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Zheng J, Jiang L, Zhang L, Yang L, Deng J, You Y, Li N, Wu H, Li W, Lu J, Zhou Y. Functional genetic variations in the IL-23 receptor gene are associated with risk of breast, lung and nasopharyngeal cancer in Chinese populations. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:2409-16. [PMID: 23042301 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-23 receptor (IL-23R) is a key element in the T-helper 17 cell-mediated inflammatory process, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cancer. In this study, we examined whether genetic polymorphisms in IL-23R are associated with cancer risk in 4936 cancer patients and 5664 control subjects from eastern and southern Chinese populations. We found that the C allele of the rs10889677A>C polymorphism in the 3'-untranslated region of IL-23R was inversely associated with risk of multiple types of cancer, including breast cancer, lung cancer and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Healthy controls who harbored the rs10889677C allele had significantly decreased cancer risk (odds ratio = 0.74, 95% confidence interval = 0.71-0.78) compared with those who harbored the rs10889677A allele. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that the rs10889677A allele disrupted the binding site for the microRNA miR-let-7f, thereby increasing the transcription of the IL-23R in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, cancer-free individuals carrying the rs10889677CC homozygous genotype had a lower proportion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and a higher T-cell proliferation rate upon stimulation with concanavalin A than individuals carrying the rs10889677AA homozygous genotype. Our findings indicate that the IL-23R rs10889677A>C polymorphism may influence T-cell proliferation, resulting in changes in the levels of Tregs in vivo and modifying cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zheng
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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252
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The battle against nasopharyngeal cancer. Radiother Oncol 2012; 104:272-8. [PMID: 22938727 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This is a review of the evolving efforts to understand and combat nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a most peculiar cancer with a distinctly skewed geographic and ethnic distribution. Multifactorial etiology with dynamic interplay of genetic predisposition, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and environmental carcinogens is suggested. With changing lifestyle in Hong Kong, the age-standardized incidence rate has decreased by more than 50% during the past 30 years. The advent of megavoltage radiotherapy has transformed this once lethal cancer into one that is readily curable. Advances in technology and addition of chemotherapy have led to gratifying improvements. Overall survival exceeding 75% at 5 years could now be achieved; series using advanced technique with intensity-modulation consistently achieved excellent locoregional control. Studies are on-going to develop more potent systemic therapy for distant control. Serious late toxicities remain a serious concern demanding further improvement in radiotherapy technique and optimization of dose fractionation. Translational researches are increasingly important for the ideal goals of prevention, early detection and more accurate prognostication/prediction to work toward personalized medicine. The battle against NPC is one of the most fascinating successes in oncology, it is highly hopeful that with international collaborations and concerted efforts, we can totally conquer this cancer.
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253
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Wee J, Ha TC, Loong S, Qian CN. High incidence of nasopharyngeal cancer: similarity for 60% of mitochondrial DNA signatures between the Bidayuhs of Borneo and the Bai-yue of Southern China. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2012; 31:455-6. [PMID: 22943598 PMCID: PMC3777505 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.012.10192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Populations in Southern China (Bai-yue) and Borneo (Bidayuh) with high incidence of nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) share similar mitochondrial DNA signatures, supporting the hypothesis that these two populations may share the same genetic predisposition for NPC, which may have first appeared in a common ancestral reference population before the sea levels rose after the last ice age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Wee
- Department of Radiation Oncology,
- Division of Clinical Trials & Epidemiological Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore;
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore;
| | - Tarn Cam Ha
- Division of Clinical Trials & Epidemiological Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore;
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore;
| | - Susan Loong
- Department of Radiation Oncology,
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore;
| | - Chao-Nan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China;
- Van Andel Research Institute, Michigan, USA.
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254
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Simons MJ. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma as a paradigm of cancer genetics. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2012; 30:79-84. [PMID: 21272439 PMCID: PMC4013336 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.010.10609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The unusual incidence patterns for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in China, Northeast India, Arctic Inuit, Peninsular and island Southeast Asia, Polynesian Islanders, and North Africans indicate a role for NPC risk genes in Chinese, Chinese-related, and not-obviously Chinese-related populations. Renewed interest in NPC genetic risk has been stimulated by a hypothesis that NPC population patterns originated in Bai-Yue / pre-Austronesian–speaking aborigines and were dispersed during the last glacial maximum by Sundaland submersion. Five articles in this issue of the Chinese Journal of Cancer, first presented at a meeting on genetic aspects of NPC [National Cancer Center of Singapore (NCCS), February 20–21, 2010], are directed towards incidence patterns, to early detection of affected individuals within risk populations, and to the application of genetic technology advances to understanding the nature of high risk. Turnbull presents a general framework for understanding population migrations that underlie NPC and similar complex diseases, including other viral cancers. Trejaut et al. apply genetic markers to detail migration from East Asia through Taiwan to the populating of Island Polynesia. Migration dispersal in a westward direction took mongoloid peoples to modern day Northeast India adjacent to Western China (Xinjiang). NPC incidence in mongoloid Nagas ranks amongst the highest in the world, whereas elsewhere in India NPC is uncommon. Cao et al. detail incidence patterns in Southeast China that have occurred over recent decades. Finally, Ji et al. describe the utility of Epstein-Barr virus serostatus in early NPC detection. While genetic risk factors still remain largely unknown, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes have been a focus of attention since the discovery of an HLA association with NPC in 1973 and, two years later, that NPC susceptibility in highest-risk Cantonese involved the co-occurrence of multi-HLA locus combinations of HLA genes as chromosome combinations, or haplotypes (e.g. HLA-A2–B46), whereas in relatively lower-risk non-Cantonese Chinese (Hokkiens, Teochews) they appeared to act independently, a strength of association reflecting the 30–50-fold difference in incidence between highest risk Cantonese and lowest-risk Indians. The prototypic haplotype HLA-A2–B46 extends over megabases. An upstream DNA segment (near HLA-DPA1), has close similarity to Gorilla, with no obvious homology to Chimpanzee in current databases, suggesting that a reticulate model of primate evolution may be more appropriate than simple phylogeny. The DNA variation level in this segment is high enough for it to be a hominin remnant. HLA-B46 arose in mongoloids and remains largely limited to Chinese so the question arises as to whether the hominin candidate segment indicates an eastward trek of Homo neanderthalensis or the survival of much earlier Homo erectus? In 2011 sequencing technologies have finally caught up with the requirement to separate parental haplotypes. Recently achieved chromosome separation for whole genome di-haploid genetic and epigenetic analysis of parental inheritance in single individuals will reveal interacting patterns of multi-locus haplotypes as humans move in and through successive environments, thus providing definitive information on the genetic affinities between extant populations, and of the migrations that have led to the global distribution of modern Homo. The challenge can now be met of seeking HLA-associated locations both within and outside the HLA complex on each of the pair of chromosomes. More broadly, for every disease, genetic risk detection will require resolution of the diploid genome as a di-haplome. In the context of NPC, HLA genetic risk complete autosomal di-haplomic sequencing will enable testing of the Wee unitary origin hypothesis of NPC risk even among populations with no apparent mongoloid affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm J Simons
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guandong 510060, PR China.
