251
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Lee SM, Chen H, O'Halloran TV, Nguyen ST. "Clickable" polymer-caged nanobins as a modular drug delivery platform. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:9311-20. [PMID: 19527027 PMCID: PMC3650134 DOI: 10.1021/ja9017336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Modularly clickable polymer-caged nanobins (PCNs) were prepared from liposome templates using a drop-in cholesterol-modified poly(acrylic acid) reagent followed by cross-linking with alkyne-functionalized diamine linker that allows for the conjugation of azide-modified targeting ligands via click ligation. These PCNs possess pH-responsive characteristics that can be used to trigger the release of encapsulated doxorubicin (DXR) payload inside the liposomal core under mild acidic conditions. After click-conjugation with azide-modified folate as an active targeting ligand, the resulting folate-conjugated, DXR-loaded PCNs (f-PCN(DXR)) demonstrated enhanced potency to folate receptor (FR)-positive tumor cells such as KB and OvCa432 over FR-negative MCF7 cells. f-PCN(DXR) can readily discriminate FR-positive tumor cells as a function of the level of cellular FR-expression, showing different degrees of potentiation in each cell. With both targeting functionalities and pH-sensitive drug-releasing triggers, f-PCN(DXR) was fifty-times more potent than the untargeted agent toward cancer cells that overexpress the folate target receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology and the Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Haimei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology and the Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Thomas V. O'Halloran
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology and the Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - SonBinh T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology and the Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
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Abstract
Over the past few years, health and medicine have been domains where nanotechnologies have shown great promise, in particular in the area of drug carriers and drug targeting. Many active substances suffer from poor solubility, instability in biological medium and low bioavailability. Inaccurate distribution and accumulation of the drug in the body could lead to some side effects possibly detrimental to drug development. With the advent of nanosciences applied to medicine, new tools are becoming available, giving rise to a whole range of drug carriers with different properties and functionalities. Nanocarriers should play a crucial role in the controlled and sustained delivery of drugs. Various types of functional nanosystems are currently being explored and the aim of this review is to give an overview of the most recent advances in the field of nanometric drug carriers, including future strategies and perspectives.
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253
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Zhang H, Xia H, Wang J, Li Y. High intensity focused ultrasound-responsive release behavior of PLA-b-PEG copolymer micelles. J Control Release 2009; 139:31-9. [PMID: 19523500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was synthesized by solution polycondensation of L-lactic acid and further reacted with dihydroxyl poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to obtain the amphiphilic block copolymer PLA-b-PEG. The biodegradable PLA-b-PEG copolymer can self-assemble into spherical micelles in aqueous solution. Nile Red, as a payload model, was used to examine the release behavior of the micelles. The hydrophobic Nile Red can be adsolubilized into the hydrophobic inner core of PLA-b-PEG micelles. With the introduction of Nile Red, the size of micelles increased. Moreover, high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), as a non-contact and remote control approach, was introduced to control the release behavior of PLA-b-PEG micelles containing Nile Red. The release behavior of Nile Red was monitored by fluorescence emission spectra. The results showed that HIFU can trigger the release of the encapsulated Nile Red from PLA-b-PEG micelles. By adjusting the HIFU time, intensity and location, the release behavior of Nile Red from micelles can be tuned. Base on the results, an irreversible release mechanism under HIFU was proposed. The irreversible release of Nile Red from the PLA-b-PEG micelle was attributed to a chemically breaking process of micelle structure due to the degradation of the PLA-b-PEG chain that resulted from the transient cavitation in the HIFU focal spot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongji Zhang
- Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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254
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Reulen SWA, Dankers PYW, Bomans PHH, Meijer EW, Merkx M. Collagen Targeting Using Protein-Functionalized Micelles: The Strength of Multiple Weak Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:7304-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ja807723p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanne W. A. Reulen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands, and Soft Matter CryoTEM Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven
| | - Patricia Y. W. Dankers
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands, and Soft Matter CryoTEM Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven
| | - Paul H. H. Bomans
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands, and Soft Matter CryoTEM Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands, and Soft Matter CryoTEM Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven
| | - Maarten Merkx
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands, and Soft Matter CryoTEM Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven
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255
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Mikhail AS, Allen C. Block copolymer micelles for delivery of cancer therapy: transport at the whole body, tissue and cellular levels. J Control Release 2009; 138:214-23. [PMID: 19376167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of block copolymer micelles (BCMs) for the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics has proven to be a promising approach for improving the therapeutic efficacy of pharmaceutical cancer therapy. Acceleration of the translation of BCM-based drug formulations from the fundamental stages of pre-clinical development to clinical use requires a greater understanding of the transport mechanisms that influence the fate of these nano-carrier systems at the whole body, tissue, and cellular levels. New information emerging regarding the intratumoral distribution, and tumor penetration of BCMs and other nanosystems in vivo, by non-invasive image-based assessment, has the potential to revolutionize our understanding and current approach to drug delivery in this field. This review aims to highlight these and other important advancements as well as to bring attention to the many critical questions that remain to be addressed regarding the fate of BCM-based drug formulations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Mikhail
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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256
