic tumor xenografts for more than 40 days, outperforming non-targeted micelles and free drugs. These results indicate the potential of Fab'-installed polymeric micelles for efficient drug delivery to solid tumors.
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260
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Hock MB, Thudium KE, Carrasco-Triguero M, Schwabe NF. Immunogenicity of antibody drug conjugates: bioanalytical methods and monitoring strategy for a novel therapeutic modality. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 17:35-43. [PMID: 25380723 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9684-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenicity (the development of an adaptive immune response reactive with a therapeutic) is a well-described but unwanted facet of biotherapeutic development. There are commonly applied procedures for immunogenicity risk assessment, testing strategies, and bioanalysis. With some modifications, these can be applied to new biotherapeutic modalities. For novel therapies such as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), the unique structural components may contribute additional complexities to both immunologic responses and bioanalytical methods. US product inserts (USPIs) for two commercially available ADCs detail the incidence of immunogenicity; however, the body of literature on immunogenicity of ADCs is limited. We recently participated in a conference session on this topic (Annual meeting of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists, held November 2013 in San Antonio, TX, USA. The meeting featured the Symposium: Immunogenicity Assessment for Novel Antibody Drug Conjugates, Nonclinical to Clinical) which prompted an effort to share our perspectives on how immunogenicity risk assessment, testing strategies, and bioanalytical methods can be adapted to reflect the complexity of ADC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Benjamin Hock
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Dr., 30E-3-B, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320, USA,
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261
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Using the Lessons Learned From the Clinic to Improve the Preclinical Development of Antibody Drug Conjugates. Pharm Res 2014; 32:3458-69. [PMID: 25339341 PMCID: PMC4596896 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The treatment options for cancer patients include surgery, chemotherapeutics, radiation therapy, antibody therapy and various combinations of these therapies. The challenge with each therapy is finding the balance between maximizing the anti-tumor efficacy while minimizing the dose limiting toxicities. Antibodies, unlike small molecule chemotherapeutics, selectively bind to cell surface tumor antigens and can be used to deliver radionucleotides or small molecule chemotherapeutic drugs directly to the tumor. Advances in antibody engineering, linker chemistry and the identification of potent cytotoxic drugs led to the recent approval of two antibody drug conjugates to treat breast cancer and lymphoma patients. We will discuss how the observations from the clinical development of antibody drug conjugates can guide the preclinical development of the next generation of antibody drug conjugates.
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262
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Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are an emerging class of targeted therapeutics with the potential to improve therapeutic index over traditional chemotherapy. Drugs and linkers have been the current focus of ADC development, in addition to antibody and target selection. Recently, however, the importance of conjugate homogeneity has been realized. The current methods for drug attachment lead to a heterogeneous mixture, and some populations of that mixture have poor in vivo performance. New methods for site-specific drug attachment lead to more homogeneous conjugates and allow control of the site of drug attachment. These subtle improvements can have profound effects on in vivo efficacy and therapeutic index. This review examines current methods for site-specific drug conjugation to antibodies, and compares in vivo results with their non-specifically conjugated counterparts. The apparent improvement in pharmacokinetics and the reduced off target toxicity warrant further development of this site-specific modification approach for future ADC development.
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263
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Sun T, Zhang YS, Pang B, Hyun DC, Yang M, Xia Y. Engineered nanoparticles for drug delivery in cancer therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:12320-64. [PMID: 25294565 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 720] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In medicine, nanotechnology has sparked a rapidly growing interest as it promises to solve a number of issues associated with conventional therapeutic agents, including their poor water solubility (at least, for most anticancer drugs), lack of targeting capability, nonspecific distribution, systemic toxicity, and low therapeutic index. Over the past several decades, remarkable progress has been made in the development and application of engineered nanoparticles to treat cancer more effectively. For example, therapeutic agents have been integrated with nanoparticles engineered with optimal sizes, shapes, and surface properties to increase their solubility, prolong their circulation half-life, improve their biodistribution, and reduce their immunogenicity. Nanoparticles and their payloads have also been favorably delivered into tumors by taking advantage of the pathophysiological conditions, such as the enhanced permeability and retention effect, and the spatial variations in the pH value. Additionally, targeting ligands (e.g., small organic molecules, peptides, antibodies, and nucleic acids) have been added to the surface of nanoparticles to specifically target cancerous cells through selective binding to the receptors overexpressed on their surface. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that multiple types of therapeutic drugs and/or diagnostic agents (e.g., contrast agents) could be delivered through the same carrier to enable combination therapy with a potential to overcome multidrug resistance, and real-time readout on the treatment efficacy. It is anticipated that precisely engineered nanoparticles will emerge as the next-generation platform for cancer therapy and many other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianmeng Sun
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332 (USA)
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264
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Sun T, Zhang YS, Pang B, Hyun DC, Yang M, Xia Y. Maßgeschneiderte Nanopartikel für den Wirkstofftransport in der Krebstherapie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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265
