251
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Tatarnikova OG, Orlov MA, Bobkova NV. Beta-Amyloid and Tau-Protein: Structure, Interaction, and Prion-Like Properties. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:1800-19. [PMID: 26878581 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791513012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
During the last twenty years, molecular genetic investigations of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have significantly broadened our knowledge of basic mechanisms of this disorder. However, still no unambiguous concept on the molecular bases of AD pathogenesis has been elaborated, which significantly impedes the development of AD therapy. In this review, we analyze issues concerning processes of generation of two proteins (β-amyloid peptide and Tau-protein) in the cell, which are believed to play the key role in AD genesis. Until recently, these agents were considered independently of each other, but in light of the latest studies, it becomes clear that it is necessary to study their interaction and combined effects. Studies of mechanisms of toxic action of these endogenous compounds, beginning from their interaction with known receptors of main neurotransmitters to specific peculiarities of functioning of signal intracellular pathways upon development of this pathology, open the way to development of new pharmaceutical substances directed concurrently on key mechanisms of interaction of toxic proteins inside the cell and on the pathways of their propagation in the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- O G Tatarnikova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
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252
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Three Dimensional Human Neuro-Spheroid Model of Alzheimer's Disease Based on Differentiated Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163072. [PMID: 27684569 PMCID: PMC5042502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The testing of candidate drugs to slow progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) requires clinical trials that are lengthy and expensive. Efforts to model the biochemical milieu of the AD brain may be greatly facilitated by combining two cutting edge technologies to generate three-dimensional (3D) human neuro-spheroid from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) derived from AD subjects. We created iPSC from blood cells of five AD patients and differentiated them into 3D human neuronal culture. We characterized neuronal markers of our 3D neurons by immunocytochemical staining to validate the differentiation status. To block the generation of pathologic amyloid β peptides (Aβ), the 3D-differentiated AD neurons were treated with inhibitors targeting β-secretase (BACE1) and γ-secretases. As predicted, both BACE1 and γ-secretase inhibitors dramatically decreased Aβ generation in iPSC-derived neural cells derived from all five AD patients, under standard two-dimensional (2D) differentiation conditions. However, BACE1 and γ-secretase inhibitors showed less potency in decreasing Aβ levels in neural cells differentiated under 3D culture conditions. Interestingly, in a single subject AD1, we found that BACE1 inhibitor treatment was not able to significantly reduce Aβ42 levels. To investigate underlying molecular mechanisms, we performed proteomic analysis of 3D AD human neuronal cultures including AD1. Proteomic analysis revealed specific reduction of several proteins that might contribute to a poor inhibition of BACE1 in subject AD1. To our knowledge, this is the first iPSC-differentiated 3D neuro-spheroid model derived from AD patients’ blood. Our results demonstrate that our 3D human neuro-spheroid model can be a physiologically relevant and valid model for testing efficacy of AD drug.
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253
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Ali R, Goubran M, Choudhri O, Zeineh MM. Seven-Tesla MRI and neuroimaging biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Neurosurg Focus 2016; 39:E4. [PMID: 26646928 DOI: 10.3171/2015.9.focus15326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this paper was to review the effectiveness of using 7-T MRI to study neuroimaging biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The authors reviewed the literature for articles published to date on the use of 7-T MRI to study AD. Thus far, there are 3 neuroimaging biomarkers for AD that have been studied using 7-T MRI in AD tissue: 1) neuroanatomical atrophy; 2) molecular characterization of hypointensities; and 3) microinfarcts. Seven-Tesla MRI has had mixed results when used to study the 3 aforementioned neuroimaging biomarkers for AD. First, in the detection of neuroanatomical atrophy, 7-T MRI has exciting potential. Historically, noninvasive imaging of neuroanatomical atrophy during AD has been limited by suboptimal resolution. However, now there is compelling evidence that the high resolution of 7-T MRI may help overcome this hurdle. Second, in detecting the characterization of hypointensities, 7-T MRI has had varied success. PET scans will most likely continue to lead in the noninvasive imaging of amyloid plaques; however, there is emerging evidence that 7-T MRI can accurately detect iron deposits within activated microglia, which may help shed light on the role of the immune system in AD pathogenesis. Finally, in the detection of microinfarcts, 7-T MRI may also play a promising role, which may help further elucidate the relationship between cerebrovascular health and AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maged Goubran
- Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | - Michael M Zeineh
- Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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254
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Mufson EJ, Ikonomovic MD, Counts SE, Perez SE, Malek-Ahmadi M, Scheff SW, Ginsberg SD. Molecular and cellular pathophysiology of preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2016; 311:54-69. [PMID: 27185734 PMCID: PMC4931948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the two pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), senile plaques composed of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau, have been studied extensively in postmortem AD and relevant animal and cellular models, the pathogenesis of AD remains unknown, particularly in the early stages of the disease where therapies presumably would be most effective. We and others have demonstrated that Aβ plaques and NFTs are present in varying degrees before the onset and throughout the progression of dementia. In this regard, aged people with no cognitive impairment (NCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, a presumed prodromal AD transitional state, and AD all present at autopsy with varying levels of pathological hallmarks. Cognitive decline, a requisite for the clinical diagnosis of dementia associated with AD, generally correlates better with NFTs than Aβ plaques. However, correlations are even higher between cognitive decline and synaptic loss. In this review, we illustrate relevant clinical pathological research in preclinical AD and throughout the progression of dementia in several areas including Aβ and tau pathobiology, single population expression profiling of vulnerable hippocampal and basal forebrain neurons, neuroplasticity, neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker studies and their correlation with antemortem cognitive endpoints. In each of these areas, we provide evidence for the importance of studying the pathological hallmarks of AD not in isolation, but rather in conjunction with other molecular, cellular, and imaging markers to provide a more systematic and comprehensive assessment of the multiple changes that occur during the transition from NCI to MCI to frank AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott J Mufson
- Departments of Neurobiology and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States.
