251
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Lama-Sherpa TD, Shevde LA. An Emerging Regulatory Role for the Tumor Microenvironment in the DNA Damage Response to Double-Strand Breaks. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 18:185-193. [PMID: 31676722 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Radiation, alkylating agents, and platinum-based chemotherapy treatments eliminate cancer cells through the induction of excessive DNA damage. The resultant DNA damage challenges the cancer cell's DNA repair capacity. Among the different types of DNA damage induced in cells, double-strand breaks (DSB) are the most lethal if left unrepaired. Unrepaired DSBs in tumor cells exacerbate existing gene deletions, chromosome losses and rearrangements, and aberrant features that characteristically enable tumor progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. Tumor microenvironmental factors like hypoxia, inflammation, cellular metabolism, and the immune system profoundly influence DSB repair mechanisms. Here, we put into context the role of the microenvironment in governing DSB repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lalita A Shevde
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama. .,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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252
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Sato H, Jeggo PA, Shibata A. Regulation of programmed death-ligand 1 expression in response to DNA damage in cancer cells: Implications for precision medicine. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:3415-3423. [PMID: 31513320 PMCID: PMC6824998 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) therapy, which is one of the most promising cancer therapies, is licensed for treating various tumors. Programmed death-ligand 1, which is expressed on the surface of cancer cells, leads to the inhibition of T lymphocyte activation and immune evasion if it binds to the receptor PD-1 on CTLs. Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Abs inhibit interactions between PD-1 and PD-L1 to restore antitumor immunity. Although certain patients achieve effective responses to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, the efficacy of treatment is highly variable. Clinical trials of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy combined with radiotherapy/chemotherapy are underway with suggestive evidence of favorable outcome; however, the molecular mechanism is largely unknown. Among several molecular targets that can influence the efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, PD-L1 expression in tumors is considered to be a critical biomarker because there is a positive correlation between the efficacy of combined treatment protocols and PD-L1 expression levels. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying the regulation of PD-L1 expression in cancer cells, particularly the mechanism of PD-L1 expression following DNA damage, is important. In this review, we consider recent findings on the regulation of PD-L1 expression in response to DNA damage signaling in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiro Sato
- Department of Radiation OncologyGraduate School of MedicineGunma UniversityMaebashiJapan
| | - Penny A. Jeggo
- Genome Damage and Stability CentreSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Atsushi Shibata
- Signal Transduction ProgramGunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR)Gunma UniversityMaebashiJapan
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253
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Miglietta F, Griguolo G, Guarneri V, Dieci MV. Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 in Breast Cancer: Technical Aspects, Prognostic Implications, and Predictive Value. Oncologist 2019; 24:e1055-e1069. [PMID: 31444294 PMCID: PMC6853089 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2019-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the light of recent advances in the immunotherapy field for breast cancer (BC) treatment, especially in the triple-negative subtype, the identification of reliable biomarkers capable of improving patient selection is paramount, because only a portion of patients seem to derive benefit from this appealing treatment strategy. In this context, the role of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) as a potential prognostic and/or predictive biomarker has been intensively explored, with controversial results. The aim of the present review is to collect available evidence on the biological relevance and clinical utility of PD-L1 expression in BC, with particular emphasis on technical aspects, prognostic implications, and predictive value of this promising biomarker. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: In the light of the promising results coming from trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors for breast cancer treatment, the potential predictive and/or prognostic role of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in breast cancer has gained increasing interest. This review provides clinicians with an overview of the available clinical evidence regarding PD-L1 as a biomarker in breast cancer, focusing on both data with a possible direct impact on clinic and methodological pitfalls that need to be addressed in order to optimize PD-L1 implementation as a clinically useful tool for breast cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Miglietta
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Gaia Griguolo
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Guarneri
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Dieci
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Padova, Italy
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254
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Sharma P, Barlow WE, Godwin AK, Parkes EE, Knight LA, Walker SM, Kennedy RD, Harkin DP, Logan GE, Steele CJ, Lambe SM, Badve S, Gökmen-Polar Y, Pathak HB, Isakova K, Linden HM, Porter P, Pusztai L, Thompson AM, Tripathy D, Hortobagyi GN, Hayes DF. Validation of the DNA Damage Immune Response Signature in Patients With Triple-Negative Breast Cancer From the SWOG 9313c Trial. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37:3484-3492. [PMID: 31657982 DOI: 10.1200/jco.19.00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To independently validate two biomarkers, a 44-gene DNA damage immune response (DDIR) signature and stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs), as prognostic markers in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treated with adjuvant doxorubicin (A) and cyclophosphamide (C) in SWOG 9313. METHODS Four hundred twenty-five centrally determined patient cases with TNBC from S9313 were identified. DDIR signature was performed on RNA isolated from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue, and samples were classified as DDIR negative or positive using predefined cutoffs. Evaluation of sTILs was performed as described previously. Markers were tested for prognostic value for disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) using Cox regression models adjusted for treatment assignment, nodal status, and tumor size. RESULTS Among 425 patients with TNBC, 33% were node positive. DDIR was tested successfully in 90% of patients (381 of 425), 62% of which were DDIR signature positive. DDIR signature positivity was associated with improved DFS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.67; 95% CI, 0.48 to 0.92; P = .015) and OS (HR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.89; P = .010). sTILs density assessment was available in 99% of patients and was associated with improved DFS (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.96; P = .026 for sTILs density ≥ 20% v < 20%) and OS (HR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.41 to 0.85; P = .004 for sTILs density ≥ 20% v < 20%). DDIR signature score and sTILs density were moderately correlated (r = 0.60), which precluded statistical significance for DFS in a joint model. Three-year DFS and OS in a subgroup of patients with DDIR positivity and T1c/T2N0 disease were 88% and 94%, respectively. CONCLUSION The prognostic role of sTILs and DDIR in early-stage TNBC was confirmed. DDIR signature conferred improved prognosis in two thirds of patients with TNBC treated with adjuvant AC. DDIR signature has the potential to stratify outcome and to identify patients with less projected benefit after AC chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Laura A Knight
- Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,Almac Group, Craigavon, UK
| | - Steven M Walker
- Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,Almac Group, Craigavon, UK
| | | | - Denis P Harkin
- Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,Almac Group, Craigavon, UK
| | | | | | | | - Sunil Badve
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | | | | | - Hannah M Linden
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Peggy Porter
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Debu Tripathy
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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255
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Chabanon RM, Postel-Vinay S. [Exploiting DNA repair vulnerabilities with PARP inhibitors to stimulate anti-tumor immunity]. Med Sci (Paris) 2019; 35:728-731. [PMID: 31625890 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2019148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roman M Chabanon
- Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de médecine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France - Équipe ATIP-Avenir, Unité Inserm 981, Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, France - The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, Londres, Royaume-Uni. - CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, Londres, Royaume-Uni
| | - Sophie Postel-Vinay
- Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de médecine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France - Équipe ATIP-Avenir, Unité Inserm 981, Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, France - DITEP (Département d'innovations thérapeutiques et essais précoces), Gustave-Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94800 Villejuif, France
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256
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Su T, Zhang Y, Valerie K, Wang XY, Lin S, Zhu G. STING activation in cancer immunotherapy. Theranostics 2019; 9:7759-7771. [PMID: 31695799 PMCID: PMC6831454 DOI: 10.7150/thno.37574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy modulates and leverages the host immune system to treat cancer. The past decade has witnessed historical advancement of cancer immunotherapy. A myriad of approaches have been explored to elicit or augment anticancer innate immunity and/or adaptive immunity. Recently, activation of stimulator of interferon (IFN) genes (STING), an intracellular receptor residing in the endoplasmic reticulum, has shown great potential to enhance antitumor immunity through the induction of a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including type I IFNs. A number of natural and synthetic STING agonists have been discovered or developed, and tested in preclinical models and in the clinic for the immunotherapy of diseases such as cancer and infectious diseases. Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), such as cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), cyclic dimeric adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP), and cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), are a class of STING agonists that can elicit immune responses. However, natural CDNs are hydrophilic small molecules with negative charges and are susceptible to enzymatic degradation, leading to low bioavailability in target tissues yet unwanted toxicities and narrow therapeutic windows. Drug delivery systems, coupled with nucleic acid chemistry, have been exploited to address these challenges. Here, we will discuss the underlying immunological mechanisms and approaches to STING activation, with a focus on the delivery of STING agonists, for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Su
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Kristoffer Valerie
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Shuibin Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Guizhi Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
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257
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Hong C, Tijhuis AE, Foijer F. The cGAS Paradox: Contrasting Roles for cGAS-STING Pathway in Chromosomal Instability. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101228. [PMID: 31658669 PMCID: PMC6830079 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is an intricate phenomenon that is often found in human cancer, characterized by persisting errors in chromosome segregation. This ongoing chromosome mis-segregation results in structural and numerical chromosomal abnormalities that have been widely described to promote tumor evolution. In addition to being a driver of tumor evolution, recent evidence demonstrates CIN to be the central node of the crosstalk between a tumor and its surrounding microenvironment, as mediated by the cGAS-STING pathway. The role that cGAS-STING signaling exerts on CIN tumors is both complex and paradoxical. On one hand, the cGAS-STING axis promotes the clearance of CIN tumors through recruitment of immune cells, thus suppressing tumor progression. On the other hand, the cGAS-STING pathway has been described to be the major regulator in the promotion of metastasis of CIN tumors. Here, we review this dual role of the cGAS-STING pathway in the context of chromosomal instability and discuss the potential therapeutic implications of cGAS-STING signaling for targeting CIN tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy Hong
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands.
| | - Andrea E Tijhuis
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands.
| | - Floris Foijer
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands.
