251
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The transcriptional regulators IRF4, BATF and IL-33 orchestrate development and maintenance of adipose tissue-resident regulatory T cells. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:276-85. [PMID: 25599561 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells in visceral adipose tissue (VAT-Treg cells) are functionally specialized tissue-resident cells that prevent obesity-associated inflammation and preserve insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Their development depends on the transcription factor PPAR-γ; however, the environmental cues required for their differentiation are unknown. Here we show that interleukin 33 (IL-33) signaling through the IL-33 receptor ST2 and myeloid differentiation factor MyD88 is essential for development and maintenance of VAT-Treg cells and sustains their transcriptional signature. Furthermore, the transcriptional regulators BATF and IRF4 were necessary for VAT-Treg differentiation through direct regulation of ST2 and PPAR-γ expression. IL-33 administration induced vigorous population expansion of VAT-Treg cells, which tightly correlated with improvements in metabolic parameters in obese mice. Human omental adipose tissue Treg cells also showed high ST2 expression, suggesting an evolutionarily conserved requirement for IL-33 in VAT-Treg cell homeostasis.
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253
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Zhao H, Aoshi T, Kawai S, Mori Y, Konishi A, Ozkan M, Fujita Y, Haseda Y, Shimizu M, Kohyama M, Kobiyama K, Eto K, Nabekura J, Horii T, Ishino T, Yuda M, Hemmi H, Kaisho T, Akira S, Kinoshita M, Tohyama K, Yoshioka Y, Ishii KJ, Coban C. Olfactory plays a key role in spatiotemporal pathogenesis of cerebral malaria. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 15:551-63. [PMID: 24832450 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is a complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection characterized by sudden coma, death, or neurodisability. Studies using a mouse model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) have indicated that blood-brain barrier disruption and CD8 T cell recruitment contribute to disease, but the spatiotemporal mechanisms are poorly understood. We show by ultra-high-field MRI and multiphoton microscopy that the olfactory bulb is physically and functionally damaged (loss of smell) by Plasmodium parasites during ECM. The trabecular small capillaries comprising the olfactory bulb show parasite accumulation and cell occlusion followed by microbleeding, events associated with high fever and cytokine storm. Specifically, the olfactory upregulates chemokine CCL21, and loss or functional blockade of its receptors CCR7 and CXCR3 results in decreased CD8 T cell activation and recruitment, respectively, as well as prolonged survival. Thus, early detection of olfaction loss and blockade of pathological cell recruitment may offer potential therapeutic strategies for ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Taiki Aoshi
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation (NIBIO), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Satoru Kawai
- Departments of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Yuki Mori
- Laboratory of Biofunctional Imaging, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Aki Konishi
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Muge Ozkan
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yukiko Fujita
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasunari Haseda
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation (NIBIO), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Mikiko Shimizu
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masako Kohyama
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kouji Kobiyama
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation (NIBIO), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Kei Eto
- Division of Homeostatic Development Unit, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Junichi Nabekura
- Division of Homeostatic Development Unit, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Horii
- Department of Molecular Protozoology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ishino
- Department of Medical Zoology, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Tsu 514-0001, Japan
| | - Masao Yuda
- Department of Medical Zoology, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Tsu 514-0001, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hemmi
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Manabu Kinoshita
- Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Koujiro Tohyama
- Laboratory for Nano-neuroanatomy, Iwate Medical University, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate 020-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshichika Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Biofunctional Imaging, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation (NIBIO), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Cevayir Coban