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255
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Kitajima H, Sonoda M, Yamamoto K. HLA and SNP haplotype mapping in the Japanese population. Genes Immun 2012; 13:543-8. [PMID: 22914434 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2012.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The genes that encode the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and II molecules are highly polymorphic and located in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region, where there is a high density of immune-related genes. Numerous studies have identified disease susceptibility in this region; however, interpretation of the results is complicated because of the strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) among HLA alleles and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In this study, we evaluated the correlation between the HLA alleles of 6 loci (HLA-A, C, B, DRB1, DQB1 and DPB1) and 6502 SNPs within 8 Mb of the extended MHC region using 92 Japanese subjects to identify SNP single loci or haplotypes that tag HLA alleles. We found a total of 39 HLA alleles that showed strong LD (r(2)≥0.8) with SNPs, including 11 non-synonymous SNPs in non-HLA genes. In addition, we identified several SNP haplotypes in strong LD (r(2)≥0.8) with eight HLA alleles, which do not possess tag SNPs. Our detailed list of tag SNPs and haplotypes could be utilized for a better understanding of the results obtained by association studies in the Japanese population and for the characterization of the differences in LD structures between races.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kitajima
- Division of Genome Analysis, Research Center for Genetic Information, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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256
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Hohenauer T, Moore AW. The Prdm family: expanding roles in stem cells and development. Development 2012; 139:2267-82. [PMID: 22669819 DOI: 10.1242/dev.070110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Prdm family are characterized by an N-terminal PR domain that is related to the SET methyltransferase domain, and multiple zinc fingers that mediate sequence-specific DNA binding and protein-protein interactions. Prdm factors either act as direct histone methyltransferases or recruit a suite of histone-modifying enzymes to target promoters. In this way, they function in many developmental contexts to drive and maintain cell state transitions and to modify the activity of developmental signalling pathways. Here, we provide an overview of the structure and function of Prdm family members and discuss the roles played by these proteins in stem cells and throughout development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hohenauer
- Disease Mechanism Research Core, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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257
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Xie SH, Yu ITS, Tse LA, Mang OWK, Yue L. Sex difference in the incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Hong Kong 1983-2008: suggestion of a potential protective role of oestrogen. Eur J Cancer 2012; 49:150-5. [PMID: 22892061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) shows a male predominance in incidence while the underlying reasons have rarely been explored. METHODS We analysed incident cases of NPC recorded in Hong Kong Cancer Registry during the period 1983-2008. All cases were divided into 5-year age groups. Age group specific incidence rates of NPC by sex and male to female ratios in incidence rate by age group were calculated. A curve fitting approach was taken to quantitatively describe the age-specific incidence rates of NPC using non-linear regressions. RESULTS During the period 1983-2008, a total of 27,579 new cases of NPC were identified (20,060 males and 7519 females) in Hong Kong. The overall male to female ratio of the annual age-standardised incidence rates of NPC ranged 2.2-3.1. The male to female ratio of NPC incidence increased with age until peaking at ages 55-59 years and showed a decline thereafter. An additional minor increase at ages 15-19 years was also observed. Modelling of the age-specific incidence curves suggested divergent slopes for men and women and a delay in increasing incidence with age among females, by around 5-10 years before menopause ages. CONCLUSION The age-dependent pattern of the sex difference in the incidence of NPC could not be completely explained by known risk factors for NPC. The contributions of intrinsic exposures, such as sex hormones, merit consideration and further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hua Xie
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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258
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Hsu WL, Tse KP, Liang S, Chien YC, Su WH, Yu KJ, Cheng YJ, Tsang NM, Hsu MM, Chang KP, Chen IH, Chen TI, Yang CS, Goldstein AM, Chen CJ, Chang YS, Hildesheim A. Evaluation of human leukocyte antigen-A (HLA-A), other non-HLA markers on chromosome 6p21 and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42767. [PMID: 22880099 PMCID: PMC3413673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes (located in the Major Histocompatibility Complex [MHC] region of chromosome 6p21) and NPC has been known for some time. Recently, two genome-wide association studies (GWAS) conducted in Taiwan and China confirmed that the strongest evidence for NPC association was mapped to the MHC region. It is still unclear, however, whether these findings reflect direct associations with Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) genes and/or to other genes in this gene-rich region. METHODS To better understand genetic associations for NPC within the MHC region of chromosome 6, we conducted an evaluation that pooled two previously conducted NPC case-control studies in Taiwan (N = 591 cases and N = 521 controls). PCR-based genotyping was performed for 12 significant SNPs identified within 6p21 in the Taiwan NPC GWAS and for the HLA-A gene (exons 2 and 3). FINDINGS After confirming homogeneity between the two studies, pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by logistic regression. We found that HLA-A (p-trend = 0.0006) and rs29232 (within the GABBR1 gene; p-trend = 0.005) were independent risk factors for NPC after adjustment for age, gender, study and each other. NPC risk was highest among individuals who were homozygous for the HLA-A*0207 risk allele and carriers of the rs29232 risk allele (A). CONCLUSION Our study suggests that most of the SNPs significantly associated with NPC from GWAS reflect previously identified HLA-A associations. An independent effect of rs29232 (GABBR1), however, remained, suggesting that additional genes within this region might be associated with NPC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Lun Hsu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ka-Po Tse
- Genome Medicine Core, Chang Gung Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan,Taiwan
| | - Sharon Liang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yin-Chu Chien
- Molecular and Genomic Epidemiology Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hui Su
- Molecular Epidemiology Core, Chang Gung Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kelly J. Yu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yu-Juen Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ngan-Ming Tsang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Lin-Kou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Mow-Ming Hsu
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Ping Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Lin-Kou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - I-How Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Lin-Kou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-I Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Czau-Siung Yang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Alisa M. Goldstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chien-Jen Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sun Chang
- Genome Medicine Core, Chang Gung Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan,Taiwan
| | - Allan Hildesheim
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
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259