| | - Milos D Ikonomovic
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Scott E Counts
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Hauenstien Neuroscience Institute, Mercy Health Saint Mary's Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Sylvia E Perez
- Departments of Neurobiology and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | | | - Stephen W Scheff
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, Orangeburg, NY, United States
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255
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Fromholt S, Reitano C, Brown H, Lewis J, Borchelt DR. Generation of a new transgenic mouse model for assessment of tau gene silencing therapies. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2016; 8:36. [PMID: 27593210 PMCID: PMC5011353 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-016-0202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Targeting the expression of genes has emerged as a potentially viable therapeutic approach to human disease. In Alzheimer’s disease, therapies that silence the expression of tau could be a viable strategy to slow disease progression. Methods We produced a novel strain of transgenic mice that could be used to assess the efficacy of gene knockdown therapies for human tau, in live mice. We designed a tetracycline-regulated transgene construct in which the cDNA for human tau was fused to ubiquitin and to luciferase to create a single fusion polyprotein, termed TUL. Results When expressed in brain, the TUL polyprotein was cleaved by ubiquitin-processing enzymes to release the luciferase as an independent protein, separating the half-life of luciferase from the long-lived tau protein. Treatment of bigenic tTA/TUL mice with doxycycline produced rapid declines in luciferase levels visualized by in vivo imaging and ex vivo enzyme measurement. Conclusions This new mouse model can be used as a discovery tool in optimizing gene targeting therapeutics directed to reduce human tau mRNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Fromholt
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Christian Reitano
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hilda Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Jada Lewis
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - David R Borchelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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256
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Takayama M, Kashiwagi M, Matsusue A, Waters B, Hara K, Ikematsu N, Kubo SI. Quantification of immunohistochemical findings of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques for a diagnosis of dementia in forensic autopsy cases. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2016; 22:82-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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257
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van Rooden S, Buijs M, van Vliet ME, Versluis MJ, Webb AG, Oleksik AM, van de Wiel L, Middelkoop HAM, Blauw GJ, Weverling-Rynsburger AWE, Goos JDC, van der Flier WM, Koene T, Scheltens P, Barkhof F, van de Rest O, Slagboom PE, van Buchem MA, van der Grond J. Cortical phase changes measured using 7-T MRI in subjects with subjective cognitive impairment, and their association with cognitive function. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:1289-1294. [PMID: 25522735 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies have suggested that, in subjects with subjective cognitive impairment (SCI), Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like changes may occur in the brain. Recently, an in vivo study has indicated the potential of ultra-high-field MRI to visualize amyloid-beta (Aβ)-associated changes in the cortex in patients with AD, manifested by a phase shift on T2 *-weighted MRI scans. The main aim of this study was to investigate whether cortical phase shifts on T2 *-weighted images at 7 T in subjects with SCI can be detected, possibly implicating the deposition of Aβ plaques and associated iron. Cognitive tests and T2 *-weighted scans using a 7-T MRI system were performed in 28 patients with AD, 18 subjects with SCI and 27 healthy controls (HCs). Cortical phase shifts were measured. Univariate general linear modeling and linear regression analysis were used to assess the association between diagnosis and cortical phase shift, and between cortical phase shift and the different neuropsychological tests, adjusted for age and gender. The phase shift (mean, 1.19; range, 1.00-1.35) of the entire cortex in AD was higher than in both SCI (mean, 0.85; range, 0.73-0.99; p < 0.001) and HC (mean, 0.94; range, 0.79-1.10; p < 0.001). No AD-like changes, e.g. increased cortical phase shifts, were found in subjects with SCI compared with HCs. In SCI, a significant association was found between memory function (Wechsler Memory Scale, WMS) and cortical phase shift (β = -0.544, p = 0.007). The major finding of this study is that, in subjects with SCI, an increased cortical phase shift measured at high field is associated with a poorer memory performance, although, as a group, subjects with SCI do not show an increased phase shift compared with HCs. This increased cortical phase shift related to memory performance may contribute to the understanding of SCI as it is still unclear whether SCI is a sign of pre-clinical AD. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanneke van Rooden
- C. J. Gorter Center for High-Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mathijs Buijs
- C. J. Gorter Center for High-Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein E van Vliet
- C. J. Gorter Center for High-Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten J Versluis
- C. J. Gorter Center for High-Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew G Webb
- C. J. Gorter Center for High-Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ania M Oleksik
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lotte van de Wiel
- Department of Neuropsychology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Huub A M Middelkoop
- Department of Neuropsychology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Jan Blauw
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Bronovo Hospital, Den Haag, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen D C Goos
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ted Koene
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Department of Radiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ondine van de Rest
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mark A van Buchem
- C. J. Gorter Center for High-Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van der Grond
- C. J. Gorter Center for High-Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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258
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Stubbs B, Thompson T, Solmi M, Vancampfort D, Sergi G, Luchini C, Veronese N. Is pain sensitivity altered in people with Alzheimer's disease? A systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental pain research. Exp Gerontol 2016; 82:30-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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259
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Han CC, Ma Y, Li Y, Wang Y, Wei W. Regulatory effects of GRK2 on GPCRs and non-GPCRs and possible use as a drug target (Review). Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:987-94. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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260
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De Rossi P, Buggia-Prévot V, Clayton BLL, Vasquez JB, van Sanford C, Andrew RJ, Lesnick R, Botté A, Deyts C, Salem S, Rao E, Rice RC, Parent A, Kar S, Popko B, Pytel P, Estus S, Thinakaran G. Predominant expression of Alzheimer's disease-associated BIN1 in mature oligodendrocytes and localization to white matter tracts. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:59. [PMID: 27488240 PMCID: PMC4973113 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies have identified BIN1 within the second most significant susceptibility locus in late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). BIN1 undergoes complex alternative splicing to generate multiple isoforms with diverse functions in multiple cellular processes including endocytosis and membrane remodeling. An increase in BIN1 expression in AD and an interaction between BIN1 and Tau have been reported. However, disparate descriptions of BIN1 expression and localization in the brain previously reported in the literature and the lack of clarity on brain BIN1 isoforms present formidable challenges to our understanding of how genetic variants in BIN1 increase the risk for AD. METHODS In this study, we analyzed BIN1 mRNA and protein levels in human brain samples from individuals with or without AD. In addition, we characterized the BIN1 expression and isoform diversity in human and rodent tissue by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting using a panel of BIN1 antibodies. RESULTS Here, we report on BIN1 isoform diversity in the human brain and document alterations in the levels of select BIN1 isoforms in individuals with AD. In addition, we report striking BIN1 localization to white matter tracts in rodent and the human brain, and document that the large majority of BIN1 is expressed in mature oligodendrocytes whereas neuronal BIN1 represents a minor fraction. This predominant non-neuronal BIN1 localization contrasts with the strict neuronal expression and presynaptic localization of the BIN1 paralog, Amphiphysin 1. We also observe upregulation of BIN1 at the onset of postnatal myelination in the brain and during differentiation of cultured oligodendrocytes. Finally, we document that the loss of BIN1 significantly correlates with the extent of demyelination in multiple sclerosis lesions. CONCLUSION Our study provides new insights into the brain distribution and cellular expression of an important risk factor associated with late-onset AD. We propose that efforts to define how genetic variants in BIN1 elevate the risk for AD would behoove to consider BIN1 function in the context of its main expression in mature oligodendrocytes and the potential for a role of BIN1 in the membrane remodeling that accompanies the process of myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre De Rossi