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Husseini GA, Pitt WG. Ultrasonic-activated micellar drug delivery for cancer treatment. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:795-811. [PMID: 18506804 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of nanoparticles and ultrasound in medicine continues to evolve. Great strides have been made in the areas of producing micelles, nanoemulsions, and solid nanoparticles that can be used in drug delivery. An effective nanocarrier allows for the delivery of a high concentration of potent medications to targeted tissue while minimizing the side effect of the agent to the rest of the body. Polymeric micelles have been shown to encapsulate therapeutic agents and maintain their structural integrity at lower concentrations. Ultrasound is currently being used in drug delivery as well as diagnostics, and has many advantages that elevate its importance in drug delivery. The technique is noninvasive, thus no surgery is needed; the ultrasonic waves can be easily controlled by advanced electronic technology so that they can be focused on the desired target volume. Additionally, the physics of ultrasound are widely used and well understood; thus ultrasonic application can be tailored towards a particular drug delivery system. In this article, we review the recent progress made in research that utilizes both polymeric micelles and ultrasonic power in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaleb A Husseini
- Chemical Engineering Department, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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257
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Osada K, Christie RJ, Kataoka K. Polymeric micelles from poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(amino acid) block copolymer for drug and gene delivery. J R Soc Interface 2009; 6 Suppl 3:S325-39. [PMID: 19364722 PMCID: PMC2690088 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2008.0547.focus] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dramatic advances in biological research have revealed the mechanisms underlying many diseases at the molecular level. However, conventional techniques may be inadequate for direct application of this new knowledge to medical treatments. Nanobiotechnology, which integrates biology with the rapidly growing field of nanotechnology, has great potential to overcome many technical problems and lead to the development of effective therapies. The use of nanobiotechnology in drug delivery systems (DDS) is attractive for advanced treatment of conditions such as cancer and genetic diseases. In this review paper for a special issue on biomaterial research in Japan, we discuss the development of DDS based on polymeric micelles mainly in our group for anti-cancer drug and gene delivery, and also address our challenges associated with developing polymeric micelles as super-functionalized nanodevices with intelligent performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Osada
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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258
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Branco MC, Schneider JP. Self-assembling materials for therapeutic delivery. Acta Biomater 2009; 5:817-31. [PMID: 19010748 PMCID: PMC2729065 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2008.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 09/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of medications must be administered through parenteral delivery, i.e., intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous injection, to ensure effectiveness of the therapeutic. For some therapeutics, the use of delivery vehicles in conjunction with this delivery mechanism can improve drug efficacy and patient compliance. Macromolecular self-assembly has been exploited recently to engineer materials for the encapsulation and controlled delivery of therapeutics. Self-assembled materials offer the advantages of conventional crosslinked materials normally used for release, but also provide the ability to tailor specific bulk material properties, such as release profiles, at the molecular level via monomer design. As a result, the design of materials from the "bottom up" approach has generated a variety of supramolecular devices for biomedical applications. This review provides an overview of self-assembling molecules, their resultant structures, and their use in therapeutic delivery. It highlights the current progress in the design of polymer- and peptide-based self-assembled materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica C. Branco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Joel P. Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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259
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Shi M, Lu J, Shoichet MS. Organic nanoscale drug carriers coupled with ligands for targeted drug delivery in cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b822319j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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260
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261
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Blanco E, Kessinger CW, Sumer BD, Gao J. Multifunctional micellar nanomedicine for cancer therapy. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 234:123-31. [PMID: 19064945 DOI: 10.3181/0808-mr-250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymeric micelles are supramolecular, core-shell nanoparticles that offer considerable advantages for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Their relatively small size (10-100 nm), ability to solubilize hydrophobic drugs as well as imaging agents, and improved pharmacokinetics provide a useful bioengineering platform for cancer applications. Several polymeric micelle formulations are currently undergoing phase I/II clinical trials, which have shown improved antitumor efficacy and reduced systemic toxicity. This minireview will focus on recent advancements in the multifunctional design of micellar nanomedicine with tumor targeting, stimulated drug release, and cancer imaging capabilities. Such functionalization strategies result in enhanced micellar accumulation at tumor sites, higher drug bioavailability, as well as improved tumor diagnosis and visualization of therapy. Ultimately, integrated nanotherapeutic systems (e.g., theranostic nanomedicine) may prove essential to address the challenges of tumor heterogeneity and adaptive resistance to achieve efficacious treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvin Blanco
- Department of Pharmacology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, D2.210, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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262
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Patra CR, Verma R, Kumar S, Greipp PR, Mukhopadhyay D, Mukherjee P. Fabrication of Gold Nanoparticle for Potential Application in Multiple Myeloma. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2008.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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263