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Wang LJ, Hsu CW, Chen CC, Liang Y, Chen LC, Ojcius DM, Tsang NM, Hsueh C, Wu CC, Chang YS. Interactome-wide analysis identifies end-binding protein 1 as a crucial component for the speck-like particle formation of activated absence in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasomes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:1230-44. [PMID: 22869553 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.020594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytoplasmic receptors that can recognize intracellular pathogens or danger signals and are critical for interleukin 1β production. Although several key components of inflammasome activation have been identified, there has not been a systematic analysis of the protein components found in the stimulated complex. In this study, we used the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification approach to systemically analyze the interactomes of the NLRP3, AIM2, and RIG-I inflammasomes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells treated with specific stimuli of these interactomes (H2O2, poly (dA:dT), and EBV noncoding RNA, respectively). We identified a number of proteins that appeared to be involved in the interactomes and also could be precipitated with anti-apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing caspase activation and recruitment domain antibodies after stimulation. Among them, end binding protein 1 was an interacting component in all three interactomes. Silencing of end binding protein 1 expression by small interfering RNA inhibited the activation of the three inflammasomes, as indicated by reduced levels of interleukin 1β secretion. We confirmed that end binding protein 1 directly interacted with AIM2 and ASC in vitro and in vivo. Most importantly, fluorescence confocal microscopy showed that end binding protein 1 was required for formation of the speck-like particles that represent activation of the AIM2 inflammasome. In nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues, immunohistochemical staining showed that end binding protein 1 expression was elevated and significantly correlated with AIM2 and ASC expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tumor cells. In sum, we profiled the interactome components of three inflammasomes and show for the first time that end binding protein 1 is crucial for the speck-like particle formation that represents activated inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jie Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung Molecular Medicine Research Center, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, and Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Lin-Kou, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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260
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Ku CS, Cooper DN, Wu M, Roukos DH, Pawitan Y, Soong R, Iacopetta B. Gene discovery in familial cancer syndromes by exome sequencing: prospects for the elucidation of familial colorectal cancer type X. Mod Pathol 2012; 25:1055-68. [PMID: 22522846 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in genotyping and sequencing technologies have provided powerful tools with which to explore the genetic basis of both Mendelian (monogenic) and sporadic (polygenic) diseases. Several hundred genome-wide association studies have so far been performed to explore the genetics of various polygenic or complex diseases including those cancers with a genetic predisposition. Exome sequencing has also proven very successful in elucidating the etiology of a range of hitherto poorly understood Mendelian disorders caused by high-penetrance mutations. Despite such progress, the genetic etiology of several familial cancers, such as familial colorectal cancer type X, has remained elusive. Familial colorectal cancer type X and Lynch syndrome are similar in terms of their fulfilling certain clinical criteria, but the former group is not characterized by germline mutations in DNA mismatch-repair genes. On the other hand, the genetics of sporadic colorectal cancer have been investigated by genome-wide association studies, leading to the identification of multiple new susceptibility loci. In addition, there is increasing evidence to suggest that familial and sporadic cancers exhibit similarities in terms of their genetic etiologies. In this review, we have summarized our current knowledge of familial colorectal cancer type X, discussed current approaches to probing its genetic etiology through the application of new sequencing technologies and the recruitment of the results of colorectal cancer genome-wide association studies, and explore the challenges that remain to be overcome given the uncertainty of the current genetic model (ie, monogenic vs polygenic) of familial colorectal cancer type X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee-Seng Ku
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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261
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Lowered risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and intake of plant vitamin, fresh fish, green tea and coffee: a case-control study in Taiwan. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41779. [PMID: 22848600 PMCID: PMC3407060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A case-control study was conducted to evaluate the role of adult diet on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in Taiwan. METHODS A total of 375 incident NPC cases and 327 controls matched to the cases on sex, age, and residence were recruited between July 1991 and December 1994. A structured questionnaire inquiring complete dietary history, socio-demographic characteristics, and other potential confounding factors was used in the personal interview. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to estimate multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (OR(adj)) with 95% confidence interval (CI) after accounting for known risk factors. RESULTS Fresh fish (OR(adj), 0.56; 95% CI, 0.38-0.83 for the highest vs. lowest tertile of intake), green tea (OR(adj), 0.61; 95% CI, 0.40-0.91 for drinking ≥1 times/week vs. never) and coffee (OR(adj), 0.56; 95% CI, 0.37-0.85 for drinking ≥0.5 times/week vs. never) were inversely associated with the NPC risk. No association with NPC risk was observed for the intake of meats, salted fish, fresh vegetables, fruits and milk. Intake of vitamin A from plant sources was associated with a decreased NPC risk (OR(adj), 0.62; 95% CI, 0.41-0.94 for the highest vs. lowest tertile). CONCLUSION The study findings suggest that certain adult dietary patterns might protect against the development of NPC.
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262
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Yue Y, Zhong W, Pei G, Xiao B, Zhang G, Jiang F, Zhang J, Chen C, Yang P, Dang H, Chang H. Aberrant activation of hedgehog pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Clin Exp Med 2012; 13:315-22. [PMID: 23001130 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-012-0198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a very common head and neck cancer in southern china. Despite advances in surgical and chemotherapeutic approaches, its prognosis is still not promising. Hedgehog signaling pathway was reported to be involved in a number of cancers including head and neck. However, it remains unclear regarding the role of this pathway in NPC. By real-time PCR, we found Ptch1, Smo, and Gli-1 were expressed in all human nasopharyngeal epithelial tissues and cell lines. Compared with nasopharyngeal normal epithelial tissues, the mRNA expression level of Gli-1 was higher in carcinoma and nasopharyngitis (NPI) epithelial tissues. While compared with nasopharyngitis epithelia, the mRNA expression level of Ptch1 was lower in carcinoma epithelia and normal epithelia. The expressions of Smo mRNA were not significantly different among these epithelial tissues. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that the expression level of Gli-1 was higher in NPC than NPI. Thus, our data indicated that aberrant activation of hedgehog pathway in NPC. Furthermore, blocking the pathway with cyclopamine inhibited the proliferation of NPC epithelia cell lines. In addition, blockade of the pathway in three NPC cell lines with cyclopamine-induced tumor cell apoptosis. The transcription of hedgehog target genes also is inhibited by cyclopamine. These data suggested that hedgehog pathway may sustain nasopharyngeal tumor growth. Our data demonstrated that hedgehog signaling pathway was involved in NPC pathogenesis and might be a novel therapeutic target for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Yue
- Life Science College, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135 Xingang xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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263
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Shugart YY, Wang Y, Jia WH, Zeng YX. GWAS signals across the HLA regions: revealing a clue for common etiology underlying infectious tumors and other immunity diseases. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2012; 30:226-30. [PMID: 21439243 PMCID: PMC3381606 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.011.10075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that multiple genes in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) regions play an important role in development of cancers and immunity disorders. However, the biological mechanisms of the HLA associations are not well understood. We recently conducted a survey of all genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with significant findings in the HLA regions and concluded that diseases such as cancer and immune disorders are more likely to be associated with genetic variants located in the HLA regions than other diseases. This finding is suggestive for testing a hypothesis of a common etiology of infectious tumors and other immunity diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yao Shugart
