251
|
Zhang JM, Li EQ, Aguirre-Pablo AA, Thoroddsen ST. A simple and low-cost fully 3D-printed non-planar emulsion generator. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra23129a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a low-cost 3D-printed emulsion generator. The 3-D pinch-off junction eliminates the need for surface treatment as the inner liquid never touches the channel wall. The same device can therefore pinch off both inner drops of oil or water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ming Zhang
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Thuwal
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Er Qiang Li
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Thuwal
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Andres A. Aguirre-Pablo
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Thuwal
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Sigurdur T. Thoroddsen
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Thuwal
- Saudi Arabia
- Clean Combustion Research Center
| |
Collapse
|
252
|
Albritton JL, Roybal JD, Paulsen SJ, Calafat N, Flores-Zaher JA, Farach-Carson MC, Gibbons DL, Miller JS. Ultrahigh-throughput Generation and Characterization of Cellular Aggregates in Laser-ablated Microwells of Poly(dimethylsiloxane). RSC Adv 2016; 6:8980-8991. [PMID: 26998251 PMCID: PMC4792302 DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26022a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregates of cells, also known as multicellular aggregates (MCAs), have been used as microscale tissues in the fields of cancer biology, regenerative medicine, and developmental biology for many decades. However, small MCAs (fewer than 100 cells per aggregate) have remained challenging to manufacture in large quantities at high uniformity. Forced aggregation into microwells offers a promising solution for forming consistent aggregates, but commercial sources of microwells are expensive, complicated to manufacture, or lack the surface packing densities that would significantly improve MCA production. To address these concerns, we custom-modified a commercial laser cutter to provide complete control over laser ablation and directly generate microwells in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrate. We achieved ultra rapid microwell production speeds (>50,000 microwells/hr) at high areal packing densities (1,800 microwells/cm2) and over large surface areas for cell culture (60 cm2). Variation of the PDMS substrate distance from the laser focal plane during ablation allowed for the generation of microwells with a variety of sizes, contours, and aspect ratios. Casting of high-fidelity microneedle masters in polyurethane allowed for non-ablative microwell reproduction through replica molding. MCAs of human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), murine 344SQ metastatic adenocarcinoma cells, and human C4-2 prostate cancer cells were generated in our system with high uniformity within 24 hours, and computer vision software aided in the ultra-high-throughput analysis of harvested aggregates. Moreover, MCAs maintained invasive capabilities in 3D migration assays. In particular, 344SQ MCAs demonstrated epithelial lumen formation on Matrigel, and underwent EMT and invasion in the presence of TGF-β. We expect this technique to find broad utility in the generation and cultivation of cancer cell aggregates, primary cell aggregates, and embryoid bodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathon D. Roybal
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Nick Calafat
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Mary C. Farach-Carson
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Don L. Gibbons
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jordan S. Miller
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
253
|
He M, Zhao Y, Wang B, Xi Q, Zhou J, Liang Z. 3D Printing Fabrication of Amorphous Thermoelectric Materials with Ultralow Thermal Conductivity. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:5889-94. [PMID: 26448629 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201502153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectric materials are prepared by developing 3D printing technology. The 3D fabricated Bi0.5 Sb1.5 Te3 samples exhibit amorphous characteristics and thus show an ultralow thermal conductivity of 0.2 W m(-1) K(-1) . 3D printing fabrication readily generates bulk thermoelectric samples of any shape, which is not the case with traditional hot-pressing and spark plasma sintering methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minhong He
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Biao Wang
- Center for Phononics and Thermal Energy Science, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qing Xi
- Center for Phononics and Thermal Energy Science, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Center for Phononics and Thermal Energy Science, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ziqi Liang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
254
|
Tsuda S, Jaffery H, Doran D, Hezwani M, Robbins PJ, Yoshida M, Cronin L. Customizable 3D Printed 'Plug and Play' Millifluidic Devices for Programmable Fluidics. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141640. [PMID: 26558389 PMCID: PMC4641590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three dimensional (3D) printing is actively sought after in recent years as a promising novel technology to construct complex objects, which scope spans from nano- to over millimeter scale. Previously we utilized Fused deposition modeling (FDM)-based 3D printer to construct complex 3D chemical fluidic systems, and here we demonstrate the construction of 3D milli-fluidic structures for programmable liquid handling and control of biological samples. Basic fluidic operation devices, such as water-in-oil (W/O) droplet generators for producing compartmentalized mono-disperse droplets, sensor-integrated chamber for online monitoring of cellular growth, are presented. In addition, chemical surface treatment techniques are used to construct valve-based flow selector for liquid flow control and inter-connectable modular devices for networking fluidic parts. As such this work paves the way for complex operations, such as mixing, flow control, and monitoring of reaction / cell culture progress can be carried out by constructing both passive and active components in 3D printed structures, which designs can be shared online so that anyone with 3D printers can reproduce them by themselves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Tsuda
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hussain Jaffery
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David Doran
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Hezwani
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip J. Robbins
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mari Yoshida
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Leroy Cronin
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
255
|
Asano S, Maki T, Mae K. Evaluation of mixing profiles for a new micromixer design strategy. AIChE J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shusaku Asano
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Taisuke Maki
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Mae
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
256
|
