251
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Long-distance navigation and magnetoreception in migratory animals. Nature 2018; 558:50-59. [PMID: 29875486 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
For centuries, humans have been fascinated by how migratory animals find their way over thousands of kilometres. Here, I review the mechanisms used in animal orientation and navigation with a particular focus on long-distance migrants and magnetoreception. I contend that any long-distance navigational task consists of three phases and that no single cue or mechanism will enable animals to navigate with pinpoint accuracy over thousands of kilometres. Multiscale and multisensory cue integration in the brain is needed. I conclude by raising twenty important mechanistic questions related to long-distance animal navigation that should be solved over the next twenty years.
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252
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Fernández-Castané A, Li H, Thomas ORT, Overton TW. Development of a simple intensified fermentation strategy for growth of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1: Physiological responses to changing environmental conditions. N Biotechnol 2018; 46:22-30. [PMID: 29864580 PMCID: PMC6109776 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2018.05.1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnetosomes are natural intracellular, membrane-bound, magnetic nanoparticles. Magnetosomes have a variety of clinical and biotechnological applications. Magnetosomes are currently difficult to produce at large scale. We developed a simple, scalable, fermentation strategy for magnetosome production. The methods developed will aid development of magnetosome technologies.
The development of a simple pH-stat fed-batch fermentation strategy for the production of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1 and magnetosomes (nanoscale magnetic organelles with biotechnological applications) is described. Flow cytometry was exploited as a powerful analytical tool for process development, enabling rapid monitoring of cell morphology, physiology and polyhydroxyalkanoate production. The pH-stat fed-batch growth strategy was developed by varying the concentrations of the carbon source (lactic acid) and the alternative electron acceptor (sodium nitrate) in the feed. Growth conditions were optimized on the basis of biomass concentration, cellular magnetism (indicative of magnetosome production), and intracellular iron concentration. The highest biomass concentration and cellular iron content achieved were an optical density at 565 nm of 15.5 (equivalent to 4.2 g DCW·L−1) and 33.1 mg iron·g−1 DCW, respectively. This study demonstrates the importance of analyzing bacterial physiology during fermentation development and will potentially aid the industrial production of magnetosomes, which can be used in a wide range of biotechnology and healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Fernández-Castané
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Microbiology & Infection, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Hong Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Owen R T Thomas
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Tim W Overton
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Microbiology & Infection, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK.
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253
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Plan Sangnier A, Preveral S, Curcio A, K. A. Silva A, Lefèvre CT, Pignol D, Lalatonne Y, Wilhelm C. Targeted thermal therapy with genetically engineered magnetite magnetosomes@RGD: Photothermia is far more efficient than magnetic hyperthermia. J Control Release 2018; 279:271-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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254
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Magnetic-field induced rotation of magnetosome chains in silicified magnetotactic bacteria. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7699. [PMID: 29769616 PMCID: PMC5955880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25972-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the biological processes enabling magnetotactic bacteria to maintain oriented chains of magnetic iron-bearing nanoparticles called magnetosomes is a major challenge. The study aimed to constrain the role of an external applied magnetic field on the alignment of magnetosome chains in Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 magnetotactic bacteria immobilized within a hydrated silica matrix. A deviation of the chain orientation was evidenced, without significant impact on cell viability, which was preserved after the field was turned-off. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the crystallographic orientation of the nanoparticles within the chains were preserved. Off-axis electron holography evidenced that the change in magnetosome orientation was accompanied by a shift from parallel to anti-parallel interactions between individual nanocrystals. The field-induced destructuration of the chain occurs according to two possible mechanisms: (i) each magnetosome responds individually and reorients in the magnetic field direction and/or (ii) short magnetosome chains deviate in the magnetic field direction. This work enlightens the strong dynamic character of the magnetosome assembly and widens the potentialities of magnetotactic bacteria in bionanotechnology.
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255
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Orue I, Marcano L, Bender P, García-Prieto A, Valencia S, Mawass MA, Gil-Cartón D, Alba Venero D, Honecker D, García-Arribas A, Fernández Barquín L, Muela A, Fdez-Gubieda ML. Configuration of the magnetosome chain: a natural magnetic nanoarchitecture. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:7407-7419. [PMID: 29557439 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr08493e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense is a microorganism with the ability to biomineralize magnetite nanoparticles, called magnetosomes, and arrange them into a chain that behaves like a magnetic compass. Rather than straight lines, magnetosome chains are slightly bent, as evidenced by electron cryotomography. Our experimental and theoretical results suggest that due to the competition between the magnetocrystalline and shape anisotropies, the effective magnetic moment of individual magnetosomes is tilted out of the [111] crystallographic easy axis of magnetite. This tilt does not affect the direction of the chain net magnetic moment, which remains along the [111] axis, but explains the arrangement of magnetosomes in helical-like shaped chains. Indeed, we demonstrate that the chain shape can be reproduced by considering an interplay between the magnetic dipolar interactions between magnetosomes, ruled by the orientation of the magnetosome magnetic moment, and a lipid/protein-based mechanism, modeled as an elastic recovery force exerted on the magnetosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Orue
- SGIker, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - L Marcano
- Dpto. Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - P Bender
- CITIMAC, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - A García-Prieto
- Dpto. Física Aplicada I, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48013 Bilbao, Spain and BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - S Valencia
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M A Mawass
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D Gil-Cartón
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - D Alba Venero
- ISIS, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - D Honecker
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - A García-Arribas
- Dpto. Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain. and BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | | | - A Muela
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain and Dpto. Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - M L Fdez-Gubieda
- Dpto. Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain. and BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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256
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Reevaluation of the Complete Genome Sequence of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1 with Single-Molecule Real-Time Sequencing Data. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2018; 6:6/17/e00309-18. [PMID: 29700148 PMCID: PMC5920173 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00309-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense is a key organism for understanding magnetosome formation and magnetotaxis. As earlier studies suggested a high genomic plasticity, we (re)sequenced the type strain MSR-1 and the laboratory strain R3/S1. Both sequences differ by only 11 point mutations, but organization of the magnetosome island deviates from that of previous genome sequences.
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257
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Accumulation and Dissolution of Magnetite Crystals in a Magnetically Responsive Ciliate. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02865-17. [PMID: 29439993 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02865-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) represent a group of microorganisms that are widespread in aquatic habitats and thrive at oxic-anoxic interfaces. They are able to scavenge high concentrations of iron thanks to the biomineralization of magnetic crystals in their unique organelles, the so-called magnetosome chains. Although their biodiversity has been intensively studied, their ecology and impact on iron cycling remain largely unexplored. Predation by protozoa was suggested as one of the ecological processes that could be involved in the release of iron back into the ecosystem. Magnetic protozoa were previously observed in aquatic environments, but their diversity and the fate of particulate iron during grazing are poorly documented. In this study, we report the morphological and molecular characterizations of a magnetically responsive MTB-grazing protozoan able to ingest high quantities of MTB. This protozoan is tentatively identified as Uronema marinum, a ciliate known to be a predator of bacteria. Using light and electron microscopy, we investigated in detail the vacuoles in which the lysis of phagocytized prokaryotes occurs. We carried out high-resolution observations of aligned magnetosome chains and ongoing dissolution of crystals. Particulate iron in the ciliate represented approximately 0.01% of its total volume. We show the ubiquity of this interaction in other types of environments and describe different grazing strategies. These data contribute to the mounting evidence that the interactions between MTB and protozoa might play a significant role in iron turnover in microaerophilic habitats.IMPORTANCE Identifying participants of each biogeochemical cycle is a prerequisite to our understanding of ecosystem functioning. Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) participate in iron cycling by concentrating large amounts of biomineralized iron minerals in their cells, which impacts their chemical environment at, or below, the oxic-anoxic transition zone in aquatic habitats. It was shown that some protozoa inhabiting this niche could become magnetic by the ingestion of magnetic crystals biomineralized by grazed MTB. In this study, we show that magnetic MTB grazers are commonly observed in marine and freshwater sediments and can sometimes accumulate very large amounts of particulate iron. We describe here different phagocytosis strategies, determined using magnetic particles from MTB as tracers after their ingestion by the protozoa. This study paves the way for potential scientific or medical applications using MTB grazers as magnetosome hyperaccumulators.