- Unit of Statistical Genomics, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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264
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Di Bernardo MC, Broderick P, Harris S, Dyer MJS, Matutes E, Dearden C, Catovsky D, Houlston RS. Risk of developing chronic lymphocytic leukemia is influenced by HLA-A class I variation. Leukemia 2012; 27:255-8. [PMID: 22814293 PMCID: PMC5053357 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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265
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Lo AKF, Dawson CW, Jin DY, Lo KW. The pathological roles of BART miRNAs in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Pathol 2012; 227:392-403. [PMID: 22431062 DOI: 10.1002/path.4025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a distinct type of head and neck cancer prevalent in south-east Asia and southern China, where it constitutes a significant health burden. Although the close association of NPC with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has been known for more than four decades, the exact role that EBV plays in the pathogenesis of this malignancy is still unclear. While NPC tumours are known to express a number of EBV-encoded proteins, they also express a large number of virus-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs), the most abundant of which are those encoded from the BamHI-A region of the viral genome: the so-called BART miRNAs. miRNAs are small non-coding mRNAs that negatively regulate the expression of various genes at the post-transcriptional level. Accumulating evidence suggests that miRNAs play important roles in tumourigenesis. Here, we review the role of EBV-encoded BART miRNAs in modulating apoptosis and host innate defence mechanisms and their contribution to NPC pathogenesis. The rationale and strategies for therapeutic targeting of BART miRNAs in EBV-infected NPC are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K-F Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Chinese University of Hong Kong, SAR
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266
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Mocellin S, Verdi D, Pooley KA, Landi MT, Egan KM, Baird DM, Prescott J, De Vivo I, Nitti D. Telomerase reverse transcriptase locus polymorphisms and cancer risk: a field synopsis and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012; 104:840-54. [PMID: 22523397 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djs222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several recent studies have provided evidence that polymorphisms in the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene sequence are associated with cancer development, but a comprehensive synopsis is not available. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available molecular epidemiology data regarding the association between TERT locus polymorphisms and predisposition to cancer. METHODS A systematic review of the English literature was conducted by searching PubMed, Embase, Cancerlit, Google Scholar, and ISI Web of Knowledge databases for studies on associations between TERT locus polymorphisms and cancer risk. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed to pool per-allele odds ratios for TERT locus polymorphisms and risk of cancer, and between-study heterogeneity and potential bias sources (eg, publication and chasing bias) were assessed. Because the TERT locus includes the cleft lip and palate transmembrane 1-like (CLPTM1L) gene, which is in linkage disequilibrium with TERT, CLPTM1L polymorphisms were also analyzed. Cumulative evidence for polymorphisms with statistically significant associations was graded as "strong," "moderate," and "weak" according to the Venice criteria. The joint population attributable risk was calculated for polymorphisms with strong evidence of association. RESULTS Eighty-five studies enrolling 490 901 subjects and reporting on 494 allelic contrasts were retrieved. Data were available on 67 TERT locus polymorphisms and 24 tumor types, for a total of 221 unique combinations of polymorphisms and cancer types. Upon meta-analysis, a statistically significant association with the risk of any cancer type was found for 22 polymorphisms. Strong, moderate, and weak cumulative evidence for association with at least one tumor type was demonstrated for 11, 9, and 14 polymorphisms, respectively. For lung cancer, which was the most studied tumor type, the estimated joint population attributable risk for three polymorphisms (TERT rs2736100, intergenic rs4635969, and CLPTM1L rs402710) was 41%. Strong evidence for lack of association was identified for five polymorphisms in three tumor types. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the largest collection of data for associations between TERT locus polymorphisms and cancer risk. Our findings support the hypothesis that genetic variability in this genomic region can modulate cancer susceptibility in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mocellin
- Department of Oncological and Surgical Sciences, Meta-analysis Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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267
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Qiu QC, Hu B, He XP, Luo Q, Tang GH, Long ZF, Chen ZC, He XS. STGC3 inhibits xenograft tumor growth of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by altering the expression of proteins associated with apoptosis. Genet Mol Biol 2012; 35:18-26. [PMID: 22481869 PMCID: PMC3313509 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572012005000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
STGC3 is a potential tumor suppressor that inhibits the growth of the nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line CNE2; the expression of this protein is reduced in nasopharyngeal carcinoma compared with normal nasopharyngeal tissue. In this study, we investigated the tumor-suppressing activity of STGC3 in nude mice injected subcutaneously with Tet/pTRE-STGC3/CNE2 cells. STGC3 expression was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of doxycycline (Dox). The volume mean of Tet/pTRE-STGC3/CNE2+Dox xenografts was smaller than that of Tet/pTRE/CNE2+Dox xenografts. In addition, Tet/pTRE-STGC3/CNE2+Dox xenografts showed an increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells, a decrease in Bcl-2 protein expression and an increase in Bax protein expression. A proteomic approach was used to assess the protein expression profile associated with STGC3-mediated apoptosis. Western blotting confirmed the differential up-regulation of prohibitin seen in proteomic analysis. These results indicate that overexpression of STGC3 inhibits xenograft growth in nude mice by enhancing apoptotic cell death through altered expression of apoptosis-related proteins such as Bcl-2, Bax and prohibitin. These data contribute to our understanding of the function of STGC3 in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma and provide new clues for investigating other STGC3-associated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Chao Qiu
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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268
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Genetics and epigenetics of cutaneous malignant melanoma: a concert out of tune. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:89-102. [PMID: 22503822 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) is the most life-threatening neoplasm of the skin and is considered a major health problem as both incidence and mortality rates continue to rise. Once CMM has metastasized it becomes therapy-resistant and is an inevitably deadly disease. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that are involved in the initiation and progression of CMM is crucial for overcoming the commonly observed drug resistance as well as developing novel targeted treatment strategies. This molecular knowledge may further lead to the identification of clinically relevant biomarkers for early CMM detection, risk stratification, or prediction of response to therapy, altogether improving the clinical management of this disease. In this review we summarize the currently identified genetic and epigenetic alterations in CMM development. Although the genetic components underlying CMM are clearly emerging, a complete picture of the epigenetic alterations on DNA (DNA methylation), RNA (non-coding RNAs), and protein level (histone modifications, Polycomb group proteins, and chromatin remodeling) and the combinatorial interactions between these events is lacking. More detailed knowledge, however, is accumulating for genetic and epigenetic interactions in the aberrant regulation of the INK4b-ARF-INK4a and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) loci. Importantly, we point out that it is this interplay of genetics and epigenetics that effectively leads to distorted gene expression patterns in CMM.