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258
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Park CG, Hartl CA, Schmid D, Carmona EM, Kim HJ, Goldberg MS. Extended release of perioperative immunotherapy prevents tumor recurrence and eliminates metastases. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/433/eaar1916. [PMID: 29563317 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar1916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy can confer durable benefit, but the percentage of patients who respond to this approach remains modest. The ability to concentrate immunostimulatory compounds at the site of disease can overcome local immune tolerance and reduce systemic toxicity. Surgical resection of tumors may improve the efficacy of immunotherapy by removing the concentrated immunosuppressive microenvironment; however, it also removes tumor-specific leukocytes as well as tumor antigens that may be important to establishing antitumor immunity. Moreover, surgery produces a transient immunosuppressive state associated with wound healing that has been correlated with increased metastasis. Using multiple models of spontaneous metastasis, we show that extended release of agonists of innate immunity-including agonists of Toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) or stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-from a biodegradable hydrogel placed in the tumor resection site cured a much higher percentage of animals than systemic or local administration of the same therapy in solution. Depletion and neutralization experiments confirmed that the observed prevention of local tumor recurrence and eradication of existing metastases require both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. The localized therapy increased the numbers of activated natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells, and T cells and induced production of large amounts of type I interferons, thereby converting an immunosuppressive post-resection microenvironment into an immunostimulatory one. The results suggest that the perioperative setting may prove to be a useful context for immunotherapy, particularly when the release of the therapy is extended locally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Gwon Park
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Christina A Hartl
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daniela Schmid
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ellese M Carmona
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hye-Jung Kim
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michael S Goldberg
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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259
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Zeng Y, Wang CL, Xian J, Ye Q, Qin X, Tan YW, Cao YD. Positive correlation between programmed death ligand-1 and p53 in triple-negative breast cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:7193-7201. [PMID: 31564903 PMCID: PMC6731959 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s209484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Tumors with high mutation load tend to have a stronger immune response in some tumors. The correlation between expression of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), a biomarker of immune response in tumors, and p53, accepted as the most frequently mutated gene in many cancers, in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has not been fully investigated in cancer patients. Materials and methods 132 cases of TNBC and 32 cases of non-TNBC paraffin-embedded tissue sections were selected to detect the expression of PD-L1 and p53 by immunohistochemistry, and results were correlated with clinical data and survival outcomes. The staining of PD-L1 in tumor cells (TCs) and tumor-associated immune cells (TAICs) was assessed separately. Results Strong positive correlations were observed between expression of p53 and PD-L1 both in TCs (r=0.338, P=0.000) and TAICs (r=0.186, P=0.033). The same positive correlation was found in the expression of PD-L1 in TCs and TAICs (r=0.764, P=0.000). Like p53 (P=0.024), positive rate of PD-L1 in TCs was significantly higher in TNBC than in non-TNBC (P=0.02). PD-L1 and p53 in TCs staining were significantly associated with histological grade, tumor size and Ki67 index (P<0.05). PD-L1 in TCs staining was also associated with lymphatic metastasis status (P=0.000). However, PD-L1 in TAICs was only related to histological grade in statistically (P=0.012). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed that positive groups of p53, PD-L1 in TCs and TAICs had a worse overall survival and a worse progression-free survival as compared with the negative groups, but marginal significance was found only in overall survival of PD-L1 in TCs and TAICs, and progression-free survival of PD-L1 in TAICs (P=0.074, 0.097, 0.068, respectively). Conclusion Our findings suggest that positive correlation between p53 and PD-L1 in TNBC and the higher expression rates are closely correlated with some key prognostic factors and worse survival outcomes. These findings would lay the foundation for further study on the relationship of p53 and PD-L1 and the combination of mutated p53 inhibitors and PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zeng
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Long Wang
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xian
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Qin
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Wen Tan
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - You-De Cao
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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260
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Gay CM, Byers LA. PARP Inhibition Combined with Immune Checkpoint Blockade in SCLC: Oasis in an Immune Desert or Mirage? J Thorac Oncol 2019; 14:1323-1326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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261
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Boussios S, Karihtala P, Moschetta M, Karathanasi A, Sadauskaite A, Rassy E, Pavlidis N. Combined Strategies with Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer: A Literature Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 9:E87. [PMID: 31374917 PMCID: PMC6787707 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics9030087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are the first clinically approved drugs designed to exploit synthetic lethality, and were first introduced as a cancer-targeting strategy in 2005. They have led to a major change in the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer, and altered the natural history of a disease with extreme genetic complexity and defective DNA repair via homologous recombination (HR) pathway. Furthermore, additional mechanisms apart from breast related cancer antigens 1 and 2 (BRCA1/2) mutations can also result in HR pathway alterations and consequently lead to a clinical benefit from PARP inhibitors. Novel combinations of PARP inhibitors with other anticancer therapies are challenging, and better understanding of PARP biology, DNA repair mechanisms, and PARP inhibitor mechanisms of action is crucial. It seems that PARP inhibitor and biologic agent combinations appear well tolerated and clinically effective in both BRCA-mutated and wild-type cancers. They target differing aberrant and exploitable pathways in ovarian cancer, and may induce greater DNA damage and HR deficiency. The input of immunotherapy in ovarian cancer is based on the observation that immunosuppressive microenvironments can affect tumour growth, metastasis, and even treatment resistance. Several biologic agents have been studied in combination with PARP inhibitors, including inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; bevacizumab, cediranib), and PD-1 or PD-L1 (durvalumab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab), anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibodies (tremelimumab), mTOR-(vistusertib), AKT-(capivasertib), and PI3K inhibitors (buparlisib, alpelisib), as well as MEK 1/2, and WEE1 inhibitors (selumetinib and adavosertib, respectively). Olaparib and veliparib have also been combined with chemotherapy with the rationale of disrupting base excision repair via PARP inhibition. Olaparib has been investigated with carboplatin and paclitaxel, whereas veliparib has been tested additionally in combination with temozolomide vs. pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, as well as with oral cyclophosphamide, and topoisomerase inhibitors. However, overlapping myelosuppression observed with PARP inhibitor and chemotherapy combinations requires further investigation with dose escalation studies. In this review, we discuss multiple clinical trials that are underway examining the antitumor activity of such combination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios Boussios
- Acute Oncology Assessment Unit, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, Kent, UK.