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258
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Lin W, Zhang W, Zhao X, Roberts AP, Paterson GA, Bazylinski DA, Pan Y. Genomic expansion of magnetotactic bacteria reveals an early common origin of magnetotaxis with lineage-specific evolution. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:1508-1519. [PMID: 29581530 PMCID: PMC5955933 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The origin and evolution of magnetoreception, which in diverse prokaryotes and protozoa is known as magnetotaxis and enables these microorganisms to detect Earth's magnetic field for orientation and navigation, is not well understood in evolutionary biology. The only known prokaryotes capable of sensing the geomagnetic field are magnetotactic bacteria (MTB), motile microorganisms that biomineralize intracellular, membrane-bounded magnetic single-domain crystals of either magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4) called magnetosomes. Magnetosomes are responsible for magnetotaxis in MTB. Here we report the first large-scale metagenomic survey of MTB from both northern and southern hemispheres combined with 28 genomes from uncultivated MTB. These genomes expand greatly the coverage of MTB in the Proteobacteria, Nitrospirae, and Omnitrophica phyla, and provide the first genomic evidence of MTB belonging to the Zetaproteobacteria and "Candidatus Lambdaproteobacteria" classes. The gene content and organization of magnetosome gene clusters, which are physically grouped genes that encode proteins for magnetosome biosynthesis and organization, are more conserved within phylogenetically similar groups than between different taxonomic lineages. Moreover, the phylogenies of core magnetosome proteins form monophyletic clades. Together, these results suggest a common ancient origin of iron-based (Fe3O4 and Fe3S4) magnetotaxis in the domain Bacteria that underwent lineage-specific evolution, shedding new light on the origin and evolution of biomineralization and magnetotaxis, and expanding significantly the phylogenomic representation of MTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China. .,Institutions of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China. .,France-China Joint Laboratory for Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Wensi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.,Institutions of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.,France-China Joint Laboratory for Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.,College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Andrew P Roberts
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Greig A Paterson
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.,Institutions of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.,Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK
| | - Dennis A Bazylinski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4004, USA
| | - Yongxin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China. .,Institutions of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China. .,France-China Joint Laboratory for Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China. .,College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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259
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Eguchi Y, Fukumori Y, Taoka A. Measuring magnetosomal pH of the magnetotactic bacterium Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 using pH-sensitive fluorescent proteins. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1243-1251. [PMID: 29557302 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1451739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria synthesize uniform-sized and regularly shaped magnetic nanoparticles in their organelles termed magnetosomes. Homeostasis of the magnetosome lumen must be maintained for its role accomplishment. Here, we developed a method to estimate the pH of a single living cell of the magnetotactic bacterium Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 using a pH-sensitive fluorescent protein E2GFP. Using the pH measurement, we estimated that the cytoplasmic pH was approximately 7.6 and periplasmic pH was approximately 7.2. Moreover, we estimated pH in the magnetosome lumen and cytoplasmic surface using fusion proteins of E2GFP and magnetosome-associated proteins. The pH in the magnetosome lumen increased during the exponential growth phase when magnetotactic bacteria actively synthesize magnetite crystals, whereas pH at the magnetosome surface was not affected by the growth stage. This live-cell pH measurement method will help for understanding magnetosome pH homeostasis to reveal molecular mechanisms of magnetite biomineralization in the bacterial organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Eguchi
- a Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Fukumori
- b Faculty of Natural System, Institute of Science and Engineering , Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Azuma Taoka
- b Faculty of Natural System, Institute of Science and Engineering , Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , Japan.,c Bio-AFM Frontier Research Center, College of Science and Engineering , Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , Japan
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260
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Smit BA, Van Zyl E, Joubert JJ, Meyer W, Prévéral S, Lefèvre CT, Venter SN. Magnetotactic bacteria used to generate electricity based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 66:362-367. [PMID: 29432641 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) have the unique ability to produce magnetic particles surrounded by a biomembrane to form the magnetosome organelle. Therefore, MTB have novel physical and magnetic properties and have consequently been used in several biotechnological applications. The magnetic properties of these micro-organisms and their magnetosomes have, however, never been used for the generation of electricity as described in this letter. Comparisons were made between, firstly, the electricity generated from purified magnetosomes, MTB culture (bacterial cells with magnetosomes) and sterile, liquid growth medium (control). Secondly, the electricity generated by a dilution series of purified magnetosomes were compared. A statistically significant difference was found between the voltage measured from the purified magnetosomes (highest voltage), MTB culture (lower voltage) and liquid growth medium (lowest voltage). In the dilution series, the voltage measured increased as the magnetosome concentration increased, but only up to an optimum concentration (0·0376 mg ml-1 ). In this study, we have demonstrated that a significantly higher voltage than that of the control could be measured when MTB or purified magnetosomes were pumped through a solenoid by applying Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides proof-of-concept of electromagnetic induction using magnetosomes or magnetotactic bacteria in an experimental setup based on the law of Faraday. The concept of using these bacteria or their biomineralized magnetic nanoparticles as a biological alternative in low voltage electricity generation has the potential to be further explored and developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Smit
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - E Van Zyl
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - J J Joubert
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - W Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - S Prévéral
- CNRS/CEA/Aix-Marseille Université, UMR7265 Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, Saint Paul lez Durance, France
| | - C T Lefèvre
- CNRS/CEA/Aix-Marseille Université, UMR7265 Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, Saint Paul lez Durance, France
| | - S N Venter
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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261
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Wetterskog E, Jonasson C, Smilgies DM, Schaller V, Johansson C, Svedlindh P. Colossal Anisotropy of the Dynamic Magnetic Susceptibility in Low-Dimensional Nanocube Assemblies. ACS NANO 2018; 12:1403-1412. [PMID: 29328678 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the ultimate goals of nanocrystal self-assembly is to transform nanoscale building blocks into a material that displays enhanced properties relative to the sum of its parts. Herein, we demonstrate that 1D needle-shaped assemblies composed of Fe3-δO4 nanocubes display a significant augmentation of the magnetic susceptibility and dissipation as compared to 0D and 2D systems. The performance of the nanocube needles is highlighted by a colossal anisotropy factor defined as the ratio of the parallel to the perpendicular magnetization components. We show that the origin of this effect cannot be ascribed to shape anisotropy in its classical sense; as such, it has no analogy in bulk magnetic materials. The temperature-dependent anisotropy factors of the in- and out-of-phase components of the magnetization have an extremely strong particle size dependence and reach values of 80 and 2500, respectively, for the largest nanocubes in this study. Aided by simulations, we ascribe the anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility, and its strong particle-size dependence to a synergistic coupling between the dipolar interaction field and a net anisotropy field resulting from a partial texture in the 1D nanocube needles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Wetterskog