Kang S, Kim KH, Kim YC. A novel electroporation system for efficient molecular delivery into Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with a 3-dimensional microelectrode. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15835. [PMID: 26522846 PMCID: PMC4629139 DOI: 10.1038/srep15835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroporation is one of the most widely used transfection methods because of its high efficiency and convenience among the various transfection methods. Previous micro-electroporation systems have some drawbacks such as limitations in height and design, time-consuming and an expensive fabrication process due to technical constraints. This study fabricates a three dimensional microelectrode using the 3D printing technique. The interdigitated microstructure consisting of poly lactic acid was injected by a 3D printer and coated with silver and aluminum with a series of dip-coatings. With the same strength of electric field (V cm−1), a higher efficiency for molecular delivery and a higher cellular viability are achieved with the microelectrode than with a standard cuvette. In addition, this study investigates chemicophysical changes such as Joule heating and dissolved metal during electroporation and showed the micro-electroporation system had less chemicophysical changes. It was concluded that the proposed micro-electroporation system will contribute to genetic engineering as a promising delivery tool, and this combination of 3D printing and electroporation has many potential applications for diverse designs or systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seongsu Kang
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Ho Kim
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeu-Chun Kim
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
257
|
Preis M, Breitkreutz J, Sandler N. Perspective: Concepts of printing technologies for oral film formulations. Int J Pharm 2015; 494:578-584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
258
|
Brennan MD, Rexius-Hall ML, Eddington DT. A 3D-Printed Oxygen Control Insert for a 24-Well Plate. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137631. [PMID: 26360882 PMCID: PMC4567345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
3D printing has emerged as a method for directly printing complete microfluidic devices, although printing materials have been limited to oxygen-impermeable materials. We demonstrate the addition of gas permeable PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) membranes to 3D-printed microfluidic devices as a means to enable oxygen control cell culture studies. The incorporation of a 3D-printed device and gas-permeable membranes was demonstrated on a 24-well oxygen control device for standard multiwell plates. The direct printing allows integrated distribution channels and device geometries not possible with traditional planar lithography. With this device, four different oxygen conditions were able to be controlled, and six wells were maintained under each oxygen condition. We demonstrate enhanced transcription of the gene VEGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor A) with decreasing oxygen levels in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. This is the first 3D-printed device incorporating gas permeable membranes to facilitate oxygen control in cell culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin D. Brennan
- Dept of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Megan L. Rexius-Hall
- Dept of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David T. Eddington
- Dept of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
259
|
Zenou M, Sa'ar A, Kotler Z. Laser Transfer of Metals and Metal Alloys for Digital Microfabrication of 3D Objects. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:4082-4089. [PMID: 25966320 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201500612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
3D copper logos printed on epoxy glass laminates are demonstrated. The structures are printed using laser transfer of molten metal microdroplets. The example in the image shows letters of 50 µm width, with each letter being taller than the last, from a height of 40 µm ('s') to 190 µm ('l'). The scanning microscopy image is taken at a tilt, and the topographic image was taken using interferometric 3D microscopy, to show the effective control of this technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zenou
- Additive Manufacturing Group, Orbotech Ltd. P.O. Box 215, Yavne, 81101, Israel
- Racah Institute of Physics and the Harvey M. Kruger Family Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Amir Sa'ar
- Racah Institute of Physics and the Harvey M. Kruger Family Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Zvi Kotler
- Additive Manufacturing Group, Orbotech Ltd. P.O. Box 215, Yavne, 81101, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
260
|
An BW, Kim K, Lee H, Kim SY, Shim Y, Lee DY, Song JY, Park JU. High-Resolution Printing of 3D Structures Using an Electrohydrodynamic Inkjet with Multiple Functional Inks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:4322-8. [PMID: 26095718 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrohydrodynamic-inkjet-printed high-resolution complex 3D structures with multiple functional inks are demonstrated. Printed 3D structures can have a variety of fine patterns, such as vertical or helix-shaped pillars and straight or rounded walls, with high aspect ratios (greater than ≈50) and narrow diameters (≈0.7 μm). Furthermore, the formation of freestanding, bridge-like Ag wire structures on plastic substrates suggests substantial potentials as high-precision, flexible 3D interconnects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Wan An
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Low-Dimensional Carbon Materials Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Kukjoo Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Low-Dimensional Carbon Materials Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejoo Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Low-Dimensional Carbon Materials Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Yun Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Low-Dimensional Carbon Materials Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Yulhui Shim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Low-Dimensional Carbon Materials Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Young Lee
- Display Research Center, Samsung Display, Yongin-city, 446-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yeob Song
- Department of Ultra Precision Machines and Systems, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Ung Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Low-Dimensional Carbon Materials Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
261
|
Wei X, Li D, Jiang W, Gu Z, Wang X, Zhang Z, Sun Z. 3D Printable Graphene Composite. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11181. [PMID: 26153673 PMCID: PMC4495599 DOI: 10.1038/srep11181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In human being's history, both the Iron Age and Silicon Age thrived after a matured massive processing technology was developed. Graphene is the most recent superior material which could potentially initialize another new material Age. However, while being exploited to its full extent, conventional processing methods fail to provide a link to today's personalization tide. New technology should be ushered in. Three-dimensional (3D) printing fills the missing linkage between graphene materials and the digital mainstream. Their alliance could generate additional stream to push the graphene revolution into a new phase. Here we demonstrate for the first time, a graphene composite, with a graphene loading up to 5.6 wt%, can be 3D printable into computer-designed models. The composite's linear thermal coefficient is below 75 ppm·°C(-1) from room temperature to its glass transition temperature (Tg), which is crucial to build minute thermal stress during the printing process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Dong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology School of Physics Science and Engineering Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Department of Applied Chemistry Xi’an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zheming Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Engineering Materials Application and Evaluation, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology School of Physics Science and Engineering Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Zengxing Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology School of Physics Science and Engineering Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Zhengzong Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