- AELIA Organization, 9th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Peeter Karihtala
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 22, 90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - Michele Moschetta
- Drug Development Unit, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, 93 Harley Street, London W1G 6AD, UK
| | - Afroditi Karathanasi
- Acute Oncology Assessment Unit, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, Kent, UK
| | - Agne Sadauskaite
- Department of Pharmacy, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, Kent, UK
| | - Elie Rassy
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy Institut, 94805 Villejuif, France
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Hotel Dieu de France University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, 166830 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nicholas Pavlidis
- Medical School, University of Ioannina, Stavros Niarchou Avenue, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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262
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Motwani M, Pesiridis S, Fitzgerald KA. DNA sensing by the cGAS-STING pathway in health and disease. Nat Rev Genet 2019; 20:657-674. [PMID: 31358977 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-019-0151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 786] [Impact Index Per Article: 157.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The detection of pathogens through nucleic acid sensors is a defining principle of innate immunity. RNA-sensing and DNA-sensing receptors sample subcellular compartments for foreign nucleic acids and, upon recognition, trigger immune signalling pathways for host defence. Over the past decade, our understanding of how the recognition of nucleic acids is coupled to immune gene expression has advanced considerably, particularly for the DNA-sensing receptor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and its downstream signalling effector stimulator of interferon genes (STING), as well as the molecular components and regulation of this pathway. Moreover, the ability of self-DNA to engage cGAS has emerged as an important mechanism fuelling the development of inflammation and implicating the cGAS-STING pathway in human inflammatory diseases and cancer. This detailed mechanistic and biological understanding is paving the way for the development and clinical application of pharmacological agonists and antagonists in the treatment of chronic inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Motwani
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Scott Pesiridis
- Innate Immunity Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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263
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Yanez M, Jhanji M, Murphy K, Gower RM, Sajish M, Jabbarzadeh E. Nicotinamide Augments the Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Resveratrol through PARP1 Activation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10219. [PMID: 31308445 PMCID: PMC6629694 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46678-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV) and nicotinamide (NAM) have garnered considerable attention due to their anti-inflammatory and anti-aging properties. NAM is a transient inhibitor of class III histone deacetylase SIRTs (silent mating type information regulation 2 homologs) and SIRT1 is an inhibitor of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase-1 (PARP1). The debate on the relationship between RSV and SIRT1 has precluded the use of RSV as a therapeutic drug. Recent work demonstrated that RSV facilitates tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS)-dependent activation of PARP1. Moreover, treatment with NAM is sufficient to facilitate the nuclear localization of TyrRS that activates PARP1. RSV and NAM have emerged as potent agonists of PARP1 through inhibition of SIRT1. In this study, we evaluated the effects of RSV and NAM on pro-inflammatory macrophages. Our results demonstrate that treatment with either RSV or NAM attenuates the expression of pro-inflammatory markers. Strikingly, the combination of RSV with NAM, exerts additive effects on PARP1 activation. Consistently, treatment with PARP1 inhibitor antagonized the anti-inflammatory effect of both RSV and NAM. For the first time, we report the ability of NAM to augment PARP1 activation, induced by RSV, and its associated anti-inflammatory effects mediated through the induction of BCL6 with the concomitant down regulation of COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Yanez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Megha Jhanji
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Kendall Murphy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - R Michael Gower
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Mathew Sajish
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Ehsan Jabbarzadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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264
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Abstract
Recent studies have shown that genomic instability in tumor cells leads to activation of inflammatory signaling through the cGAS/STING pathway. In this review, we describe multiple ways by which genomic instability leads to cGAS/STING-mediated inflammatory signaling, as well as the consequences for tumor development and the tumor microenvironment. Also, we elaborate on how tumor cells have apparently evolved to escape the immune surveillance mechanisms that are triggered by cGAS/STING signaling. Finally, we describe how cGAS/STING-mediated inflammatory signaling can be therapeutically targeted to improve therapy responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francien Talens
- a Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Marcel A T M Van Vugt
- a Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
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265
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Genomic instability and innate immune responses to self-DNA in progeria. GeroScience 2019; 41:255-266. [PMID: 31280482 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, we have seen increasing evidence of the importance of structural nuclear proteins such as lamins in nuclear architecture and compartmentalization of genome function and in the maintenance of mechanical stability and genome integrity. With over 400 mutations identified in the LMNA gene (encoding for A-type lamins) associated with more than ten distinct degenerative disorders, the role of lamins as genome caretakers and the contribution of lamins dysfunction to disease are unarguable. However, the molecular mechanisms whereby lamins mutations cause pathologies remain less understood. Here, we review pathways and mechanisms recently identified as playing a role in the pathophysiology of laminopathies, with special emphasis in Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS). This devastating incurable accelerated aging disease is caused by a silent mutation in the LMNA gene that generates a truncated lamin A protein "progerin" that exerts profound cellular toxicity and organismal decline. Patients usually die in their teens due to cardiovascular complications such as myocardial infarction or stroke. To date, there are no efficient therapies that ameliorate disease progression, stressing the need to understand molecularly disease mechanisms that can be targeted therapeutically. We will summarize data supporting that replication stress is a major cause of genomic instability in laminopathies, which contributes to the activation of innate immune responses to self-DNA that in turn accelerate the aging process.
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266
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Chanut R, Petrilli V. [Cytosolic DNA sensing by the cGAS-STING pathway in cancer]. Med Sci (Paris) 2019; 35:527-534. [PMID: 31274082 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2019095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a universal cytosolic DNA sensor that detects nucleic acids of pathogens. Upon DNA sensing, cGAS triggers the formation of the second intracellular messenger, the cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which activates the adaptor STING. STING engagement induces the secretion of cytokines and type I interferons that contribute to pathogen clearance. However, there is emerging evidence that cGAS is activated by self DNA in cancer cells and in antigen-presenting cells to trigger an antitumoral response. In this review, we will highlight the current understanding of self DNA sensing by cGAS in the context of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Chanut
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, UM5286 U1052, université de Lyon, centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Virginie Petrilli
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, UM5286 U1052, université de Lyon, centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
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267
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Identification of Novel Biomarkers of Homologous Recombination Defect in DNA Repair to Predict Sensitivity of Prostate Cancer Cells to PARP-Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123100. [PMID: 31242618 PMCID: PMC6627216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most common malignancies in men is prostate cancer, for which androgen deprivation is the standard therapy. However, prostate cancer cells become insensitive to anti-androgen treatment and proceed to a castration-resistant state with limited therapeutic options. Therefore, besides the androgen deprivation approach, novel biomarkers are urgently required for specific targeting in this deadly disease. Recently, germline or somatic mutations in the homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair genes have been identified in at least 20–25% of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancers (mCRPC). Defects in genes involved in HR DNA repair can sensitize cancer cells to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, a class of drugs already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for breast and ovarian cancer carrying germline mutations in BRCA1/2 genes. For advanced prostate cancer carrying Breast cancer1/2 (BRCA1/2) or ataxia telengiectasia mutated (ATM) mutations, preclinical studies and clinical trials support the use of PARP-inhibitors, which received breakthrough therapy designation by the FDA. Based on these assumptions, several trials including DNA damage response and repair (DDR) targeting have been launched and are ongoing for prostate cancer. Here, we review the state-of-the-art potential biomarkers that could be predictive of cancer cell synthetic lethality with PARP inhibitors. The identification of key molecules that are affected in prostate cancer could be assayed in future clinical studies to better stratify prostate cancer patients who might benefit from target therapy.
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268
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Tessier-Cloutier B, Cai E, Schaeffer DF. Off-label use of common predictive biomarkers in gastrointestinal malignancies: a critical appraisal. Diagn Pathol 2019; 14:62. [PMID: 31221175 PMCID: PMC6587260 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-019-0843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of immunohistochemistry (IHC) as a companion diagnostic is an increasingly important part of the case workup by pathologists and is often central to clinical decision making. New predictive molecular markers are constantly sought for to improve treatment stratification parallel to drug development. Unfortunately, official biomarker guidelines lag behind, and pathologists are often left hesitating when medical oncologists request off-labelled biomarker testing. We performed a literature review of five commonly requested off-label IHC predictive biomarkers in gastrointestinal tract (GIT) malignancies: HER2, mismatch repair (MMR), PD-L1, BRAF V600E and ROS1. We found that HER2 amplification is rare and poorly associated to IHC overexpression in extracolonic and extragastric GIT cancers; however in KRAS wild type colorectal cancers, which fail conventional treatment, HER2 IHC may be useful and should be considered. For MMR testing, more evidence is needed to recommend reflex testing in GIT cancers for treatment purposes. MMR testing should not be discouraged in patients considered for second line checkpoint inhibitor therapy. With the exception of gastric tumors, PD-L1 IHC is a weak predictor of checkpoint inhibitor response in the GIT and should be replaced by MMR in this context. BRAF inhibitors showed activity in BRAF V600E mutated cholangiocarcinomas and pancreatic carcinomas in non-first line settings. ROS1 translocation is extremely rare and poorly correlated to ROS1 IHC expression in the GIT; currently there is no role for ROS1 IHC testing in GIT cancers. Overall, the predictive biomarker literature has grown exponentially, and official guidelines need to be updated more regularly to support pathologists’ testing decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile Tessier-Cloutier
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, 910 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ellen Cai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, 910 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David F Schaeffer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, 910 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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269
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Sillo TO, Beggs AD, Morton DG, Middleton G. Mechanisms of immunogenicity in colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 2019; 106:1283-1297. [PMID: 31216061 PMCID: PMC6772007 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.11204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background The immune response in cancer is increasingly understood to be important in determining clinical outcomes, including responses to cancer therapies. New insights into the mechanisms underpinning the immune microenvironment in colorectal cancer are helping to develop the role of immunotherapy and suggest targeted approaches to the management of colorectal cancer at all disease stages. Method A literature search was performed in PubMed, MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases to identify relevant articles. This narrative review discusses the current understanding of the contributors to immunogenicity in colorectal cancer and potential applications for targeted therapies. Results Responsiveness to immunotherapy in colorectal cancer is non-uniform. Several factors, both germline and tumour-related, are potential determinants of immunogenicity in colorectal cancer. Current approaches target tumours with high immunogenicity driven by mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes. Recent work suggests a role for therapies that boost the immune response in tumours with low immunogenicity. Conclusion With the development of promising therapies to boost the innate immune response, there is significant potential for the expansion of the role of immunotherapy as an adjuvant to surgical treatment in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T O Sillo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - A D Beggs
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - D G Morton
- Academic Department of Surgery, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - G Middleton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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270
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DNA Repair Deficiency in Breast Cancer: Opportunities for Immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:4325105. [PMID: 31320901 PMCID: PMC6607732 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4325105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Historically the development of anticancer treatments has been focused on their effect on tumor cells alone. However, newer treatments have shifted attention to targets on immune cells, resulting in dramatic responses. The effect of DNA repair deficiency on the microenvironment remains an area of key interest. Moreover, established therapies such as DNA damaging treatments such as chemotherapy and PARP inhibitors further modify the tumor microenvironment. Here we describe DNA repair pathways in breast cancer and activation of innate immune pathways in DNA repair deficiency, in particular, the STING (STimulator of INterferon Genes) pathway. Breast tumors with DNA repair deficiency are associated with upregulation of immune checkpoints including PD-L1 (Programmed Death Ligand-1) and may represent a target population for single agent or combination immunotherapy treatment.