- Solid State Physics, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University , 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Detlef-M Smilgies
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | | | | | - Peter Svedlindh
- Solid State Physics, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University , 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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262
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Usman M, Byrne JM, Chaudhary A, Orsetti S, Hanna K, Ruby C, Kappler A, Haderlein SB. Magnetite and Green Rust: Synthesis, Properties, and Environmental Applications of Mixed-Valent Iron Minerals. Chem Rev 2018; 118:3251-3304. [PMID: 29465223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mixed-valent iron [Fe(II)-Fe(III)] minerals such as magnetite and green rust have received a significant amount of attention over recent decades, especially in the environmental sciences. These mineral phases are intrinsic and essential parts of biogeochemical cycling of metals and organic carbon and play an important role regarding the mobility, toxicity, and redox transformation of organic and inorganic pollutants. The formation pathways, mineral properties, and applications of magnetite and green rust are currently active areas of research in geochemistry, environmental mineralogy, geomicrobiology, material sciences, environmental engineering, and environmental remediation. These aspects ultimately dictate the reactivity of magnetite and green rust in the environment, which has important consequences for the application of these mineral phases, for example in remediation strategies. In this review we discuss the properties, occurrence, formation by biotic as well as abiotic pathways, characterization techniques, and environmental applications of magnetite and green rust in the environment. The aim is to present a detailed overview of the key aspects related to these mineral phases which can be used as an important resource for researchers working in a diverse range of fields dealing with mixed-valent iron minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Usman
- Environmental Mineralogy, Center for Applied Geosciences , University of Tübingen , 72074 Tübingen , Germany.,Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences , University of Agriculture , Faisalabad 38040 , Pakistan
| | - J M Byrne
- Geomicrobiology, Center for Applied Geosciences , University of Tübingen , 72074 Tübingen , Germany
| | - A Chaudhary
- Environmental Mineralogy, Center for Applied Geosciences , University of Tübingen , 72074 Tübingen , Germany.,Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Government College University Faisalabad 38000 , Pakistan
| | - S Orsetti
- Environmental Mineralogy, Center for Applied Geosciences , University of Tübingen , 72074 Tübingen , Germany
| | - K Hanna
- Univ Rennes, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes , CNRS, ISCR - UMR6226 , F-35000 Rennes , France
| | - C Ruby
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement , UMR 7564 CNRS-Université de Lorraine , 54600 Villers-Lès-Nancy , France
| | - A Kappler
- Geomicrobiology, Center for Applied Geosciences , University of Tübingen , 72074 Tübingen , Germany
| | - S B Haderlein
- Environmental Mineralogy, Center for Applied Geosciences , University of Tübingen , 72074 Tübingen , Germany
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263
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Mickoleit F, Borkner CB, Toro-Nahuelpan M, Herold HM, Maier DS, Plitzko JM, Scheibel T, Schüler D. In Vivo Coating of Bacterial Magnetic Nanoparticles by Magnetosome Expression of Spider Silk-Inspired Peptides. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:962-972. [PMID: 29357230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Magnetosomes are natural magnetic nanoparticles with exceptional properties that are synthesized in magnetotactic bacteria by a highly regulated biomineralization process. Their usability in many applications could be further improved by encapsulation in biocompatible polymers. In this study, we explored the production of spider silk-inspired peptides on magnetosomes of the alphaproteobacterium Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense. Genetic fusion of different silk sequence-like variants to abundant magnetosome membrane proteins enhanced magnetite biomineralization and caused the formation of a proteinaceous capsule, which increased the colloidal stability of isolated particles. Furthermore, we show that spider silk peptides fused to a magnetosome membrane protein can be used as seeds for silk fibril growth on the magnetosome surface. In summary, we demonstrate that the combination of two different biogenic materials generates a genetically encoded hybrid composite with engineerable new properties and enhanced potential for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mauricio Toro-Nahuelpan
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology , Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , D-82152 Martinsried , Germany
| | | | | | - Jürgen M Plitzko
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology , Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , D-82152 Martinsried , Germany
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264
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Rismani Yazdi S, Nosrati R, Stevens CA, Vogel D, Davies PL, Escobedo C. Magnetotaxis Enables Magnetotactic Bacteria to Navigate in Flow. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:1702982. [PMID: 29205792 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) play an important role in Earth's biogeochemical cycles by transporting minerals in aquatic ecosystems, and have shown promise for controlled transport of microscale objects in flow conditions. However, how MTB traverse complex flow environments is not clear. Here, using microfluidics and high-speed imaging, it is revealed that magnetotaxis enables directed motion of Magnetospirillum magneticum over long distances in flow velocities ranging from 2 to 1260 µm s-1 , corresponding to shear rates ranging from 0.2 to 142 s-1 -a range relevant to both aquatic environments and biomedical applications. The ability of MTB to overcome a current is influenced by the flow, the magnetic field, and their relative orientation. MTB can overcome 2.3-fold higher flow velocities when directed to swim perpendicular to the flow as compared to upstream, as the latter orientation induces higher drag. The results indicate a threshold drag of 9.5 pN, corresponding to a flow velocity of 550 µm s-1 , where magnetotaxis enables MTB to overcome counterdirectional flow. These findings bring new insights into the interactions of MTB with complex flow environments relevant to aquatic ecosystems, while suggesting opportunities for in vivo applications of MTB in microbiorobotics and targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Rismani Yazdi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Reza Nosrati
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Corey A Stevens
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - David Vogel
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Peter L Davies
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Carlos Escobedo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
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265
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Wagstaff J, Löwe J. Prokaryotic cytoskeletons: protein filaments organizing small cells. Nat Rev Microbiol 2018; 16:187-201. [PMID: 29355854 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Most, if not all, bacterial and archaeal cells contain at least one protein filament system. Although these filament systems in some cases form structures that are very similar to eukaryotic cytoskeletons, the term 'prokaryotic cytoskeletons' is used to refer to many different kinds of protein filaments. Cytoskeletons achieve their functions through polymerization of protein monomers and the resulting ability to access length scales larger than the size of the monomer. Prokaryotic cytoskeletons are involved in many fundamental aspects of prokaryotic cell biology and have important roles in cell shape determination, cell division and nonchromosomal DNA segregation. Some of the filament-forming proteins have been classified into a small number of conserved protein families, for example, the almost ubiquitous tubulin and actin superfamilies. To understand what makes filaments special and how the cytoskeletons they form enable cells to perform essential functions, the structure and function of cytoskeletal molecules and their filaments have been investigated in diverse bacteria and archaea. In this Review, we bring these data together to highlight the diverse ways that linear protein polymers can be used to organize other molecules and structures in bacteria and archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Wagstaff
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Jan Löwe
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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266