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Chang JT, Wherry EJ, Goldrath AW. Molecular regulation of effector and memory T cell differentiation. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:1104-15. [PMID: 25396352 PMCID: PMC4386685 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory is a cardinal feature of adaptive immunity and an important goal of vaccination strategies. Here we highlight advances in the understanding of the diverse T lymphocyte subsets that provide acute and long-term protection from infection. These include new insights into the transcription factors, and the upstream 'pioneering' factors that regulate their accessibility to key sites of gene regulation, as well as metabolic regulators that contribute to the differentiation of effector and memory subsets; ontogeny and defining characteristics of tissue-resident memory lymphocytes; and origins of the remarkable heterogeneity exhibited by activated T cells. Collectively, these findings underscore progress in delineating the underlying pathways that control diversification in T cell responses but also reveal gaps in the knowledge, as well as the challenges that arise in the application of this knowledge to rationally elicit desired T cell responses through vaccination and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- 1] Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. [2] Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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255
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Transcription factor IRF8 plays a critical role in the development of murine basophils and mast cells. Blood 2014; 125:358-69. [PMID: 25398936 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-02-557983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Basophils and mast cells play critical roles in host defense against pathogens and allergic disorders. However, the molecular mechanism by which these cells are generated is not completely understood. Here we demonstrate that interferon regulatory factor-8 (IRF8), a transcription factor essential for the development of several myeloid lineages, also regulates basophil and mast cell development. Irf8(-/-) mice displayed a severe reduction in basophil counts, which was accounted for by the absence of pre-basophil and mast cell progenitors (pre-BMPs). Although Irf8(-/-) mice retained peripheral tissue mast cells, remaining progenitors from Irf8(-/-) mice including granulocyte progenitors (GPs) were unable to efficiently generate either basophils or mast cells, indicating that IRF8 also contributes to the development of mast cells. IRF8 appeared to function at the GP stage, because IRF8 was expressed in GPs, but not in basophils, mast cells, and basophil/mast cell-restricted progenitor cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that GATA2, a transcription factor known to promote basophil and mast cell differentiation, acts downstream of IRF8. These results shed light on the pathways and mechanism underlying the development of basophils and mast cells.
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256
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IRF8 inhibits C/EBPα activity to restrain mononuclear phagocyte progenitors from differentiating into neutrophils. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4978. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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257
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Wang L, Yao ZQ, Moorman JP, Xu Y, Ning S. Gene expression profiling identifies IRF4-associated molecular signatures in hematological malignancies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106788. [PMID: 25207815 PMCID: PMC4160201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphocyte-specific transcription factor Interferon (IFN) Regulatory Factor 4 (IRF4) is implicated in certain types of lymphoid and myeloid malignancies. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its interactions with these malignancies are largely unknown. In this study, we have first profiled molecular signatures associated with IRF4 expression in associated cancers, by analyzing existing gene expression profiling datasets. Our results show that IRF4 is overexpressed in melanoma, in addition to previously reported contexts including leukemia, myeloma, and lymphoma, and that IRF4 is associated with a unique gene expression pattern in each context. A pool of important genes involved in B-cell development, oncogenesis, cell cycle regulation, and cell death including BATF, LIMD1, CFLAR, PIM2, and CCND2 are common signatures associated with IRF4 in non-Hodgkin B cell lymphomas. We confirmed the correlation of IRF4 with LIMD1 and CFLAR in a panel of cell lines derived from lymphomas. Moreover, we profiled the IRF4 transcriptome in the context of EBV latent infection, and confirmed several genes including IFI27, IFI44, GBP1, and ARHGAP18, as well as CFLAR as novel targets for IRF4. These results provide valuable information for understanding the IRF4 regulatory network, and improve our knowledge of the unique roles of IRF4 in different hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- HIV/HCV Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- HIV/HCV Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yanji Xu
- Shaun and Lilly International, LLC, Collierville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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258
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Abstract
Immune cell populations in the skin are predominantly comprised of dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. A lack of consensus regarding how to define these cell types has hampered research in this area. In this Review, we focus on recent advances that, based on ontogeny and global gene-expression profiles, have succeeded in discriminating DCs from macrophages in the skin. We discuss how these studies have enabled researchers to revisit the origin, diversity and T cell-stimulatory properties of these cells, and have led to unifying principles that extend across tissues and species. By aligning the DC and macrophage subsets that are found in mouse skin with those that are present in human skin, these studies also provide crucial information for developing intradermal vaccines and for managing inflammatory skin conditions.
