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Mu and kappa opioids inhibit transmitter release by different mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985; 82:1860-3. [PMID: 2984670 PMCID: PMC397375 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.82.6.1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The actions of various opioids were examined on calcium action potentials in the cell somata of guinea pig myenteric neurones and on the release of acetylcholine at synapses onto these cells. The opioids morphine, normorphine, and [D-Ala2, MePhe4, Met5(O)]enkephalin-ol caused membrane hyperpolarizations resulting from an increase in potassium conductance; opioids that are more selective agonists for the kappa receptor subtype (dynorphin, tifluadom, U50488H) did not. Conversely, calcium action potentials were depressed or abolished by the kappa opioids but were not affected by morphine and [D-Ala2, MePhe4, Met(O)5]enkephalin-ol. Both groups of opioids caused presynaptic inhibition of acetylcholine release in the myenteric plexus, depressing the amplitude of the fast excitatory postsynaptic potential. The presynaptic inhibition caused by [D-Ala2, MePhe4, Met(O)5]enkephalin-ol, morphine, and normorphine, but not that caused by the kappa opioids, was prevented by pretreatment with the selective mu site-directed irreversible antagonist beta-funaltrexamine. Furthermore, the presynaptic inhibitory action of morphine and [D-Ala2, MePhe4, Met(O)5]enkephalin-ol, but not that of the kappa-receptor agonists, was reversibly blocked by barium. The results suggest that presynaptic inhibition caused by mu receptor activation probably results from an increase in potassium conductance, whereas kappa-receptor agonists may depress the release of acetylcholine by directly reducing calcium entry into the nerve terminals.
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252
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Shearman GT, Schulz R, Schiller PW, Herz A. Generalization tests with intraventricularly applied pro-enkephalin B-derived peptides in rats trained to discriminate the opioid kappa receptor agonist ethylketocyclazocine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1985; 85:440-3. [PMID: 2862651 DOI: 10.1007/bf00429661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Rats were trained in a two-lever food-reinforced procedure to discriminate between the effects of saline and the opioid kappa receptor agonist ethylketocyclazocine. After acquisition of this discrimination, generalization tests with opioid peptides such as beta-endorphin, alpha-neoendorphin, dynorphin A and some dynorphin-derived peptides were conducted. The rats dose-dependently generalized the effects of intracerebroventricularly injected ethylketocyclazocine but not beta-endorphin, alpha-neoendorphin, dynorphin A1-8, dynorphin A1-13, D-Cys2-L-Cys5-dynorphin A1-13 or dynorphin A. D-Cys2-L-Cys5-dynorphin A1-13, in contrast to dynorphin A itself, dose-dependently caused analgesia and catatonia that was reversible with naloxone. Studies into the receptor preference of this derivative, using the technique of "selective tolerance", revealed that this dynorphin derivative is almost devoid of kappa-receptor activity.
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253
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Faden AI, Jacobs TP. Dynorphin-related peptides cause motor dysfunction in the rat through a non-opiate action. Br J Pharmacol 1984; 81:271-6. [PMID: 6142741 PMCID: PMC1986877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1984.tb10074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We compared effects on motor function of four peptides belonging to the dynorphin family--dynorphin-(1-17) (DYN-(1-17], dynorphin-(1-13) (DYN-(1-13], dynorphin-(1-8) (DYN-(1-8] and alpha-neo-endorphin (alpha NE). After intrathecal administration, each of these peptides produced dose-related, flaccid, hindlimb paralysis, with the order of potency being DYN-(1-17) greater than DYN-(1-13) greater than alpha NE congruent to DYN-(1-8). This motor dysfunction was not reversed or blocked by the opiate receptor antagonist naloxone and was not produced by a variety of other kappa-selective agonists. However, paralysis was produced by des-Tyr-dynorphin (DYN-(2-17], which does not act at the opioid receptor. Taken together, the present studies show that dynorphin-related peptides, uniquely amongst opioids, produce motor dysfunction, an action which does not appear to be mediated by opioid receptors.
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254
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Dalsgaard CJ, Vincent SR, Hökfelt VT, Christensson I, Terenius L. Separate origins for the dynorphin and enkephalin immunoreactive fibers in the inferior mesenteric ganglion of the guinea pig. J Comp Neurol 1983; 221:482-9. [PMID: 6141191 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902210410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
By different denervation procedures the origin of dynorphin-(1-17) and enkephalin immunoreactive fibers in the guinea pig inferior mesenteric ganglion was investigated. It was found that the dynorphin-(1-17)-positive fibers reached the ganglion predominantly via the colonic nerves and to a lesser extent via the hypogastric and intermesenteric nerves whereas the enkephalin-positive fibers reached the ganglion via the lumbar splanchnic nerves. These findings show that the dynorphin-(1-17) and enkephalin systems are separate in this ganglion.