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269
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Zhao M, Cai H, Li X, Zheng H, Yang X, Fang W, Zhang L, Wei G, Li M, Yao K, Li X. Further evidence for the existence of major susceptibility of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the region near HLA-A locus in Southern Chinese. J Transl Med 2012; 10:57. [PMID: 22440091 PMCID: PMC3383544 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a multi-factorial malignancy closely associated with environmental factors, genetic factors and Epstein-Barr virus infection. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex, specially the region near HLA-A locus, was regarded as a major candidate region bearing NPC genetic susceptibility loci in many previous studies including two recent genome-wide association (GWA) studies. To provide further evidence for the NPC susceptibility in the region near HLA-A locus based on other previous studies, we carried out a two-stage hospital-based case control association study including 535 sporadic NPC patients and 525 cancer-free control subjects from Guangdong, a high prevalence area of NPC in China. Methods 38 tag SNPs were initially selected by Heploview from the segment around HLA-A locus (from D6S211 to D6S510) and genotyped on GenomeLab SNPstream platform in 206 cases and 180 controls in the stage 1. Subsequently, the stage 1 significant SNPs and 17 additional SNPs were examined on another platform (Sequenom iPlex Assay) in another independent set of study population including 329 cases and 345 controls. Results Totally eight SNPs from the segment from D6S211 to D6S510 within HLA complex were found to be significantly associated with NPC. Two of the most significant SNPs (rs9260734 and rs2517716) located near to HLA-A and HCG9 respectively were in strong LD with some other SNPs of this region reported by two previous GWA studies. Meanwhile, Meanwhile, novel independent susceptibility loci (rs9404952, Pcombined = 6.6 × 10-5, OR combined = 1.45) was found to be close to HLA-G. Conclusion Therefore, our present study supports that the segment from D6S211 to D6S510 in HLA complex region might contain NPC susceptibility loci which indeed needs to be fully investigated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manli Zhao
- Cancer Research Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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270
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Xiao WW, Qian CN. International collaborations preparing for a cancer "moon shot": a summary of the Sino-US Symposium on Head and Neck Cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2012; 31:121-5. [PMID: 22380927 PMCID: PMC3777482 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.012.10049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P. R. China
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271
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Pan Y, Zhang Q, Tian L, Wang X, Fan X, Zhang H, Claret FX, Yang H. Jab1/CSN5 negatively regulates p27 and plays a role in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Res 2012; 72:1890-900. [PMID: 22350412 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an Epstein-Barr virus-associated malignancy most common in East Asia and Africa. Aberrant expression of Jab1/CSN5, a negative regulator of the cell-cycle inhibitor p27, is correlated with reduced p27 expression and associated with advanced tumor stage and poor prognosis in several human cancers. In this study, we examined the functional relationship between Jab1 and p27 protein expression in NPC. Immunohistochemical analysis showed an inverse association between Jab1 and p27 in NPC tissue samples, and overexpression of Jab1 correlated with poor survival in patients with NPC. Mechanistically, Jab1 and p27 were found to interact directly in NPC cells, with Jab1 mediating p27 degradation in a proteasome-dependent manner. Knockdown of Jab1 resulted in a remarkable increase in p27 levels and inhibition of cell proliferation, indicating that Jab1 targets p27 for degradation, thereby controlling its stability. Jab1 depletion also enhanced the antitumor effects of cisplatin in NPC cells. Together, our findings suggest that Jab1 overexpression plays an important role in the pathogenesis of NPC through Jab1-mediated p27 degradation. Jab1 therefore represents a novel diagnostic marker and therapeutic target in patients with NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbao Pan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
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272
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Yoshimi A, Kurokawa M. Evi1 forms a bridge between the epigenetic machinery and signaling pathways. Oncotarget 2012; 2:575-86. [PMID: 21795762 PMCID: PMC3248179 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the significance of the leukemia oncogene Evi1 as the regulator of hematopoietic stem cells and marker of poor clinical outcomes in myeloid malignancies. Evi1-mediated leukemogenic activities include a wide array of functions such as the induction of epigenetic modifications, transcriptional control, and regulation of signaling pathways. We have recently succeeded in comprehensively elucidating the oncogenic function of Evi1 in a model of the polycomb-Evi1-PTEN/AKT/mTOR axis. These results may provide us with novel therapeutic approaches to conquer the poor prognosis associated with Evi1-activated leukemia or other solid tumors with high Evi1 expression. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of Evi1 in controlling the development of leukemia and highlight potential modalities for targeting factors involved in Evi1-regulated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihide Yoshimi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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273
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Bei JX, Jia WH, Zeng YX. Familial and large-scale case-control studies identify genes associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:96-106. [PMID: 22313875 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an epithelial malignancy and has a remarkable geographic distribution, which is highly prevalent in southern China, Southeast Asia, and North Africa. Although most of the NPC are sporadic cases, the familial clustering of NPC has been demonstrated worldwide. Accumulating studies have proposed that the etiology of NPC is multi-stage and multi-factorial, involving genetic lesions, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and environmental exposure. Genetic variations result in differences in gene function, which in turn lead to different susceptibility to disease. Many studies have been carried out to dissect the genetic variants that contribute to NPC susceptibility. This article reviews the current progress of genetic studies to identify genes associated with NPC, focusing on the familial linkage and large-scale case-control study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xin Bei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
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274
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Xie SH, Gong J, Yang NN, Tse LA, Yan YQ, Yu ITS. Time trends and age–period–cohort analyses on incidence rates of nasopharyngeal carcinoma during 1993–2007 in Wuhan, China. Cancer Epidemiol 2012; 36:8-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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275
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Holdt LM, Teupser D. Recent Studies of the Human Chromosome 9p21 Locus, Which Is Associated With Atherosclerosis in Human Populations. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:196-206. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.232678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lesca M. Holdt
- From the LIFE-Leipzig Center for Civilization Diseases (L.M.H., D.T.), Universität Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics (L.M.H.), University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; and Institute of Laboratory Medicine (D.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Teupser
- From the LIFE-Leipzig Center for Civilization Diseases (L.M.H., D.T.), Universität Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics (L.M.H.), University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; and Institute of Laboratory Medicine (D.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
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276
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Non-viral environmental risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a systematic review. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:117-26. [PMID: 22311401 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to systematically summarize the epidemiological studies on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) conducted over the past half century, covering descriptive epidemiological studies and reports on non-viral risk factors. Multiple lines of epidemiologic evidence for established risk factors are systematically presented in comprehensive tables. The potential interactions among environmental factors and genetic components, and also the impacts of parallel sequencing technology on the aetiology of NPC are discussed. Finally, we propose a modified model for the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma based on the current knowledge.
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277
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Hildesheim A, Wang CP. Genetic predisposition factors and nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk: a review of epidemiological association studies, 2000-2011: Rosetta Stone for NPC: genetics, viral infection, and other environmental factors. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:107-16. [PMID: 22300735 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
While infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is known to be an essential risk factor for the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), other co-factors including genetic factors are thought to play an important role. In this review, we summarize association studies conducted over the past decade to evaluate the role of genetic polymorphisms in NPC development. A review of the literature identified close to 100 studies, including 3 genome-wide association studies (GWAS), since 2000 that evaluated genetic polymorphisms and NPC risk in at least 100 NPC cases and 100 controls. Consistent evidence for associations were reported for a handful of genes, including immune-related HLA Class I genes, DNA repair gene RAD51L1, cell cycle control genes MDM2 and TP53, and cell adhesion/migration gene MMP2. However, for most of the genes evaluated, there was no effort to replicate findings and studies were largely modest in size, typically consisting of no more than a few hundred cases and controls. The small size of most studies, and the lack of attempts at replication have limited progress in understanding the genetics of NPC. Moving forward, if we are to advance our understanding of genetic factors involved in the development of NPC, and of the impact of gene-gene and gene-environment interations in the development of this disease, consortial efforts that pool across multiple, well-designed and coordinated efforts will most likely be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Hildesheim
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
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278
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Ecotopic viral integration site 1 (EVI1) regulates multiple cellular processes important for cancer and is a synergistic partner for FOS protein in invasive tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:2168-73. [PMID: 22308434 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1119229109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecotropic viral integration site 1 (EVI1) is an oncogenic dual domain zinc finger transcription factor that plays an essential role in the regulation of hematopoietic stem cell renewal, and its overexpression in myeloid leukemia and epithelial cancers is associated with poor patient survival. Despite the discovery of EVI1 in 1988 and its emerging role as a dominant oncogene in various types of cancer, few EVI1 target genes are known. This lack of knowledge has precluded a clear understanding of exactly how EVI1 contributes to cancer. Using a combination of ChIP-Seq and microarray studies in human ovarian carcinoma cells, we show that the two zinc finger domains of EVI1 bind to DNA independently and regulate different sets of target genes. Strikingly, an enriched fraction of EVI1 target genes are cancer genes or genes associated with cancer. We also show that more than 25% of EVI1-occupied genes contain linked EVI1 and activator protein (AP)1 DNA binding sites, and this finding provides evidence for a synergistic cooperative interaction between EVI1 and the AP1 family member FOS in the regulation of cell adhesion, proliferation, and colony formation. An increased number of dual EVI1/AP1 target genes are also differentially regulated in late-stage ovarian carcinomas, further confirming the importance of the functional cooperation between EVI1 and FOS. Collectively, our data indicate that EVI1 is a multipurpose transcription factor that synergizes with FOS in invasive tumors.