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, JFK R212, 924 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Virginie Buggia-Prévot
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, JFK R212, 924 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | | | - Jared B. Vasquez
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
| | - Carson van Sanford
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
| | - Robert J. Andrew
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, JFK R212, 924 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Ruben Lesnick
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, JFK R212, 924 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Alexandra Botté
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, JFK R212, 924 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Carole Deyts
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, JFK R212, 924 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Someya Salem
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, JFK R212, 924 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Eshaan Rao
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, JFK R212, 924 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Richard C. Rice
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, JFK R212, 924 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Angèle Parent
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, JFK R212, 924 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Satyabrata Kar
- Centre for prions and protein folding diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7 Canada
| | - Brian Popko
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Peter Pytel
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Steven Estus
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
| | - Gopal Thinakaran
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, JFK R212, 924 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
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261
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Mura T, Amieva H, Goldberg M, Dartigues JF, Ankri J, Zins M, Berr C. Effect size for the main cognitive function determinants in a large cross-sectional study. Eur J Neurol 2016; 23:1614-1626. [PMID: 27435355 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The aim of our study was to examine the effect sizes of different cognitive function determinants in middle and early old age. METHODS Cognitive functions were assessed in 11 711 volunteers (45 to 75 years old), included in the French CONSTANCES cohort between January 2012 and May 2014, using the free and cued selective reminding test (FCSRT), verbal fluency tasks, digit-symbol substitution test (DSST) and trail making test (TMT), parts A and B. The effect sizes of socio-demographic (age, sex, education), lifestyle (alcohol, tobacco, physical activity), cardiovascular (diabetes, blood pressure) and psychological (depressive symptomatology) variables were computed as omega-squared coefficients (ω2 ; part of the variation of a neuropsychological score that is independently explained by a given variable). RESULTS These sets of variables explained from R2 = 10% (semantic fluency) to R2 = 26% (DSST) of the total variance. In all tests, socio-demographic variables accounted for the greatest part of the explained variance. Age explained from ω2 = 0.5% (semantic fluency) to ω2 = 7.5% (DSST) of the total score variance, gender from ω2 = 5.2% (FCSRT) to a negligible part (semantic fluency or TMT) and education from ω2 = 7.2% (DSST) to ω2 = 1.4% (TMT-A). Behavioral, cardiovascular and psychological variables only slightly influenced the cognitive test results (all ω2 < 0.8%, most ω2 < 0.1%). CONCLUSION Socio-demographic variables (age, gender and education) are the main variables associated with cognitive performance variations between 45 and 75 years of age in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mura
- Population-based Epidemiological Cohorts Unit, UMS 011 Inserm-UVSQ, Villejuif, France. .,INSERM, U1061, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Montpellier, France. .,Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.
| | - H Amieva
- INSERM U1219, Bordeaux Population Health, Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - M Goldberg
- Population-based Epidemiological Cohorts Unit, UMS 011 Inserm-UVSQ, Villejuif, France.,Versailles Saint Quentin en-Yvelines University, Versailles, France
| | - J-F Dartigues
- INSERM U1219, Bordeaux Population Health, Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - J Ankri
- INSERM U1168, University of Versailles St-Quentin, Sainte Perine Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - M Zins
- Population-based Epidemiological Cohorts Unit, UMS 011 Inserm-UVSQ, Villejuif, France.,Versailles Saint Quentin en-Yvelines University, Versailles, France
| | - C Berr
- INSERM, U1061, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Montpellier, France.,Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
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262
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Lian Q, Nie Y, Zhang X, Tan B, Cao H, Chen W, Gao W, Chen J, Liang Z, Lai H, Huang S, Xu Y, Jiang W, Huang P. Effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin on Alzheimer's disease in vitro and in vivo. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:1681-1692. [PMID: 27588088 PMCID: PMC4998082 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Grape seed proanthocyanidin (GSPA) consists of catechin, epicatechin and epicatechin gallate, which are strong antioxidants that are beneficial to health and may attenuate or prevent Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, the effects of GSPA on pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell viability were determined using cell counting kit-8 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays, whereas apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential (Ψm) were measured via flow cytometry analysis. The effect of GSPA administration on the behavior and memory of amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin-1 (PS-1) double transgenic mice was assessed using a Morris water maze. APP Aβ peptides and tau hyperphosphorylation were examined by western blotting; whereas the expression levels of PS-1 were evaluated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and compared with pathological sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Congo red. Data from the in vitro experiments demonstrated that GSPA significantly alleviated Aβ25–35 cytotoxicity and LDH leakage ratio, inhibited apoptosis and increased Ψm. The findings from the in vivo experiments showed a significant enhancement in cognition and spatial memory ability, an improvement in the pathology of APP and tau protein and a decrease in PS-1 mRNA expression levels. Therefore, the results of the present study indicated that GSPA may be a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD or may, at the very least, improve the quality of life of patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwang Lian
- Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yongsheng Nie
- Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyou Zhang
- BannerBioNutraceuticals Inc., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China
| | - Bo Tan
- Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Hongying Cao
- Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Wenling Chen
- BannerBioNutraceuticals Inc., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China
| | - Weiming Gao
- BannerBioNutraceuticals Inc., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zhijian Liang
- Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Huangling Lai
- Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Siming Huang
- Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yifei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Weiwen Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
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263