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255
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Abstract
During the past 8 years there has been substantial progress in our understanding of the structure, distribution and action of endogenous opioid peptides. Currently, there appear to be 2 groups of peptides; those derived from beta-lipotropin and an enkephalin-related group. Some of these peptides have been shown to be distributed widely in the central nervous system and in endocrine tissues. The activity of the peptides probably occurs at several receptors but only 1 relatively specific (mu-receptor) antagonist, naloxone, is well studies. Although there have been many clinical studies of the action of opioids in man, no novel therapeutic applications have yet been established in clinical practice. Of the many areas of involvement attributed to opioids, those of analgesia, reproductive endocrinology, opiate dependence, and certain as yet undefined subtypes of major psychoses seem reasonably promising. Speculation surround opioid involvement in other disorders such as spinal trauma, septic shock, alcohol dependence, "functional' gastrointestinal disease, diabetes and asthma is of considerable interest but is supported by less clinical evidence. It seems that as research in opioids advances, the putative physiological opioid "spheres of influence' widen. At the same time, opioid mechanisms of action are being revealed to be more subtle and complex than previously thought. As a consequence, the expectations of rapid therapeutic application of opioid peptides and their antagonists are being modified and refined and realistic research strategies applied. In view of the work reviewed in this paper it seems reasonable to expect that such work will pay dividends in the not too distant future.
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256
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Goldstein DJ, Ropchak TG, Keiser HR, Atta GJ, Argiolas A, Pisano JJ. Bradykinin reverses the effect of opiates in the gut by enhancing acetylcholine release. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)44141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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257
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Gysin B, Schwyzer R. Liposome-mediated labeling of adrenocorticotropin fragments parallels their biological activity. FEBS Lett 1983; 158:12-6. [PMID: 6305724 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(83)80666-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
To test our hypothesis that specific interactions of ACTH peptides with model lipid membranes reflect the biological importance of similar interactions on target cells, we investigated the liposome-mediated labeling of ACTH fragments with the extremely hydrophobic photolabel, 3-trifluoromethyl-3-(m-[125I]iodophenyl)diazirine. Correlations were found between the labeling rates and the agonistic and antagonistic potencies of the peptides for in vitro steroidogenesis and inhibition of a synaptosomal protein kinase. A model for the cross-reactivity between ACTH and opioid peptides is discussed.
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258
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Meo T, Gramsch C, Inan R, Höllt V, Weber E, Herz A, Riethmüller G. Monoclonal antibody to the message sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe of opioid peptides exhibits the specificity requirements of mammalian opioid receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80:4084-8. [PMID: 6191329 PMCID: PMC394205 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.13.4084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Six myeloma cell hybrids producing antibodies to human beta-endorphin were isolated from a single mouse spleen. The monoclonal antibodies displayed different binding patterns with the antigen. We report the characterization of one antibody which recognizes the tetrapeptide Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe representing the message sequence found at the NH2 terminus of all naturally occurring mammalian opioid peptides. Competition experiments in radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry show that the antibody fails to bind the beta-endorphin precursor beta-lipotrophin, does not discriminate among opioid peptides that share the same message sequence but have different COOH-terminal extensions, and does not react with pharmacologically inactive derivatives of beta-endorphin. The antibody recognition of the message sequence of natural opioid peptides is sensitive to those molecular changes that affect their receptor binding competence.
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259
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Schiller PW. Fluorescence study on the solution conformation to dynorphin in comparison of enkephalin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1983; 21:307-12. [PMID: 6853032 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1983.tb03109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Conformational parameters of the opioid peptides dynorphin and [Leu5] enkephalin in dilute aqueous solution (3 X 10(-5) M) were investigated by performing singlet-singlet energy transfer experiments with dynorphin and with the biologically active 4-tryptophan analogs of dynorphin-(1-13) and [Leu5] enkephalin at pH 5.5 and 8.0. Efficiencies of transfer of excitation energy from the phenol ring of tyrosine (donor) to the indole moiety of tryptophan (acceptor) were determined and average intramolecular Tyr-Trp distances were calculated on the basis of the Förster equation. The observed absence of energy transfer between Tyr1 and Trp14 of dynorphin indicates that the two fluorophores are at least 20 A apart and rules out a close proximity between the N- and C-terminal segments of the peptide. Evaluation of energy transfer in [Trp4] dynorphin-(1-13) resulted in an average intramolecular Tyr1-Trp4 distance of at least 15 A whereas the corresponding average distance in [Trp4, Leu5] enkephalin was found to be much shorter (10 A). It thus appears that in [Trp4] dynorphin-(1-13) the predominant conformation of the N-terminal tetrapeptide segment is almost completely extended, whereas in [Trp4, Leu5] enkephalin folded conformations of that same segment occur in a major proportion. This drastic conformational difference is of interest with regard to the different preferences of dynorphin and [Leu5] enkephalin for the various opiate receptor subclasses.