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259
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The cytokine TGF-β co-opts signaling via STAT3-STAT4 to promote the differentiation of human TFH cells. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:856-65. [PMID: 25064073 PMCID: PMC4183221 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the developmental mechanisms of T follicular helper (TFH) cells in humans is a highly relevant topic to clinic. However, factors that drive human CD4+ helper T (TH) cell differentiation program towards TFH cells remain largely undefined. Here we show that TGF-β provides critical additional signals for the transcription factors STAT3 and STAT4 to promote the initial TFH differentiation programs in humans. This mechanism does not appear to be shared with mouse TH cells. The developing human Bcl-6+ TFH cells also expressed RORγt, a transcription factor typically expressed by TH17 cells. Our study documents a mechanism by which TFH and TH17 cells co-emerge in inflammatory environments in humans, as often observed in many human autoimmune diseases.
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260
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Grusdat M, McIlwain DR, Xu HC, Pozdeev VI, Knievel J, Crome SQ, Robert-Tissot C, Dress RJ, Pandyra AA, Speiser DE, Lang E, Maney SK, Elford AR, Hamilton SR, Scheu S, Pfeffer K, Bode J, Mittrücker HW, Lohoff M, Huber M, Häussinger D, Ohashi PS, Mak TW, Lang KS, Lang PA. IRF4 and BATF are critical for CD8⁺ T-cell function following infection with LCMV. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1050-60. [PMID: 24531538 PMCID: PMC4207473 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T-cell functions are critical for preventing chronic viral infections by eliminating infected cells. For healthy immune responses, beneficial destruction of infected cells must be balanced against immunopathology resulting from collateral damage to tissues. These processes are regulated by factors controlling CD8(+) T-cell function, which are still incompletely understood. Here, we show that the interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) and its cooperating binding partner B-cell-activating transcription factor (BATF) are necessary for sustained CD8(+) T-cell effector function. Although Irf4(-/-) CD8(+) T cells were initially capable of proliferation, IRF4 deficiency resulted in limited CD8(+) T-cell responses after infection with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Consequently, Irf4(-/-) mice established chronic infections, but were protected from fatal immunopathology. Absence of BATF also resulted in reduced CD8(+) T-cell function, limited immunopathology, and promotion of viral persistence. These data identify the transcription factors IRF4 and BATF as major regulators of antiviral cytotoxic T-cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grusdat
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - D R McIlwain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - H C Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - V I Pozdeev
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J Knievel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S Q Crome
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
| | - C Robert-Tissot
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
| | - R J Dress
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A A Pandyra
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - D E Speiser
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
- Clinical Tumor Biology & Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne HO-05/1552, Av. P.-Decker 4, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - E Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S K Maney
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A R Elford
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
| | - S R Hamilton
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
| | - S Scheu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - K Pfeffer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J Bode
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - H-W Mittrücker
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Lohoff
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - M Huber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - D Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - P S Ohashi
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
| | - T W Mak
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
| | - K S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - P A Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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261
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Care MA, Cocco M, Laye JP, Barnes N, Huang Y, Wang M, Barrans S, Du M, Jack A, Westhead DR, Doody GM, Tooze RM. SPIB and BATF provide alternate determinants of IRF4 occupancy in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma linked to disease heterogeneity. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:7591-610. [PMID: 24875472 PMCID: PMC4081075 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is central to the transcriptional network of activated B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (ABC-DLBCL), an aggressive lymphoma subgroup defined by gene expression profiling. Since cofactor association modifies transcriptional regulatory input by IRF4, we assessed genome occupancy by IRF4 and endogenous cofactors in ABC-DLBCL cell lines. IRF4 partners with SPIB, PU.1 and BATF genome-wide, but SPIB provides the dominant IRF4 partner in this context. Upon SPIB knockdown IRF4 occupancy is depleted and neither PU.1 nor BATF acutely compensates. Integration with ENCODE data from lymphoblastoid cell line GM12878, demonstrates that IRF4 adopts either SPIB- or BATF-centric genome-wide distributions in related states of post-germinal centre B-cell transformation. In primary DLBCL high-SPIB and low-BATF or the reciprocal low-SPIB and high-BATF mRNA expression links to differential gene expression profiles across nine data sets, identifying distinct associations with SPIB occupancy, signatures of B-cell differentiation stage and potential pathogenetic mechanisms. In a population-based patient cohort, SPIBhigh/BATFlow-ABC-DLBCL is enriched for mutation of MYD88, and SPIBhigh/BATFlow-ABC-DLBCL with MYD88-L265P mutation identifies a small subgroup of patients among this otherwise aggressive disease subgroup with distinct favourable outcome. We conclude that differential expression of IRF4 cofactors SPIB and BATF identifies biologically and clinically significant heterogeneity among ABC-DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Care
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Bioinformatics Group, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Mario Cocco
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jon P Laye
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Nicholas Barnes
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Yuanxue Huang
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ming Wang
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sharon Barrans
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Ming Du
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Jack
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - David R Westhead
- Bioinformatics Group, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Gina M Doody
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Reuben M Tooze
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
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262
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Kohda A, Yamazaki S, Sumimoto H. DNA element downstream of theκB site in theLcn2promoter is required for transcriptional activation by IκBζand NF-κB p50. Genes Cells 2014; 19:620-8. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kohda
- Department of Biochemistry; Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
| | - Soh Yamazaki
- Department of Biochemistry; Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
| | - Hideki Sumimoto
- Department of Biochemistry; Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
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263
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Huber M, Lohoff M. IRF4 at the crossroads of effector T-cell fate decision. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1886-95. [PMID: 24782159 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a transcription factor that is expressed in hematopoietic cells and plays pivotal roles in the immune response. Originally described as a lymphocyte-specific nuclear factor, IRF4 promotes differentiation of naïve CD4(+) T cells into T helper 2 (Th2), Th9, Th17, or T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and is required for the function of effector regulatory T (eTreg) cells. Moreover, IRF4 is essential for the sustained differentiation of cytotoxic effector CD8(+) T cells, for CD8(+) T-cell memory formation, and for differentiation of naïve CD8(+) T cells into IL-9-producing (Tc9) and IL-17-producing (Tc17) CD8(+) T-cell subsets. In this review, we focus on recent findings on the role of IRF4 during the development of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets and the impact of IRF4 on T-cell-mediated immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Huber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Briseño CG, Murphy TL, Murphy KM. Complementary diversification of dendritic cells and innate lymphoid cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 29:69-78. [PMID: 24874447 PMCID: PMC5161034 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells conventionally thought to mediate cellular adaptive immune responses. Recent studies have led to the recognition of a non-redundant role for DCs in orchestrating innate immune responses, and in particular, for DC subset-specific interactions with innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Recently recognized as important effectors of early immune responses, ILCs develop into subsets which mirror the transcriptional and cytokine profile of their T cell subset counterparts. DC diversification into functional subsets provides for modules of pathogen sensing and cytokine production that direct pathogen-appropriate ILC and T cell responses. This review focuses on the recent advances in the understanding of DC development, and their function in orchestrating the innate immune modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Briseño
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Theresa L Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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265
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Kurachi M, Barnitz RA, Yosef N, Odorizzi PM, Dilorio MA, Lemieux ME, Yates K, Godec J, Klatt MG, Regev A, Wherry EJ, Haining WN. The transcription factor BATF operates as an essential differentiation checkpoint in early effector CD8+ T cells. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:373-83. [PMID: 24584090 PMCID: PMC4000237 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor BATF is required for the differentiation of interleukin 17 (IL-17)-producing helper T cells (TH17 cells) and follicular helper T cells (TFH cells). Here we identified a fundamental role for BATF in regulating the differentiation of effector of CD8(+) T cells. BATF-deficient CD8(+) T cells showed profound defects in effector population expansion and underwent proliferative and metabolic catastrophe early after encountering antigen. BATF, together with the transcription factors IRF4 and Jun proteins, bound to and promoted early expression of genes encoding lineage-specific transcription-factors (T-bet and Blimp-1) and cytokine receptors while paradoxically repressing genes encoding effector molecules (IFN-γ and granzyme B). Thus, BATF amplifies T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-dependent expression of transcription factors and augments the propagation of inflammatory signals but restrains the expression of genes encoding effector molecules. This checkpoint prevents irreversible commitment to an effector fate until a critical threshold of downstream transcriptional activity has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kurachi