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Tumey LN, Charati M, He T, Sousa E, Ma D, Han X, Clark T, Casavant J, Loganzo F, Barletta F, Lucas J, Graziani EI. Mild method for succinimide hydrolysis on ADCs: impact on ADC potency, stability, exposure, and efficacy. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1871-80. [PMID: 25216346 DOI: 10.1021/bc500357n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The stability of the connection between the antibody and the toxin can have a profound impact on ADC safety and efficacy. There has been increasing evidence in recent years that maleimide-based ADCs are prone to payload loss via a retro-Michael type reaction. Herein, we report a mild method for the hydrolysis of the succinimide-thioether ring which results in a "ring-opened" linker. ADCs containing this hydrolyzed succinimide linker show equivalent cytotoxicity, improved in vitro stability, improved PK exposure, and improved efficacy as compared to their nonhydrolyzed counterparts. This method offers a simple way to improve the stability, exposure, and efficacy of maleimide-based ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nathan Tumey
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Global Biological Technologies, §Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, and Distribution, and ∥Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Global R&D , Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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266
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Pillow TH, Tien J, Parsons-Reponte KL, Bhakta S, Li H, Staben LR, Li G, Chuh J, Fourie-O'Donohue A, Darwish M, Yip V, Liu L, Leipold DD, Su D, Wu E, Spencer SD, Shen BQ, Xu K, Kozak KR, Raab H, Vandlen R, Lewis Phillips GD, Scheller RH, Polakis P, Sliwkowski MX, Flygare JA, Junutula JR. Site-specific trastuzumab maytansinoid antibody-drug conjugates with improved therapeutic activity through linker and antibody engineering. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7890-9. [PMID: 25191794 DOI: 10.1021/jm500552c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have a significant impact toward the treatment of cancer, as evidenced by the clinical activity of the recently approved ADCs, brentuximab vedotin for Hodgkin lymphoma and ado-trastuzumab emtansine (trastuzumab-MCC-DM1) for metastatic HER2+ breast cancer. DM1 is an analog of the natural product maytansine, a microtubule inhibitor that by itself has limited clinical activity and high systemic toxicity. However, by conjugation of DM1 to trastuzumab, the safety was improved and clinical activity was demonstrated. Here, we report that through chemical modification of the linker-drug and antibody engineering, the therapeutic activity of trastuzumab maytansinoid ADCs can be further improved. These improvements include eliminating DM1 release in the plasma and increasing the drug load by engineering four cysteine residues into the antibody. The chemical synthesis of highly stable linker-drugs and the modification of cysteine residues of engineered site-specific antibodies resulted in a homogeneous ADC with increased therapeutic activity compared to the clinically approved ADC, trastuzumab-MCC-DM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Pillow
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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267
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McKay CS, Finn MG. Click chemistry in complex mixtures: bioorthogonal bioconjugation. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2014; 21:1075-101. [PMID: 25237856 PMCID: PMC4331201 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 551] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The selective chemical modification of biological molecules drives a good portion of modern drug development and fundamental biological research. While a few early examples of reactions that engage amine and thiol groups on proteins helped establish the value of such processes, the development of reactions that avoid most biological molecules so as to achieve selectivity in desired bond-forming events has revolutionized the field. We provide an update on recent developments in bioorthogonal chemistry that highlights key advances in reaction rates, biocompatibility, and applications. While not exhaustive, we hope this summary allows the reader to appreciate the rich continuing development of good chemistry that operates in the biological setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S McKay
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - M G Finn
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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268
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Lyon RP, Setter JR, Bovee TD, Doronina SO, Hunter JH, Anderson ME, Balasubramanian CL, Duniho SM, Leiske CI, Li F, Senter PD. Self-hydrolyzing maleimides improve the stability and pharmacological properties of antibody-drug conjugates. Nat Biotechnol 2014; 32:1059-62. [PMID: 25194818 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Many antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are unstable in vivo because they are formed from maleimide-containing components conjugated to reactive thiols. These thiosuccinimide linkages undergo two competing reactions in plasma: elimination of the maleimide through a retro-Michael reaction, which results in loss of drug-linker from the ADC, and hydrolysis of the thiosuccinimide ring, which results in a derivative that is resistant to the elimination reaction. In an effort to create linker technologies with improved stability characteristics, we used diaminopropionic acid (DPR) to prepare a drug-linker incorporating a basic amino group adjacent to the maleimide, positioned to provide intramolecular catalysis of thiosuccinimide ring hydrolysis. This basic group induces the thiosuccinimide to undergo rapid hydrolysis at neutral pH and room temperature. Once hydrolyzed, the drug-linker is no longer subject to maleimide elimination reactions, preventing nonspecific deconjugation. In vivo studies demonstrate that the increased stability characteristics can lead to improved ADC antitumor activity and reduced neutropenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fu Li
- Seattle Genetics, Bothell, Washington, USA
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269
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Asano S, Patterson JT, Gaj T, Barbas CF. Site-selective labeling of a lysine residue in human serum albumin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11783-6. [PMID: 25196737 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation to human serum albumin (HSA) has emerged as a powerful approach for extending the in vivo half-life of many small molecule and peptide/protein drugs. Current HSA conjugation strategies, however, can often yield heterogeneous mixtures with inadequate pharmacokinetics, low efficacies, and variable safety profiles. Here, we designed and synthesized analogues of TAK-242, a small molecule inhibitor of Toll-like receptor 4, that primarily reacted with a single lysine residue of HSA. These TAK-242-based cyclohexene compounds demonstrated robust reactivity, and Lys64 was identified as the primary conjugation site. A bivalent HSA conjugate was also prepared in a site-specific manner. Additionally, HSA-cyclohexene conjugates maintained higher levels of stability both in human plasma and in mice than the corresponding maleimide conjugates. This new conjugation strategy promises to broadly enhance the performance of HSA conjugates for numerous applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiro Asano