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Licciardi M, Craparo EF, Giammona G, Armes SP, Tang Y, Lewis AL. in vitro biological evaluation of folate-functionalized block copolymer micelles for selective anti-cancer drug delivery. Macromol Biosci 2008; 8:615-26. [PMID: 18432597 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200800009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of folic acid-functionalized diblock copolymer micelles to improve the delivery and uptake of two poorly water-soluble anti-tumor drugs, tamoxifen and paclitaxel, to cancer cells through folate receptor targeting. The diblock copolymer used in this study comprised a hydrophilic poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine] (MPC) block, carrying at the chain end the folate targeting moiety, and a pH-sensitive hydrophobic poly[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (DPA) block (FA-MPC-DPA). The drug-loading capacities of tamoxifen- and paclitaxel-loaded micelles were determined by high performance liquid chromatography and the micelle dimensions were determined by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Cell viability studies were carried out on human chronic myelogenous leukaemia (K-562) and colon carcinoma cell lines (Caco-2) in order to demonstrate that drug-loaded FA-MPC-DPA micelles exhibited higher cytotoxicities toward cancer cells than unfunctionalized MPC-DPA micelles. Uptake studies confirmed that folate-conjugated micelles led to increased drug uptake within cancer cells, demonstrating the expected selectivity toward these tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Licciardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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264
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Hong G, Yuan R, Liang B, Shen J, Yang X, Shuai X. Folate-functionalized polymeric micelle as hepatic carcinoma-targeted, MRI-ultrasensitive delivery system of antitumor drugs. Biomed Microdevices 2008; 10:693-700. [PMID: 18350380 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-008-9180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery is a highly desirable strategy to improve the diagnostic imaging and therapeutic outcome because of enhanced efficacy and reduced toxicity. In the current research, anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) and contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), herein superparamagnetic ion oxide Fe(3)O(4) (SPIO), were accommodated in the core of micelles self-assembled from amphiphilic block copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) with a targeting ligand (folate) attached to the distal ends of PEG (Folate-PEG-PCL). The in vitro tumor cell targeting efficacy of these folate functionalized and DOX/SPIO-loaded micelles (Folate-SPIO-DOX-Micelles) was evaluated upon observing cellular uptake of micelles by human hepatic carcinoma cells (Bel 7402 cells) which overexpresses surface receptors for folic acid. In the Prussian blue staining experiments, cells incubated with Folate-SPIO-DOX-Micelles showed much higher intracellular iron density than the cells incubated with the folate-free SPIO-DOX-Micelles. According to the flow cytometry data, cellular DOX uptake observed for the folate targeting micelle was about 2.5 fold higher than that for the non-targeting group. Furthermore, MTT assay showed that Folate-SPIO-DOX-Micelles effectively inhibited cell proliferation, while the folate-free SPIO-DOX-Micelles did not show the same feat at comparable DOX concentrations. The potential of Folate-SPIO-DOX-Micelle as a novel MRI-visible nanomedicine platform was assessed with a 1.5 T clinical MRI scanner. The acquired MRI T (2) signal intensity of cells treated with the folate targeting micelles decreased significantly. By contrast, T (2) signal did not show obvious decrease for cells treated with the folate-free micelles. Our results indicate that the multifunctional polymeric micelles, Folate-SPIO-DOX-Micelles, have better targeting tropism to the hepatic carcinoma cells in vitro than their non-targeting counterparts, and the cell targeting events of micelles can be monitored using a clinical MRI scanner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobin Hong
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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265
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Li X, Wu Q, Chen Z, Gong X, Lin X. Preparation, characterization and controlled release of liver-targeting nanoparticles from the amphiphilic random copolymer. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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266
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Quirino JP, Haddad PR. Online Sample Preconcentration in Capillary Electrophoresis using Analyte Focusing by Micelle Collapse. Anal Chem 2008; 80:6824-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801258r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joselito P. Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Paul R. Haddad
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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267
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Dhar S, Liu Z, Thomale J, Dai H, Lippard SJ. Targeted single-wall carbon nanotube-mediated Pt(IV) prodrug delivery using folate as a homing device. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:11467-76. [PMID: 18661990 DOI: 10.1021/ja803036e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 568] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Most low-molecular-weight platinum anticancer drugs have short blood circulation times that are reflected in their reduced tumor uptake and intracellular DNA binding. A platinum(IV) complex of the formula c, c, t-[Pt(NH 3) 2Cl 2(O 2CCH 2CH 2CO 2H)(O 2CCH 2CH 2CONH-PEG-FA)] ( 1), containing a folate derivative (FA) at an axial position, was prepared and characterized. Folic acid offers a means of targeting human cells that highly overexpress the folate receptor (FR). Compound 1 was attached to the surface of an amine-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT-PL-PEG-NH 2) through multiple amide linkages to use the SWNTs as a "longboat delivery system" for the platinum warhead, carrying it to the tumor cell and releasing cisplatin upon intracellular reduction of Pt(IV) to Pt(II). The ability of SWNT tethered 1 to destroy selectively FR(+) vs FR(-) cells demonstrated its ability to target tumor cells that overexpress the FR on their surface. That the SWNTs deliver the folate-bearing Pt(IV) cargos into FR(+) cancer cells by endocytosis was demonstrated by the localization of fluorophore-labeled SWNTs using fluorescence microscopy. Once inside the cell, cisplatin, formed upon reductive release from the longboat oars, enters the nucleus and reacts with its target nuclear DNA, as determined by platinum atomic absorption spectroscopy of cell extracts. Formation of the major cisplatin 1,2-intrastrand d(GpG) cross-links on the nuclear DNA was demonstrated by use of a monoclonal antibody specific for this adduct. The SWNT-tethered compound 1 is the first construct in which both the targeting and delivery moieties have been incorporated into the same molecule; it is also the first demonstration that intracellular reduction of a Pt(IV) prodrug leads to the cis-{Pt((NH 3) 2} 1,2-intrastrand d(GpG) cross-link in nuclear DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanta Dhar
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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268