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Uebe R, Keren-Khadmy N, Zeytuni N, Katzmann E, Navon Y, Davidov G, Bitton R, Plitzko JM, Schüler D, Zarivach R. The dual role of MamB in magnetosome membrane assembly and magnetite biomineralization. Mol Microbiol 2018; 107:542-557. [PMID: 29243866 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1 synthesizes membrane-enclosed magnetite (Fe3 O4 ) nanoparticles, magnetosomes, for magnetotaxis. Formation of these organelles involves a complex process comprising key steps which are governed by specific magnetosome-associated proteins. MamB, a cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) family member has been implicated in magnetosome-directed iron transport. However, deletion mutagenesis studies revealed that MamB is essential for the formation of magnetosome membrane vesicles, but its precise role remains elusive. In this study, we employed a multi-disciplinary approach to define the role of MamB during magnetosome formation. Using site-directed mutagenesis complemented by structural analyses, fluorescence microscopy and cryo-electron tomography, we show that MamB is most likely an active magnetosome-directed transporter serving two distinct, yet essential functions. First, MamB initiates magnetosome vesicle formation in a transport-independent process, probably by serving as a landmark protein. Second, MamB transport activity is required for magnetite nucleation. Furthermore, by determining the crystal structure of the MamB cytosolic C-terminal domain, we also provide mechanistic insight into transport regulation. Additionally, we present evidence that magnetosome vesicle growth and chain formation are independent of magnetite nucleation and magnetic interactions respectively. Together, our data provide novel insight into the role of the key bifunctional magnetosome protein MamB, and the early steps of magnetosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Uebe
- Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Noa Keren-Khadmy
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Natalie Zeytuni
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Emanuel Katzmann
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Am Klopferspitz 18, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Yotam Navon
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Geula Davidov
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ronit Bitton
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Jürgen M Plitzko
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Am Klopferspitz 18, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dirk Schüler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Raz Zarivach
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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267
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Zhuang S, Anyaogu DC, Kasama T, Workman M, Mortensen UH, Hobley TJ. Effects of dissolved oxygen concentration and iron addition on immediate-early gene expression of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 364:3739790. [PMID: 28430950 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the effects of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and iron addition on gene expression of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1 cells during fermentations, focusing on 0.25-24 h after iron addition. The DO was strictly controlled at 0.5% or 5% O2, and compared with aerobic condition. Uptake of iron (and formation of magnetosomes) was only observed in the 0.5% O2 condition where there was little difference in cell growth and carbon consumption compared to the 5% O2 condition. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis showed a rapid (within 0.25 h) genetic response of MSR-1 cells after iron addition for all the genes studied, except for MgFnr (oxygen sensor gene) and fur (ferric uptake regulator family gene), and which in some cases was oxygen dependent. In particular, expression of sodB1 (superoxide dismutase gene) and feoB1 (ferrous transport protein B1 gene) was markedly reduced in cultures at 0.5% O2 compared to those at higher oxygen tensions. Moreover, expression of katG (catalase-peroxidase gene) and feoB2 (ferrous transport protein B2 gene) was reduced markedly by iron addition, regardless of oxygen conditions. These data provide a greater understanding of molecular response of MSR-1 cells to environmental conditions associated with oxygen and iron metabolisms, especially relevant to immediate-early stage of fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Zhuang
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelundsvej 1, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Diana Chinyere Anyaogu
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelundsvej 1, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Takeshi Kasama
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Mhairi Workman
- Department of System Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | | | - Timothy John Hobley
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelundsvej 1, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
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268
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Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria form unique prokaryotic organelles, termed magnetosomes, which consist of membrane-enclosed magnetite nanoparticles. Analysis of magnetosome biogenesis has been greatly facilitated by proteomic methods. These, however, require pure, highly enriched magnetosomes. Here, we describe the purification of magnetosomes from Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense using high pressure cell disruption, and sequential purification by magnetic enrichment and sucrose density ultracentrifugation. The resulting enriched magnetosomes can be subsequently subjected to proteomic analyses or biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dirk Schüler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - René Uebe
- Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
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269
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Rismani Yazi S, Nosrati R, Stevens CA, Vogel D, Escobedo C. Migration of magnetotactic bacteria in porous media. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:011101. [PMID: 29531633 PMCID: PMC5828923 DOI: 10.1063/1.5024508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) migrate in complex porous sediments where fluid flow is ubiquitous. Here, we demonstrate that magnetotaxis enables MTB to migrate effectively through porous micromodels. Directed MTB can circumvent curved obstacles by traveling along the boundaries and pass flat obstacles by repeatedly switching between forward and backward runs. Magnetotaxis enables directed motion of MTB through heterogeneous porous media, overcoming tortuous flow fields with local velocities as high as 250 μm s-1. Our findings bring new insights into the migration behaviour of MTB in their natural habitats and their potential in vivo applications as microbiorobots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Rismani Yazi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Reza Nosrati
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Corey A. Stevens
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - David Vogel
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Escobedo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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270
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Bionic Manufacturing: Towards Cyborg Cells and Sentient Microbots. Trends Biotechnol 2017; 36:483-487. [PMID: 29224718 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bio-inspired engineering applies biological design principles towards developing engineering solutions but is not practical as a manufacturing paradigm. We advocate 'bionic manufacturing', a synergistic fusion of biotic and abiotic components, to transition away from bio-inspiration toward bio-augmentation to address current limitations in bio-inspired manufacturing.
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271
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Mickoleit F, Schüler D. Generation of Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles with Amplified Catalytic Activities by Genetic Expression of Enzyme Arrays on Bacterial Magnetosomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Mickoleit
- Department Microbiology; University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Dirk Schüler
- Department Microbiology; University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
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272
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Abstract
Evolution has equipped life on our planet with an array of extraordinary senses, but perhaps the least understood is magnetoreception. Despite compelling behavioral evidence that this sense exists, the cells, molecules, and mechanisms that mediate sensory transduction remain unknown. So how could animals detect magnetic fields? We introduce and discuss 3 concepts that attempt to address this question: (1) a mechanically sensitive magnetite-based magnetoreceptor, (2) a light-sensitive chemical-based mechanism, and (3) electromagnetic induction within accessory structures. In discussing the merits and issues with each of these ideas, we draw on existing precepts in sensory biology. We argue that solving this scientific mystery will require the development of new genetic tools in magnetosensitive species, coupled with an interdisciplinary approach that bridges physics, behavior, anatomy, physiology, molecular biology, and genetics.