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Malek-Ahmadi M, Perez SE, Chen K, Mufson EJ. Neuritic and Diffuse Plaque Associations with Memory in Non-Cognitively Impaired Elderly. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 53:1641-52. [PMID: 27540968 PMCID: PMC6314669 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related neuropathology among cognitively normal individuals has been well documented. It has been proposed that these individuals may represent a pre-clinical AD population. Previous studies have demonstrated a negative association between the presence of both amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles with ante-mortem cognitive performance, a relationship which is likely influenced by a number of factors including age and APOE ɛ4 carrier status. The present study determined whether the presence of neuritic plaques (NPs) and diffuse plaques (DPs) are associated with performance in a number of cognitive domains after accounting for APOE ɛ4 carrier status and neurofibrillary tangle presence in a cohort of 123 older participants from the Rush Religious Order Study who died with a premortem clinical diagnosis of no cognitive impairment (NCI). After adjusting for age at death, education, gender, Braak stage, and APOE ɛ4 carrier status, the presence of NPs was associated with lower performance in the cognitive domains of Global Cognition (p = 0.002), Episodic Memory (p = 0.03), Semantic Memory (p = 0.009), and Visuospatial performance (p = 0.006), while DPs showed no association with any cognitive domain examined. These results suggest that decreases in cognition in elderly NCI individuals are associated with an increase in NPs and not DPs when age at death, education, gender, APOE ɛ4 status, and Braak stage are taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvia E. Perez
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Kewei Chen
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Elliott J. Mufson
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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264
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Soto-Gordoa M, Arrospide A, Moreno-Izco F, Martínez-Lage P, Castilla I, Mar J. Projecting Burden of Dementia in Spain, 2010-2050: Impact of Modifying Risk Factors. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:721-30. [PMID: 26402090 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Risk and protective factors such as obesity, hypercholesterolemia, physical activity, and hypertension can play a role in the development of dementia. Our objective was to measure the effect of modification of risk and protective factors on the prevalence and economic burden of dementia in the aging Spanish population during 2010-2050. A discrete event simulation model including risk and protective factors according to CAIDE (Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Incidence of Dementia) Risk Score was built to represent the natural history of dementia. Prevalence of dementia was calculated from 2010 to 2050 according to different scenarios of risk factor prevalence to assess the annual social and health care costs of dementia. The model also supplied hazard ratios for dementia. Aging will increase between 49% and 16% each decade in the number of subjects with dementia. The number of working-age individuals per person with dementia will decrease to a quarter by 2050. An intervention leading to a 20% change in risk and protective factors would reduce dementia by 9% , prevent over 100,000 cases, and save nearly 4,900 million euros in 2050. Switching individuals from a group with a specific risk factor to one without it nearly halved the risk of the development of dementia. Dementia prevalence will grow unmanageable if effective prevention strategies are not developed. Interventions aiming to reduce modifiable risk factor prevalence represent valid and effective alternatives to reduce dementia burden. However, further research is needed to identify causal relationships between dementia and risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arantzazu Arrospide
- AP-OSI Research Unit, Alto Deba Hospital, Mondragon, Spain.,Health Services Research on Chronic Patients Network (REDISSEC), Spain
| | - Fermín Moreno-Izco
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | - Iván Castilla
- Health Services Research on Chronic Patients Network (REDISSEC), Spain.,HTA Unit of the Canary Islands Health Service (SESCS), S/C de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Javier Mar
- Health Services Research on Chronic Patients Network (REDISSEC), Spain.,Clinical Management Unit, Alto Deba Hospital, Mondragon, Spain
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265
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Hoekstra JG, Hipp MJ, Montine TJ, Kennedy SR. Mitochondrial DNA mutations increase in early stage Alzheimer disease and are inconsistent with oxidative damage. Ann Neurol 2016; 80:301-6. [PMID: 27315116 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage are commonly associated with early stage Alzheimer disease (AD). The accumulation of somatic mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been hypothesized to be a driver of these phenotypes, but the detection of increased mutation loads has been difficult due to a lack of sensitive methods. We used an ultrasensitive next generation sequencing technique to measure the mutation load of the entire mitochondrial genome. Here, we report a significant increase in the mtDNA mutation frequency in the hippocampus of early stage AD, with the cause of these mutations being consistent with replication errors and not oxidative damage. Ann Neurol 2016;80:301-306.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake G Hoekstra
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael J Hipp
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Scott R Kennedy
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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266
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Lista S, Molinuevo JL, Cavedo E, Rami L, Amouyel P, Teipel SJ, Garaci F, Toschi N, Habert MO, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, O'Bryant SE, Johnson L, Galluzzi S, Bokde ALW, Broich K, Herholz K, Bakardjian H, Dubois B, Jessen F, Carrillo MC, Aisen PS, Hampel H. Evolving Evidence for the Value of Neuroimaging Methods and Biological Markers in Subjects Categorized with Subjective Cognitive Decline. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48 Suppl 1:S171-91. [PMID: 26402088 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
There is evolving evidence that individuals categorized with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) are potentially at higher risk for developing objective and progressive cognitive impairment compared to cognitively healthy individuals without apparent subjective complaints. Interestingly, SCD, during advancing preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD), may denote very early, subtle cognitive decline that cannot be identified using established standardized tests of cognitive performance. The substantial heterogeneity of existing SCD-related research data has led the Subjective Cognitive Decline Initiative (SCD-I) to accomplish an international consensus on the definition of a conceptual research framework on SCD in preclinical AD. In the area of biological markers, the cerebrospinal fluid signature of AD has been reported to be more prevalent in subjects with SCD compared to healthy controls; moreover, there is a pronounced atrophy, as demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging, and an increased hypometabolism, as revealed by positron emission tomography, in characteristic brain regions affected by AD. In addition, SCD individuals carrying an apolipoprotein ɛ4 allele are more likely to display AD-phenotypic alterations. The urgent requirement to detect and diagnose AD as early as possible has led to the critical examination of the diagnostic power of biological markers, neurophysiology, and neuroimaging methods for AD-related risk and clinical progression in individuals defined with SCD. Observational studies on the predictive value of SCD for developing AD may potentially be of practical value, and an evidence-based, validated, qualified, and fully operationalized concept may inform clinical diagnostic practice and guide earlier designs in future therapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lista
- AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) & Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), UMR S 1127, Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jose L Molinuevo
- Alzheimers Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrica Cavedo
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) & Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), UMR S 1127, Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, France.,Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine, IRCCS Istituto Centro "San Giovanni diDio-Fatebenefratelli", Brescia, Italy
| | - Lorena Rami
- Alzheimers Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Inserm, U1157, Lille, France.,Université de Lille, Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.,Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Stefan J Teipel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany & German Center forNeurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
| | - Francesco Garaci
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Molecular Imaging, Interventional Radiology and Radiotherapy, University Hospital of "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine and Prevention University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Toschi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marie-Odile Habert