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261
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Kilpatrick DL, Wahlstrom A, Lahm HW, Blacher R, Udenfriend S. Rimorphin, a unique, naturally occurring [Leu]enkephalin-containing peptide found in association with dynorphin and alpha-neo-endorphin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:6480-3. [PMID: 6128731 PMCID: PMC347150 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.21.6480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The tridecapeptide NH2-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Gln-Phe-Lys-Val-Val-Thr-COOH has been purified from extracts of bovine posterior pituitary glands. This unique peptide, which has been given the name "rimorphin," is a major [Leu]enkephalin-containing peptide in all tissues examined that contain dynorphin and alpha-neo-endorphin. However, except for the initial hexapeptide sequence, it is structurally unrelated to the other two peptides.
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262
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Weber E, Evans CJ, Barchas JD. Predominance of the amino-terminal octapeptide fragment of dynorphin in rat brain regions. Nature 1982; 299:77-9. [PMID: 6125892 DOI: 10.1038/299077a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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263
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Corbett AD, Paterson SJ, McKnight AT, Magnan J, Kosterlitz HW. Dynorphin and dynorphin are ligands for the kappa-subtype of opiate receptor. Nature 1982; 299:79-81. [PMID: 6125893 DOI: 10.1038/299079a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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264
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Fischli W, Goldstein A, Hunkapiller MW, Hood LE. Isolation and amino acid sequence analysis of a 4,000-dalton dynorphin from porcine pituitary. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:5435-7. [PMID: 6127674 PMCID: PMC346912 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.17.5435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A 4,000-dalton dynorphin was isolated from porcine pituitary. It has 32 amino acids (Mr = 3,986), with the previously described heptadecapeptide (now called dynorphin A) at its amino terminus and a related tridecapeptide, dynorphin B, at its carboxyl terminus. The two peptides are separated by the "processing signal" Lys-Arg.
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265
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Cone RI, Goldstein A. A dynorphin-like opioid in the central nervous system of an amphibian. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:3345-9. [PMID: 6124969 PMCID: PMC346412 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.10.3345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We have provided evidence for the existence of a biologically active opioid in toad (Bufo marinus) brain that is immunoreactive with antiserum raised against dynorphin (1-13). Compared with porcine dynorphin, this opioid is similar in apparent molecular weight on the basis of gel permeation chromatography and is more hydrophobic on the basis of high-performance liquid chromatography. After purification, its opioid biological activity was demonstrated on the guinea pig ileum myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation. It was found to be less potent, and to have a similar sensitivity to antagonism by naloxone, in comparison with porcine dynorphin. Because it is immunoreactive with antiserum specific for porcine dynorphin, it probably has considerable sequence homology. Generally, the tissue distribution of immunoreactive dynorphin in the toad is similar to that in the rat, with highest concentrations in the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary. However, the anterior lobe of the toad pituitary contains considerably lower concentrations than are found in the rat anterior lobe. There appear to be three size classes of immunoreactive dynorphin in toad neural tissue, each with apparent molecular weight below 12,000, similar to the size classes of immunoreactive dynorphin found in pig and rat. However, in toad spinal cord (and possibly in brain) there is immunoreactive dynorphin of greater apparent molecular weight, which has not been reported in mammalian tissue. The contribution of each molecular size to the total immunoreactivity varies from tissue to tissue and is different from that observed in the rat.
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266
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Goldstein A, Fischli W, Lowney LI, Hunkapiller M, Hood L. Porcine pituitary dynorphin: complete amino acid sequence of the biologically active heptadecapeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:7219-23. [PMID: 6118870 PMCID: PMC349228 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.11.7219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The full primary structure of the very potent opioid peptide dynorphin, from porcine pituitary, has been determined. It is (H)Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Ile-Arg-Pro-Lys-Leu-Lys-Trp-Asp-Asn-Gln(OH). The synthetic peptide with this sequence behaves identically to natural dynorphin in a number of ways, and it has the same potency in the guinea pig ileum myenteric plexus--longitudinal muscle bioassay. The potency is accounted for by the first 13 residues.
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