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279
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MiR-663, a microRNA targeting p21(WAF1/CIP1), promotes the proliferation and tumorigenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncogene 2012; 31:4421-33. [PMID: 22249270 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) may function as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors in the malignant progression of different tumor types. MiR-663 was recently reported to be decreased and identified as a tumor suppressor in gastric cancer. We also verified its role in repressing cell proliferation of a gastric cancer cell line. In this study, however, miR-663 was found to be upregulated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells compared with human immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelium cells, using a miRNA microarray, and this higher expression was confirmed in NPC tissue samples. Indeed, inhibition of miR-663 impaired the proliferation of NPC cells in vitro and the NPC tumor growth of xenografts in nude mice. Mechanistically, miR-663 directly targeted p21(WAF1/CIP1) to promote the cellular G1/S transition, as the inhibitory effects of miR-663 on the G1/S transition could be rescued by p21(WAF1/CIP1) silencing. Our results imply that miR-663 may act as an oncogene in NPC. The newly identified miR-663/p21(WAF1/CIP1) axis clarifies the molecular mechanism of NPC cell proliferation and represents a novel strategy for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with NPC.
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280
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Ellatif SKA, Gutschner T, Diederichs S. Long Noncoding RNA Function and Expression in Cancer. REGULATORY RNAS 2012:197-226. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-22517-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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281
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Ellatif SKA, Gutschner T, Diederichs S. Long Noncoding RNA Function and Expression in Cancer. REGULATORY RNAS 2012:197-226. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45801-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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282
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Yew PY, Mushiroda T, Kiyotani K, Govindasamy GK, Yap LF, Teo SH, Lim PVH, Govindaraju S, Ratnavelu K, Sam CK, Yap YY, Khoo ASB, Pua KC, Nakamura Y, Ng CC. Identification of a functional variant in SPLUNC1 associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma susceptibility among Malaysian Chinese. Mol Carcinog 2011; 51 Suppl 1:E74-82. [PMID: 22213098 DOI: 10.1002/mc.21857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a multifactorial and polygenic disease with high incidence in Asian countries. Epstein-Barr virus infection, environmental and genetic factors are believed to be involved in the tumorigenesis of NPC. The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in LPLUNC1 and SPLUNC1 genes with NPC was investigated by performing a two-stage case control association study in a Malaysian Chinese population. The initial screening consisted of 81 NPC patients and 147 healthy controls while the replication study consisted of 366 NPC patients and 340 healthy controls. The combined analysis showed that a SNP (rs2752903) of SPLUNC1 was significantly associated with the risk of NPC (combined P = 0.00032, odds ratio = 1.62, 95% confidence interval = 1.25-2.11). In the subsequent dense fine mapping of SPLUNC1 locus, 36 SNPs in strong linkage disequilibrium with rs2752903 (r(2) ≥ 0.85) were associated with NPC susceptibility. Screening of these variants by electrophoretic mobility shift and luciferase reporter assays showed that rs1407019 located in intron 3 (r(2) = 0.994 with rs2752903) caused allelic difference in the binding of specificity protein 1 (Sp1) transcription factor and affected luciferase activity. This SNP may consequently alter the expression of SPLUNC1 in the epithelial cells. In summary, our study suggested that rs1407019 in intronic enhancer of SPLUNC1 is associated with NPC susceptibility in which its A allele confers an increased risk of NPC in the Malaysian Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poh-Yin Yew
- Laboratory for International Alliance, RIKEN Center for Genomic Medicine, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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283
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Zhang X, Dawson CW, He Z, Huang P. Immune evasion strategies of the human gamma-herpesviruses: Implications for viral tumorigenesis. J Med Virol 2011; 84:272-81. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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284
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Deng X, Cao Y, Liu Y, Li F, Sambandam K, Rajaraman S, Perkins AS, Fields AP, Hellmich MR, Townsend CM, Thompson EA, Ko TC. Overexpression of Evi-1 oncoprotein represses TGF-β signaling in colorectal cancer. Mol Carcinog 2011; 52:255-264. [PMID: 22161860 DOI: 10.1002/mc.21852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells are resistant to the anti-proliferative effect of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), suggesting that disruption of TGF-β signaling plays an important role in colorectal carcinogenesis. Ecotropic virus integration site-1 (Evi-1) oncoprotein represses TGF-β signaling by interacting with Smads, but its role in CRC has not been established. The purpose of this study is to determine whether Evi-1 plays role(s) in CRCs and to characterize Evi-1 transcript(s) in CRCs. Evi-1 was overexpressed in 53% of human CRC samples, 100% of colon adenoma samples, and 100% of human colon cancer cell lines tested. Using 5' RACE, we cloned a novel Evi-1 transcript (Evi-1e) from a human CRC tissue and found that this novel transcript was expressed at a higher level in CRC tissues than in normal tissues and was the major Evi-1 transcript in CRCs. Transient Evi-1 transfection inhibited TGF-β-induced transcriptional activity and reversed the growth inhibitory effect of TGF-β in MC-26 mouse colon cancer cells. In conclusion, we have identified overexpression of Evi-1 oncoprotein as a novel mechanism by which a subset of human CRCs may escape TGF-β regulation. We have also identified a novel Evi-1 transcript, Evi-1e, as the major Evi-1 transcript expressed in human CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyun Deng
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yanna Cao
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yan Liu
- Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Fazhi Li
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | | | | | - Archibald S Perkins
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Mark R Hellmich
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Courtney M Townsend
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | | | - Tien C Ko
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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285
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Panagiotou OA, Ioannidis JPA. What should the genome-wide significance threshold be? Empirical replication of borderline genetic associations. Int J Epidemiol 2011; 41:273-86. [PMID: 22253303 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyr178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Robust replication is a sine qua non for the rigorous documentation of proposed associations in the genome-wide association (GWA) setting. Currently, associations of common variants reaching P ≤ 5 × 10(-8) are considered replicated. However, there is some ambiguity about the most suitable threshold for claiming genome-wide significance. METHODS We defined as 'borderline' associations those with P > 5 × 10(-8) and P ≤ 1 × 10(-7). The eligible associations were retrieved using the 'Catalog of Published Genome-Wide Association Studies'. For each association we assessed whether it reached P ≤ 5 × 10(-8) with inclusion of additional data from subsequent GWA studies. RESULTS Thirty-four eligible genotype-phenotype associations were evaluated with data and clarifications contributed from diverse investigators. Replication data from subsequent GWA studies could be obtained for 26 of them. Of those, 19 associations (73%) reached P ≤ 5 × 10(-8) for the same or a related trait implicating either the exact same allele or one in very high linkage disequilibrium and 17 reached P < 10(-8). If the seven associations that did not reach P ≤ 5 × 10(-8) when additional data were considered are assumed to have been false-positives, the false-discovery rate for borderline associations is estimated to be 27% [95% confidence interval (CI) 12-48%]. For five associations, the current P-value is > 10(-6) [corresponding false-discovery rate 19% (95% CI 7-39%)]. CONCLUSION A substantial proportion, but not all, of the associations with borderline genome-wide significance represent replicable, possibly genuine associations. Our empirical evaluation suggests a possible relaxation in the current GWS threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestis A Panagiotou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