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
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270
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Asano S, Patterson JT, Gaj T, Barbas CF. Site-Selective Labeling of a Lysine Residue in Human Serum Albumin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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271
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Albers AE, Garofalo AW, Drake PM, Kudirka R, de Hart GW, Barfield RM, Baker J, Banas S, Rabuka D. Exploring the effects of linker composition on site-specifically modified antibody-drug conjugates. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 88:3-9. [PMID: 25176286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the context of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), noncleavable linkers provide a means to deliver cytotoxic small molecules to cell targets while reducing systemic toxicity caused by nontargeted release of the free drug. Additionally, noncleavable linkers afford an opportunity to change the chemical properties of the small molecule to improve potency or diminish affinity for multidrug transporters, thereby improving efficacy. We employed the aldehyde tag coupled with the hydrazino-iso-Pictet-Spengler (HIPS) ligation to generate a panel of site-specifically conjugated ADCs that varied only in the noncleavable linker portion. The ADC panel comprised antibodies carrying a maytansine payload ligated through one of five different linkers. Both the linker-maytansine constructs alone and the resulting ADC panel were characterized in a variety of in vitro and in vivo assays measuring biophysical and functional properties. We observed that slight differences in linker design affected these parameters in disparate ways, and noted that efficacy could be improved by selecting for particular attributes. These studies serve as a starting point for the exploration of more potent noncleavable linker systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron E Albers
- Redwood Bioscience, 5703 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | | | - Penelope M Drake
- Redwood Bioscience, 5703 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Romas Kudirka
- Redwood Bioscience, 5703 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | | | - Robyn M Barfield
- Redwood Bioscience, 5703 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Jeanne Baker
- Redwood Bioscience, 5703 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Stefanie Banas
- Redwood Bioscience, 5703 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - David Rabuka
- Redwood Bioscience, 5703 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
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272
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Cohen R, Vugts DJ, Visser GWM, Stigter-van Walsum M, Bolijn M, Spiga M, Lazzari P, Shankar S, Sani M, Zanda M, van Dongen GAMS. Development of novel ADCs: conjugation of tubulysin analogues to trastuzumab monitored by dual radiolabeling. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5700-10. [PMID: 25145670 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tubulysins are highly toxic tubulin-targeting agents with a narrow therapeutic window that are interesting for application in antibody-drug conjugates (ADC). For full control over drug-antibody ratio (DAR) and the effect thereof on pharmacokinetics and tumor targeting, a dual-labeling approach was developed, wherein the drug, tubulysin variants, and the antibody, the anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) trastuzumab, are radiolabeled. (131)I-radioiodination of two synthetic tubulysin A analogues, the less potent TUB-OH (IC50 > 100 nmol/L) and the potent TUB-OMOM (IC50, ~1 nmol/L), and their direct covalent conjugation to (89)Zr-trastuzumab were established. Radioiodination of tubulysins was 92% to 98% efficient and conversion to N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) esters more than 99%; esters were isolated in an overall yield of 68% ± 5% with radiochemical purity of more than 99.5%. Conjugation of (131)I-tubulysin-NHS esters to (89)Zr-trastuzumab was 45% to 55% efficient, resulting in ADCs with 96% to 98% radiochemical purity after size-exclusion chromatography. ADCs were evaluated for their tumor-targeting potential and antitumor effects in nude mice with tumors that were sensitive or resistant to trastuzumab, using ado-trastuzumab emtansine as a reference. ADCs appeared stable in vivo. An average DAR of 2 and 4 conferred pharmacokinetics and tumor-targeting behavior similar to parental trastuzumab. Efficacy studies using single-dose TUB-OMOM-trastuzumab (DAR 4) showed dose-dependent antitumor effects, including complete tumor eradications in trastuzumab-sensitive tumors in vivo. TUB-OMOM-trastuzumab (60 mg/kg) displayed efficacy similar to ado-trastuzumab emtansine (15 mg/kg) yet more effective than trastuzumab. Our findings illustrate the potential of synthetic tubulysins in ADCs for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Cohen
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Danielle J Vugts
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard W M Visser
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke Stigter-van Walsum
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marije Bolijn
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Spiga
- KemoTech s.r.l., Parco Scientifico della Sardegna, Edificio 3, Pula, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paolo Lazzari
- KemoTech s.r.l., Parco Scientifico della Sardegna, Edificio 3, Pula, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sreejith Shankar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Monica Sani
- KemoTech s.r.l., Parco Scientifico della Sardegna, Edificio 3, Pula, Cagliari, Italy. Dipartimento C.M.I.C. del Politecnico di Milano and C.N.R.-I.C.R.M., Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Zanda
- Dipartimento C.M.I.C. del Politecnico di Milano and C.N.R.-I.C.R.M., Milano, Italy. Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Guus A M S van Dongen
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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273
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Patterson JT, Asano S, Li X, Rader C, Barbas CF. Improving the serum stability of site-specific antibody conjugates with sulfone linkers. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1402-7. [PMID: 25099687 PMCID: PMC4140540 DOI: 10.1021/bc500276m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Current routes for synthesizing antibody–drug
conjugates
commonly rely on maleimide linkers to react with cysteine thiols.