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Bawarski WE, Chidlowsky E, Bharali DJ, Mousa SA. Emerging nanopharmaceuticals. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2008; 4:273-82. [PMID: 18640076 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A budding interest in nanopharmaceuticals has generated a number of advancements throughout recent years with a focus on engineering novel applications. Nanotechnology also offers the ability to detect diseases at much earlier stages, such as finding hidden or overt metastatic colonies often seen in patients diagnosed with breast, lung, colon, prostate, and ovarian cancer. Diagnostic applications could build upon conventional procedures using nanoparticles, such as colloidal gold, iron oxide crystals, and quantum dots. Additionally, diseases may be managed by multifunctional agents encompassing both imaging and therapeutic capabilities, thus allowing simultaneous monitoring and treatment. A detailed evaluation of each formulation is essential to expand our current nanopharmaceutical repertoire. However, the safety and long-term effects of nanoformulations must not be overlooked. This review will provide a brief discussion of the major nanopharmaceutical formulations as well as the impact of nanotechnology into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willie E Bawarski
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute at Albany College of Pharmacy, Rensselaer, New York, USA
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269
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Xiong XB, Mahmud A, Uludağ H, Lavasanifar A. Multifunctional Polymeric Micelles for Enhanced Intracellular Delivery of Doxorubicin to Metastatic Cancer Cells. Pharm Res 2008; 25:2555-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9673-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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270
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Consoli GML, Granata G, Lo Nigro R, Malandrino G, Geraci C. Spontaneous self-assembly of water-soluble nucleotide-calixarene conjugates in small micelles coalescing to microspheres. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:6194-6200. [PMID: 18498183 DOI: 10.1021/la800286p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous self-assembly of calix[4]arenes bearing four 2'-deoxythymidine or 2'-deoxyadenosine nucleotide pendants is investigated using (1)H NMR, exchange NMR, and diffusion ordered NMR spectroscopies and dynamic light scattering. In aqueous medium, the nucleotide-calixarene conjugates, by noncovalent interactions involving both nucleobases and calixarene skeleton, form dimers which self-organize in micelles by increasing the concentration. Microscopic images (scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy) show that the nucleobase affects the aggregate morphology in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia M L Consoli
- Istituto Chimica Biomolecolare-C.N.R., Via del Santuario 110, 95028 Valverde (CT), Italy
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271
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Ljubimova JY, Fujita M, Ljubimov AV, Torchilin VP, Black KL, Holler E. Poly(malic acid) nanoconjugates containing various antibodies and oligonucleotides for multitargeting drug delivery. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2008; 3:247-65. [PMID: 18373429 DOI: 10.2217/17435889.3.2.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoconjugates are emerging as promising drug-delivery vehicles because of their multimodular structure enabling them to actively target discrete cells, pass through biological barriers and simultaneously carry multiple drugs of various chemical nature. Nanoconjugates have matured from simple devices to multifunctional, biodegradable, nontoxic and nonimmunogenic constructs, capable of delivering synergistically functioning drugs in vivo. This review mainly concerns the Polycefin family of natural-derived polymeric drug-delivery devices as an example. This type of vehicle is built by hierarchic conjugation of functional groups onto the backbone of poly(malic acid), an aliphatic polyester obtained from the microorganism Physarum polycephalum. Particular Polycefin variants target human brain and breast tumors implanted into animals specifically and actively and could be detected easily by noninvasive imaging analysis. Delivery of antisense oligonucleotides to a tumor-specific angiogenic marker using Polycefin resulted in significant inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and increase of animal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Y Ljubimova
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, 8631 West Third Street, Suite 800E, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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272
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Gabano E, Ravera M, Cassino C, Bonetti S, Palmisano G, Osella D. Stepwise assembly of platinum–folic acid conjugates. Inorganica Chim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2007.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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273
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Cohen JL, Almutairi A, Cohen JA, Bernstein M, Brody SL, Schuster DP, Fréchet JMJ. Enhanced cell penetration of acid-degradable particles functionalized with cell-penetrating peptides. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:876-81. [PMID: 18318462 DOI: 10.1021/bc700414j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals, such as proteins and DNA, have demonstrated their potential to prevent and cure diseases. The success of such therapeutic agents hinges upon their ability to cross complex barriers in the body and reach their target intact. In order to reap the full benefits of these therapeutic agents, a delivery vehicle capable of delivering cargo to all cell types, both phagocytic and non-phagocytic, is needed. This article presents the synthesis and evaluation of a microparticle delivery vehicle capable of cell penetration and sub-cellular triggered release of an encapsulated payload. pH-sensitive polyacrylamide particles functionalized with a polyarginine cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) were synthesized. The incorporation of a CPP into the microparticles led to efficient uptake by non-phagocytic cells in culture. In addition, the CPP-modified particles showed no cytotoxic effects at concentrations used in this study. The results suggest that these particles may provide a vehicle for the successful delivery of therapeutic agents to various cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Cohen
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, USA
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274
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Abstract
Polymeric micelles are nano-delivery systems formed through self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers in an aqueous environment. The nanoscopic dimension, stealth properties induced by the hydrophilic polymeric brush on the micellar surface, capacity for stabilized encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs offered by the hydrophobic and rigid micellar core, and finally a possibility for the chemical manipulation of the core/shell structure have made polymeric micelles one of the most promising carriers for drug targeting. To date, three generations of polymeric micellar delivery systems, i.e. polymeric micelles for passive, active and multifunctional drug targeting, have arisen from research efforts, with each subsequent generation displaying greater specificity for the diseased tissue and/or targeting efficiency. The present manuscript aims to review the research efforts made for the development of each generation and provide an assessment on the overall success of polymeric micellar delivery system in drug targeting. The emphasis is placed on the design and development of ligand modified, stimuli responsive and multifunctional polymeric micelles for drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Mahmud