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273
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Natan E, Vortman Y. The symbiotic magnetic-sensing hypothesis: do Magnetotactic Bacteria underlie the magnetic sensing capability of animals? MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2017; 5:22. [PMID: 29085642 PMCID: PMC5651570 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-017-0113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to sense Earth's magnetic field has evolved in various taxa. However, despite great efforts to find the 'magnetic-sensor' in vertebrates, the results of these scientific efforts remain inconclusive. A few decades ago, it was found that bacteria, known as magnetotactic bacteria (MTB), can move along a magnetic field using nanometric chain-like structures. Still, it is not fully clear why these bacteria evolved to have this capacity. Thus, while for MTB the 'magnetic-sensor' is known but the adaptive value is still under debate, for metazoa it is the other way around. In the absence of convincing evidence for any 'magnetic-sensor' in metazoan species sensitive to Earth's magnetic field, we hypothesize that a mutualism between these species and MTB provides one. In this relationship the host benefits from a magnetotactic capacity, while the bacteria benefit a hosting environment and dispersal. We provide support for this hypothesis using existing literature, demonstrating that by placing the MTB as the 'magnetic-sensor', previously contradictory results are now in agreement. We also propose plausible mechanisms and ways to test the hypothesis. If proven correct, this hypothesis would shed light on the forces driving both animal and bacteria magnetotactic abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoni Vortman
- Hula Research Center, Department of Animal Sciences, Tel-Hai College, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
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274
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Raschdorf O, Bonn F, Zeytuni N, Zarivach R, Becher D, Schüler D. A quantitative assessment of the membrane-integral sub-proteome of a bacterial magnetic organelle. J Proteomics 2017; 172:89-99. [PMID: 29054541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria produce chains of complex membrane-bound organelles that direct the biomineralization of magnetic nanoparticles and serve for magnetic field navigation. These magnetosome compartments have recently emerged as a model for studying the subcellular organization of prokaryotic organelles. Previous studies indicated the presence of specific proteins with various functions in magnetosome biosynthesis. However, the exact composition and stoichiometry of the magnetosome subproteome have remained unknown. In order to quantify and unambiguously identify all proteins specifically targeted to the magnetosome membrane of the Alphaproteobacterium Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense, we analyzed the protein composition of several cellular fractions by semi-quantitative mass spectrometry. We found that nearly all genuine magnetosome membrane-integral proteins belong to a well-defined set of previously identified proteins encoded by gene clusters within a genomic island, indicating a highly controlled protein composition. Magnetosome proteins were present in different quantities with up to 120 copies per particle as estimated by correlating our results with available quantitative Western blot data. This high abundance suggests an unusually crowded protein composition of the membrane and a tight packing with transmembrane domains of integral proteins. Our findings will help to further define the structure of the organelle and contribute to the elucidation of magnetosome biogenesis. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Magnetosomes are one of the most complex bacterial organelles and consist of membrane-bounded crystals of magnetic minerals. The exact composition and stoichiometry of the associated membrane integral proteins are of major interest for a deeper understanding of prokaryotic organelle assembly; however, previous proteomic studies failed to reveal meaningful estimations due to the lack of precise and quantitative data, and the inherently high degree of accumulated protein contaminants in purified magnetosomes. Using a highly sensitive mass spectrometer, we acquired proteomic data from several cellular fractions of a magnetosome producing magnetotactic bacterium and developed a comparative algorithm to identify all genuine magnetosome membrane-integral proteins and to discriminate them from contaminants. Furthermore, by combining our data with previously published quantitative Western blot data, we were able to model the protein copy number and density within the magnetosome membrane. Our results suggest that the magnetosome membrane is specifically associated with a small subset of integral proteins that are tightly packed within the lipid layer. Our study provides by far the most comprehensive estimation of magnetosomal protein composition and stoichiometry and will help to elucidate the complex process of magnetosome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Raschdorf
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Bonn
- Department of Microbiology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Natalie Zeytuni
- Department of Life Sciences, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Raz Zarivach
- Department of Life Sciences, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Dörte Becher
- Department of Microbiology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dirk Schüler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Germany.
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275
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Fernández-Castané A, Li H, Thomas ORT, Overton TW. Flow cytometry as a rapid analytical tool to determine physiological responses to changing O 2 and iron concentration by Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense strain MSR-1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13118. [PMID: 29030621 PMCID: PMC5640647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a diverse group of bacteria that synthesise magnetosomes, magnetic membrane-bound nanoparticles that have a variety of diagnostic, clinical and biotechnological applications. We present the development of rapid methods using flow cytometry to characterize several aspects of the physiology of the commonly-used MTB Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1. Flow cytometry is an optical technique that rapidly measures characteristics of individual bacteria within a culture, thereby allowing determination of population heterogeneity and also permitting direct analysis of bacteria. Scatter measurements were used to measure and compare bacterial size, shape and morphology. Membrane permeability and polarization were measured using the dyes propidium iodide and bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethine oxonol to determine the viability and ‘health’ of bacteria. Dyes were also used to determine changes in concentration of intracellular free iron and polyhydroxylakanoate (PHA), a bacterial energy storage polymer. These tools were then used to characterize the responses of MTB to different O2 concentrations and iron-sufficient or iron-limited growth. Rapid analysis of MTB physiology will allow development of bioprocesses for the production of magnetosomes, and will increase understanding of this fascinating and useful group of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Fernández-Castané
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Institute for Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Hong Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Owen R T Thomas
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Tim W Overton
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. .,Institute for Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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276
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Tian LJ, Li WW, Zhu TT, Chen JJ, Wang WK, An PF, Zhang L, Dong JC, Guan Y, Liu DF, Zhou NQ, Liu G, Tian YC, Yu HQ. Directed Biofabrication of Nanoparticles through Regulating Extracellular Electron Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12149-12152. [PMID: 28825808 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Biofabrication of nanomaterials is currently constrained by a low production efficiency and poor controllability on product quality compared to chemical synthetic routes. In this work, we show an attractive new biosynthesis system to break these limitations. A directed production of selenium-containing nanoparticles in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 cells, with fine-tuned composition and subcellular synthetic location, was achieved by modifying the extracellular electron transfer chain. By taking advantage of its untapped intracellular detoxification and synthetic power, we obtained high-purity, uniform-sized cadmium selenide nanoparticles in the cytoplasm, with the production rates and fluorescent intensities far exceeding the state-of-the-art biosystems. These findings may fundamentally change our perception of nanomaterial biosynthesis process and lead to the development of fine-controllable nanoparticles biosynthesis technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jiao Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wen-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jie-Jie Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei-Kang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Peng-Fei An
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun-Cai Dong
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Guan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Dong-Feng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Nan-Qing Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Gang Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yang-Chao Tian
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China
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277
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Soldatova AV, Tao L, Romano CA, Stich TA, Casey WH, Britt RD, Tebo BM, Spiro TG. Mn(II) Oxidation by the Multicopper Oxidase Complex Mnx: A Binuclear Activation Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11369-11380. [PMID: 28712284 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial protein complex Mnx contains a multicopper oxidase (MCO) MnxG that, unusually, catalyzes the two-electron oxidation of Mn(II) to MnO2 biomineral, via a Mn(III) intermediate. Although Mn(III)/Mn(II) and Mn(IV)/Mn(III) reduction potentials are expected to be high, we find a low reduction potential, 0.38 V (vs Normal Hydrogen Electrode, pH 7.8), for the MnxG type 1 Cu2+, the electron acceptor. Indeed the type 1 Cu2+ is not reduced by Mn(II) in the absence of molecular oxygen, indicating that substrate oxidation requires an activation step. We have investigated the enzyme mechanism via electronic absorption spectroscopy, using chemometric analysis to separate enzyme-catalyzed MnO2 formation from MnO2 nanoparticle aging. The nanoparticle aging time course is characteristic of nucleation and particle growth; rates for these processes followed expected dependencies on Mn(II) concentration and temperature, but exhibited different pH optima. The enzymatic time course is sigmoidal, signaling an activation step, prior to turnover. The Mn(II) concentration and pH dependence of a preceding lag phase indicates weak Mn(II) binding. The activation step is enabled by a pKa > 8.6 deprotonation, which is assigned to Mn(II)-bound H2O; it induces a conformation change (consistent with a high activation energy, 106 kJ/mol) that increases Mn(II) affinity. Mnx activation is proposed to decrease the Mn(III/II) reduction potential below that of type 1 Cu(II/I) by formation of a hydroxide-bridged binuclear complex, Mn(II)(μ-OH)Mn(II), at the substrate site. Turnover is found to depend cooperatively on two Mn(II) and is enabled by a pKa 7.6 double deprotonation. It is proposed that turnover produces a Mn(III)(μ-OH)2Mn(III) intermediate that proceeds to the enzyme product, likely Mn(IV)(μ-O)2Mn(IV) or an oligomer, which subsequently nucleates MnO2 nanoparticles. We conclude that Mnx exploits manganese polynuclear chemistry in order to facilitate an otherwise difficult oxidation reaction, as well as biomineralization. The mechanism of the Mn(III/IV) conversion step is elucidated in an accompanying paper .