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271
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Vidotto T, Nersesian S, Graham C, Siemens DR, Koti M. DNA damage repair gene mutations and their association with tumor immune regulatory gene expression in muscle invasive bladder cancer subtypes. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:148. [PMID: 31174611 PMCID: PMC6556053 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0619-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular subtyping of urothelial cancer (UC) has significantly advanced the understanding of bladder tumor heterogeneity and development of prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Evolving evidence across cancers strongly suggests that tumor immunoediting has a profound impact on the behaviour of cancer cells and their adaptation to the co-evolving microenvironment and response to treatment. In alignment with these concepts, recent immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies in UC have demonstrated the predictive potential of mutations in the DNA damage repair (DDR) genes. A comprehensive understanding of DDR gene inactivation associated expression of immune regulatory genes could thus aid in expansion of current immunotherapies and predictive biomarkers for the design of patient-tailored combination treatments. METHODS We investigated pre-treatment tumor transcriptomic profiles of the five recently described molecular subtypes of muscle invasive urothelial cancer (MIUC; n = 408) from The Cancer Genome Atlas, to determine subtype specific immune cell abundance, expression of 67 immune regulatory genes, and association with DDR gene inactivation (via mutation, copy number alteration) profiles. RESULTS Analysis using CIBERSORT immune cell abundance determination tool showed significant differences in immune cell profiles and abundance between MIUC subtypes. Expression patterns of a selected panel of 67 genes including both immune stimulatory and inhibitory genes, showed significant associations with subtypes, and DDR gene mutation status. CONCLUSION Findings from our study provide compelling evidence for co-expression of multiple immune checkpoint genes including, PD-1, PD-L1, IDO1, TIGIT, TIM-3, TGFB1, LAG3, and others, that potentially contribute to compensatory immune evasion in bladder tumors. Our findings also emphasize the urgent need for biomarker discovery approaches that combine molecular subtype, DDR gene mutation status, tumor immune landscape classification, and immune checkpoint gene expression to increase the number of patients responding to immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Vidotto
- Genetics Department, Medicine School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Sarah Nersesian
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Queen's University, K7L3N6, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles Graham
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Queen's University, K7L3N6, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Robert Siemens
- Department of Urology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madhuri Koti
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Queen's University, K7L3N6, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Urology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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272
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Dillon MT, Bergerhoff KF, Pedersen M, Whittock H, Crespo-Rodriguez E, Patin EC, Pearson A, Smith HG, Paget JTE, Patel RR, Foo S, Bozhanova G, Ragulan C, Fontana E, Desai K, Wilkins AC, Sadanandam A, Melcher A, McLaughlin M, Harrington KJ. ATR Inhibition Potentiates the Radiation-induced Inflammatory Tumor Microenvironment. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:3392-3403. [PMID: 30770349 PMCID: PMC6551222 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE ATR inhibitors (ATRi) are in early phase clinical trials and have been shown to sensitize to chemotherapy and radiotherapy preclinically. Limited data have been published about the effect of these drugs on the tumor microenvironment.Experimental Design: We used an immunocompetent mouse model of HPV-driven malignancies to investigate the ATR inhibitor AZD6738 in combination with fractionated radiation (RT). Gene expression analysis and flow cytometry were performed posttherapy. RESULTS Significant radiosensitization to RT by ATRi was observed alongside a marked increase in immune cell infiltration. We identified increased numbers of CD3+ and NK cells, but most of this infiltrate was composed of myeloid cells. ATRi plus radiation produced a gene expression signature matching a type I/II IFN response, with upregulation of genes playing a role in nucleic acid sensing. Increased MHC I levels were observed on tumor cells, with transcript-level data indicating increased antigen processing and presentation within the tumor. Significant modulation of cytokine gene expression (particularly CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL10) was found in vivo, with in vitro data indicating CCL3, CCL5, and CXCL10 are produced from tumor cells after ATRi + RT. CONCLUSIONS We show that DNA damage by ATRi and RT leads to an IFN response through activation of nucleic acid-sensing pathways. This triggers increased antigen presentation and innate immune cell infiltration. Further understanding of the effect of this combination on the immune response may allow modulation of these effects to maximize tumor control through antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Malin Pedersen
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Alex Pearson
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henry G Smith
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Shane Foo
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Elisa Fontana
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Krisha Desai
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna C Wilkins
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alan Melcher
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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273
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Miller RE, Crusz SM, Ledermann JA. Olaparib maintenance for first-line treatment of ovarian cancer: will SOLO1 reset the standard of care? Future Oncol 2019; 15:1845-1853. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2019-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance therapy with PARP inhibitors has heralded a new era in the management of recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer. The greatest effect is seen in women with BRCA1/2 tumors but those without this mutation also benefit. However, in most patients, the drugs eventually fail to prevent progression, so alternative strategies are needed. The SOLO1 trial randomized women with BRCA1/2-mutated advanced ovarian cancer to olaparib or placebo maintenance after first-line chemotherapy. Olaparib significantly improved progression-free survival to a degree that has not been seen in other first-line trials in ovarian cancer. This landmark trial is likely to change practice for this group of women. Here, we focus on the SOLO1 results in the context of the current management of advanced ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan E Miller
- Department of Medical Oncology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Shanthini M Crusz
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jonathan A Ledermann
- Department of Medical Oncology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
- Cancer Research UK & UCL Cancer Trials Centre, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
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274
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Yap TA, Plummer R, Azad NS, Helleday T. The DNA Damaging Revolution: PARP Inhibitors and Beyond. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2019; 39:185-195. [PMID: 31099635 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_238473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-specific DNA repair defects are abundant in malignant tissue and present an opportunity to capitalize on these aberrations for therapeutic benefit. Early preclinical data demonstrated the concept of synthetic lethality between BRCA genetic defects and pharmacologic PARP inhibition, suggesting that there may be monotherapy activity with this class of agents and supporting the early trial testing of this molecularly driven approach. Although the first foray into the clinic for PARP inhibitors was in combination with DNA-damaging cytotoxic agents, clinical development was limited by the more-than-additive toxicity, in particular dose-limiting myelosuppression. As more tolerable single agents, PARP inhibitors are now approved for the treatment of ovarian cancer in different settings and BRCA-mutant breast cancers. Beyond PARP inhibitors, there is now a large armamentarium of potent and relatively selective inhibitors in clinical trial testing against key targets involved in the DNA damage response (DDR), including ATR, ATM, CHK1/2, WEE1, and DNA-PK. These agents are being developed for patients with molecularly selected tumors and in rational combinations with other molecularly targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors. We detail the clinical progress made in the development of PARP inhibitors, review rational combinations, and discuss the development of emerging inhibitors against novel DDR targets, including DNA repair proteins, DNA damage signaling, and DNA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Yap
- 1 Departments of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Program) and Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Khalifa Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ruth Plummer
- 2 Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nilofer S Azad
- 3 Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Thomas Helleday
- 4 Weston Park Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,5 Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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275
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Thomas A, Vilimas R, Trindade C, Erwin-Cohen R, Roper N, Xi L, Krishnasamy V, Levy E, Mammen A, Nichols S, Chen Y, Velcheti V, Yin F, Szabo E, Pommier Y, Steinberg SM, Trepel JB, Raffeld M, Young HA, Khan J, Hewitt S, Lee JM. Durvalumab in Combination with Olaparib in Patients with Relapsed SCLC: Results from a Phase II Study. J Thorac Oncol 2019; 14:1447-1457. [PMID: 31063862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite high tumor mutationburden, immune checkpoint blockade has limited efficacy in SCLC. We hypothesized that poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition could render SCLC more susceptible to immune checkpoint blockade. METHODS A single-arm, phase II trial (NCT02484404) enrolled patients with relapsed SCLC who received durvalumab, 1500 mg every 4 weeks, and olaparib, 300 mg twice a day. The primary outcome was objective response rate. Correlative studies included mandatory collection of pretreatment and during-treatment biopsy specimens, which were assessed to define SCLC immunephenotypes: desert (CD8-positive T-cell prevalence low), excluded (CD8-positive T cells in stroma immediately adjacent/within tumor), and inflamed (CD8-positive T cells in direct contact with tumor). RESULTS A total of 20 patients were enrolled. Their median age was 64 years, and most patients (60%) had platinum-resistant/refractory disease. Of 19 evaluable patients, two were observed to have partial or complete responses (10.5%), including a patient with EGFR-transformed SCLC. Clinical benefit was observed in four patients (21.1% [95% confidence interval: 6.1%-45.6%]) with confirmed responses or prolonged stable disease (≥8 months). The most common treatment-related adverse events were anemia (80%), lymphopenia (60%), and leukopenia (50%). Nine of 14 tumors (64%) exhibited an excluded phenotype; 21% and 14% of tumors exhibited the inflamed and desert phenotypes, respectively. Tumor responses were observed in all instances in which pretreatment tumors showed an inflamed phenotype. Of the five tumors without an inflamed phenotype at baseline, no during-treatment increase in T-cell infiltration or programmed death ligand 1 expression on tumor-infiltrating immune cells was observed. CONCLUSIONS The study combination did not meet the preset bar for efficacy. Pretreatment and during-treatment biopsy specimens suggested that tumor immune phenotypes may be relevant for SCLC responses to immune checkpoint blockade combinations. The predictive value of preexisting CD8-positive T-cell infiltrates observed in this study needs to be confirmed in larger cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Thomas