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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275
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Alexis F, Rhee JW, Richie JP, Radovic-Moreno AF, Langer R, Farokhzad OC. New frontiers in nanotechnology for cancer treatment. Urol Oncol 2008; 26:74-85. [PMID: 18190835 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2007.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a field of research at the crossroads of biology, chemistry, physics, engineering, and medicine. Design of multifunctional nanoparticles capable of targeting cancer cells, delivering and releasing drugs in a regulated manner, and detecting cancer cells with enormous specificity and sensitivity are just some examples of the potential application of nanotechnology to oncological diseases. In this review we discuss the recent advances of cancer nanotechnology with particular attention to nanoparticle systems that are in clinical practice or in various stages of development for cancer imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Alexis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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276
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Dai S, Ravi P, Tam KC. pH-Responsive polymers: synthesis, properties and applications. SOFT MATTER 2008; 4:435-449. [PMID: 32907201 DOI: 10.1039/b714741d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
pH-Responsive polymers are systems whose solubility, volume, and chain conformation can be manipulated by changes in pH, co-solvent, and electrolytes. This review summarizes recent developments covering synthesis, physicochemical properties, and applications in various disciplines. A variety of synthetic methodologies comprising of emulsion polymerization and living radical polymerization techniques are described, and some of their salient features are highlighted. Several polymeric systems, such as homopolymers, block copolymers, microgels, hydrogels and polymer brushes at interfaces are reviewed, where important characteristics that govern their behavior in solutions are described. Potential applications of these systems in controlled drug delivery, personal and home care, industrial coatings, biological and membrane science, viscosity modifiers, colloid stabilization, and water remediation, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Dai
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Palaniswamy Ravi
- Innovation Centre, 3M Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd, 100 Woodlands Avenue 7, 738205, Singapore
| | - Kam Chiu Tam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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277
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De P, Gondi SR, Sumerlin BS. Folate-Conjugated Thermoresponsive Block Copolymers: Highly Efficient Conjugation and Solution Self-Assembly. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:1064-70. [DOI: 10.1021/bm701255v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarsi De
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314
| | - Sudershan R. Gondi
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314
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278
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Destito G, Yeh R, Rae CS, Finn MG, Manchester M. Folic acid-mediated targeting of cowpea mosaic virus particles to tumor cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 14:1152-62. [PMID: 17961827 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) is a well-characterized nanoparticle that has been used for a variety of nanobiotechnology applications. CPMV interacts with several mammalian cell lines and tissues in vivo. To overcome natural CPMV targeting and redirect CPMV particles to cells of interest, we attached a folic acid-PEG conjugate by using the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. PEGylation of CPMV completely eliminated background binding of the virus to tumor cells. The PEG-folate moiety allowed CPMV-specific recognition of tumor cells bearing the folate receptor. In addition, by testing CPMV formulations with different amounts of the PEG-FA moiety displayed on the surface, we show that higher-density loading of targeting ligands on CPMV may not be necessary for efficient targeting to tumor cells. These studies help to define the requirements for efficiently targeting nanoparticles and protein cages to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Destito
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla CA 92037, USA
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279
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Ganta S, Devalapally H, Shahiwala A, Amiji M. A review of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug and gene delivery. J Control Release 2008; 126:187-204. [PMID: 18261822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1533] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has shown tremendous promise in target-specific delivery of drugs and genes in the body. Although passive and active targeted-drug delivery has addressed a number of important issues, additional properties that can be included in nanocarrier systems to enhance the bioavailability of drugs at the disease site, and especially upon cellular internalization, are very important. A nanocarrier system incorporated with stimuli-responsive property (e.g., pH, temperature, or redox potential), for instance, would be amenable to address some of the systemic and intracellular delivery barriers. In this review, we discuss the role of stimuli-responsive nanocarrier systems for drug and gene delivery. The advancement in material science has led to design of a variety of materials, which are used for development of nanocarrier systems that can respond to biological stimuli. Temperature, pH, and hypoxia are examples of "triggers" at the diseased site that could be exploited with stimuli-responsive nanocarriers. With greater understanding of the difference between normal and pathological tissues and cells and parallel developments in material design, there is a highly promising role of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug and gene delivery in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Ganta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, 110 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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280
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Kratz F, Müller I, Ryppa C, Warnecke A. Prodrug Strategies in Anticancer Chemotherapy. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:20-53. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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281