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm U 1146, CNRS UMR 7371, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Nuclear Medicine Department, Paris, France
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,The Torsten Söderberg Professorship in Medicine at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sid E O'Bryant
- Institute for Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Research & Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Leigh Johnson
- Institute for Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Research & Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Samantha Galluzzi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine, IRCCS Istituto Centro "San Giovanni diDio-Fatebenefratelli", Brescia, Italy
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Cognitive Systems Group, Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karl Broich
- President, Federal Institute of Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl Herholz
- Institute of Brain, Behaviours and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hovagim Bakardjian
- IM2A - Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, IHU-A-ICM - Paris Institute of Translational Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) & Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), UMR S 1127, Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Frank Jessen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria C Carrillo
- Medical & Scientific Relations, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paul S Aisen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA∥
| | - Harald Hampel
- AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) & Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), UMR S 1127, Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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267
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Petkova R, Chelenkova P, Tournev I, Chakarov S. The minus of a plus is a minus. Mass death of selected neuron populations in sporadic late-onset neurodegenerative disease may be due to a combination of subtly decreased capacity to repair oxidative DNA damage and increased propensity for damage-related apoptosis. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2016.1179593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rumena Petkova
- Scientific Technological Service (STS) Ltd., Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Pavlina Chelenkova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University ‘St. Kliment Ohridski’, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivaylo Tournev
- Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital ‘Alexandrovska’, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stoyan Chakarov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University ‘St. Kliment Ohridski’, Sofia, Bulgaria
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268
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Nelson PT, Trojanowski JQ, Abner EL, Al-Janabi OM, Jicha GA, Schmitt FA, Smith CD, Fardo DW, Wang WX, Kryscio RJ, Neltner JH, Kukull WA, Cykowski MD, Van Eldik LJ, Ighodaro ET. "New Old Pathologies": AD, PART, and Cerebral Age-Related TDP-43 With Sclerosis (CARTS). J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:482-98. [PMID: 27209644 PMCID: PMC6366658 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathology-based classification of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases is a work in progress that is important for both clinicians and basic scientists. Analyses of large autopsy series, biomarker studies, and genomics analyses have provided important insights about AD and shed light on previously unrecognized conditions, enabling a deeper understanding of neurodegenerative diseases in general. After demonstrating the importance of correct disease classification for AD and primary age-related tauopathy, we emphasize the public health impact of an underappreciated AD "mimic," which has been termed "hippocampal sclerosis of aging" or "hippocampal sclerosis dementia." This pathology affects >20% of individuals older than 85 years and is strongly associated with cognitive impairment. In this review, we provide an overview of current hypotheses about how genetic risk factors (GRN, TMEM106B, ABCC9, and KCNMB2), and other pathogenetic influences contribute to TDP-43 pathology and hippocampal sclerosis. Because hippocampal sclerosis of aging affects the "oldest-old" with arteriolosclerosis and TDP-43 pathologies that extend well beyond the hippocampus, more appropriate terminology for this disease is required. We recommend "cerebral age-related TDP-43 and sclerosis" (CARTS). A detailed case report is presented, which includes neuroimaging and longitudinal neurocognitive data. Finally, we suggest a neuropathology-based diagnostic rubric for CARTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Nelson
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC).
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
| | - Erin L Abner
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
| | - Omar M Al-Janabi
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
| | - Frederick A Schmitt
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
| | - Charles D Smith
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
| | - David W Fardo
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
| | - Wang-Xia Wang
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
| | - Richard J Kryscio
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
| | - Janna H Neltner
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
| | - Walter A Kukull
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
| | - Matthew D Cykowski
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
| | - Eseosa T Ighodaro
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology (PTN, JHN), Department of Neurology (GAJ, FAS, CDS), Department of Statistics (DWF, RJK), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (PTN, JHN, LJVE, ETI), Department of Epidemiology (ELA), and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (PTN, ELA, OMA-J, GAJ, FAS, CDS, DWF, WXW, RJK, LJVE, ETI), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (JQT); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WAK); and Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (MDC)
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Minjarez B, Calderón-González KG, Rustarazo MLV, Herrera-Aguirre ME, Labra-Barrios ML, Rincon-Limas DE, Del Pino MMS, Mena R, Luna-Arias JP. Identification of proteins that are differentially expressed in brains with Alzheimer's disease using iTRAQ labeling and tandem mass spectrometry. J Proteomics 2016; 139:103-21. [PMID: 27012543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Alzheimer's disease is one of the leading causes of dementia in the elderly. It is considered the result of complex events involving both genetic and environmental factors. To gain further insights into this complexity, we quantitatively analyzed the proteome of cortex region of brains from patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, using a bottom-up proteomics approach. We identified 721 isobaric-tagged polypeptides. From this universe, 61 were found overexpressed and 69 subexpressed in three brains with Alzheimer's disease in comparison to a normal brain. We determined that the most affected processes involving the overexpressed polypeptides corresponded to ROS and stress responses. For the subexpressed polypeptides, the main processes affected were oxidative phosphorylation, organellar acidification and cytoskeleton. We used Drosophila to validate some of the hits, particularly those non-previously described as connected with the disease, such as Sideroflexin and Phosphoglucomutase-1. We manipulated their homolog genes in Drosophila models of Aβ- and Tau-induced pathology. We found proteins that can either modify Aβ toxicity, Tau toxicity or both, suggesting specific interactions with different pathways. This approach illustrates the potential of Drosophila to validate hits after MS studies and suggest that model organisms should be included in the pipeline to identify relevant targets for Alzheimer's disease. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE We report a set of differentially expressed proteins in three Alzheimer's disease brains in comparison to a normal brain. Our analyses allowed us to identify that the main affected pathways were ROS and stress responses, oxidative phosphorylation, organellar acidification and cytoskeleton. We validated some identified proteins using genetic models of Amyloid-β and Tau-induced pathology in Drosophila melanogaster. With this approach, Sideroflexin and Phosphoglucomutase-1 were identified as novel proteins connected with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benito Minjarez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07360 Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Karla Grisel Calderón-González
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07360 Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Ma Luz Valero Rustarazo
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, C/Rambla del Saler 16, 46012 Valencia, España.