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra V Soldatova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | | | - Christine A Romano
- Division of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems, Institute of Environmental Health, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | | | | | | | - Bradley M Tebo
- Division of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems, Institute of Environmental Health, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Thomas G Spiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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278
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Werckmann J, Cypriano J, Lefèvre CT, Dembelé K, Ersen O, Bazylinski DA, Lins U, Farina M. Localized iron accumulation precedes nucleation and growth of magnetite crystals in magnetotactic bacteria. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8291. [PMID: 28811607 PMCID: PMC5557804 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08994-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) biomineralize magnetite crystals that nucleate and grow inside intracellular membranous vesicles that originate from invaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane. The crystals together with their surrounding membranes are referred to magnetosomes. Magnetosome magnetite crystals nucleate and grow using iron transported inside the vesicle by specific proteins. Here we address the question: can iron transported inside MTB for the production of magnetite crystals be spatially mapped using electron microscopy? Cultured and uncultured MTB from brackish and freshwater lagoons were studied using analytical transmission electron microscopy in an attempt to answer this question. Scanning transmission electron microscopy was used at sub-nanometric resolution to determine the distribution of elements by implementing high sensitivity energy dispersive X-ray (EDS) mapping and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). EDS mapping showed that magnetosomes are enmeshed in a magnetosomal matrix in which iron accumulates close to the magnetosome forming a continuous layer visually appearing as a corona. EELS, obtained at high spatial resolution, confirmed that iron was present close to and inside the lipid bilayer magnetosome membrane. This study provides important clues to magnetite formation in MTB through the discovery of a mechanism where iron ions accumulate prior to magnetite biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Werckmann
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Jefferson Cypriano
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christopher T Lefèvre
- CNRS/CEA/Aix-Marseille Université, UMR7265 Institut de biosciences et biotechnologies, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, 13108, Saint Paul lez Durance, France
| | - Kassiogé Dembelé
- Institut de physique et chimie des matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS) UMR 7504 CNRS 23 rue du Lœss, BP 43 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Ovidiu Ersen
- Institut de physique et chimie des matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS) UMR 7504 CNRS 23 rue du Lœss, BP 43 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Dennis A Bazylinski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89154-4004, USA
| | - Ulysses Lins
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos Farina
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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279
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Tethered Magnets Are the Key to Magnetotaxis: Direct Observations of Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 Show that MamK Distributes Magnetosome Organelles Equally to Daughter Cells. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.00679-17. [PMID: 28790202 PMCID: PMC5550748 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00679-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria are a unique group of bacteria that synthesize a magnetic organelle termed the magnetosome, which they use to assist with their magnetic navigation in a specific type of bacterial motility called magneto-aerotaxis. Cytoskeletal filaments consisting of the actin-like protein MamK are associated with the magnetosome chain. Previously, the function of MamK was thought to be in positioning magnetosome organelles; this was proposed based on observations via electron microscopy still images. Here, we conducted live-cell time-lapse fluorescence imaging analyses employing highly inclined and laminated optical sheet microscopy, and these methods enabled us to visualize detailed dynamic movement of magnetosomes in growing cells during the entire cell cycle with high-temporal resolution and a high signal/noise ratio. We found that the MamK cytoskeleton anchors magnetosomes through a mechanism that requires MamK-ATPase activity throughout the cell cycle to prevent simple diffusion of magnetosomes within the cell. We concluded that the static chain-like arrangement of the magnetosomes is required to precisely and consistently segregate the magnetosomes to daughter cells. Thus, the daughter cells inherit a functional magnetic sensor that mediates magneto-reception. Half a century ago, bacterial cells were considered a simple “bag of enzymes”; only recently have they been shown to comprise ordered complexes of macromolecular structures, such as bacterial organelles and cytoskeletons, similar to their eukaryotic counterparts. In eukaryotic cells, the positioning of organelles is regulated by cytoskeletal elements. However, the role of cytoskeletal elements in the positioning of bacterial organelles, such as magnetosomes, remains unclear. Magnetosomes are associated with cytoskeletal filaments that consist of the actin-like protein MamK. In this study, we focused on how the MamK cytoskeleton regulates the dynamic movement of magnetosome organelles in living magnetotactic bacterial cells. Here, we used fluorescence imaging to visualize the dynamics of magnetosomes throughout the cell cycle in living magnetotactic bacterial cells to understand how they use the actin-like cytoskeleton to maintain and to make functional their nano-sized magnetic organelles.
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280
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Lin W, Pan Y, Bazylinski DA. Diversity and ecology of and biomineralization by magnetotactic bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 9:345-356. [PMID: 28557300 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) biomineralize intracellular, membrane-bounded crystals of magnetite (Fe3 O4 ) and/or greigite (Fe3 S4 ) called magnetosomes. MTB play important roles in the geochemical cycling of iron, sulfur, nitrogen and carbon. Significantly, they also represent an intriguing model system not just for the study of microbial biomineralization but also for magnetoreception, prokaryotic organelle formation and microbial biogeography. Here we review current knowledge on the ecology of and biomineralization by MTB, with an emphasis on more recent reports of unexpected ecological and phylogenetic findings regarding MTB. In this study, we conducted a search of public metagenomic databases and identified six novel magnetosome gene cluster-containing genomic fragments affiliated with the Deltaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria classes of the Proteobacteria phylum, the Nitrospirae phylum and the Planctomycetes phylum from the deep subseafloor, marine oxygen minimum zone, groundwater biofilm and estuary sediment, thereby extending our knowledge on the diversity and distribution of MTB as well deriving important information as to their ecophysiology. We point out that the increasing availability of sequence data will facilitate researchers to systematically explore the ecology and biomineralization of MTB even further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
- France-China Bio-Mineralization and Nano-Structures Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yongxin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
- France-China Bio-Mineralization and Nano-Structures Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
- College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dennis A Bazylinski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4004, USA
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281
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Talib A, Khan Z, Bokhari H, Hidayathula S, Jilani G, Khan AA. Respiring cellular nano-magnets. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 80:526-531. [PMID: 28866196 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria provide an interesting example for the biosynthesis of magnetic (Fe3O4 or Fe3S4) nanoparticles, synthesized through a process known as biologically controlled mineralization, resulting in complex monodispersed, and nanostructures with unique magnetic properties. In this work, we report a novel aerobic bacterial strain isolated from sludge of an oil refinery. Microscopic and staining analysis revealed that it was a gram positive rod with the capability to thrive in a medium (9K) supplemented, with Fe2+ ions at an acidic pH (~3.2). The magnetic behaviour of these cells was tested by their alignment towards a permanent magnet, and later on confirmed by magnetometry analysis. The X-ray diffraction studies proved the cellular biosynthesis of magnetite nanoparticles inside the bacteria. This novel, bio-nano-magnet, could pave the way for green synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles to be used in industrial and medical applications such as MRI, magnetic hyperthermia and ferrofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Talib
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, 45550 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zanib Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Government Post Graduate College No. 2, Mandian, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Habib Bokhari
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, 45550 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Hidayathula
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11362 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Jilani
- Department of Soil Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah ARID Agriculture University, Shamsabad, Murree Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Abid Ali Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, 45550 Islamabad, Pakistan.