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286
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A genome-wide association study in Han Chinese identifies new susceptibility loci for ankylosing spondylitis. Nat Genet 2011; 44:73-7. [PMID: 22138694 DOI: 10.1038/ng.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To identify susceptibility loci for ankylosing spondylitis, we performed a two-stage genome-wide association study in Han Chinese. In the discovery stage, we analyzed 1,356,350 autosomal SNPs in 1,837 individuals with ankylosing spondylitis and 4,231 controls; in the validation stage, we analyzed 30 suggestive SNPs in an additional 2,100 affected individuals and 3,496 controls. We identified two new susceptibility loci between EDIL3 and HAPLN1 at 5q14.3 (rs4552569; P = 8.77 × 10(-10)) and within ANO6 at 12q12 (rs17095830; P = 1.63 × 10(-8)). We also confirmed previously reported associations in Europeans within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region (top SNP, rs13202464; P < 5 × 10(-324)) and at 2p15 (rs10865331; P = 1.98 × 10(-8)). We show that rs13202464 within the MHC region mainly represents the risk effect of HLA-B*27 variants (including HLA-B*2704, HLA-B*2705 and HLA-B*2715) in Chinese. The two newly discovered loci implicate genes related to bone formation and cartilage development, suggesting their potential involvement in the etiology of ankylosing spondylitis.
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287
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Zeng Z, Huang H, Zhang W, Xiang B, Zhou M, Zhou Y, Ma J, Yi M, Li X, Li X, Xiong W, Li G. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: advances in genomics and molecular genetics. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2011; 54:966-75. [PMID: 22038010 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-011-4223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education of China, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
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288
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Zhou Y, Wang W, Zheng D, Peng S, Xiong W, Ma J, Zeng Z, Wu M, Zhou M, Xiang J, Xiang B, Li X, Li X, Li G. Risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma associated with polymorphic lactotransferrin haplotypes. Med Oncol 2011; 29:1456-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-011-0079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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289
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LI FG, WANG ZP, HU G, LI H. Current status of SNPs interaction in genome-wide association study. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2011; 33:901-10. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2011.00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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290
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Fang EF, Zhang CZY, Ng TB, Wong JH, Pan WL, Ye XJ, Chan YS, Fong WP. Momordica Charantia lectin, a type II ribosome inactivating protein, exhibits antitumor activity toward human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 5:109-21. [PMID: 21933914 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains high in endemic regions, including southern China, northern Africa, and North America. One of the promising therapeutic approaches on NPC is drug screening from natural products, such as components from traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, the antitumor activity of Momordica charantia lectin (MCL), a type II ribosome inactivating protein from bitter gourd, on NPC was investigated. MCL evinced potent cytotoxicity toward NPC CNE-1 (IC(50) = 6.9) and CNE-2 (IC(50) = 7.4) cells but minimally affected normal NP 69 cells. Further investigation disclosed that MCL induced apoptosis, DNA fragmentation, G(1)-phase arrest, and mitochondrial injury in both types of NPC cells. The reduction of cyclin D1 and phosphoretinoblastoma (Rb) protein expression contributed to arrest at G(1)-phase of the cell cycle. These events were associated with regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK; including p38 MAPK, JNK, and ERK) phosphorylation and promoted downstream nitric oxide (NO) production. Concurrent administration of the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB-203580 significantly diminished NO production and lethality of MCL toward NPC cells. Further studies revealed that MCL increased cytochrome c release into the cytosol, activated caspases-8, -9, and -3, and enhanced production of cleaved PARP, subsequently leading to DNA fragmentation and apoptosis. Finally, an intraperitoneal injection of MCL (1.0 mg/kg/d) led to an average of 45% remission of NPC xenograft tumors subcutaneously inoculated in nude mice. This is the first article that unveils the potential of a type II RIP, MCL, for prevention and therapy of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro Fei Fang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Choh Ming Li Basic Medical Sciences Building, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
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291
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He ML, Luo MXM, Lin MC, Kung HF. MicroRNAs: potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2011; 1825:1-10. [PMID: 21958739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a highly malignant cancer with local invasion and early distant metastasis. NPC is highly prevalent in the Southern China and South-eastern Asia. The genetic susceptibility, endemic environment factors, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection are believed to be the major etiologic factors of NPC. Once metastasis occurs, the prognosis is very poor. It is urgently needed to develop biomarkers for early clinical diagnosis/prognosis, and novel effective therapies for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In this paper, we systematically reviewed the current progress of miRNA studies in NPC. It has been shown that both host encoded miRNAs and EBV encoded miRNAs play key roles in almost all the steps of epithelia cell carcinogenesis, including epithelial-mesenchymal to stem-like transition, cell growth, migration, invasion, and tumorigenesis. More importantly, some miRNAs could be secreted out and play a role in the microenvironments. The level of sera miRNAs is correlated with the copy numbers of host miRNAs in tumor biopsies. Promising results of gene therapy have been also achieved by lentiviral delivered miRNAs. Taken together, cell free miRNAs would be potential biomarkers of early clinical diagnosis/prognosis; while some miRNAs could be further developed into therapeutic agents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Liang He
- Stanley Ho Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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292
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Zheng J, Liu B, Zhang L, Jiang L, Huang B, You Y, Jiang Q, Zhang S, Lu J, Zhou Y. The protective role of polymorphism MKK4-1304 T>G in nasopharyngeal carcinoma is modulated by Epstein-Barr virus' infection status. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:1981-90. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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293
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Friedenson B. A common environmental carcinogen unduly affects carriers of cancer mutations: carriers of genetic mutations in a specific protective response are more susceptible to an environmental carcinogen. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:791-7. [PMID: 21839586 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