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Rasa Vilimas
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christopher Trindade
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rebecca Erwin-Cohen
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Nitin Roper
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Liqiang Xi
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Venkatesh Krishnasamy
- Interventional Radiology, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elliot Levy
- Interventional Radiology, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Andy Mammen
- Muscle Disease Unit, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Samantha Nichols
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yuanbin Chen
- Cancer and Hematology Centers of Western Michigan, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Vamsidhar Velcheti
- Thoracic Medical Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Faye Yin
- Western Maryland Regional Medical Center, Schwab Family Cancer Center, Cumberland, Maryland
| | - Eva Szabo
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Seth M Steinberg
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jane B Trepel
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark Raffeld
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Howard A Young
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Javed Khan
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jung-Min Lee
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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276
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Sen T, Rodriguez BL, Chen L, Corte CMD, Morikawa N, Fujimoto J, Cristea S, Nguyen T, Diao L, Li L, Fan Y, Yang Y, Wang J, Glisson BS, Wistuba II, Sage J, Heymach JV, Gibbons DL, Byers LA. Targeting DNA Damage Response Promotes Antitumor Immunity through STING-Mediated T-cell Activation in Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:646-661. [PMID: 30777870 PMCID: PMC6563834 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 535] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the use of immunotherapy, only a minority of patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) respond to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Here, we show that targeting the DNA damage response (DDR) proteins PARP and checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) significantly increased protein and surface expression of PD-L1. PARP or CHK1 inhibition remarkably potentiated the antitumor effect of PD-L1 blockade and augmented cytotoxic T-cell infiltration in multiple immunocompetent SCLC in vivo models. CD8+ T-cell depletion reversed the antitumor effect, demonstrating the role of CD8+ T cells in combined DDR-PD-L1 blockade in SCLC. We further demonstrate that DDR inhibition activated the STING/TBK1/IRF3 innate immune pathway, leading to increased levels of chemokines such as CXCL10 and CCL5 that induced activation and function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Knockdown of cGAS and STING successfully reversed the antitumor effect of combined inhibition of DDR and PD-L1. Our results define previously unrecognized innate immune pathway-mediated immunomodulatory functions of DDR proteins and provide a rationale for combining PARP/CHK1 inhibitors and immunotherapies in SCLC. SIGNIFICANCE: Our results define previously unrecognized immunomodulatory functions of DDR inhibitors and suggest that adding PARP or CHK1 inhibitors to ICB may enhance treatment efficacy in patients with SCLC. Furthermore, our study supports a role of innate immune STING pathway in DDR-mediated antitumor immunity in SCLC.See related commentary by Hiatt and MacPherson, p. 584.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 565.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triparna Sen
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - B Leticia Rodriguez
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Limo Chen
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Carminia M Della Corte
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Naoto Morikawa
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Junya Fujimoto
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sandra Cristea
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Thuyen Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Lixia Diao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lerong Li
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Youhong Fan
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yongbin Yang
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bonnie S Glisson
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Julien Sage
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - John V Heymach
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Don L Gibbons
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lauren A Byers
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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277
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Pantelidou C, Sonzogni O, De Oliveria Taveira M, Mehta AK, Kothari A, Wang D, Visal T, Li MK, Pinto J, Castrillon JA, Cheney EM, Bouwman P, Jonkers J, Rottenberg S, Guerriero JL, Wulf GM, Shapiro GI. PARP Inhibitor Efficacy Depends on CD8 + T-cell Recruitment via Intratumoral STING Pathway Activation in BRCA-Deficient Models of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:722-737. [PMID: 31015319 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Combinatorial clinical trials of PARP inhibitors with immunotherapies are ongoing, yet the immunomodulatory effects of PARP inhibition have been incompletely studied. Here, we sought to dissect the mechanisms underlying PARP inhibitor-induced changes in the tumor microenvironment of BRCA1-deficient triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We demonstrate that the PARP inhibitor olaparib induces CD8+ T-cell infiltration and activation in vivo, and that CD8+ T-cell depletion severely compromises antitumor efficacy. Olaparib-induced T-cell recruitment is mediated through activation of the cGAS/STING pathway in tumor cells with paracrine activation of dendritic cells and is more pronounced in HR-deficient compared with HR-proficient TNBC cells and in vivo models. CRISPR-mediated knockout of STING in cancer cells prevents proinflammatory signaling and is sufficient to abolish olaparib-induced T-cell infiltration in vivo. These findings elucidate an additional mechanism of action of PARP inhibitors and provide a rationale for combining PARP inhibition with immunotherapies for the treatment of TNBC. SIGNIFICANCE: This work demonstrates cross-talk between PARP inhibition and the tumor microenvironment related to STING/TBK1/IRF3 pathway activation in cancer cells that governs CD8+ T-cell recruitment and antitumor efficacy. The data provide insight into the mechanism of action of PARP inhibitors in BRCA-associated breast cancer.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 681.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantia Pantelidou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Olmo Sonzogni
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mateus De Oliveria Taveira
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Imaging, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anita K Mehta
- Breast Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Susan F. Smith Center for Women's Cancers, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aditi Kothari
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dan Wang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tanvi Visal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle K Li
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jocelin Pinto
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica A Castrillon
- Breast Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Susan F. Smith Center for Women's Cancers, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emily M Cheney
- Breast Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Susan F. Smith Center for Women's Cancers, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter Bouwman
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer L Guerriero
- Breast Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Susan F. Smith Center for Women's Cancers, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gerburg M Wulf
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Geoffrey I Shapiro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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278
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Kustanovich A, Schwartz R, Peretz T, Grinshpun A. Life and death of circulating cell-free DNA. Cancer Biol Ther 2019; 20:1057-1067. [PMID: 30990132 PMCID: PMC6606043 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2019.1598759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-specific, circulating cell-free DNA in liquid biopsies is a promising source of biomarkers for minimally invasive serial monitoring of treatment responses in cancer management. We will review the current understanding of the origin of circulating cell-free DNA and different forms of DNA release (including various types of cell death and active secretion processes) and clearance routes. The dynamics of extracellular DNA in blood during therapy and the role of circulating DNA in pathophysiological processes (tumor-associated inflammation, NETosis, and pre-metastatic niche development) provide insights into the mechanisms that contribute to tumor development and metastases formation. Better knowledge of circulating tumor-specific cell-free DNA could facilitate the development of new therapeutic and diagnostic options for cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoli Kustanovich
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ruth Schwartz
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamar Peretz
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Albert Grinshpun
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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279
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Kraya AA, Maxwell KN, Wubbenhorst B, Wenz BM, Pluta J, Rech AJ, Dorfman LM, Lunceford N, Barrett A, Mitra N, Morrissette JJD, Feldman M, Nayak A, Domchek SM, Vonderheide RH, Nathanson KL. Genomic Signatures Predict the Immunogenicity of BRCA-Deficient Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:4363-4374. [PMID: 30914433 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Breast cancers with BRCA1/2 alterations have a relatively high mutational load, suggesting that immune checkpoint blockade may be a potential treatment option. However, the degree of immune cell infiltration varies widely, and molecular features contributing to this variability remain unknown. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We hypothesized that genomic signatures might predict immunogenicity in BRCA1/2 breast cancers. Using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) genomic data, we compared breast cancers with (89) and without (770) either germline or somatic BRCA1/2 alterations. We also studied 35 breast cancers with germline BRCA1/2 mutations from Penn using WES and IHC. RESULTS We found that homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) scores were negatively associated with expression-based immune indices [cytolytic index (P = 0.04), immune ESTIMATE (P = 0.002), type II IFN signaling (P = 0.002)] despite being associated with a higher mutational/neoantigen burden, in BRCA1/2 mutant breast cancers. Further, absence of allele-specific loss of heterozygosity (LOH negative; P = 0.01) or subclonality (P = 0.003) of germline and somatic BRCA1/2 mutations, respectively, predicted for heightened cytolytic activity. Gene set analysis found that multiple innate and adaptive immune pathways that converge on NF-κB may contribute to this heightened immunogenicity. IHC of Penn breast cancers demonstrated increased CD45+ (P = 0.039) and CD8+ infiltrates (P = 0.037) and increased PDL1 expression (P = 0.012) in HRD-low or LOH-negative cancers. Triple-negative cancers with low HRD had far greater CD8+ T cells (P = 0.0011) and Perforin 1 expression (P = 0.014) compared with hormone receptor-positive HRD-high cancers. CONCLUSIONS HRD scores and hormone receptor subtype are predictive of immunogenicity in BRCA1/2 breast cancers and may inform the design of optimal immune therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Kraya