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282
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Yan L, Da H, Zhang S, López VM, Wang W. Bacterial magnetosome and its potential application. Microbiol Res 2017; 203:19-28. [PMID: 28754204 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial magnetosome, synthetized by magnetosome-producing microorganisms including magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) and some non-magnetotactic bacteria (Non-MTB), is a new type of material comprising magnetic nanocrystals surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer. Because of the special properties such as single magnetic domain, excellent biocompatibility and surface modification, bacterial magnetosome has become an increasingly attractive for researchers in biology, medicine, paleomagnetism, geology and environmental science. This review briefly describes the general feature of magnetosome-producing microorganisms. This article also highlights recent advances in the understanding of the biochemical and magnetic characteristics of bacterial magnetosome, as well as the magnetosome formation mechanism including iron ions uptake, magnetosome membrane formation, biomineralization and magnetosome chain assembly. Finally, this review presents the potential applications of bacterial magnetosome in biomedicine, wastewater treatment, and the significance of mineralization of magnetosome in biology and geology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yan
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China.
| | - Huiyun Da
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Viviana Morillo López
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Weidong Wang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China
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283
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Single-Cell Resolution of Uncultured Magnetotactic Bacteria via Fluorescence-Coupled Electron Microscopy. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00409-17. [PMID: 28389550 PMCID: PMC5452806 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00409-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) form intracellular chain-assembled nanocrystals of magnetite or greigite termed magnetosomes. The characterization of magnetosome crystals requires electron microscopy due to their nanoscopic sizes. However, electron microscopy does not provide phylogenetic information for MTB. We have developed a strategy for the simultaneous and rapid phylogenetic and biomineralogical characterization of uncultured MTB at the single-cell level. It consists of four steps: (i) enrichment of MTB cells from an environmental sample, (ii) 16S rRNA gene sequencing of MTB, and (iii) fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses coordinated with (iv) transmission or scanning electron microscopy of the probe-hybridized cells. The application of this strategy identified a magnetotactic Gammaproteobacteria strain, SHHR-1, from brackish sediments collected from the Shihe River estuary in Qinhuangdao City, China. SHHR-1 magnetosomes are elongated prismatic magnetites which can be idealized as hexagonal prisms. Taxonomic groups of uncultured MTB were also identified in freshwater sediments from Lake Miyun in northern Beijing via this novel coordinated fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy method based on four group-specific rRNA-targeted probes. Our analyses revealed that major magnetotactic taxonomic groups can be accurately determined only with coordinated scanning electron microscopy observations on fluorescently labeled single cells due to limited group coverage and specificity for existing group-specific MTB fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes. Our reported strategy is simple and efficient, offers great promise toward investigating the diversity and biomineralization of MTB, and may also be applied to other functional groups of microorganisms. IMPORTANCE Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are phylogenetically diverse and biomineralize morphologically diverse magnetic nanocrystals of magnetite or greigite in intracellular structures termed magnetosomes. However, many uncultured MTB strains have not been phylogenetically identified or structurally investigated at the single-cell level, which limits our comprehensive understanding of the diversity of MTB and their role in biomineralization. We developed a fluorescence-coupled electron microscopy method for the rapid phylogenetic and biomineralogical characterization of uncultured MTB at the single-cell level. Using this novel method, we successfully identified taxonomic groups of several uncultured MTB and one novel magnetotactic Gammaproteobacteria strain, SHHR-1, from natural environments. Our analyses further indicate that strain SHHR-1 forms elongated prismatic magnetites. Our findings provide a promising strategy for the rapid characterization of phylogenetic and biomineralogical properties of uncultured MTB at the single-cell level. Furthermore, due to its simplicity and generalized methodology, this strategy can also be useful in the study of the diversity and biomineralization properties of microbial taxa involved in other mineralization processes.
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284
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Kraupner A, Eberbeck D, Heinke D, Uebe R, Schüler D, Briel A. Bacterial magnetosomes - nature's powerful contribution to MPI tracer research. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:5788-5793. [PMID: 28447690 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr01530e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic particle spectrum (MPS) of bacterial magnetosomes, isolated from Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense, is measured and compared to that of the current "gold standard", Resovist®. It is shown that the amplitudes of the magnetosomes' harmonics by far exceed that of Resovist®; the amplitude of the third harmonic is higher by a factor of 7, and is the highest value obtained for iron oxide nanoparticles to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kraupner
- nanoPET Pharma GmbH, Robert-Koch-Platz 4, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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285
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Zhao D. Bacteriogenic magnetic nanoparticles as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Transl Cancer Res 2017; 6:S512-S514. [PMID: 31531290 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2017.03.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dawen Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
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286
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Abstract
Membrane deformation by proteins is a universal phenomenon that has been studied extensively in eukaryotes but much less in prokaryotes. In this study, we discovered a membrane-deforming activity of the phospholipid N-methyltransferase PmtA from the plant-pathogenic bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens PmtA catalyzes the successive three-step N-methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine. Here, we defined the lipid and protein requirements for the membrane-remodeling activity of PmtA by a combination of transmission electron microscopy and liposome interaction studies. Dependent on the lipid composition, PmtA changes the shape of spherical liposomes either into filaments or small vesicles. Upon overproduction of PmtA in A. tumefaciens, vesicle-like structures occur in the cytoplasm, dependent on the presence of the anionic lipid cardiolipin. The N-terminal lipid-binding α-helix (αA) is involved in membrane deformation by PmtA. Two functionally distinct and spatially separated regions in αA can be distinguished. Anionic interactions by positively charged amino acids on one face of the helix are responsible for membrane recruitment of the enzyme. The opposite hydrophobic face of the helix is required for membrane remodeling, presumably by shallow insertion into the lipid bilayer.IMPORTANCE The ability to alter the morphology of biological membranes is known for a small number of some bacterial proteins. Our study adds the phospholipid N-methyltransferase PmtA as a new member to the category of bacterial membrane-remodeling proteins. A combination of in vivo and in vitro methods reveals the molecular requirements for membrane deformation at the protein and phospholipid level. The dual functionality of PmtA suggests a contribution of membrane biosynthesis enzymes to the complex morphology of bacterial membranes.