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Guillaudeu SJ, Fox ME, Haidar YM, Dy EE, Szoka FC, Fréchet JMJ. PEGylated dendrimers with core functionality for biological applications. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:461-9. [PMID: 18173227 DOI: 10.1021/bc700264g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a variety of core functionalized PEGylated polyester dendrimers and their in vitro and in vivo properties are described in this report. These water-soluble dendrimers have been designed to carry eight functional groups on their dendritic core for a variety of biological applications such as drug delivery and in vivo imaging as well as eight solubilizing groups. Using a common symmetrical aliphatic ester dendritic core and trifunctional amino acid moieties, a library of dendrimers with phenols, alkyl alcohols, alkynes, ketones, and carboxylic acid functionalities has been synthesized without the need for column chromatography. The amines were PEGylated, leaving the other functionality of the amino acid available for further manipulation such as the attachment of drugs and/or labels. Radiolabeling experiments with the PEGylated dendrimers showed that they had a long circulation half-life in mice, confirming the potential of this class of dendrimers for therapeutic and/or diagnostic applications. A carboxylic acid functionalized dendrimer was elaborated to carry doxorubicin bound via a hydrazone bond. The drug-loaded carrier accumulated more in tumors and less in healthy organs than the clinically used PEGylated liposomal formulation Doxil. The efficient synthesis, high versatility, and favorable biological properties make these PEGylated polyester dendrimers promising structures for therapeutic and/or imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Guillaudeu
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, USA
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282
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Li X, Wu Q, Zhang F, Lin XF. Chemoenzymatic synthesis, characterization, and controlled release of functional polymeric prodrugs with acyclovir as pendant. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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283
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Li X, Wu Q, Lu M, Zhang F, Lin X. Novel hepatoma-targeting micelles based on chemoenzymatic synthesis and self-assembly of galactose-functionalized ribavirin-containing amphiphilic random copolymer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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284
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Kang HC, Lee ES, Na K, Bae YH. Stimuli-Sensitive Nanosystems: For Drug and Gene Delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-76554-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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285
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286
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Liu H, Jiang X, Fan J, Wang G, Liu S. Aldehyde Surface-Functionalized Shell Cross-Linked Micelles with pH-Tunable Core Swellability and Their Bioconjugation with Lysozyme. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma071494o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Joint Laboratory of Polymer Thin Films and Solution, School of Life Science, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaoze Jiang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Joint Laboratory of Polymer Thin Films and Solution, School of Life Science, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Joint Laboratory of Polymer Thin Films and Solution, School of Life Science, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Joint Laboratory of Polymer Thin Films and Solution, School of Life Science, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Joint Laboratory of Polymer Thin Films and Solution, School of Life Science, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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287
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Study of the quantitative aminolysis reaction of poly(β-benzyl l-aspartate) (PBLA) as a platform polymer for functionality materials. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2007.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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288
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Hiki S, Kataoka K. A Facile Synthesis of Azido-Terminated Heterobifunctional Poly(ethylene glycol)s for “Click” Conjugation. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18:2191-6. [DOI: 10.1021/bc700152j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiro Hiki
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, and Center for NanoBio Integration, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan, Core Research Program for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan, and Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, and Center for NanoBio Integration, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan, Core Research Program for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan, and Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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289
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Sugiura K, Ohkawa K, Hirai T, Fujii T. ATPase-coupled release control from polyion complex capsules encapsulating muscle proteins. Macromol Biosci 2007; 7:508-16. [PMID: 17429832 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200600269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a muscle contractile protein complex, actomyosin, has been successfully encapsulated into gellan-chitosan polyion complex (PIC) capsules. The recovery of the myosin-ATPase activity is approximately 50% and the Mg2+-ATPase activity is stimulated by the presence of F-actin, which implies the formation of the actomyosin complex inside the capsule. Furthermore, encapsulation could protect the myosin, F-actin, and actomyosin inside from hydrolysis by proteases. Two small proteins, myoglobin and cytochrome c, have been used in the release tests. The release of myoglobin is not affected by the ionic strength of the external solution, while the release of cytochrome c increases with increasing ionic strength. The maximal releases are found in the external pH solution close to the isoelectric points of each protein. The Mg2+-ATP complex itself reduces the release percentages of the small proteins from the PIC capsule. The release amounts further decrease when coexisting with Mg2+-ATP and the encapsulated actomyosin, which indicates the release regulation by actomyosin. The present study suggests that the ATPase-coupled sliding motion of the myosin-F-actin filaments modifies the pore size of the polymer networks in the PIC capsule membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousuke Sugiura
- Department of Kansei Engineering, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Japan
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290