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kara N Maxwell
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bradley Wubbenhorst
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brandon M Wenz
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John Pluta
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew J Rech
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Liza M Dorfman
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicole Lunceford
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Amanda Barrett
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Nandita Mitra
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer J D Morrissette
- Division of Precision and Computational Diagnostics, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Feldman
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania.,Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anupma Nayak
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Susan M Domchek
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert H Vonderheide
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Katherine L Nathanson
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. .,Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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280
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Shevtsov M, Sato H, Multhoff G, Shibata A. Novel Approaches to Improve the Efficacy of Immuno-Radiotherapy. Front Oncol 2019; 9:156. [PMID: 30941308 PMCID: PMC6433964 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) has been applied for decades as a treatment modality in the management of various types of cancer. Ionizing radiation induces tumor cell death, which in turn can either elicit protective anti-tumor immune responses or immunosuppression in the tumor micromilieu that contributes to local tumor recurrence. Immunosuppression is frequently accompanied by the attraction of immunosuppressive cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), M2 tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), T regulatory cells (Tregs), N2 neutrophils, and by the release of immunosuppressive cytokines (TGF-β, IL-10) and chemokines. Immune checkpoint pathways, particularly of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, have been determined as key regulators of cancer immune escape. While IFN-dependent upregulation of PD-L1 has been extensively investigated, up-to-date studies indicated the importance of DNA damage signaling in the regulation of PD-L1 expression following RT. DNA damage dependent PD-L1 expression is upregulated by ATM/ATR/Chk1 kinase activities and cGAS/STING-dependent pathway, proving the role of DNA damage signaling in PD-L1 induced expression. Checkpoint blockade immunotherapies (i.e., application of anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies) combined with RT were shown to significantly improve the objective response rates in therapy of various primary and metastatic malignancies. Further improvements in the therapeutic potential of RT are based on combinations of RT with other immunotherapeutic approaches including vaccines, cytokines and cytokine inducers, and an adoptive immune cell transfer (DCs, NK cells, T cells). In the current review we provide immunological rationale for a combination of RT with various immunotherapies as well as analysis of the emerging preclinical evidences for these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Shevtsov
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), St. Petersburg, Russia.,First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Polenov Russian Scientific Research Institute of Neurosurgery, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Hiro Sato
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Atsushi Shibata
- Education and Research Support Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
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281
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Chabanon RM, Soria JC, Lord CJ, Postel-Vinay S. Beyond DNA repair: the novel immunological potential of PARP inhibitors. Mol Cell Oncol 2019; 6:1585170. [PMID: 31131303 PMCID: PMC6512907 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2019.1585170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Loss of excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC1), frequently found in lung cancer, and mutations in breast cancer type 1/2 susceptibility genes (BRCA1/2), often found in ovarian, breast and prostate cancers, confer sensitivity to poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi). Our work, and that of others, shows that PARPi selectively trigger tumor cell-autonomous immune phenotypes in ERCC1- or BRCA-defective contexts. This suggests that PARPi, used in appropriately selected populations, might mediate their therapeutic effects by potentiating anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman M. Chabanon
- Faculté de médicine, Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- ATIP-Avenir group, Inserm Unit U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Jean-Charles Soria
- Faculté de médicine, Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Christopher J. Lord
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Sophie Postel-Vinay
- Faculté de médicine, Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- ATIP-Avenir group, Inserm Unit U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- DITEP (Département d’Innovations Thérapeutiques et Essais Précoces), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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282
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Yum S, Li M, Frankel AE, Chen ZJ. Roles of the cGAS-STING Pathway in Cancer Immunosurveillance and Immunotherapy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030518-055636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a cytosolic DNA sensor that initiates innate immune responses. DNA-bound cGAS produces cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which activates stimulator of interferon genes (STING) to induce inflammatory cytokines and other immune mediators. cGAS detects DNA without sequence specificity and responds to both cytosolic foreign DNA from pathogens and self-DNA leaked into the cytosol due to genome instability or cellular damage. Because of the diverse sources of cytosolic DNA, the cGAS-STING pathway plays a critical role during infection, autoimmune diseases, and senescence. Moreover, cGAS detects tumor-derived DNA and stimulates endogenous antitumor immunity. Thus, the cGAS-STING pathway is a promising target for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the role of the cGAS-STING pathway in various diseases and highlight various approaches targeting the cGAS-STING pathway for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyun Yum
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Minghao Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Arthur E. Frankel
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604, USA
| | - Zhijian J. Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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283
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Chabanon RM, Muirhead G, Krastev DB, Adam J, Morel D, Garrido M, Lamb A, Hénon C, Dorvault N, Rouanne M, Marlow R, Bajrami I, Cardeñosa ML, Konde A, Besse B, Ashworth A, Pettitt SJ, Haider S, Marabelle A, Tutt AN, Soria JC, Lord CJ, Postel-Vinay S. PARP inhibition enhances tumor cell-intrinsic immunity in ERCC1-deficient non-small cell lung cancer. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1211-1228. [PMID: 30589644 PMCID: PMC6391116 DOI: 10.1172/jci123319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase/stimulator of IFN genes (cGAS/STING) pathway detects cytosolic DNA to activate innate immune responses. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) selectively target cancer cells with DNA repair deficiencies such as those caused by BRCA1 mutations or ERCC1 defects. Using isogenic cell lines and patient-derived samples, we showed that ERCC1-defective non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells exhibit an enhanced type I IFN transcriptomic signature and that low ERCC1 expression correlates with increased lymphocytic infiltration. We demonstrated that clinical PARPi, including olaparib and rucaparib, have cell-autonomous immunomodulatory properties in ERCC1-defective NSCLC and BRCA1-defective triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. Mechanistically, PARPi generated cytoplasmic chromatin fragments with characteristics of micronuclei; these were found to activate cGAS/STING, downstream type I IFN signaling, and CCL5 secretion. Importantly, these effects were suppressed in PARP1-null TNBC cells, suggesting that this phenotype resulted from an on-target effect of PARPi on PARP1. PARPi also potentiated IFN-γ-induced PD-L1 expression in NSCLC cell lines and in fresh patient tumor cells; this effect was enhanced in ERCC1-deficient contexts. Our data provide a preclinical rationale for using PARPi as immunomodulatory agents in appropriately molecularly selected populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman M. Chabanon
- Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de médicine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
- ATIP-Avenir group, Inserm U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre and
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Muirhead
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre and
| | - Dragomir B. Krastev
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre and
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Adam
- ATIP-Avenir group, Inserm U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Daphné Morel
- Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de médicine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
- ATIP-Avenir group, Inserm U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Marlène Garrido
- ATIP-Avenir group, Inserm U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Clémence Hénon
- Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de médicine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
- ATIP-Avenir group, Inserm U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Nicolas Dorvault
- ATIP-Avenir group, Inserm U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Mathieu Rouanne
- Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de médicine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
- Inserm U1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Rebecca Marlow
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ilirjana Bajrami
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre and
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Llorca Cardeñosa
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre and
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Hospital Clinico Universitario Valencia, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Asha Konde
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre and
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Besse
- Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de médicine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Alan Ashworth
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephen J. Pettitt
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre and
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Syed Haider
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre and
| | - Aurélien Marabelle
- Inserm U1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Département d’Innovations Thérapeutiques et Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Andrew N.J. Tutt
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre and
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Charles Soria
- Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de médicine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Christopher J. Lord