| | - María Esther Herrera-Aguirre
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07360 Ciudad de México, México.
| | - María Luisa Labra-Barrios
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07360 Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Diego E Rincon-Limas
- Department of Neurology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Manuel M Sánchez Del Pino
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, C/Rambla del Saler 16, 46012 Valencia, España.
| | - Raul Mena
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07360 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Pedro Luna-Arias
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07360 Ciudad de México, México.
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270
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Mufson EJ, Malek-Ahmadi M, Snyder N, Ausdemore J, Chen K, Perez SE. Braak stage and trajectory of cognitive decline in noncognitively impaired elders. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 43:101-10. [PMID: 27255819 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In a previous cross-sectional study, we found that nondemented elderly participants from the Rush Religious Orders Study (RROS) displayed a wide range of Braak neurofibrillary tangle and amyloid plaque pathology similar to that seen in prodromal and frank Alzheimer's disease. Here, we examined longitudinal changes in cognitive domains in subjects from this cohort grouped by Braak stage using linear mixed effects models. We found that the trajectory of episodic memory composite (EMC), executive function composite (EFC), and global cognitive composite scores (GCS: average of EMC and EFC scores) was significantly associated with age at visit over time, but not with Braak stage, apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 status or plaque pathology alone. By contrast, the combined effects of Braak stage, APOE status, and age at visit were strongly correlated with the trajectory of EMC, EFC and GCS performance over time. These data suggest that age and APOE ε4 status, rather than Alzheimer's disease-related pathology, play a more prominent role in the trajectory of cognitive decline over time in this elderly nondemented population. However, the findings reported require confirmation in a larger cohort of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott J Mufson
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Kewei Chen
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Sylvia E Perez
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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271
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Nascimento C, Suemoto CK, Rodriguez RD, Alho ATDL, Leite RP, Farfel JM, Pasqualucci CAG, Jacob‐Filho W, Grinberg LT. Higher Prevalence of TDP-43 Proteinopathy in Cognitively Normal Asians: A Clinicopathological Study on a Multiethnic Sample. Brain Pathol 2016; 26:177-85. [PMID: 26260327 PMCID: PMC4751066 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transactive response DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) proteinopathy is the major hallmark of frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It is also present in a subset of Alzheimer's disease cases. Recently, few reports showed TDP-43 changes in cognitively normal elderly. In Caucasians, TDP-43 proteinopathy independently correlate with cognitive decline. However, it is challenging to establish direct links between cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric symptoms and protein inclusions in neurodegenerative diseases because individual cognitive reserves modify the threshold for clinical disease expression. Cognitive reserve is influenced by demographic, environmental and genetic factors. We investigated the relationships between demographic, clinical and neuropathological variables and TDP-43 proteinopathy in a large multiethnic sample of cognitively normal elderly. TDP-43 proteinopathy was identified in 10.5%, independently associated with older age (P = 0.03) and Asian ethnicity (P = 0.002). Asians showed a higher prevalence of TDP-43 proteinopathy than Caucasians, even after adjustment for sex, age, Braak stage and schooling (odds ratio = 3.50, confidence interval 1.41-8.69, P = 0.007). These findings suggested that Asian older adults may be protected from the clinical manifestation of brain TDP-43 proteinopathy. Future studies are needed to identify possible race-related protective factors against clinical expression of TDP-43 proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Nascimento
- Discipline of Experimental PathophysiologyUniversity of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSão PauloBrazil
| | - Claudia K. Suemoto
- Division of GeriatricsUniversity of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSão PauloBrazil
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study GroupLIM‐22University of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSão PauloBrazil
| | - Roberta D. Rodriguez
- Discipline of Experimental PathophysiologyUniversity of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSão PauloBrazil
| | - Ana Tereza Di Lorenzo Alho
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSão PauloBrazil
- Instituto do CérebroHospital Israelita Albert EinsteinSão PauloBrazil
| | - Renata P. Leite
- Division of GeriatricsUniversity of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSão PauloBrazil
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study GroupLIM‐22University of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSão PauloBrazil
| | - Jose Marcelo Farfel
- Division of GeriatricsUniversity of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSão PauloBrazil
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study GroupLIM‐22University of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSão PauloBrazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Gonçalves Pasqualucci
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study GroupLIM‐22University of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSão PauloBrazil
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSão PauloBrazil
| | - Wilson Jacob‐Filho
- Division of GeriatricsUniversity of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSão PauloBrazil
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study GroupLIM‐22University of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSão PauloBrazil
| | - Lea T. Grinberg
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study GroupLIM‐22University of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSão PauloBrazil
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSão PauloBrazil
- Memory and Aging CenterDepartment of Neurology and PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoNC
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272
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Poon C, McMahon D, Hynynen K. Noninvasive and targeted delivery of therapeutics to the brain using focused ultrasound. Neuropharmacology 2016; 120:20-37. [PMID: 26907805 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The range of therapeutic treatment options for central nervous system (CNS) diseases is greatly limited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). While a variety of strategies to circumvent the blood-brain barrier for drug delivery have been investigated, little clinical success has been achieved. Focused ultrasound (FUS) is a unique approach whereby the transcranial application of acoustic energy to targeted brain areas causes a noninvasive, safe, transient, and targeted opening of the BBB, providing an avenue for the delivery of therapeutic agents from the systemic circulation into the brain. There is a great need for viable treatment strategies for CNS diseases, and we believe that the preclinical success of this technique should encourage a rapid movement towards clinical testing. In this review, we address the versatile applications of FUS-mediated BBB opening, the safety profile of the technique, and the physical and biological mechanisms that drive this process. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Beyond small molecules for neurological disorders".