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Xiong MP, Bae Y, Fukushima S, Forrest ML, Nishiyama N, Kataoka K, Kwon GS. pH-Responsive Multi-PEGylated Dual Cationic Nanoparticles Enable Charge Modulations for Safe Gene Delivery. ChemMedChem 2007; 2:1321-7. [PMID: 17579918 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In gene therapy, the cytotoxicity of many polycations is undesirable and has been attributed to nonspecific membrane destabilizing effects and intracellular polyplex-mediated toxicity. To help prolong the pharmacokinetic profile of nonviral vehicles for gene delivery, the cationic surface charge of current systems is typically shielded through the conjugation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains to the particle surface. However, the design of an intelligent polycation with environment-sensing charge modulations is essential to minimize cytotoxicity and enhance gene expression. We have designed a novel di-cationic block copolymer, poly(aspartate-hydrazide)-block-poly(L-lysine), capable of pH-mediated endosomal membrane disruption based on charge interactions, which has negligible toxicity elsewhere to the cell. The poly(L-lysine) segment, with a high pK(a) value of approximately 9.4, preferentially forms a poly-ion complex with the negative phosphate groups of pDNA, whereas the pH-responsive poly(aspartate-hydrazide) segment, with the comparatively lower pK(a) approximately 5.0, is characterized by a substantial fraction of unprotonated amino groups at physiological pH. As a consequence, complexation between such a polymer and pDNA leads to the formation of a two-layered nanoparticle. In particular, the nanoparticle possesses an unprotonated pH-responsive segment to serve as both a scaffold for acid-labile linkages of various moieties such as aldehyde-PEG and to transition from neutral to charged for disrupting endosomal membranes, and safely enhancing gene expression. Our system supports an endosomal escape mechanism based on charge interactions rather than the proton-sponge effect, and may be an important step towards engineering new classes of intelligent nonviral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- May P Xiong
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2222, USA
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291
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Schmidt V, Giacomelli C, Lecolley F, Lai-Kee-Him J, Brisson AR, Borsali R. Diblock copolymer micellar nanoparticles decorated with annexin-A5 proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 128:9010-1. [PMID: 16834355 DOI: 10.1021/ja062408n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The formation of protein-decorated nanosized polymeric particles is described. Annexin-A5 protein binding to micellar aggregates having poly((1-ethoxycarbonyl)vinylphosphonic diacid) (PECVPD) and poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PBuA) as corona- and core-forming segments, respectively, was evidenced by Static and Dynamic Light Scattering (SDLS), cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy (cryo-TEM), and Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) experiments. These new objects find potential applications, for example, in micelle-mediated target drug delivery and controlled fabrication of biochips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Schmidt
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), ENSCPB, Université Bordeaux 1, 16 Av. Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
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292
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293
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294
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Bae Y, Diezi TA, Zhao A, Kwon GS. Mixed polymeric micelles for combination cancer chemotherapy through the concurrent delivery of multiple chemotherapeutic agents. J Control Release 2007; 122:324-30. [PMID: 17669540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As a novel drug nanocarrier for combination delivery of multiple anticancer agents, mixed polymeric micelles were developed and characterized in this study. A DNA-damaging anthracycline agent doxorubicin (DOX) and a phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibitor wortmannin (WOR) were conjugated alone or combination onto poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(aspartate hydrazide) block copolymers through a hydrazone bond. Polymer-drug conjugates assembled into a unimodal micelle structure with a <100 nm particle size, in which the drug mixing ratios between DOX/WOR were precisely controlled. Cytotoxicity assay against a human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line showed that drug nanocarrier based on mixed polymeric micelles can reduce DOX required for cytotoxicity while maintaining the biological activity of the independent polymeric micelles. It is postulated that WOR enhances the efficacy of DOX through an efficient combination delivery accompanied by synergistic drug action. These findings, therefore, bring an effective drug delivery methodology that might reduce the effective dose as well as toxicity in vivo compared to the conventional drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younsoo Bae
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2222, USA
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295
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Cai S, Vijayan K, Cheng D, Lima EM, Discher DE. Micelles of different morphologies--advantages of worm-like filomicelles of PEO-PCL in paclitaxel delivery. Pharm Res 2007; 24:2099-109. [PMID: 17564817 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Worm-like and spherical micelles are both prepared here from the same amphiphilic diblock copolymer, poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly (epsilon-caprolactone) (PEO [5 kDa]-PCL [6.5 kDa]) in order to compare loading and delivery of hydrophobic drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Worm-like micelles of this degradable copolymer are nanometers in cross-section and spontaneously assemble to stable lengths of microns, resembling filoviruses in some respects and thus suggesting the moniker 'filomicelles'. The highly flexible worm-like micelles can also be sonicated to generate kinetically stable spherical micelles composed of the same copolymer. RESULTS The fission process exploits the finding that the PCL cores are fluid, rather than glassy or crystalline, and core-loading of the hydrophobic anticancer drug delivery, paclitaxel (TAX) shows that the worm-like micelles load and solubilize twice as much drug as spherical micelles. In cytotoxicity tests that compare to the clinically prevalent solubilizer, Cremophor EL, both micellar carriers are far less toxic, and both types of TAX-loaded micelles also show fivefold greater anticancer activity on A549 human lung cancer cells. CONCLUSION PEO-PCL based worm-like filomicelles appear to be promising pharmaceutical nanocarriers with improved solubilization efficiency and comparable stability to spherical micelles, as well as better safety and efficacy in vitro compared to the prevalent Cremophor EL TAX formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenshen Cai
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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296
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Torchilin VP. Targeted pharmaceutical nanocarriers for cancer therapy and imaging. AAPS JOURNAL 2007; 9:E128-47. [PMID: 17614355 PMCID: PMC2751402 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj0902015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of various pharmaceutical nanocarriers has become one of the most important areas of nanomedicine. Ideally, such carriers should be specifically delivered (targeted) to the pathological area to provide the maximum therapeutic efficacy. Among the many potential targets for such nanocarriers, tumors have been most often investigated. This review attempts to summarize currently available information regarding targeted pharmaceutical nanocarriers for cancer therapy and imaging. Certain issues related to some popular pharmaceutical nanocarriers, such as liposomes and polymeric micelles, are addressed, as are different ways to target tumors via specific ligands and via the stimuli sensitivity of the carriers. The importance of intracellular targeting of drug- and DNA-loaded pharmaceutical nanocarriers is specifically discussed, including intracellular delivery with cell-penetrating peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir P Torchilin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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297