However, thioether exchange with metabolites and serum proteins can
compromise conjugate stability and diminish in vivo efficacy. We report the application of a phenyloxadiazole sulfone
linker for the preparation of trastuzumab conjugates. This sulfone
linker site-specifically labeled engineered cysteine residues in THIOMABs
and improved antibody conjugate stability in human plasma at sites
previously shown to be labile for maleimide conjugates. Similarly,
sulfone conjugation with selenocysteine in an anti-ROR1 scFv-Fc improved
human plasma stability relative to maleimide conjugation. Kinetically
controlled labeling of a THIOMAB containing two cysteine substitutions
was also achieved, offering a strategy for producing antibody conjugates
with expanded valency.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Patterson
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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274
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Liang SI, McFarland JM, Rabuka D, Gartner ZJ. A modular approach for assembling aldehyde-tagged proteins on DNA scaffolds. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10850-3. [PMID: 25029632 PMCID: PMC4132959 DOI: 10.1021/ja504711n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Expansion of antibody
scaffold diversity has the potential to expand
the neutralizing capacity of the immune system and to generate enhanced
therapeutics and probes. Systematic exploration of scaffold diversity
could be facilitated with a modular and chemical scaffold for assembling
proteins, such as DNA. However, such efforts require simple, modular,
and site-specific methods for coupling antibody fragments or bioactive
proteins to nucleic acids. To address this need, we report a modular
approach for conjugating synthetic oligonucleotides to proteins with
aldehyde tags at either terminus or internal loops. The resulting
conjugates are assembled onto DNA-based scaffolds with low nanometer
spatial resolution and can bind to live cells. Thus, this modular
and site-specific conjugation strategy provides a new tool for exploring
the potential of expanded scaffold diversity in immunoglobulin-based
probes and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha I Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco , 600 16th Street Box 2280, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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275
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Borges CR, Sherma ND. Techniques for the analysis of cysteine sulfhydryls and oxidative protein folding. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:511-31. [PMID: 24383618 PMCID: PMC4076987 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Modification of cysteine thiols dramatically affects protein function and stability. Hence, the abilities to quantify specific protein sulfhydryl groups within complex biological samples and map disulfide bond structures are crucial to gaining greater insights into how proteins operate in human health and disease. RECENT ADVANCES Many different molecular probes are now commercially available to label and track cysteine residues at great sensitivity. Coupled with mass spectrometry, stable isotope-labeled sulfhydryl-specific reagents can provide previously unprecedented molecular insights into the dynamics of cysteine modification. Likewise, the combined application of modern mass spectrometers with improved sample preparation techniques and novel data mining algorithms is beginning to routinize the analysis of complex protein disulfide structures. CRITICAL ISSUES Proper application of these modern tools and techniques, however, still requires fundamental understanding of sulfhydryl chemistry as well as the assumptions that accompany sample preparation and underlie effective data interpretation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The continued development of tools, technical approaches, and corresponding data processing algorithms will, undoubtedly, facilitate site-specific protein sulfhydryl quantification and disulfide structure analysis from within complex biological mixtures with ever-improving accuracy and sensitivity. Fully routinizing disulfide structure analysis will require an equal but balanced focus on sample preparation and corresponding mass spectral dataset reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad R Borges
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona
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276
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Chowdhury MA, Moya IA, Bhilocha S, McMillan CC, Vigliarolo BG, Zehbe I, Phenix CP. Prodrug-inspired probes selective to cathepsin B over other cysteine cathepsins. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6092-104. [PMID: 24940640 DOI: 10.1021/jm500544p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin B (CTB) is a cysteine protease believed to be an important therapeutic target or biomarker for several diseases including aggressive cancer, arthritis, and parasitic infections. The development of probes capable of assessing CTB activity in cell lysates, living cells, and animal models of disease are needed to understand its role in disease progression. However, discovering probes selective to cathepsin B over other cysteine cathepsins is a significant challenge due to overlap of preferred substrates and binding site homology in this family of proteases. Herein we report the synthesis and detailed evaluation of two prodrug-inspired fluorogenic peptides designed to be efficient and selective substrate-based probes for CTB. Through cell lysate and cell assays, a promising lead candidate was identified that is efficiently processed and has high specificity for CTB over other cysteine cathepsins. This work represents a key step toward the design of rapid release prodrugs or substrate-based molecular imaging probes specific to CTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morshed A Chowdhury
- Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, 2321-290 Munro Street, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada , P7A 7T1
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277
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Wu Z, Li L, Liu S, Yakushijin F, Yakushijin K, Horne D, Conti PS, Li Z, Kandeel F, Shively JE. Facile Preparation of a Thiol-Reactive (18)F-Labeling Agent and Synthesis of (18)F-DEG-VS-NT for PET Imaging of a Neurotensin Receptor-Positive Tumor. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:1178-84. [PMID: 24854793 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.137489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Accumulating evidence suggests that neurotensin receptors (NTRs) play key roles in cancer growth and survival. In this study, we developed a simple and efficient method to radiolabel neurotensin peptide with (18)F for NTR-targeted imaging. METHODS The thiol-reactive reagent (18)F-(2-(2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy)ethylsulfonyl)ethane ((18)F-DEG-VS) was facilely prepared through 1-step radiofluorination. After high-pressure liquid chromatography purification, (18)F-DEG-VS was incubated with the c(RGDyC) and c(RGDyK) peptide mixture to evaluate its specificity toward the reactive thiol. Thiolated neurotensin peptide was then labeled with (18)F using this novel synthon, and the resulting imaging probe was subjected to receptor-binding assay and small-animal PET studies in a murine xenograft model. The imaging results and metabolic stability of (18)F-DEG-VS-NT were compared with the thiol-specific maleimide derivative N-[2-(4-(18)F-fluorobenzamido)ethyl]maleimide-neurotensin ((18)F-FBEM-NT). RESULTS (18)F-DEG-VS was obtained in high labeling yield. The reaction of (19)F-DEG-VS was highly specific for thiols at neutral pH, whereas the lysine of c(RGDyK) reacted at a pH greater than 8.5. (18)F-DEG-VS-c(RGDyC) was the preferred product when both c(RGDyK) and c(RGDyC) were incubated together with (18)F-DEG-VS. Thiolated neurotensin peptide (Cys-NT) efficiently reacted with (18)F-DEG-VS, with a 95% labeling yield (decay-corrected). The radiochemical purity of the (18)F-DEG-VS-NT was greater than 98%, and the specific activity was about 19.2 ± 4.3 TBq/mmol. Noninvasive small-animal PET demonstrated that (18)F-DEG-VS-NT had an NTR-specific tumor uptake in subcutaneous HT-29 xenografts. The tumor-to-muscle, tumor-to-liver, and tumor-to-kidney ratios reached 30.65 ± 22.31, 11.86 ± 1.98, and 1.91 ± 0.43 at 2 h after injection, respectively, based on the biodistribution study. Receptor specificity was demonstrated by blocking experiment. Compared with (18)F-FBEM-NT, (18)F-DEG-VS-NT was synthesized with fewer steps and provided significantly improved imaging quality in vivo. CONCLUSION We have established a facile (18)F-labeling method for site-specific labeling of the Cys-NT. Using this method, we synthesized an NTR-targeted PET agent, which demonstrated high tumor-to-background contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhong Wu
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Shuanglong Liu