262
|
Su CK, Peng PJ, Sun YC. Fully 3D-Printed Preconcentrator for Selective Extraction of Trace Elements in Seawater. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6945-50. [PMID: 26101898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we used a stereolithographic 3D printing technique and polyacrylate polymers to manufacture a solid phase extraction preconcentrator for the selective extraction of trace elements and the removal of unwanted salt matrices, enabling accurate and rapid analyses of trace elements in seawater samples when combined with a quadrupole-based inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. To maximize the extraction efficiency, we evaluated the effect of filling the extraction channel with ordered cuboids to improve liquid mixing. Upon automation of the system and optimization of the method, the device allowed highly sensitive and interference-free determination of Mn, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb, with detection limits comparable with those of most conventional methods. The system's analytical reliability was further confirmed through analyses of reference materials and spike analyses of real seawater samples. This study suggests that 3D printing can be a powerful tool for building multilayer fluidic manipulation devices, simplifying the construction of complex experimental components, and facilitating the operation of sophisticated analytical procedures for most sample pretreatment applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kuan Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jin Peng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Chang Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
263
|
Femmer T, Jans A, Eswein R, Anwar N, Moeller M, Wessling M, Kuehne AJC. High-Throughput Generation of Emulsions and Microgels in Parallelized Microfluidic Drop-Makers Prepared by Rapid Prototyping. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:12635-8. [PMID: 26040198 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b03969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We describe the preparation of rapid prototyped parallelized microfluidic drop-maker devices. The manufacturing technique facilitates stacking of the drop-makers vertically on top of each other allowing for a reduced footprint and minimized dead-volume through efficient design of the distribution channels. We showcase the potential of the additive manufacturing technique for microfluidics and the performance of the parallelized device by producing large amounts of microgels with a diameter of ca. 500 μm, a size that is inaccessible using traditional synthetic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Femmer
- †DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- ‡Chemical Process Engineering AVT.CVT, RWTH Aachen University, Turmstrasse 46, 52064 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Jans
- †DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rudi Eswein
- †DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Naveed Anwar
- †DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Moeller
- †DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- †DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- ‡Chemical Process Engineering AVT.CVT, RWTH Aachen University, Turmstrasse 46, 52064 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander J C Kuehne
- †DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
264
|
Bishop GW, Satterwhite JE, Bhakta S, Kadimisetty K, Gillette KM, Chen E, Rusling JF. 3D-Printed Fluidic Devices for Nanoparticle Preparation and Flow-Injection Amperometry Using Integrated Prussian Blue Nanoparticle-Modified Electrodes. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5437-43. [PMID: 25901660 PMCID: PMC4439300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A consumer-grade fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printer was used to construct fluidic devices for nanoparticle preparation and electrochemical sensing. Devices were printed using poly(ethylene terephthalate) and featured threaded ports to connect polyetheretherketone (PEEK) tubing via printed fittings prepared from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). These devices included channels designed to have 800 μm × 800 μm square cross sections and were semitransparent to allow visualization of the solution-filled channels. A 3D-printed device with a Y-shaped mixing channel was used to prepare Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs) under flow rates of 100 to 2000 μL min(-1). PBNPs were then attached to gold electrodes for hydrogen peroxide sensing. 3D-printed devices used for electrochemical measurements featured threaded access ports into which a fitting equipped with reference, counter, and PBNP-modified working electrodes could be inserted. PBNP-modified electrodes enabled amperometric detection of H2O2 in the 3D-printed channel by flow-injection analysis, exhibiting a detection limit of 100 nM and linear response up to 20 μM. These experiments show that a consumer-grade FFF printer can be used to fabricate low-cost fluidic devices for applications similar to those that have been reported with more expensive 3D-printing methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W. Bishop
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Satterwhite
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Snehasis Bhakta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Karteek Kadimisetty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Kelsey M. Gillette
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Eric Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - James F. Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland at Galway, Galway, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
265
|
3D bioprinting of tissues and organs. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 32:773-85. [PMID: 25093879 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3404] [Impact Index Per Article: 378.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing, otherwise known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, is driving major innovations in many areas, such as engineering, manufacturing, art, education and medicine. Recent advances have enabled 3D printing of biocompatible materials, cells and supporting components into complex 3D functional living tissues. 3D bioprinting is being applied to regenerative medicine to address the need for tissues and organs suitable for transplantation. Compared with non-biological printing, 3D bioprinting involves additional complexities, such as the choice of materials, cell types, growth and differentiation factors, and technical challenges related to the sensitivities of living cells and the construction of tissues. Addressing these complexities requires the integration of technologies from the fields of engineering, biomaterials science, cell biology, physics and medicine. 3D bioprinting has already been used for the generation and transplantation of several tissues, including multilayered skin, bone, vascular grafts, tracheal splints, heart tissue and cartilaginous structures. Other applications include developing high-throughput 3D-bioprinted tissue models for research, drug discovery and toxicology.