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Bae Y, Nishiyama N, Kataoka K. In vivo antitumor activity of the folate-conjugated pH-sensitive polymeric micelle selectively releasing adriamycin in the intracellular acidic compartments. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18:1131-9. [PMID: 17488066 DOI: 10.1021/bc060401p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancer treatment efficacy and safety of the environmentally sensitive polymeric micelle drug carriers were significantly increased by optimizing the number of ligands on their surface. These micelles were designed to target the cancerous tumors through the interaction between folate and its receptors that overexpress on the cancer cell membrane while achieving pH-controlled drug release in the intracellular acidic compartments such as endosomes and lysosomes. In order to elucidate the effects of folate on cytotoxicity, biodistribution, anticancer activity, and pharmacological properties, folate concentration on the surface of the micelles was controlled by precise synthesis of two different amphiphilic block copolymers that self-assemble into spherical micelles, folate-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(aspartate-hydrazone-adriamycin) with gamma-carboxylic acid activated folate and methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(aspartate-hydrazone-adriamycin) without folate. It is of significance that, although folate conjugation induced an extremely small change in tumor accumulation of the micelles, folate-conjugated micelles showed lower in vivo toxicity and higher antitumor activity over a broad range of the dosage from 7.50 to 26.21 mg/kg, which was 5-fold broader than free drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younsoo Bae
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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298
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Bulmus V, Chan Y, Nguyen Q, Tran HL. Synthesis and Characterization of Degradable p(HEMA) Microgels: Use of Acid-Labile Crosslinkers. Macromol Biosci 2007; 7:446-55. [PMID: 17429806 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200600258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
New divinyl-functionalized acetal-based crosslinkers were synthesized as building elements to form acid-labile microgel particles for controlled-release applications. The synthesized crosslinkers underwent hydrolysis at slightly acidic pHs in less than 1 h while they were stable at neutral pHs for longer times. HEMA was copolymerized with the crosslinkers via an inverse emulsion polymerization technique using a redox initiator system at room temperature to form crosslinked, colloidal p(HEMA) microgels. Microgels in diameters ranging from 150 to 475 nm with narrow distribution could be produced. The crosslinking density and the diameter of the microgels were found to be controlled by monomer/crosslinker feed ratio. The microgels demonstrated a pH-dependent cleavage behavior that mimicked the pH-dependent hydrolysis profile of the acid-labile crosslinkers. Model biomacromolecules, i.e., Rhodamine B-labeled dextran and BSA were efficiently loaded into the microgels. The release of the biomolecules from p(HEMA) microgels was also found to be controllable by the pH of the environment similar to the particle degradation. The protein released from the microgels was observed to retain its structural stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volga Bulmus
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia.
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299
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Iyer AK, Greish K, Fang J, Murakami R, Maeda H. High-loading nanosized micelles of copoly(styrene–maleic acid)–zinc protoporphyrin for targeted delivery of a potent heme oxygenase inhibitor. Biomaterials 2007; 28:1871-81. [PMID: 17208294 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic styrene-maleic acid (SMA) copolymer efficiently formed micelles with a potent heme oxygenase inhibitor-zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP). The micelles were constructed by subtle pH adjustments to form non-covalent interaction between the hydrophobic ZnPP and amphiphilic SMA. The micelles (SMA-ZnPP) thus formed were nanoparticles with narrow size distribution in water (mean diameter 176.5nm), having tunable loading (from 15% to 60% w/w of ZnPP) with remarkable aqueous solubility. SMA-ZnPP had an average molecular size of 144kDa as determined by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), this size is a marked increase from the molecular weight of free ZnPP (626.03Da), suggesting the formation of micellar structure. The micelles showed a constant ZnPP release rate of about 0.5%/day in vitro at neutral pH. SMA-ZnPP micelles inhibited splenic microsomal HO-1 activity, in a competitive and dose-dependent manner, with an apparent inhibitory constant (K(i)) of 0.12mum, comparable to free ZnPP and also exhibited marked cytotoxic effect on KYSE-510 human esophageal cancer cells. The unique features of SMA-ZnPP micelles are that they are nanoparticles in aqueous solution having high water solubility and loading, yet macromolecular in nature, which can be beneficial in targeted release of a potent HO-1 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Iyer
- Laboratory of Microbiology & Oncology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
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300
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van Vlerken LE, Vyas TK, Amiji MM. Poly(ethylene glycol)-modified nanocarriers for tumor-targeted and intracellular delivery. Pharm Res 2007; 24:1405-14. [PMID: 17393074 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The success of anti-cancer therapies largely depends on the ability of the therapeutics to reach their designated cellular and intracellular target sites, while minimizing accumulation and action at non-specific sites. Surface modification of nanoparticulate carriers with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) has emerged as a strategy to enhance solubility of hydrophobic drugs, prolong circulation time, minimize non-specific uptake, and allow for specific tumor-targeting through the enhanced permeability and retention effect. Furthermore, PEG/PEO modification has emerged as a platform for incorporation of active targeting ligands, thereby providing the drug and gene carriers with specific tumor-targeting properties through a flexible tether. This review focuses on the recent developments surrounding such PEG/PEO-surface modification of polymeric nanocarriers to promote tumor-targeting capabilities, thereby enhancing efficacy of anti-cancer therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian E van Vlerken
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, 110 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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