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Fumiko Yakushijin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Kenichi Yakushijin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - David Horne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Peter S Conti
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Zibo Li
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Fouad Kandeel
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - John E Shively
- Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California
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278
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Hengel SM, Sanderson R, Valliere-Douglass J, Nicholas N, Leiske C, Alley SC. Measurement of in Vivo Drug Load Distribution of Cysteine-Linked Antibody–Drug Conjugates Using Microscale Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3420-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403860c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shawna Mae Hengel
- Seattle Genetics Inc., 21823 30th
Drive Southeast, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
| | - Russell Sanderson
- Seattle Genetics Inc., 21823 30th
Drive Southeast, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
| | - John Valliere-Douglass
- Seattle Genetics Inc., 21823 30th
Drive Southeast, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
| | - Nicole Nicholas
- Seattle Genetics Inc., 21823 30th
Drive Southeast, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
| | - Chris Leiske
- Seattle Genetics Inc., 21823 30th
Drive Southeast, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
| | - Stephen C. Alley
- Seattle Genetics Inc., 21823 30th
Drive Southeast, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
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279
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Novel anti-B-cell maturation antigen antibody-drug conjugate (GSK2857916) selectively induces killing of multiple myeloma. Blood 2014; 123:3128-38. [PMID: 24569262 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-10-535088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), highly expressed on malignant plasma cells in human multiple myeloma (MM), has not been effectively targeted with therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. We here show that BCMA is universally expressed on the MM cell surface and determine specific anti-MM activity of J6M0-mcMMAF (GSK2857916), a novel humanized and afucosylated antagonistic anti-BCMA antibody-drug conjugate via a noncleavable linker. J6M0-mcMMAF specifically blocks cell growth via G2/M arrest and induces caspase 3-dependent apoptosis in MM cells, alone and in coculture with bone marrow stromal cells or various effector cells. It strongly inhibits colony formation by MM cells while sparing surrounding BCMA-negative normal cells. J6M0-mcMMAF significantly induces effector cell-mediated lysis against allogeneic or autologous patient MM cells, with increased potency and efficacy compared with the wild-type J6M0 without Fc enhancement. The antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and apoptotic activity of J6M0-mcMMAF is further enhanced by lenalidomide. Importantly, J6M0-mcMMAF rapidly eliminates myeloma cells in subcutaneous and disseminated mouse models, and mice remain tumor-free up to 3.5 months. Furthermore, J6M0-mcMMAF recruits macrophages and mediates antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis of MM cells. Together, these results demonstrate that GSK2857916 has potent and selective anti-MM activities via multiple cytotoxic mechanisms, providing a promising next-generation immunotherapeutic in this cancer.
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280
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Badescu G, Bryant P, Swierkosz J, Khayrzad F, Pawlisz E, Farys M, Cong Y, Muroni M, Rumpf N, Brocchini S, Godwin A. A new reagent for stable thiol-specific conjugation. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:460-9. [PMID: 24512057 DOI: 10.1021/bc400245v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many clinically used protein therapeutics are modified to increase their efficacy. Example modifications include the conjugation of cytotoxic drugs to monoclonal antibodies or poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to proteins and peptides. Monothiol-specific conjugation can be efficient and is often accomplished using maleimide-based reagents. However, maleimide derived conjugates are known to be susceptible to exchange reactions with endogenous proteins. To address this limitation in stability, we have developed PEG-mono-sulfone 3, which is a latently reactive, monothiol selective conjugation reagent. Comparative reactions with PEG-maleimide and other common thiol-selective PEGylation reagents including vinyl sulfone, acrylate, and halo-acetamides show that PEG-mono-sulfone 3 undergoes more efficient conjugation under mild reaction conditions. Due to the latent reactivity of PEG-mono-sulfone 3, its reactivity can be tailored and, once conjugated, the electron-withdrawing ketone is easily reduced under mild conditions to prevent undesirable deconjugation and exchange reactions from occurring. We describe a comparative stability study demonstrating a PEG-maleimide conjugate to be more labile to deconjugation than the corresponding conjugate obtained using PEG-mono-sulfone 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Badescu
- PolyTherics Ltd, The London Bioscience Innovation Centre , 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, U.K
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281
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Okeley NM, Alley SC, Senter PD. Advancing Antibody Drug Conjugation. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2014; 28:13-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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282
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Guo J, Kumar S, Prashad A, Starkey J, Singh SK. Assessment of physical stability of an antibody drug conjugate by higher order structure analysis: impact of thiol- maleimide chemistry. Pharm Res 2014; 31:1710-23. [PMID: 24464270 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide a systematic biophysical approach towards a better understanding of impact of conjugation chemistry on higher order structure and physical stability of an antibody drug conjugate (ADC). METHODS ADC was prepared using thiol-maleimide chemistry. Physical stabilities of ADC and its parent IgG1 mAb were compared using calorimetric, spectroscopic and molecular modeling techniques. RESULTS ADC and mAb respond differently to thermal stress. Both the melting temperatures and heat capacities are substantially lower for the ADC. Spectroscopic experiments show that ADC and mAb have similar secondary and tertiary structures, but these are more easily destabilized by thermal stress on the ADC indicating reduced conformational stability. Molecular modeling calculations suggest a substantial decrease in the conformational energy of the mAb upon conjugation. The local surface around the conjugation sites also becomes more hydrophobic in the ADC, explaining the lower colloidal stability and greater tendency of the ADC to aggregate. CONCLUSIONS Computational and biophysical analyses of an ADC and its parent mAb have provided insights into impact of conjugation on physical stability and pinpointed reasons behind lower structural stability and increased aggregation propensity of the ADC. This knowledge can be used to design appropriate formulations to stabilize the ADC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Guo
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical R&D, Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO, 63017, USA
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283
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Bioanalysis of antibody-drug conjugates: American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists Antibody-Drug Conjugate Working Group position paper. Bioanalysis 2014; 5:997-1006. [PMID: 23641692 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) typically consist of a cytotoxic drug covalently bound to an antibody by a linker. These conjugates have the potential to substantially improve efficacy and reduce toxicity compared with cytotoxic small-molecule drugs. Since ADCs are generally complex heterogeneous mixtures of multiple species, these novel therapeutic products present unique bioanalytical challenges. The growing number of ADCs being developed across the industry suggests the need for alignment of the bioanalytical methods or approaches used to assess the multiple species and facilitate consistent interpretation of the bioanalytical data. With limited clinical data, the current strategies that can be used to provide insight into the relationship between the multiple species and the observed clinical safety and efficacy are still evolving. Considerations of the bioanalytical strategies for ADCs based on the current industry practices that take into account the complexity and heterogeneity of ADCs are discussed.