Collapse
|
266
|
Tumbleston JR, Shirvanyants D, Ermoshkin N, Janusziewicz R, Johnson AR, Kelly D, Chen K, Pinschmidt R, Rolland JP, Ermoshkin A, Samulski ET, DeSimone JM. Continuous liquid interface production of 3D objects. Science 2015; 347:1349-52. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa2397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1253] [Impact Index Per Article: 139.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
267
|
Watfa N, Floquet S, Terazzi E, Haouas M, Salomon W, Korenev VS, Taulelle F, Guénée L, Hijazi A, Naoufal D, Piguet C, Cadot E. Synthesis, characterization, and tuning of the liquid crystal properties of ionic materials based on the cyclic polyoxothiometalate [{Mo4O4S4(H2O)3(OH)2}2(P8W48O184)](36-). SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:1087-1099. [PMID: 25523713 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02551b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of compounds resulting from the ionic association of a nanoscopic inorganic cluster of formula [K2NaxLiy{Mo4O4S4(OH)2(H2O)3}2(HzP8W48O184)]((34-x-y-z)-), 1, with several organic cations such as dimethyldioctadecylammonium DODA(+), trimethylhexadecylammonium TMAC16(+), alkylmethylimidazoliums mimCn(+) (n = 12-20) and alkyl-dimethylimidazoliums dmimCn(+) (n = 12 and 16) was prepared and characterized in the solid state by FT-IR, EDX, Elemental analysis, TGA and solid state NMR. The solid state NMR experiments performed on (1)H, (13)C and (31)P nuclei evidenced the interactions between the cations and 1 as well as the organization of the alkyl chains of the cations within the solid. Polarized optical microscopy, DSC and SA-XRD experiments implicated mesomorphic phases for DODA(+) and mimCn(+) salts of 1. The crystallographic parameters were determined and demonstrated that the inter-lamellar spacing could be controlled upon changing the length of the alkyl chain, a very interesting result if we consider the huge size of the inorganic cluster 1 and the simple nature of the cations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Watfa
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR 8180, University of Versailles, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035 Versailles, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
268
|
Li C, Faulkner-Jones A, Dun AR, Jin J, Chen P, Xing Y, Yang Z, Li Z, Shu W, Liu D, Duncan RR. Rapid Formation of a Supramolecular Polypeptide-DNA Hydrogel for In Situ Three-Dimensional Multilayer Bioprinting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
269
|
Li C, Faulkner-Jones A, Dun AR, Jin J, Chen P, Xing Y, Yang Z, Li Z, Shu W, Liu D, Duncan RR. Rapid Formation of a Supramolecular Polypeptide-DNA Hydrogel for In Situ Three-Dimensional Multilayer Bioprinting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:3957-61. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
270
|
Ley SV, Fitzpatrick DE, Ingham RJ, Myers RM. Organic synthesis: march of the machines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:3449-64. [PMID: 25586940 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organic synthesis is changing; in a world where budgets are constrained and the environmental impacts of practice are scrutinized, it is increasingly recognized that the efficient use of human resource is just as important as material use. New technologies and machines have found use as methods for transforming the way we work, addressing these issues encountered in research laboratories by enabling chemists to adopt a more holistic systems approach in their work. Modern developments in this area promote a multi-disciplinary approach and work is more efficient as a result. This Review focuses on the concepts, procedures and methods that have far-reaching implications in the chemistry world. Technologies have been grouped as topics of opportunity and their recent applications in innovative research laboratories are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven V Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK).