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Affiliation(s)
- Charissa Poon
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dallan McMahon
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kullervo Hynynen
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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273
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Youssef SA, Capucchio MT, Rofina JE, Chambers JK, Uchida K, Nakayama H, Head E. Pathology of the Aging Brain in Domestic and Laboratory Animals, and Animal Models of Human Neurodegenerative Diseases. Vet Pathol 2016; 53:327-48. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985815623997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
According to the WHO, the proportion of people over 60 years is increasing and expected to reach 22% of total world’s population in 2050. In parallel, recent animal demographic studies have shown that the life expectancy of pet dogs and cats is increasing. Brain aging is associated not only with molecular and morphological changes but also leads to different degrees of behavioral and cognitive dysfunction. Common age-related brain lesions in humans include brain atrophy, neuronal loss, amyloid plaques, cerebrovascular amyloid angiopathy, vascular mineralization, neurofibrillary tangles, meningeal osseous metaplasia, and accumulation of lipofuscin. In aging humans, the most common neurodegenerative disorder is Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which progressively impairs cognition, behavior, and quality of life. Pathologic changes comparable to the lesions of AD are described in several other animal species, although their clinical significance and effect on cognitive function are poorly documented. This review describes the commonly reported age-associated neurologic lesions in domestic and laboratory animals and the relationship of these lesions to cognitive dysfunction. Also described are the comparative interspecies similarities and differences to AD and other human neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease and progressive supranuclear palsy, and the spontaneous and transgenic animal models of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Youssef
- Department of Pathobiology, Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - M. T. Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Torino University, Torino, Italy
| | - J. E. Rofina
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - J. K. Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K. Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H. Nakayama
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - E. Head
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, UK, USA
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274
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Hu W, Zhang Y, Wu W, Yin Y, Huang D, Wang Y, Li W, Li W. Chronic glucocorticoids exposure enhances neurodegeneration in the frontal cortex and hippocampus via NLRP-1 inflammasome activation in male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 52:58-70. [PMID: 26434621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and depression. Chronic glucocorticoids (GCs) exposure has deleterious effects on the structure and function of neurons and is associated with development and progression of AD. However, little is known about the proinflammatory effects of chronic GCs exposure on neurodegeneration in brain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chronic dexamethasone (DEX) treatment (5mg/kg, s.c. for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days) on behavior, neurodegeneration and neuroinflammatory parameters of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 1 (NLRP-1) inflammasome in male mice. The results showed that DEX treatment for 21 and 28 days significantly reduced the spontaneous motor activity and exploratory behavior of the mice. In addition, these mice showed significant neurodegeneration and a decrease of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) in the frontal cortex and hippocampus CA3. DEX treatment for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days significantly decreased the mRNA and protein expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Moreover, DEX treatment for 21 and 28 days significantly increased the proteins expression of NLRP-1, Caspase-1, Caspase-5, apoptosis associated speck-like protein (ASC), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), p-NF-κB, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-18 and IL-6 in the frontal cortex and hippocampus brain tissue. DEX treatment for 28 days also significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of NLRP-1, Caspase-1, ASC and IL-1β. These results suggest that chronic GCs exposure may increase brain inflammation via NLRP-1 inflammasome activation and induce neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Yaodong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Wenning Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Yanyan Yin
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Dake Huang
- Synthetic Laboratory of Basic Medicine College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Yuchan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Weiping Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Weizu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China.