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284
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Abstract
Using an expanded genetic code, antibodies with site-specifically incorporated nonnative amino acids were produced in stable cell lines derived from a CHO cell line with titers over 1 g/L. Using anti-5T4 and anti-Her2 antibodies as model systems, site-specific antibody drug conjugates (NDCs) were produced, via oxime bond formation between ketones on the side chain of the incorporated nonnative amino acid and hydroxylamine functionalized monomethyl auristatin D with either protease-cleavable or noncleavable linkers. When noncleavable linkers were used, these conjugates were highly stable and displayed improved in vitro efficacy as well as in vivo efficacy and pharmacokinetic stability in rodent models relative to conventional antibody drug conjugates conjugated through either engineered surface-exposed or reduced interchain disulfide bond cysteine residues. The advantages of the oxime-bonded, site-specific NDCs were even more apparent when low-antigen-expressing (2+) target cell lines were used in the comparative studies. NDCs generated with protease-cleavable linkers demonstrated that the site of conjugation had a significant impact on the stability of these rationally designed prodrug linkers. In a single-dose rat toxicology study, a site-specific anti-Her2 NDC was well tolerated at dose levels up to 90 mg/kg. These experiments support the notion that chemically defined antibody conjugates can be synthesized in commercially relevant yields and can lead to antibody drug conjugates with improved properties relative to the heterogeneous conjugates formed by nonspecific chemical modification.
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285
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Koniev O, Leriche G, Nothisen M, Remy JS, Strub JM, Schaeffer-Reiss C, Van Dorsselaer A, Baati R, Wagner A. Selective Irreversible Chemical Tagging of Cysteine with 3-Arylpropiolonitriles. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:202-6. [DOI: 10.1021/bc400469d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Marc Strub
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (UMR 7178), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, University of Strasbourg, 25 rue
Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Schaeffer-Reiss
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (UMR 7178), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, University of Strasbourg, 25 rue
Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (UMR 7178), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, University of Strasbourg, 25 rue
Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
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286
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Farias SE, Strop P, Delaria K, Galindo Casas M, Dorywalska M, Shelton DL, Pons J, Rajpal A. Mass spectrometric characterization of transglutaminase based site-specific antibody-drug conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:240-50. [PMID: 24359082 DOI: 10.1021/bc4003794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are becoming an important new class of therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer. ADCs are produced through the linkage of a cytotoxic small molecule (drug) to monoclonal antibodies that target tumor cells. Traditionally, most ADCs rely on chemical conjugation methods that yield heterogeneous mixtures of varying number of drugs attached at different positions. The potential benefits of site-specific drug conjugation in terms of stability, manufacturing, and improved therapeutic index has recently led to the development of several new site-specific conjugation technologies. However, detailed characterization of the degree of site specificity is currently lacking. In this study we utilize mass spectrometry to characterize the extent of site-specificity of an enzyme-based site-specific antibody-drug conjugation technology that we recently developed. We found that, in addition to conjugation of the engineered site, a small amount of aglycosylated antibody present in starting material led to conjugation at position Q295, resulting in approximately 1.3% of off-target conjugation. Based on our detection limits, we show that Q295N mutant eliminates the off-target conjugation yielding highly homogeneous conjugates that are better than 99.8% site-specific. Our study demonstrates the importance of detailed characterization of ADCs and describes methods that can be utilized to characterize not only our enzyme based conjugates, but also ADCs generated by other conjugation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago E Farias
- Rinat-Pfizer Inc. , 230 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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287
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Finniss MC, Chu KS, Bowerman CJ, Luft JC, Haroon ZA, DeSimone JM. A versatile acid-labile linker for antibody–drug conjugates. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00150h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Silyl ether chemistry was used as the linker for an antibody drug conjugate to release a chemotherapeutic at low pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew C. Finniss
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- USA
| | - Kevin S. Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- USA
| | - Charles J. Bowerman
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- USA
| | - J. Christopher Luft
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Zishan A. Haroon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- USA
- Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Joseph M. DeSimone
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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288
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Senapati S, Manna S, Lindsay S, Zhang P. Application of catalyst-free click reactions in attaching affinity molecules to tips of atomic force microscopy for detection of protein biomarkers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:14622-30. [PMID: 24180289 PMCID: PMC3886287 DOI: 10.1021/la4039667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been extensively used in studies of biological interactions. Particularly, AFM based force spectroscopy and recognition imaging can sense biomolecules on a single molecule level, having great potential to become a tool for molecular diagnostics in clinics. These techniques, however, require affinity molecules to be attached to AFM tips in order to specifically detect their targets. The attachment chemistry currently used on silicon tips involves multiple steps of reactions and moisture sensitive chemicals, such as (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester, making the process difficult to operate in aqueous solutions. In the present study, we have developed a user-friendly protocol to functionalize the AFM tips with affinity molecules. A key feature of it is that all reactions are carried out in aqueous solutions. In summary, we first synthesized a molecular anchor composed of cyclooctyne and silatrane for introduction of a chemically reactive function to AFM tips and a bifunctional polyethylene glycol linker that harnesses two orthogonal click reactions, copper free alkyne-azide cycloaddition and thiol-vinylsulfone Michael addition, for attaching affinity molecules to AFM tips. The attachment chemistry was then validated by attaching antithrombin DNA aptamers and cyclo-RGD peptides to silicon nitride (SiN) tips, respectively, and measuring forces of unbinding these affinity molecules from their protein cognates human α-thrombin and human α5β1-integrin immobilized on mica surfaces. In turn, we used the same attachment chemistry to functionalize silicon tips with the same affinity molecules for AFM based recognition imaging, showing that the disease-relevant biomarkers such as α-thrombin and α5β1-integrin can be detected with high sensitivity and specificity by the single molecule technique. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of our attachment chemistry for the use in functionalization of AFM tips with affinity molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Senapati
- Center for Single Molecule Biophysics of the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Saikat Manna
- Center for Single Molecule Biophysics of the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Stuart Lindsay
- Center for Single Molecule Biophysics of the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Peiming Zhang