- Department of Microbiology University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R. Anthony Barnitz
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nir Yosef
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pamela M. Odorizzi
- Department of Microbiology University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael A. Dilorio
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Kathleen Yates
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jernej Godec
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin G. Klatt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - E. John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - W. Nicholas Haining
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
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266
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Ashok D, Schuster S, Ronet C, Rosa M, Mack V, Lavanchy C, Marraco SF, Fasel N, Murphy KM, Tacchini-Cottier F, Acha-Orbea H. Cross-presenting dendritic cells are required for control of Leishmania major infection. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1422-32. [PMID: 24643576 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania major infection induces self-healing cutaneous lesions in C57BL/6 mice. Both IL-12 and IFN-γ are essential for the control of infection. We infected Jun dimerization protein p21SNFT (Batf3(-/-) ) mice (C57BL/6 background) that lack the major IL-12 producing and cross-presenting CD8α(+) and CD103(+) DC subsets. Batf3(-/-) mice displayed enhanced susceptibility with larger lesions and higher parasite burden. Additionally, cells from draining lymph nodes of infected Batf3(-/-) mice secreted less IFN-γ, but more Th2- and Th17-type cytokines, mirrored by increased serum IgE and Leishmania-specific immunoglobulin 1 (Th2 indicating). Importantly, CD8α(+) DCs isolated from lymph nodes of L. major-infected mice induced significantly more IFN-γ secretion by L. major-stimulated immune T cells than CD103(+) DCs. We next developed CD11c-diptheria toxin receptor: Batf3(-/-) mixed bone marrow chimeras to determine when the DCs are important for the control of infection. Mice depleted of Batf-3-dependent DCs from day 17 or wild-type mice depleted of cross-presenting DCs from 17-19 days after infection maintained significantly larger lesions similar to mice whose Batf-3-dependent DCs were depleted from the onset of infection. Thus, we have identified a crucial role for Batf-3-dependent DCs in protection against L. major.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika Ashok
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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267
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268
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Abstract
The transcription factor IRF4 is known to be essential for differentiation of effector CD4(+) T cell subsets. In this issue, Yao et al. (2013) identify IRF4 as a regulator of checkpoints in the final steps and maintenance of CD8(+) T cell effector differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Huber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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269
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Abstract
The development of specialized helper T cells has garnered much attention because of their critical role in coordinating the immune response to invading pathogens. Recent research emphasizing novel functions for specialized helper T cells in a variety of infectious disease settings, as well as autoimmune states, has reshaped our view on the capabilities of helper T cells. Notably, one previously underappreciated aspect of the lifespan of helper T cells is that they often retain the capacity to respond to changes in the environment by altering the composition of helper T cell lineage-specifying transcription factors they express, which, in turn, changes their phenotype. This emerging realization is changing our views on the stability versus flexibility of specialized helper T cell subtypes. Now, there is a new concerted effort to define the mechanistic events that contribute to the potential for flexibility in specialized helper T cell gene expression programs in the different environmental circumstances that allow for the re-expression of helper T cell lineage-specifying transcription factors. In addition, we are also now beginning to appreciate that "helper T cell" lineage-specifying transcription factors are expressed in diverse types of innate and adaptive immune cells and this may allow them to play roles in coordinating aspects of the immune response. Our current challenges include defining the conserved mechanisms that are utilized by these lineage-specifying transcription factors to coordinate gene expression programs in different settings as well as the mechanistic events that contribute to the differential downstream consequences that these factors mediate in unique cellular environments. In this review, we will explore our evolving views on these topics, often times using the Th1-lineage-specifying transcription factor T-bet as an example.