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
271
|
Ley SV, Fitzpatrick DE, Ingham RJ, Myers RM. Organische Synthese: Vormarsch der Maschinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
272
|
Rogers CI, Qaderi K, Woolley AT, Nordin GP. 3D printed microfluidic devices with integrated valves. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:016501. [PMID: 25610517 PMCID: PMC4297278 DOI: 10.1063/1.4905840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the successful fabrication and testing of 3D printed microfluidic devices with integrated membrane-based valves. Fabrication is performed with a low-cost commercially available stereolithographic 3D printer. Horizontal microfluidic channels with designed rectangular cross sectional dimensions as small as 350 μm wide and 250 μm tall are printed with 100% yield, as are cylindrical vertical microfluidic channels with 350 μm designed (210 μm actual) diameters. Based on our previous work [Rogers et al., Anal. Chem. 83, 6418 (2011)], we use a custom resin formulation tailored for low non-specific protein adsorption. Valves are fabricated with a membrane consisting of a single build layer. The fluid pressure required to open a closed valve is the same as the control pressure holding the valve closed. 3D printed valves are successfully demonstrated for up to 800 actuations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad I Rogers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Kamran Qaderi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Adam T Woolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Gregory P Nordin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
273
|
Stoller MA, Konda A, Kottwitz MA, Morin SA. Thermoplastic building blocks for the fabrication of microfluidic masters. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22742a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript reports a building-block-based approach for the design and fabrication of masters that enables “ultra-rapid” prototyping of functional microfluidic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhiteja Konda
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln
- Lincoln
- USA
| | | | - Stephen A. Morin
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln
- Lincoln
- USA
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience
| |
Collapse
|
274
|
Li LL, Han HY, Wang YH, Tan HQ, Zang HY, Li YG. Construction of polyoxometalates from dynamic lacunary polyoxotungstate building blocks and lanthanide linkers. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:11429-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt00686d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New polyoxometalates have been constructed from the dynamic building block {B-α-SbIIIW9O33} and lanthanide (Ln) linkers via a stepwise synthetic strategy, exhibiting luminescent properties with their Tb- and Dy-derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Hua-Yan Han
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Yong-Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Hua-Qiao Tan
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Hong-Ying Zang
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Yang-Guang Li
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
275
|
Hanczyc MM, Parrilla JM, Nicholson A, Yanev K, Stoy K. Creating and maintaining chemical artificial life by robotic symbiosis. ARTIFICIAL LIFE 2014; 21:47-54. [PMID: 25514433 DOI: 10.1162/artl_a_00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a robotic platform based on the open source RepRap 3D printer that can print and maintain chemical artificial life in the form of a dynamic, chemical droplet. The robot uses computer vision, a self-organizing map, and a learning program to automatically categorize the behavior of the droplet that it creates. The robot can then use this categorization to autonomously detect the current state of the droplet and respond. The robot is programmed to visually track the droplet and either inject more chemical fuel to sustain a motile state or introduce a new chemical component that results in a state change (e.g., division). Coupling inexpensive open source hardware with sensing and feedback allows for replicable real-time manipulation and monitoring of nonequilibrium systems that would be otherwise tedious, expensive, and error-prone. This system is a first step towards the practical confluence of chemical, artificial intelligence, and robotic approaches to artificial life.
Collapse
|
276
|
Abstract
Chronic nonhealing wounds are a major source of morbidity and mortality in bed-ridden and diabetic patients. Monitoring of physical and chemical parameters important in wound healing and remodeling process can be of immense benefit for optimum management of such lesions. Low-cost flexible polymeric and paper-based substrates are attractive platforms for fabrication of such sensors. In this review, we discuss recent advances in flexible physiochemical sensors for chronic wound monitoring. After a brief introduction to wound healing process and commercial wound dressings, we describe various flexible biocompatible substrates that can be used as the base platform for integration of wound monitoring sensors. We will then discuss several fabrication methods that can be utilized to integrate physical and chemical sensors onto such substrates. Finally, we will present physical and chemical sensors developed for monitoring wound microenvironment and outline future development venues.
Collapse
|
277
|
Kong YL, Tamargo IA, Kim H, Johnson BN, Gupta MK, Koh TW, Chin HA, Steingart DA, Rand BP, McAlpine MC. 3D printed quantum dot light-emitting diodes. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:7017-23. [PMID: 25360485 DOI: 10.1021/nl5033292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Developing the ability to 3D print various classes of materials possessing distinct properties could enable the freeform generation of active electronics in unique functional, interwoven architectures. Achieving seamless integration of diverse materials with 3D printing is a significant challenge that requires overcoming discrepancies in material properties in addition to ensuring that all the materials are compatible with the 3D printing process. To date, 3D printing has been limited to specific plastics, passive conductors, and a few biological materials. Here, we show that diverse classes of materials can be 3D printed and fully integrated into device components with active properties. Specifically, we demonstrate the seamless interweaving of five different materials, including (1) emissive semiconducting inorganic nanoparticles, (2) an elastomeric matrix, (3) organic polymers as charge transport layers, (4) solid and liquid metal leads, and (5) a UV-adhesive transparent substrate layer. As a proof of concept for demonstrating the integrated functionality of these materials, we 3D printed quantum dot-based light-emitting diodes (QD-LEDs) that exhibit pure and tunable color emission properties. By further incorporating the 3D scanning of surface topologies, we demonstrate the ability to conformally print devices onto curvilinear surfaces, such as contact lenses. Finally, we show that novel architectures that are not easily accessed using standard microfabrication techniques can be constructed, by 3D printing a 2 × 2 × 2 cube of encapsulated LEDs, in which every component of the cube and electronics are 3D printed. Overall, these results suggest that 3D printing is more versatile than has been demonstrated to date and is capable of integrating many distinct classes of materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lin Kong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
278
|