- Center for Single Molecule Biophysics of the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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289
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Toda N, Asano S, Barbas CF. Rapid, stable, chemoselective labeling of thiols with Julia-Kocieński-like reagents: a serum-stable alternative to maleimide-based protein conjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12592-6. [PMID: 24123851 PMCID: PMC3865870 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine-maleimide chemistry is widely used for peptide and protein modification. However, the formed succinimide linkage is readily hydrolyzed and is susceptible to an exchange reaction in vivo. We demonstrate that methylsulfonyl phenyloxadiazole compounds react specifically with cysteine under various buffer conditions and found that the resulting protein conjugates had superior stability to cysteine-maleimide conjugates in human plasma. This Thiol-Click chemistry promises a new approach to stable protein conjugates and pegylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos F. Barbas
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
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290
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Development of a neuromedin U-human serum albumin conjugate as a long-acting candidate for the treatment of obesity and diabetes. Comparison with the PEGylated peptide. J Pept Sci 2013; 20:7-19. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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291
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Feld J, Barta SK, Schinke C, Braunschweig I, Zhou Y, Verma AK. Linked-in: design and efficacy of antibody drug conjugates in oncology. Oncotarget 2013; 4:397-412. [PMID: 23651630 PMCID: PMC3717303 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) as targeted chemotherapies has successfully entered clinical practice and holds great promise. ADCs consist of an antibody and toxin-drug combined together via a chemical linker. While the antibody and drug are of vital importance in the direct elimination of cancer cells, more advanced linker technology was instrumental in the delivery of more potent drugs with fewer side effects. Here, we discuss the preclinical experience as well as clinical trials, with a specific emphasis on the clinical outcomes and side effects, in addition to linker strategies for five different ADCs, in order to describe different approaches in the development of this new class of anticancer agents. Brentuximab vedotin is approved for use in Hodgkin’s lymphoma and Trastuzumab emtansine is approved for breast cancer. Combotox, Inotuzumab Ozogamicin, and Moxetumomab Pasudotox are in various stages of clinical development and are showing significant efficacy in lymphoid malignancies. These ADCs illustrate the promise and future potential of targeted therapy for presently incurable malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Feld
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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292
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Toda N, Asano S, Barbas CF. Rapid, Stable, Chemoselective Labeling of Thiols with Julia-Kocieński-like Reagents: A Serum-Stable Alternative to Maleimide-Based Protein Conjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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293
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Okeley NM, Toki BE, Zhang X, Jeffrey SC, Burke PJ, Alley SC, Senter PD. Metabolic engineering of monoclonal antibody carbohydrates for antibody-drug conjugation. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1650-5. [PMID: 24050213 DOI: 10.1021/bc4002695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The role that carbohydrates play in antibody function and pharmacokinetics has made them important targets for modification. The terminal fucose of the N-linked glycan structure, which has been shown to be involved in modulation of antibody-directed cellular cytotoxicity, is a particularly interesting location for potential modification through incorporation of alternative sugar structures. A library of fucose analogues was evaluated for their ability to incorporate into antibody carbohydrates in place of the native fucose. A number of efficiently incorporated molecules were identified, demonstrating the ability of fucosyltransferase VIII to utilize a variety of non-natural sugars as substrates. Among these structures was a thiolated analogue, 6-thiofucose, which was incorporated into the antibody carbohydrate with good efficiency. This unnatural thio-sugar could then be used for conjugation using maleimide chemistry to produce antibody-drug conjugates with pronounced cytotoxic activities and improved homogeneity compared to drug attachment through hinge disulfides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Okeley
- Seattle Genetics, Inc. , Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
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294
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Strop P, Liu SH, Dorywalska M, Delaria K, Dushin RG, Tran TT, Ho WH, Farias S, Casas MG, Abdiche Y, Zhou D, Chandrasekaran R, Samain C, Loo C, Rossi A, Rickert M, Krimm S, Wong T, Chin SM, Yu J, Dilley J, Chaparro-Riggers J, Filzen GF, O'Donnell CJ, Wang F, Myers JS, Pons J, Shelton DL, Rajpal A. Location matters: site of conjugation modulates stability and pharmacokinetics of antibody drug conjugates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:161-7. [PMID: 23438745 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are a therapeutic class offering promise for cancer therapy. The attachment of cytotoxic drugs to antibodies can result in an effective therapy with better safety potential than nontargeted cytotoxics. To understand the role of conjugation site, we developed an enzymatic method for site-specific antibody drug conjugation using microbial transglutaminase. This allowed us to attach diverse compounds at multiple positions and investigate how the site influences stability, toxicity, and efficacy. We show that the conjugation site has significant impact on ADC stability and pharmacokinetics in a species-dependent manner. These differences can be directly attributed to the position of the linkage rather than the chemical instability, as was observed with a maleimide linkage. With this method, it is possible to produce homogeneous ADCs and tune their properties to maximize the therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Strop
- Rinat-Pfizer, 230 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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295
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Jeffrey SC, Burke PJ, Lyon RP, Meyer DW, Sussman D, Anderson M, Hunter JH, Leiske CI, Miyamoto JB, Nicholas ND, Okeley NM, Sanderson RJ, Stone IJ, Zeng W, Gregson SJ, Masterson L, Tiberghien AC, Howard PW, Thurston DE, Law CL, Senter PD. A potent anti-CD70 antibody-drug conjugate combining a dimeric pyrrolobenzodiazepine drug with site-specific conjugation technology. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1256-63. [PMID: 23808985 DOI: 10.1021/bc400217g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A highly cytotoxic DNA cross-linking pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer with a valine-alanine dipeptide linker was conjugated to the anti-CD70 h1F6 mAb either through endogenous interchain cysteines or, site-specifically, through engineered cysteines at position 239 of the heavy chains. The h1F6239C-PBD conjugation strategy proved to be superior to interchain cysteine conjugation, affording an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) with high uniformity in drug-loading and low levels of aggregation. In vitro cytotoxicity experiments demonstrated that the h1F6239C-PBD was potent and immunologically specific on CD70-positive renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cell lines. The conjugate was resistant to drug loss in plasma and in circulation, and had a pharmacokinetic profile closely matching that of the parental h1F6239C antibody capped with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). Evaluation in CD70-positive RCC and NHL mouse xenograft models showed pronounced antitumor activities at single or weekly doses as low as 0.1 mg/kg of ADC. The ADC was tolerated at 2.5 mg/kg. These results demonstrate that PBDs can be effectively used for antibody-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Jeffrey
- Department of Research & Translational Medicine, Seattle Genetics, Inc., Bothell, WA 98021, USA.