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270
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells involved critically not only in provoking innate immune responses but also in establishing adaptive immune responses. Dendritic cells are heterogenous and divided into several subsets, including plasmactyoid DCs (pDCs) and several types of conventional DCs (cDCs), which show subset-specific functions. Plasmactyoid DCs are featured by their ability to produce large amounts of type I interferons (IFNs) in response to nucleic acid sensors, TLR7 and TLR9 and involved in anti-viral immunity and pathogenesis of certain autoimmune disorders such as psoriasis. Conventional DCs include the DC subsets with high crosspresentation activity, which contributes to anti-viral and anti-tumor immunity. These subsets are generated from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) via several intermediate progenitors and the development is regulated by the transcriptional mechanisms in which subset-specific transcription factors play major roles. We have recently found that an Ets family transcription factor, SPI-B, which is abundantly expressed in pDCs among DC subsets, plays critical roles in functions and late stage development of pDCs. SPI-B functions in cooperation with other transcription factors, especially, interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family members. Here we review the transcription factor-based molecular mechanisms for generation and functions of DCs, mainly by focusing on the roles of SPI-B and its relatives.
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271
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Gabryšová L, Howes A, Saraiva M, O'Garra A. The regulation of IL-10 expression. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 380:157-90. [PMID: 25004818 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-43492-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10 is an important immunoregulatory cytokine and an understanding of how IL-10 expression is controlled is critical in the design of immune intervention strategies. IL-10 is produced by almost all cell types within the innate (including macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils and natural killer cells) and adaptive (including CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells and B cells) immune systems. The mechanisms of IL-10 regulation operate at several stages including chromatin remodelling at the Il10 locus, transcriptional regulation of Il10 expression and post-transcriptional regulation of Il10 mRNA. In addition, whereas some aspects of Il10 gene regulation are conserved between different immune cell types, several are cell type- or stimulus-specific. Here, we outline the complexity of IL-10 production by discussing what is known about its regulation in macrophages, monocytes, DCs and CD4(+) T helper cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona Gabryšová
- Division of Immunoregulation, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
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272
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Wen H, Chen Y, Hu Z, Mo Q, Tang J, Sun C. Decreased expression of BATF2 is significantly associated with poor prognosis in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2013; 31:169-74. [PMID: 24252932 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BATF2, also called SARI, is associated with several cancer types, and loss of BATF2 expression is frequently detected in aggressive and metastatic cancers. The expression of BATF2 was previously shown to slow the growth rate of malignant tumor cells injected into athymic nude mice, and decreased expression of BATF2 has been correlated to poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the functional role of BATF2 in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) remains unknown. In the present study, we examined BATF2 expression in 16 fresh, paired OTSCC and adjacent non-tumor tissues, as well as in a normal tongue epithelial cell line and in 5 OTSCC cell lines by quantitative PCR and western blot analysis. We also evaluated BATF2 expression in 202 paraffin‑embedded OTSCC and 30 adjacent non-tumor samples by immunohistochemistry, and its relationship with clinicopathological features and prognosis was investigated. We found that BATF2 expression was significantly reduced in the majority of the 16 OTSCC tumor tissues and the 5 OTSCC cell lines when compared with the non-tumor tissues and the normal tongue epithelial cell line, respectively. Consistent with these results, our immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that decreased BATF2 expression was present in 124 of the 202 cases and was significantly correlated with poor tumor differentiation (P=0.002). Patients with decreased BATF2 expression showed reduced survival when compared to those with high expression (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that BATF2 expression is an independent predictor of overall survival (P=0.001). These results demonstrate that BATF2 plays a tumor-suppressor role in the development of OTSCC and that BATF2 may serve as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Wen
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650118, P.R. China
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