Prikryl J, Foret F. Fluorescence detector for capillary separations fabricated by 3D printing. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11951-6. [PMID: 25427247 DOI: 10.1021/ac503678n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A simple inexpensive light-emitting diode (LED)-based fluorescence detector for detection in capillary separations is described. The modular design includes a separate high power LED source, detector head, designed in the epifluorescence arrangement, and capillary detection cells. The detector head and detection cells were printed using a 3D printer and assembled with commercially available optical components. Optical fibers were used for connecting the detector head to the LED excitation source and the photodetector module. Microscope objective or high numerical aperture optical fiber were used for collection of the fluorescence emission from the fused silica separation capillary. As an example, mixture of oligosaccharides labeled by 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate (APTS) was separated by capillary zone electrophoresis and detected by the described detector. The performance of the detector was compared with both a semiconductor photodiode and photomultiplier as light sensing elements. The main advantages of the 3D printed parts, compared to the more expensive alternatives from the optic component suppliers, include not only cost reduction, but also easy customization of the spatial arrangement, modularity, miniaturization, and sharing of information between laboratories for easy replication or further modifications of the detector. All information and files necessary for printing the presented detector are enclosed in the Supporting Information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Prikryl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry AS CR, v. v. i. , 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | |
Collapse
|
279
|
Fullerton JN, Frodsham GCM, Day RM. 3D printing for the many, not the few. Nat Biotechnol 2014; 32:1086-7. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
280
|
Preen RJ, Bull L. Towards the evolution of vertical-axis wind turbines using supershapes. EVOLUTIONARY INTELLIGENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12065-014-0116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
281
|
|
282
|
Bakarich SE, Gorkin R, in het Panhuis M, Spinks GM. Three-dimensional printing fiber reinforced hydrogel composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:15998-6006. [PMID: 25197745 DOI: 10.1021/am503878d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
An additive manufacturing process that combines digital modeling and 3D printing was used to prepare fiber reinforced hydrogels in a single-step process. The composite materials were fabricated by selectively pattering a combination of alginate/acrylamide gel precursor solution and an epoxy based UV-curable adhesive (Emax 904 Gel-SC) with an extrusion printer. UV irradiation was used to cure the two inks into a single composite material. Spatial control of fiber distribution within the digital models allowed for the fabrication of a series of materials with a spectrum of swelling behavior and mechanical properties with physical characteristics ranging from soft and wet to hard and dry. A comparison with the "rule of mixtures" was used to show that the swollen composite materials adhere to standard composite theory. A prototype meniscus cartilage was prepared to illustrate the potential application in bioengineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Bakarich
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong , North Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
283
|
Designing with protocells: applications of a novel technical platform. Life (Basel) 2014; 4:457-90. [PMID: 25370381 PMCID: PMC4206855 DOI: 10.3390/life4030457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper offers a design perspective on protocell applications and presents original research that characterizes the life-like qualities of the Bütschli dynamic droplet system, as a particular “species” of protocell. Specific focus is given to the possibility of protocell species becoming a technical platform for designing and engineering life-like solutions to address design challenges. An alternative framing of the protocell, based on process philosophy, sheds light on its capabilities as a technology that can deal with probability and whose ontology is consistent with complexity, nonlinear dynamics and the flow of energy and matter. However, the proposed technical systems do not yet formally exist as products or mature technologies. Their potential applications are therefore experimentally examined within a design context as architectural “projects”—an established way of considering proposals that have not yet been realized, like an extended hypothesis. Exemplary design-led projects are introduced, such as The Hylozoic Ground and Future Venice, which aim to “discover”, rather than “solve”, challenges to examine a set of possibilities that have not yet been resolved. The value of such exploration in design practice is in opening up a set of potential directions for further assessment before complex challenges are procedurally implemented.
Collapse
|
284
|
Lücking TH, Sambale F, Beutel S, Scheper T. 3D-printed individual labware in biosciences by rapid prototyping: A proof of principle. Eng Life Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tim H. Lücking
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Franziska Sambale
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Sascha Beutel
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover; Hannover Germany
| |
Collapse
|
285
|
Comina G, Suska A, Filippini D. Low cost lab-on-a-chip prototyping with a consumer grade 3D printer. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2978-82. [PMID: 24931176 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00394b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Versatile prototyping of 3D printed lab-on-a-chip devices, supporting different forms of sample delivery, transport, functionalization and readout, is demonstrated with a consumer grade printer, which centralizes all critical fabrication tasks. Devices cost 0.57US$ and are demonstrated in chemical sensing and micromixing examples, which exploit established principles from reference technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Germán Comina
- Optical Devices Laboratory - Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
286
|
|
287
|
Kitson PJ, Marshall RJ, Long D, Forgan RS, Cronin L. 3D Printed High-Throughput Hydrothermal Reactionware for Discovery, Optimization, and Scale-Up. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
288
|
Kitson PJ, Marshall RJ, Long D, Forgan RS, Cronin L. 3D Printed High-Throughput Hydrothermal Reactionware for Discovery, Optimization, and Scale-Up. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:12723-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
289
|
