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Song YQ, Karasugi T, Cheung KM, Chiba K, Ho DW, Miyake A, Kao PY, Sze KL, Yee A, Takahashi A, Kawaguchi Y, Mikami Y, Matsumoto M, Togawa D, Kanayama M, Shi D, Dai J, Jiang Q, Wu C, Tian W, Wang N, Leong JC, Luk KD, Yip SP, Cherny SS, Wang J, Mundlos S, Kelempisioti A, Eskola PJ, Männikkö M, Mäkelä P, Karppinen J, Järvelin MR, O’Reilly PF, Kubo M, Kimura T, Kubo T, Toyama Y, Mizuta H, Cheah KS, Tsunoda T, Sham PC, Ikegawa S, Chan D. Lumbar disc degeneration is linked to a carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3 variant. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:4909-17. [PMID: 24216480 PMCID: PMC3809787 DOI: 10.1172/jci69277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumbar disc degeneration (LDD) is associated with both genetic and environmental factors and affects many people worldwide. A hallmark of LDD is loss of proteoglycan and water content in the nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs. While some genetic determinants have been reported, the etiology of LDD is largely unknown. Here we report the findings from linkage and association studies on a total of 32,642 subjects consisting of 4,043 LDD cases and 28,599 control subjects. We identified carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3 (CHST3), an enzyme that catalyzes proteoglycan sulfation, as a susceptibility gene for LDD. The strongest genome-wide linkage peak encompassed CHST3 from a Southern Chinese family–based data set, while a genome-wide association was observed at rs4148941 in the gene in a meta-analysis using multiethnic population cohorts. rs4148941 lies within a potential microRNA-513a-5p (miR-513a-5p) binding site. Interaction between miR-513a-5p and mRNA transcribed from the susceptibility allele (A allele) of rs4148941 was enhanced in vitro compared with transcripts from other alleles. Additionally, expression of CHST3 mRNA was significantly reduced in the intervertebral disc cells of human subjects carrying the A allele of rs4148941. Together, our data provide new insights into the etiology of LDD, implicating an interplay between genetic risk factors and miRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Qiang Song
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Karasugi
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenneth M.C. Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Daniel W.H. Ho
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyake
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Patrick Y.P. Kao
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kit Ling Sze
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Anita Yee
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Kawaguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasuo Mikami
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Togawa
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kanayama
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Dongquan Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jin Dai
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Qing Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Chengai Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Wei Tian
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - John C.Y. Leong
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keith D.K. Luk
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shea-ping Yip
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Stacey S. Cherny
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Junwen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Stefan Mundlos
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Anthi Kelempisioti
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Pasi J. Eskola
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Minna Männikkö
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Pirkka Mäkelä
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jaro Karppinen
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Paul F. O’Reilly
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomoatsu Kimura
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Kubo
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Toyama
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mizuta
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kathryn S.E. Cheah
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Tsunoda
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Pak-Chung Sham
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Danny Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic and Neuro-Musculoskeletal Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Spine Center, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.
Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.
Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Health and Work Ability, and Disability Prevention Centre, Oulu, Finland.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and
Institute of Health Sciences, Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan.
Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
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