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre and
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Postel-Vinay
- Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de médicine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
- ATIP-Avenir group, Inserm U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Département d’Innovations Thérapeutiques et Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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284
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Criscuolo D, Morra F, Giannella R, Visconti R, Cerrato A, Celetti A. New combinatorial strategies to improve the PARP inhibitors efficacy in the urothelial bladder Cancer treatment. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:91. [PMID: 30791940 PMCID: PMC6385418 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed for the treatment of metastatic Urothelial Bladder Cancer. DNA damaging repair (DDR) targeting has been introduced in cinical trials for bladder cancer patients that carry alterations in homologous DNA repair genes, letting to envisage susceptibility to the Poly (adenosine diphosphate [ADP]) ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. MAIN BODY PARP inhibition, by amplifying the DNA damage, augments the mutational burden and promotes the immune priming of the tumor by increasing the neoantigen exposure and determining upregulation of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. Thus, the combination of PARP-inhibition and the PD/PD-L1 targeting may represent a compelling strategy to treat bladder cancer and has been introduced in recent clinical trials. The targeting of DDR has been also used in combination with epigenetic drugs able to modulate the expression of genes involved in DDR, and also able to act as immunomodulator agents suggesting their use in combination with immune-checkpoint inhibitors. CONCLUSION In conclusion, it may be envisaged the combination of three classes of drugs to treat bladder cancer, by targeting the DDR process in a tumor context of DDR defect, together with epigenetic agents and immune-checkpoint inhibitors, whose association may amplify the effects and reduce the doses and the toxicity of each single drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Criscuolo
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Morra
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Visconti
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Aniello Cerrato
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Celetti
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, CNR, Naples, Italy
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285
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Wang W, Chapman NM, Zhang B, Li M, Fan M, Laribee RN, Zaidi MR, Pfeffer LM, Chi H, Wu ZH. Upregulation of PD-L1 via HMGB1-Activated IRF3 and NF-κB Contributes to UV Radiation-Induced Immune Suppression. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2909-2922. [PMID: 30737234 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) suppresses skin immunity, which facilitates initiation of skin lesions and establishment of tumors by promoting immune evasion. It is unclear whether immune checkpoints are involved in the modulation of skin immunity by UVR. Here, we report that UVR exposure significantly increased expression of immune checkpoint molecule PD-L1 in melanoma cells. The damage-associated molecular patterns molecule HMGB1 was secreted by melanocytes and keratinocytes upon UVR, which subsequently activated the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) receptor to promote NF-κB- and IRF3-dependent transcription of PD-L1 in melanocytes. UVR exposure significantly reduced the susceptibility of melanoma cells to CD8+ T-cell-dependent cytotoxicity, which was mitigated by inhibiting the HMGB1/TBK1/IRF3/NF-κB cascade or by blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that UVR-induced upregulation of PD-L1 contributes to immune suppression in the skin microenvironment, which may promote immune evasion of oncogenic cells and drive melanoma initiation and progression. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings identify PD-L1 as a critical component of UV-induced immune suppression in the skin, which facilitates immunoevasion of oncogenic melanocytes and development of melanoma.See related commentary by Sahu, p. 2805.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.,Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Nicole M Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.,Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Mingqi Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.,Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Meiyun Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.,Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - R Nicholas Laribee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.,Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - M Raza Zaidi
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lawrence M Pfeffer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.,Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Zhao-Hui Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee. .,Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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286
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Pilié PG, Tang C, Mills GB, Yap TA. State-of-the-art strategies for targeting the DNA damage response in cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 16:81-104. [PMID: 30356138 PMCID: PMC8327299 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-018-0114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 691] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Genomic instability is a key hallmark of cancer that arises owing to defects in the DNA damage response (DDR) and/or increased replication stress. These alterations promote the clonal evolution of cancer cells via the accumulation of driver aberrations, including gene copy-number changes, rearrangements and mutations; however, these same defects also create vulnerabilities that are relatively specific to cancer cells, which could potentially be exploited to increase the therapeutic index of anticancer treatments and thereby improve patient outcomes. The discovery that BRCA-mutant cancer cells are exquisitely sensitive to inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase has ushered in a new era of research on biomarker-driven synthetic lethal treatment strategies for different cancers. The therapeutic landscape of antitumour agents targeting the DDR has rapidly expanded to include inhibitors of other key mediators of DNA repair and replication, such as ATM, ATR, CHK1 and CHK2, DNA-PK and WEE1. Efforts to optimize these therapies are ongoing across a range of cancers, involving the development of predictive biomarker assays of responsiveness (beyond BRCA mutations), assessment of the mechanisms underlying intrinsic and acquired resistance, and evaluation of rational, tolerable combinations with standard-of-care treatments (such as chemotherapeutics and radiation), novel molecularly targeted agents and immune-checkpoint inhibitors. In this Review, we discuss the current status of anticancer therapies targeting the DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Pilié
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chad Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Khalifa Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Timothy A Yap
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Khalifa Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- The Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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287
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Abstract
DNA sensing by the STING pathway is emerging to be a crucial component of the antitumor immune response. Although it plays a key role in the activation of tumor immune cells, exactly how STING is activated by tumor cells is not fully understood. Recent evidence suggests that cGAS can be directly engaged and produces 2'3'-cyclic-GMP-AMP (cGAMP) within certain tumor cells upon stimulation with DNA damaging agents. Because cGAMP can transfer between adjacent cells, the capacity of tumor cells to produce cGAMP may activate tumor immune cells, even in the absence of functional STING signaling within the tumor. Here we describe a simple coculture protocol allowing for the functional characterization of cGAS/STING activity in tumor cells, together with cGAMP transfer to adjacent cells. This approach will help define how different tumors engage the STING pathway, and whether synthetic STING agonists should be used to potentiate the antitumor effects of chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Pépin
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael P Gantier
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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288
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BRCA2 deficiency instigates cGAS-mediated inflammatory signaling and confers sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated cytotoxicity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:100. [PMID: 30626869 PMCID: PMC6327059 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07927-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of BRCA2 affects genome stability and is deleterious for cellular survival. Using a genome-wide genetic screen in near-haploid KBM-7 cells, we show that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) signaling is a determinant of cell survival upon BRCA2 inactivation. Specifically, inactivation of the TNF receptor (TNFR1) or its downstream effector SAM68 rescues cell death induced by BRCA2 inactivation. BRCA2 inactivation leads to pro-inflammatory cytokine production, including TNFα, and increases sensitivity to TNFα. Enhanced TNFα sensitivity is not restricted to BRCA2 inactivation, as BRCA1 or FANCD2 inactivation, or hydroxyurea treatment also sensitizes cells to TNFα. Mechanistically, BRCA2 inactivation leads to cGAS-positive micronuclei and results in a cell-intrinsic interferon response, as assessed by quantitative mass-spectrometry and gene expression profiling, and requires ASK1 and JNK signaling. Combined, our data reveals that micronuclei induced by loss of BRCA2 instigate a cGAS/STING-mediated interferon response, which encompasses re-wired TNFα signaling and enhances TNFα sensitivity. The loss of homologous recombination (HR) genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 is deleterious to the survival of normal cells, yet it is tolerated in cancer cells. Here the authors identify TNFα signaling as a determinant of viability in BRCA2- inactivated cancer cells.
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289
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Mechanistic link between DNA damage sensing, repairing and signaling factors and immune signaling. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 115:297-324. [PMID: 30798935 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Previously, DNA damage sensing, repairing and signaling machineries were thought to mainly suppress genomic instability in response to genotoxic stress. Emerging evidence indicates a crosstalk between DNA repair machinery and the immune system. In this chapter, we attempt to decipher the molecular choreography of how factors, including ATM, BRCA1, DNA-PK, FANCA/D2, MRE11, MUS81, NBS1, RAD51 and TREX1, of multiple DNA metabolic processes are directly or indirectly involved in suppressing cytosolic DNA sensing pathway-mediated immune signaling. We provide systematic details showing how different DDR factors' roles in modulating immune signaling are not direct, but are rather a consequence of their inherent ability to sense, repair and signal in response to DNA damage. Unexpectedly, most DDR factors negatively impact the immune system; that is, the immune system shows defective signaling if there are defects in DNA repair pathways. Thus, in addition to their known DNA repair and replication functions, DDR factors help prevent erroneous activation of immune signaling. A more precise understanding of the mechanisms by which different DDR factors function in immune signaling can be exploited to redirect the immune system for both preventing and treating autoimmunity, cellular senescence and cancer in humans.