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296
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Boswell CA, Mundo EE, Firestein R, Zhang C, Mao W, Gill H, Young C, Ljumanovic N, Stainton S, Ulufatu S, Fourie A, Kozak KR, Fuji R, Polakis P, Khawli LA, Lin K. An integrated approach to identify normal tissue expression of targets for antibody-drug conjugates: case study of TENB2. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:445-57. [PMID: 22889168 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The success of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) depends on the therapeutic window rendered by the differential expression between normal and pathological tissues. The ability to identify and visualize target expression in normal tissues could reveal causes for target-mediated clearance observed in pharmacokinetic characterization. TENB2 is a prostate cancer target associated with the progression of poorly differentiated and androgen-independent tumour types, and ADCs specific for TENB2 are candidate therapeutics. The objective of this study was to locate antigen expression of TENB2 in normal tissues, thereby elucidating the underlying causes of target-mediated clearance. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A series of pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and mass balance studies were conducted in mice using a radiolabelled anti-TENB2 ADC. These data were complemented by non-invasive single photon emission computed tomography - X-ray computed tomography imaging and immunohistochemistry. KEY RESULTS The intestines were identified as a saturable and specific antigen sink that contributes, at least in part, to the rapid target-mediated clearance of the anti-TENB2 antibody and its drug conjugate in rodents. As a proof of concept, we also demonstrated the selective disposition of the ADC in a tumoural environment in vivo using the LuCaP 77 transplant mouse model. High tumour uptake was observed despite the presence of the antigen sink, and antigen specificity was confirmed by antigen blockade. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings provide the anatomical location and biological interpretation of target-mediated clearance of anti-TENB2 antibodies and corresponding drug conjugates. Further investigations may be beneficial in addressing the relative contributions to ADC disposition from antigen expression in both normal and pathological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Andrew Boswell
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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297
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Analytical and bioanalytical technologies for characterizing antibody–drug conjugates. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:406-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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298
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Characterization of the drug-to-antibody ratio distribution for antibody–drug conjugates in plasma/serum. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:1057-71. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are a new class of cancer therapeutics that deliver potent cytotoxins specifically to tumors to minimize systemic toxicity. However, undesirable release of covalently linked drugs in circulation can affect safety and efficacy. The objective of this manuscript was to propose and assess the assays that allow for the characterization of the drug deconjugation in plasma/serum. Results: ADCs of three main drug conjugation platforms, linked via lysine, site-specific engineered cysteine or reduced interchain disulfide cysteine residues, were analyzed using affinity capture for sample enrichment coupled with LC–MS or hydrophobic interaction chromatography–UV for detection. These novel approaches enabled measurement of the relative abundance of individual ADC species with different drug-to-antibody ratios, while maintaining their structural integrity. Conclusion: The characterization data generated by affinity capture LC–MS or hydrophobic interaction chromatography–UV provided critical mechanistic insights into understanding the stability and bioactivity of ADCs in vivo, and also helped the development of appropriate quantitative ELISAs.
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299
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Chu YW, Polson A. Antibody–drug conjugates for the treatment of B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and leukemia. Future Oncol 2013; 9:355-68. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are a broad class of molecules comprising of a potent cytotoxic agent conjugated with a monoclonal antibody using a chemically stable linker. By selecting a monoclonal antibody directed against a tumor-specific or tumor-associated antigen, ADCs allow the targeted delivery of highly potent cytotoxic agents that result in unacceptable toxicity when administered as free agents. ADCs are currently being developed for the treatment of a wide variety of tumors. In this review, the current clinical and preclinical status of ADCs for the treatment of B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and B-cell leukemia will be discussed. ADCs have the potential to alter treatment paradigms for these diseases by providing both increased efficacy and improved safety and tolerability over current chemotherapy-based regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Waye Chu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Andrew Polson
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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300
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Abstract
Pharmacokinetic and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) characterization of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) reflects the dynamic interactions between the biological system and ADC, and provides critical assessments in lead selection, optimization, and clinical development. Understanding the pharmacokinetics (PK), ADME properties and consequently the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic properties of ADCs is critical for their successful development. This chapter discusses the PK properties of ADCs, types of PK and ADME studies in supporting different stages of development, general design of PK/ADME studies with a focus on ADC-specific characteristics, and interpretation of PK parameters.
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