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287
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Barber-Zucker S, Zarivach R. A Look into the Biochemistry of Magnetosome Biosynthesis in Magnetotactic Bacteria. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:13-22. [PMID: 27930882 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Magnetosomes are protein-rich membrane organelles that encapsulate magnetite or greigite and whose chain alignment enables magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) to sense the geomagnetic field. As these bacteria synthesize uniform magnetic particles, their biomineralization mechanism is of great interest among researchers from different fields, from material engineering to medicine. Both magnetosome formation and magnetic particle synthesis are highly controlled processes that can be divided into several crucial steps: membrane invagination from the inner-cell membrane, protein sorting, the magnetosomes' arrangement into chains, iron transport, chemical environment regulation of the magnetosome lumen, magnetic particle nucleation, and finally crystal growth, size, and morphology control. This complex system involves an ensemble of unique proteins that participate in different stages during magnetosome formation, some of which were extensively studied in recent years. Here, we present the current knowledge on magnetosome biosynthesis with a focus on the different proteins and the main biochemical pathways along this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiran Barber-Zucker
- Department of Life
Sciences,
the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Ilse Katz
Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Raz Zarivach
- Department of Life
Sciences,
the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Ilse Katz
Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
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288
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Marcano L, García-Prieto A, Muñoz D, Fernández Barquín L, Orue I, Alonso J, Muela A, Fdez-Gubieda ML. Influence of the bacterial growth phase on the magnetic properties of magnetosomes synthesized by Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:1507-1514. [PMID: 28093197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The magnetosome biosynthesis is a genetically controlled process but the physical properties of the magnetosomes can be slightly tuned by modifying the bacterial growth conditions. METHODS We designed two time-resolved experiments in which iron-starved bacteria at the mid-logarithmic phase are transferred to Fe-supplemented medium to induce the magnetosomes biogenesis along the exponential growth or at the stationary phase. We used flow cytometry to determine the cell concentration, transmission electron microscopy to image the magnetosomes, DC and AC magnetometry methods for the magnetic characterization, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy to analyze the magnetosome structure. RESULTS When the magnetosomes synthesis occurs during the exponential growth phase, they reach larger sizes and higher monodispersity, displaying a stoichiometric magnetite structure, as fingerprinted by the well defined Verwey temperature. On the contrary, the magnetosomes synthesized at the stationary phase reach smaller sizes and display a smeared Verwey transition, that suggests that these magnetosomes may deviate slightly from the perfect stoichiometry. CONCLUSIONS Magnetosomes magnetically closer to stoichiometric magnetite are obtained when bacteria start synthesizing them at the exponential growth phase rather than at the stationary phase. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The growth conditions influence the final properties of the biosynthesized magnetosomes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Recent Advances in Bionanomaterials" Guest Editors: Dr. Marie-Louise Saboungi and Dr. Samuel D. Bader.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Marcano
- Dpto. de Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - A García-Prieto
- Dpto. de Física Aplicada I, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, Bilbao 48013, Spain; BCMaterials, Parque tecnológico de Zamudio, Derio 48160, Spain
| | - D Muñoz
- Dpto. de Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain; Dpto. de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | | | - I Orue
- SGIker, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - J Alonso
- BCMaterials, Parque tecnológico de Zamudio, Derio 48160, Spain
| | - A Muela
- BCMaterials, Parque tecnológico de Zamudio, Derio 48160, Spain; Dpto. de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - M L Fdez-Gubieda
- Dpto. de Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain; BCMaterials, Parque tecnológico de Zamudio, Derio 48160, Spain
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289
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Measuring spectroscopy and magnetism of extracted and intracellular magnetosomes using soft X-ray ptychography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E8219-E8227. [PMID: 27930297 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610260114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the chemistry and magnetism of magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) is an important aspect of understanding the biomineralization mechanism and function of the chains of magnetosomes (Fe3O4 nanoparticles) found in such species. Images and X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) of magnetosomes extracted from, and magnetosomes in, whole Magnetovibrio blakemorei strain MV-1 cells have been recorded using soft X-ray ptychography at the Fe 2p edge. A spatial resolution of 7 nm is demonstrated. Precursor-like and immature magnetosome phases in a whole MV-1 cell were visualized, and their Fe 2p spectra were measured. Based on these results, a model for the pathway of magnetosome biomineralization for MV-1 is proposed. Fe 2p X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) spectra have been derived from ptychography image sequences recorded using left and right circular polarization. The shape of the XAS and XMCD signals in the ptychographic absorption spectra of both sample types is identical to the shape and signals measured with conventional bright-field scanning transmission X-ray microscope. A weaker and inverted XMCD signal was observed in the ptychographic phase spectra of the extracted magnetosomes. The XMCD ptychographic phase spectrum of the intracellular magnetosomes differed from the ptychographic phase spectrum of the extracted magnetosomes. These results demonstrate that spectro-ptychography offers a superior means of characterizing the chemical and magnetic properties of MTB at the individual magnetosome level.
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290
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Draft Genome Sequence of Magnetovibrio blakemorei Strain MV-1, a Marine Vibrioid Magnetotactic Bacterium. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/6/e01330-16. [PMID: 27881550 PMCID: PMC5122692 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01330-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report here the genome sequence of Magnetovibrio blakemorei MV-1, a marine vibrioid magnetotactic bacterium with a single polar flagellum. The current assembly consists of 91 contigs with a combined size of 3,638,804 bp (54.3% G+C content). This genome allows for further investigations of the molecular biomineralization mechanisms of magnetosome formation.
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291
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Barber-Zucker S, Uebe R, Davidov G, Navon Y, Sherf D, Chill JH, Kass I, Bitton R, Schüler D, Zarivach R. Disease-Homologous Mutation in the Cation Diffusion Facilitator Protein MamM Causes Single-Domain Structural Loss and Signifies Its Importance. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31933. [PMID: 27550551 PMCID: PMC4994047 DOI: 10.1038/srep31933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cation diffusion facilitators (CDF) are highly conserved, metal ion efflux transporters that maintain divalent transition metal cation homeostasis. Most CDF proteins contain two domains, the cation transporting transmembrane domain and the regulatory cytoplasmic C-terminal domain (CTD). MamM is a magnetosome-associated CDF protein essential for the biomineralization of magnetic iron-oxide particles in magnetotactic bacteria. To investigate the structure-function relationship of CDF cytoplasmic domains, we characterized a MamM M250P mutation that is synonymous with the disease-related mutation L349P of the human CDF protein ZnT-10. Our results show that the M250P exchange in MamM causes severe structural changes in its CTD resulting in abnormal reduced function. Our in vivo, in vitro and in silico studies indicate that the CTD fold is critical for CDF proteins' proper function and support the previously suggested role of the CDF cytoplasmic domain as a CDF regulatory element. Based on our results, we also suggest a mechanism for the effects of the ZnT-10 L349P mutation in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiran Barber-Zucker
- Department of Life Sciences and The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - René Uebe
- Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
| | - Geula Davidov
- Department of Life Sciences and The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Yotam Navon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Dror Sherf
- Department of Life Sciences and The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Jordan H. Chill
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Itamar Kass
- Department of Life Sciences and The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Ronit Bitton
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Dirk Schüler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
| | - Raz Zarivach
- Department of Life Sciences and The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
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