Erkal JL, Selimovic A, Gross BC, Lockwood SY, Walton EL, McNamara S, Martin RS, Spence DM. 3D printed microfluidic devices with integrated versatile and reusable electrodes. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2023-32. [PMID: 24763966 PMCID: PMC4436701 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00171k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We report two 3D printed devices that can be used for electrochemical detection. In both cases, the electrode is housed in commercially available, polymer-based fittings so that the various electrode materials (platinum, platinum black, carbon, gold, silver) can be easily added to a threaded receiving port printed on the device; this enables a module-like approach to the experimental design, where the electrodes are removable and can be easily repolished for reuse after exposure to biological samples. The first printed device represents a microfluidic platform with a 500 × 500 μm channel and a threaded receiving port to allow integration of either polyetheretherketone (PEEK) nut-encased glassy carbon or platinum black (Pt-black) electrodes for dopamine and nitric oxide (NO) detection, respectively. The embedded 1 mm glassy carbon electrode had a limit of detection (LOD) of 500 nM for dopamine and a linear response (R(2) = 0.99) for concentrations between 25-500 μM. When the glassy carbon electrode was coated with 0.05% Nafion, significant exclusion of nitrite was observed when compared to signal obtained from equimolar injections of dopamine. When using flow injection analysis with a Pt/Pt-black electrode and standards derived from NO gas, a linear correlation (R(2) = 0.99) over a wide range of concentrations (7.6-190 μM) was obtained, with the LOD for NO being 1 μM. The second application showcases a 3D printed fluidic device that allows collection of the biologically relevant analyte adenosine triphosphate (ATP) while simultaneously measuring the release stimulus (reduced oxygen concentration). The hypoxic sample (4.8 ± 0.5 ppm oxygen) released 2.4 ± 0.4 times more ATP than the normoxic sample (8.4 ± 0.6 ppm oxygen). Importantly, the results reported here verify the reproducible and transferable nature of using 3D printing as a fabrication technique, as devices and electrodes were moved between labs multiple times during completion of the study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayda L Erkal
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
290
|
Su CK, Hsia SC, Sun YC. Three-dimensional printed sample load/inject valves enabling online monitoring of extracellular calcium and zinc ions in living rat brains. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 838:58-63. [PMID: 25064244 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a simple and low-cost flow injection system coupled to a quadruple ICP-MS for the direct and continuous determination of multi-element in microdialysates. To interface microdialysis sampling to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), we employed 3D printing to manufacture an as-designed sample load/inject valve featuring an in-valve sample loop for precise handling of microliter samples with a dissolved solids content of 0.9% NaCl (w/v). To demonstrate the practicality of our developed on-line system, we applied the 3D printed valve equipped a 5-μL sample loop to minimize the occurrence of salt matrix effects and facilitate an online dynamic monitoring of extracellular calcium and zinc ions in living rat brains. Under the practical condition (temporal resolution: 10h(-1)), dynamic profiling of these two metal ions in living rat brain extracellular fluid after probe implantation (the basal values for Ca and Zn were 12.11±0.10mg L(-1) and 1.87±0.05μg L(-1), respectively) and real-time monitoring of the physiological response to excitotoxic stress elicited upon perfusing a solution of 2.5mM N-methyl-d-aspartate were performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kuan Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, 30013 Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chieh Hsia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, 30013 Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Chang Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, 30013 Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
291
|
Abstract
Effective utilization of three-dimensional printing for tissue and organ engineering remains nontrivial. Here, Jordan Miller identifies key challenges and discusses conceptual targets on the horizon. How structure relates to function—across spatial scales, from the single molecule to the whole organism—is a central theme in biology. Bioengineers, however, wrestle with the converse question: will function follow form? That is, we struggle to approximate the architecture of living tissues experimentally, hoping that the structure we create will lead to the function we desire. A new means to explore the relationship between form and function in living tissue has arrived with three-dimensional printing, but the technology is not without limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S. Miller
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
292
|
Kolakovic R, Viitala T, Ihalainen P, Genina N, Peltonen J, Sandler N. Printing technologies in fabrication of drug delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 10:1711-23. [PMID: 24256326 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.859134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There has been increased activity in the field recently regarding the development and research on various printing techniques in fabrication of dosage forms and drug delivery systems. These technologies may offer benefits and flexibility in manufacturing, potentially paving the way for personalized dosing and tailor-made dosage forms. AREAS COVERED In this review, the most recent observations and advancements in fabrication of drug delivery systems by utilizing printing technologies are summarized. A general overview of 2D printing techniques is presented including a review of the most recent literature where printing techniques are used in fabrication of drug delivery systems. The future perspectives and possible impacts on formulation strategies, flexible dosing and personalized medication of using printing techniques for fabrication of drug delivery systems are discussed. EXPERT OPINION It is evident that there is an urgent need to meet the challenges of rapidly growing trend of personalization of medicines through development of flexible drug-manufacturing approaches. In this context, various printing technologies, such as inkjet and flexography, can play an important role. Challenges on different levels exist and include: i) technological development of printers and production lines; ii) printable formulations and carrier substrates; iii) quality control and characterization; and iv) regulatory perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruzica Kolakovic
- Åbo Akademi University, Department of Biosciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory , Tykistökatu 6 A, Turku, 20520 , Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
293
|
Miras HN. Molecular Chalcoxides (ChalcoPolyoxometalates): A Family of Functional Materials with Emergent Properties. Chemistry 2014; 20:10554-60. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
294
|
Wang X, Cai X, Guo Q, Zhang T, Kobe B, Yang J. i3DP, a robust 3D printing approach enabling genetic post-printing surface modification. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 49:10064-6. [PMID: 24002351 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc45817b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Initiator integrated 3D printing, namely i3DP, was developed by incorporating a vinyl-terminated initiator into UV curable resin to make functional structural materials that enable genetic post-printing surface-initiated modification. Taking advantage of 3D printing and surface-initiated ATRP, the feasible i3DP makes 3D printed complex architectures possible for nearly any desired surface modification for various applications, for example, even pouring water into a sieve was readily achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
295
|