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290
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Ding L, Kim HJ, Wang Q, Kearns M, Jiang T, Ohlson CE, Li BB, Xie S, Liu JF, Stover EH, Howitt BE, Bronson RT, Lazo S, Roberts TM, Freeman GJ, Konstantinopoulos PA, Matulonis UA, Zhao JJ. PARP Inhibition Elicits STING-Dependent Antitumor Immunity in Brca1-Deficient Ovarian Cancer. Cell Rep 2018; 25:2972-2980.e5. [PMID: 30540933 PMCID: PMC6366450 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP inhibitors have shown promising clinical activities for patients with BRCA mutations and are changing the landscape of ovarian cancer treatment. However, the therapeutic mechanisms of action for PARP inhibition in the interaction of tumors with the tumor microenvironment and the host immune system remain unclear. We find that PARP inhibition by olaparib triggers robust local and systemic antitumor immunity involving both adaptive and innate immune responses through a STING-dependent antitumor immune response in mice bearing Brca1-deficient ovarian tumors. This effect is further augmented when olaparib is combined with PD-1 blockade. Our findings thus provide a molecular mechanism underlying antitumor activity by PARP inhibition and lay a foundation to improve therapeutic outcome for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Ding
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hye-Jung Kim
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Qiwei Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Kearns
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Carolynn E Ohlson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ben B Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shaozhen Xie
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Joyce F Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Elizabeth H Stover
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Brooke E Howitt
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Roderick T Bronson
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Suzan Lazo
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Thomas M Roberts
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Ursula A Matulonis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Jean J Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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291
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Talhouk A, Derocher H, Schmidt P, Leung S, Milne K, Gilks CB, Anglesio MS, Nelson BH, McAlpine JN. Molecular Subtype Not Immune Response Drives Outcomes in Endometrial Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:2537-2548. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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292
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Konstantinopoulos PA, Matulonis UA. Targeting DNA Damage Response and Repair as a Therapeutic Strategy for Ovarian Cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2018; 32:997-1010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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293
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Stewart RA, Pilié PG, Yap TA. Development of PARP and Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitor Combinations. Cancer Res 2018; 78:6717-6725. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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294
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Shen J, Zhao W, Ju Z, Wang L, Peng Y, Labrie M, Yap TA, Mills GB, Peng G. PARPi Triggers the STING-Dependent Immune Response and Enhances the Therapeutic Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Blockade Independent of BRCAness. Cancer Res 2018; 79:311-319. [PMID: 30482774 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PARP inhibitors (PARPi) have shown remarkable therapeutic efficacy against BRCA1/2-mutant cancers through a synthetic lethal interaction. PARPi exert their therapeutic effects mainly through the blockade of ssDNA damage repair, which leads to the accumulation of toxic DNA double-strand breaks specifically in cancer cells with DNA repair deficiency (BCRAness), including those harboring BRCA1/2 mutations. Here we show that PARPi-mediated modulation of the immune response contributes to their therapeutic effects independently of BRCA1/2 mutations. PARPi promoted accumulation of cytosolic DNA fragments because of unresolved DNA lesions, which in turn activated the DNA-sensing cGAS-STING pathway and stimulated production of type I IFNs to induce antitumor immunity independent of BRCAness. These effects of PARPi were further enhanced by immune checkpoint blockade. Overall, these results provide a mechanistic rationale for using PARPi as immunomodulatory agents to harness the therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade. SIGNIFICANCE: This work uncovers the mechanism behind the clinical efficacy of PARPi in patients with both BRCA-wild-type and BRCA-mutant tumors and provides a rationale for combining PARPi with immunotherapy in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Shen
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhenlin Ju
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lulu Wang
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yang Peng
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Marilyne Labrie
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon
| | - Timothy A Yap
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon.
| | - Guang Peng
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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295
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Samstein RM, Riaz N. The DNA damage response in immunotherapy and radiation. Adv Radiat Oncol 2018; 3:527-533. [PMID: 30370352 PMCID: PMC6200889 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Deficiencies in DNA damage repair (DDR) and response represent a common alteration in tumors, and exploitation of this feature using therapeutics has become more prominent. Methods and materials Recent work has highlighted the important interaction between DDR defects, as well as DDR targeting agents such as radiation and the immunogenicity of the tumor. This relationship emphasizes the potential for combination therapeutics with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Somatic mutations and DDR defects are some of the strongest predictors of response to ICI. Results This review highlights the interplay among DDR pathways, ionizing radiation, and ICI efficacy. The mechanisms of radiation immunogenicity, including the cytosolic DNA sensing cGAS/STING pathways, are also described. Conclusions A greater mechanistic understanding of the complex interaction between the DNA damage response and the immune system will expand the therapeutic potential of immunotherapy for patients with advanced cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Samstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nadeem Riaz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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296
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Zhang J, Dang F, Ren J, Wei W. Biochemical Aspects of PD-L1 Regulation in Cancer Immunotherapy. Trends Biochem Sci 2018; 43:1014-1032. [PMID: 30287140 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PD-L1, frequently expressed in human cancers, engages with PD-1 on immune cells and contributes to cancer immune evasion. As such, antibodies blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction reactivate cytotoxic T cells to eradicate cancer cells. However, a majority of cancer patients fail to respond to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade with unclear underlying mechanism(s). Recent studies revealed that PD-L1 expression levels on tumor cells might affect the clinical response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies. Hence, understanding molecular mechanisms for controlling PD-L1 expression will be important to improve the clinical response rate and efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. In this review, we primarily focus on summarizing PD-L1 regulation and its potential roles in regulating antitumor immune response, with purpose to optimize anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies, benefiting a wider cancer patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Fabin Dang
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Junming Ren
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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297
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Abstract
A complex DNA repair machinery has evolved to protect genomic integrity in the face of a myriad of DNA damage sources. When DNA repair fails, this damage can lead to carcinogenesis and tumor genomic instability. Indeed, many heritable cancer predisposition syndromes are attributable to germline defects in DNA repair pathways. On the other hand, these defects may also portend particular vulnerabilities of the cancer and may be exploited therapeutically. Most recently this has been demonstrated in the case of mismatch repair-deficient cancers, in which the immune checkpoint inhibitors have been demonstrated to be highly active. This observation has paved the way for further research investigating other sources of genomic instability that may serve as biomarkers to select patients for immunotherapy.
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298
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Lee NH, Nikfarjam M, He H. Functions of the CXC ligand family in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment. Pancreatology 2018; 18:705-716. [PMID: 30078614 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic resistance is the major contributor to the poor prognosis of and low survival from pancreatic cancer (PC). Cancer progression is a complex process reliant on interactions between the tumor and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Members of the CXCL family of chemokines are present in the pancreatic TME and seem to play a vital role in regulating PC progression. As pancreatic tumors interact with the TME and with PC stem cells (CSCs), determining the roles of specific members of the CXCL family is vital to the development of improved therapies. This review highlights the roles of selected CXCLs in the interactions between pancreatic tumor and its stroma, and in CSC phenotypes, which can be used to identify potential treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nien-Hung Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mehrdad Nikfarjam
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hong He
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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299
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Cheng B, Yuan WE, Su J, Liu Y, Chen J. Recent advances in small molecule based cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:582-598. [PMID: 30125720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been increasingly utilized for the treatment of cancer. Currently available cancer immunotherapies mainly involve the use of antibodies, which have advantages in terms of pharmacodynamics such as efficacy and specificity, however, they exhibit disadvantages in regard to the pharmacokinetics including but not limited to poor tissue and tumor penetration, very long half-life, and the lack of oral bioavailability. Also they are immunogenic and may cause undesired side effects. In addition, they are difficult and expensive to produce. In contrast to therapeutic antibodies, small molecule immuno-oncology agents generally have favorable pharmacokinetics, for example, better oral bioavailability, higher tissue and tumor penetration, reasonable half-lives etc. Furthermore, some small molecules are highly selective and efficacious with benign toxicity profiles. Therefore, small molecule immuno-oncology agents have the potential to overcome the drawbacks of therapeutic antibodies, and they can complement existing therapeutic antibodies and may also be used in combination with antibodies to achieve synergistic effects. In this article, we summarize the current advances in the field of small molecule approaches in tumor immunology which include the small molecules in clinical trials and preclinical studies, and the reported crystal structures of small molecules and their target proteins as well as the binding interactions between small molecules and the targets. The tumorigenesis mechanism of different targets (the programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1(PD1/PD-L1), retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-gamma t (RORγt), Chemokine receptor, Stimulator of Interferon Genes (Sting), Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), toll-like receptors (TLR) etc.) are also elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wei-En Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong Univerisity, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jing Su
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong Univerisity, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jianjun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Cojocaru E, Parkinson CA, Brenton JD. Personalising Treatment for High-Grade Serous Ovarian Carcinoma. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2018; 30:515-524. [PMID: 29934103 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous group of cancers that differ by cell of origin and genomic features. High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the commonest histiotype and is characterized by extreme genomic complexity and dysregulation of DNA damage repair pathways, particularly homologous recombination deficiency. New insights from molecular profiling into homologous recombination deficiency now offers the credible possibility of personalizing treatment choices for women with HGSOC using poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARP) therapy. Although the presence of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the microenvironment is associated with improved survival in HGSOC, the role of anti-angiogenic and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy remains unclear. PARP inhibition combined with immunotherapy is an exciting combination strategy for future therapeutic development for women with advanced HGSOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cojocaru
- Cambridge University Hospitals, Department of Oncology, Cambridge, UK
| | - C A Parkinson
- Cambridge University Hospitals, Department of Oncology, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J D Brenton
- Cambridge University Hospitals, Department of Oncology, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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