One way an inherited cancer gene mutation may target specific tissues for cancer is by increasing susceptibility when a tissue is exposed to environmental carcinogens. An example of this may be the increased susceptibility of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers to the carcinogen formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is now a proven cause of human myeloid leukemias. Yet millions of tons of formaldehyde are produced every year and it is everywhere. High formaldehyde levels can overwhelm normal enzyme detoxification systems and cause DNA damage. It is known that some types of formaldehyde-associated DNA damage require error-free DNA repairs mediated by pathways containing BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins. Otherwise some formaldehyde-related DNA damage cannot be properly repaired so mutations may occur. Therefore, carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene defects should be unduly susceptible to myeloid leukemia. Studies show that inherited biallelic BRCA2 gene defects dramatically increase risks for myeloid leukemia. Heterozygous BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations also increase risks for myeloid leukemias in 11 of 12 relevant studies. BRCA1/2 mutation carriers may reduce risks for myeloid leukemias by using available precautions to lower their exposure to formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Friedenson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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294
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Li W, Li X, Wang W, Li X, Tan Y, Yi M, Yang J, McCarthy JB, Xiong W, Wu M, Ma J, Su B, Zhang Z, Liao Q, Xiang B, Li G. NOR1 is an HSF1- and NRF1-regulated putative tumor suppressor inactivated by promoter hypermethylation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1305-14. [PMID: 21803736 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoter hypermethylation-mediated silencing of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) is a hallmark of oncogenesis. Oxidored-nitro domain-containing protein 1 (NOR1) is a candidate TSG that is downregulated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In the present study, we identified a functional NOR1 promoter that is regulated by heat shock factor 1 and nuclear respiratory factor 1. The promoter is located within a CpG island. Hypermethylation of this CpG island was found in NPC tissue samples and cancer cell lines, whereas no aberrant promoter methylation was detected in non-cancerous nasopharyngeal tissue samples or normal nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. Treatment of NPC 6-10B cells and leukemia HL60 cells with 5'-aza-2'-deoxycytidine increased endogenous levels of NOR1 messenger RNA. Ectopic expression of NOR1 in NPC HNE1 cells inhibited tumor cell colony formation and viability. These findings suggest that promoter hypermethylation may participate in transcriptional inactivation of the NOR1 gene in NPC. Frequent epigenetic inactivation of the NOR1 gene in NPC suggests that it may be a critical tumor suppressor involved in the development of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
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295
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Hu Z, Wu C, Shi Y, Guo H, Zhao X, Yin Z, Yang L, Dai J, Hu L, Tan W, Li Z, Deng Q, Wang J, Wu W, Jin G, Jiang Y, Yu D, Zhou G, Chen H, Guan P, Chen Y, Shu Y, Xu L, Liu X, Liu L, Xu P, Han B, Bai C, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Yan Y, Ma H, Chen J, Chu M, Lu F, Zhang Z, Chen F, Wang X, Jin L, Lu J, Zhou B, Lu D, Wu T, Lin D, Shen H. A genome-wide association study identifies two new lung cancer susceptibility loci at 13q12.12 and 22q12.2 in Han Chinese. Nat Genet 2011; 43:792-6. [PMID: 21725308 DOI: 10.1038/ng.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. To identify genetic factors that modify the risk of lung cancer in individuals of Chinese ancestry, we performed a genome-wide association scan in 5,408 subjects (2,331 individuals with lung cancer (cases) and 3,077 controls) followed by a two-stage validation among 12,722 subjects (6,313 cases and 6,409 controls). The combined analyses identified six well-replicated SNPs with independent effects and significant lung cancer associations (P < 5.0 × 10(-8)) located in TP63 (rs4488809 at 3q28, P = 7.2 × 10(-26)), TERT-CLPTM1L (rs465498 and rs2736100 at 5p15.33, P = 1.2 × 10(-20) and P = 1.0 × 10(-27), respectively), MIPEP-TNFRSF19 (rs753955 at 13q12.12, P = 1.5 × 10(-12)) and MTMR3-HORMAD2-LIF (rs17728461 and rs36600 at 22q12.2, P = 1.1 × 10(-11) and P = 6.2 × 10(-13), respectively). Two of these loci (13q12.12 and 22q12.2) were newly identified in the Chinese population. These results suggest that genetic variants in 3q28, 5p15.33, 13q12.12 and 22q12.2 may contribute to the susceptibility of lung cancer in Han Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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296
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Chung CC, Chanock SJ. Current status of genome-wide association studies in cancer. Hum Genet 2011; 130:59-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-1030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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297
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Early detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Otolaryngol 2011; 2011:638058. [PMID: 21716698 PMCID: PMC3118637 DOI: 10.1155/2011/638058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a unique disease with a clinical presentation, epidemiology, and histopathology differing from other squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. NPC is an Epstein-Barr virus-associated malignancy with a marked racial and geographic distribution. Specifically, it is highly prevalent in southern China, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. To date, most NPC patients have been diagnosed in the advanced stage, but the treatment results for advanced NPC are not satisfactory. This paper provides a brief overview regarding NPC, with the focus on the early detection of initial and recurrent NPC lesions.
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298
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Tian W, Cai J, Liu X. MICA genetic polymorphism and HLA-A,C,B,MICA and DRB1 haplotypic variation in a southern Chinese Han population: Identification of two new MICA alleles, MICA*060 and MICA*062. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:510-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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299
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300
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Tse KP, Su WH, Yang ML, Cheng HY, Tsang NM, Chang KP, Hao SP, Yao Shugart Y, Chang YS. A gender-specific association of CNV at 6p21.3 with NPC susceptibility. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:2889-96. [PMID: 21536588 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Copy number variations (CNVs), a major source of human genetic polymorphism, have been suggested to have an important role in genetic susceptibility to common diseases such as cancer, immune diseases and neurological disorders. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a multifactorial tumor closely associated with genetic background and with a male preponderance over female (3:1). Previous genome-wide association studies have identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with NPC susceptibility. Here, we sought to explore the possible association of CNVs with NPC predisposition. Utilizing genome-wide SNP-based arrays and five CNV-prediction algorithms, we identified eight regions with CNV that were significantly overrepresented in NPC patients compared with healthy controls. These CNVs included six deletions (on chromosomes 3, 6, 7, 8 and 19), and two duplications (on chromosomes 7 and 12). Among them, the CNV located at chromosome 6p21.3, with single-copy deletion of the MICA and HCP5 genes, showed the highest association with NPC. Interestingly, it was more specifically associated with an increased NPC risk among males. This gender-specific association was replicated in an independent case-control sample using a self-established deletion-specific polymerase chain reaction strategy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the role of constitutional CNVs in NPC, using a genome-wide platform. Moreover, we identified eight novel candidate regions with CNV that merit future investigation, and our results suggest that similar to neuroblastoma and prostate cancer, genetic structural variations might contribute to NPC predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Po Tse
- Genome Medicine Core, Chang Gung Molecular Medicine Research Center, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, No. 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-shan,Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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