Wang X, Guo Q, Cai X, Zhou S, Kobe B, Yang J. Initiator-integrated 3D printing enables the formation of complex metallic architectures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:2583-2587. [PMID: 24328276 DOI: 10.1021/am4050822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing was used to fabricate various metallic structures by directly integrating a Br-containing vinyl-terminated initiator into the 3D resin followed by surface-initiated atomic-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and subsequent electroless plating. Cu- and Ni-coated complex structures, such as microlattices, hollow balls, and even Eiffel towers, were prepared. Moreover, the method is also capable of fabricating ultralight cellular metals with desired structures by simply etching the polymer template away. By combining the merits of 3D printing in structure design with those of ATRP in surface modification and polymer-assisted ELP of metals, this universal, robust, and cost-effective approach has largely extended the capability of 3D printing and will make 3D printing technology more practical in areas of electronics, acoustic absorption, thermal insulation, catalyst supports, and others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
296
|
Shallan AI, Smejkal P, Corban M, Guijt RM, Breadmore MC. Cost-Effective Three-Dimensional Printing of Visibly Transparent Microchips within Minutes. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3124-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4041857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aliaa I. Shallan
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation
Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Dobson Road (off Churchill Avenue), Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), Pharmacy School
of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Dobson Road (off Churchill Avenue), Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - Petr Smejkal
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation
Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Dobson Road (off Churchill Avenue), Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - Monika Corban
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), Pharmacy School
of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Dobson Road (off Churchill Avenue), Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - Rosanne M. Guijt
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), Pharmacy School
of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Dobson Road (off Churchill Avenue), Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - Michael C. Breadmore
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation
Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Dobson Road (off Churchill Avenue), Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
297
|
Gross BC, Erkal JL, Lockwood SY, Chen C, Spence DM. Evaluation of 3D printing and its potential impact on biotechnology and the chemical sciences. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3240-53. [PMID: 24432804 DOI: 10.1021/ac403397r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 739] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nearing 30 years since its introduction, 3D printing technology is set to revolutionize research and teaching laboratories. This feature encompasses the history of 3D printing, reviews various printing methods, and presents current applications. The authors offer an appraisal of the future direction and impact this technology will have on laboratory settings as 3D printers become more accessible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bethany C Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University , 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
298
|
Comina G, Suska A, Filippini D. PDMS lab-on-a-chip fabrication using 3D printed templates. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:424-30. [PMID: 24281262 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50956g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of conventional PDMS on glass lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices, using templates printed with a commercial (2299 US$) micro-stereo lithography 3D printer, is demonstrated. Printed templates replace clean room and photolithographic fabrication resources and deliver resolutions of 50 μm, and up to 10 μm in localized hindrances, whereas the templates are smooth enough to allow direct transfer and proper sealing to glass substrates. 3D printed templates accommodate multiple thicknesses, from 50 μm up to several mm within the same template, with no additional processing cost or effort. This capability is exploited to integrate silicone tubing easily, to improve micromixer performance and to produce multilevel fluidics with simple access to independent functional surfaces, which is illustrated by time-resolved glucose detection. The templates are reusable, can be fabricated in under 20 min, with an average cost of 0.48 US$, which promotes broader access to established LOC configurations with minimal fabrication requirements, relieves LOC fabrication from design skills and provides a versatile LOC development platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Germán Comina
- Optical Devices Laboratory - Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
299
|
Jo W, Kim DH, Lee JS, Lee HJ, Moon MW. 3D printed tactile pattern formation on paper with thermal reflow method. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02822h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of 3D FDM printing method and thermal reflow technique was applied to fabricate tactile patterns for visually impaired people. The size controllable 3D tactile patterns were significantly improved in surface smoothness and adhesion strength on papers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wonjin Jo
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Convergence of Matter
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology
- 136-791 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hyun Kim
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Convergence of Matter
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology
- 136-791 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Sim Lee
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Convergence of Matter
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology
- 136-791 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Ju Lee
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Convergence of Matter
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology
- 136-791 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Woon Moon
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Convergence of Matter
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology
- 136-791 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
300
|
Lee KG, Park KJ, Seok S, Shin S, Kim DH, Park JY, Heo YS, Lee SJ, Lee TJ. 3D printed modules for integrated microfluidic devices. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05072j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct 3d printing for functional modules and their assembly into an integrated microfluidic device.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung G. Lee
- Center for Nanobio Integration & Convergence Engineering (NICE)
- NationalNanofabCenter
- Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun Joo Park
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- KAIST
- Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwan Seok
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- KAIST
- Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujeong Shin
- Center for Nanobio Integration & Convergence Engineering (NICE)
- NationalNanofabCenter
- Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- KAIST
- Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Youn Park
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute
- Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Seok Heo
- Biomedical Engineering
- School of Medicine
- Keimyung University
- Daegu 704–701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Jae Lee
- Center for Nanobio Integration & Convergence Engineering (NICE)
- NationalNanofabCenter
- Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jae Lee
- Center for Nanobio Integration & Convergence Engineering (NICE)
- NationalNanofabCenter
- Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|