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275
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Jensen-Dahm C, Madsen CS, Waldemar G, Ballegaard M, Hejl AM, Johnsen B, Jensen TS. Contact Heat Evoked Potentials (CHEPs) in Patients with Mild-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease and Matched Control--A Pilot Study. PAIN MEDICINE 2015; 17:675-84. [PMID: 26814248 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnv012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical studies have found that patients with Alzheimer's disease report pain of less intensity and with a lower affective response, which has been thought to be due to altered pain processing. The authors wished to examine the cerebral processing of non-painful and painful stimuli using somatosensory evoked potentials and contact heat evoked potentials in patients with Alzheimer's disease and in healthy elderly controls. DESIGN Case-control study SETTING AND SUBJECTS Twenty outpatients with mild-moderate Alzheimer's disease and in 17 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were included METHOD Contact heat evoked potentials and somatosensory evoked potentials were recorded in all subjects. Furthermore, warmth detection threshold and heat pain threshold were assessed. Patients and controls also rated quality and intensity of the stimuli. RESULTS The authors found no difference on contact heat evoked potential amplitude (P = 0.59) or latency of N2 or P2 wave (P = 0.62 and P = 0.75, respectively) between patients and controls. In addition, there was no difference in regard to pain intensity scores or pain quality. The patients and controls had similar warmth detection threshold and heat pain threshold. Somatosensory evoked potentials, amplitude, and latency were within normal range and similar for the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the processing of non-painful and painful stimuli is preserved in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Jensen-Dahm
- *Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Caspar Skau Madsen
- Danish Pain Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Gunhild Waldemar
- *Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Ballegaard
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Mette Hejl
- *Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birger Johnsen
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
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276
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Abstract
Fuzzy-trace theory (FTT) emphasizes the use of core theoretical principles, such as the verbatim-gist distinction, to predict new findings about cognitive development that are counterintuitive from the perspective of other theories or of common-sense. To the extent that such predictions are confirmed, the range of phenomena that are explained expands without increasing the complexity of the theory's assumptions. We examine research on recent examples of such predictions during four epochs of cognitive development: childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, and late adulthood. During the first two, the featured predictions are surprising developmental reversals in false memory (childhood) and in risky decision making (adolescence). During young adulthood, FTT predicts that a retrieval operation that figures centrally in dual-process theories of memory, recollection, is bivariate rather than univariate. During the late adulthood, FTT identifies a retrieval operation, reconstruction, that has been omitted from current theories of normal memory declines in aging and pathological declines in dementia. The theory predicts that reconstruction is a major factor in such declines and that it is able to forecast future dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Brainerd
- Department of Human Development and Human Neuroscience Institute, Cornell University
| | - Valerie F Reyna
- Department of Human Development and Human Neuroscience Institute, Cornell University
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277
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Kaup AR, Nettiksimmons J, LeBlanc ES, Yaffe K. Memory complaints and risk of cognitive impairment after nearly 2 decades among older women. Neurology 2015; 85:1852-8. [PMID: 26511452 PMCID: PMC4662698 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between subjective memory complaints (SMCs) and long-term risk of cognitive impairment in aging because most previous studies have followed individuals for only a few years. METHODS Participants were 1,107 cognitively normal, community-dwelling older women (aged 65 years and older at baseline) in a prospective study of aging. SMCs were assessed shortly after baseline and repeatedly over time with the yes/no question, "Do you feel you have more problems with memory than most?" Cognitive status 18 years later (normal or impaired with mild cognitive impairment or dementia) was determined by an expert panel. Using logistic regression, we investigated the association between SMCs over time and risk of cognitive impairment, adjusting for demographics, baseline cognition, and characteristics that differed between those with and without SMCs. RESULTS At baseline, 8.0% of participants (n = 89) endorsed SMCs. Baseline SMCs were associated with increased risk of cognitive impairment 18 years later (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.7, 95% confidence interval 1.1-2.8). Results were unchanged after excluding participants with depression. The association between SMCs and cognitive impairment was greatest at the last SMC assessment time point (18 years before diagnosis: adjusted OR = 1.7 [1.1-2.9]; 14 years before diagnosis: adjusted OR = 1.6 [0.9-2.7]; 10 years before diagnosis: adjusted OR = 1.9 [1.1-3.1]; 4 years before diagnosis: adjusted OR = 3.0 [1.8-5.0]). CONCLUSIONS SMCs are associated with cognitive impairment nearly 2 decades later among older women. SMCs may be a very early symptom of an insidious neurodegenerative disease process, such as Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Kaup
- From Research Service (A.R.K.), San Francisco VA Medical Center (K.Y.); Departments of Psychiatry (A.R.K., J.N., K.Y.), Neurology (K.Y.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California San Francisco; and Center for Health Research (E.S.L.), Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR.
| | - Jasmine Nettiksimmons
- From Research Service (A.R.K.), San Francisco VA Medical Center (K.Y.); Departments of Psychiatry (A.R.K., J.N., K.Y.), Neurology (K.Y.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California San Francisco; and Center for Health Research (E.S.L.), Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR
| | - Erin S LeBlanc
- From Research Service (A.R.K.), San Francisco VA Medical Center (K.Y.); Departments of Psychiatry (A.R.K., J.N., K.Y.), Neurology (K.Y.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California San Francisco; and Center for Health Research (E.S.L.), Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- From Research Service (A.R.K.), San Francisco VA Medical Center (K.Y.); Departments of Psychiatry (A.R.K., J.N., K.Y.), Neurology (K.Y.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California San Francisco; and Center for Health Research (E.S.L.), Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR
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278
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Alvarez-Miranda EA, Sinnl M, Farhan H. Alteration of Golgi Structure by Stress: A Link to Neurodegeneration? Front Neurosci 2015; 9:435. [PMID: 26617486 PMCID: PMC4641911 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is well-known for its role as a sorting station in the secretory pathway as well as for its role in regulating post-translational protein modification. Another role for the Golgi is the regulation of cellular signaling by spatially regulating kinases, phosphatases, and GTPases. All these roles make it clear that the Golgi is a central regulator of cellular homeostasis. The response to stress and the initiation of adaptive responses to cope with it are fundamental abilities of all living cells. It was shown previously that the Golgi undergoes structural rearrangements under various stress conditions such as oxidative or osmotic stress. Neurodegenerative diseases are also frequently associated with alterations of Golgi morphology and many stress factors have been described to play an etiopathological role in neurodegeneration. It is however unclear whether the stress-Golgi connection plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases. Using a combination of bioinformatics modeling and literature mining, we will investigate evidence for such a tripartite link and we ask whether stress-induced Golgi arrangements are cause or consequence in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Sinnl
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Hesso Farhan
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau Kreuzlingen, Switzerland ; Department of Biology, University of Konstanz Konstanz, Germany
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279
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Carlson JOE, Gatz M, Pedersen NL, Graff C, Nennesmo I, Lindström AK, Gerritsen L. Antemortem Prediction of Braak Stage. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:1061-70. [PMID: 26469248 PMCID: PMC4610255 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the extent to which tauopathy distribution, as determined by Braak staging, might be predicted by various risk factors in older individuals. The Swedish Twin Registry provided extensive information on neuropsychological function, lifestyle, and cardiovascular risk factors of 128 patients for whom autopsy data including Braak staging were available. Logistic regression was used to develop a prognostic model that targeted discrimination between Braak stages 0 to II and III to VI. The analysis showed that Braak stages III to VI were significantly predicted by having 1 or more APOE ε4 alleles, older age, high total cholesterol, absence of diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and poorer scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Score Information test, verbal fluency, and recognition memory but better verbal recall. The algorithm predicted Braak stages III to VI well (receiver-operating characteristic area under curve, 0.897; 95% confidence interval, 0.842-0.951). Using a cutoff of 50% risk or more, the sensitivity was 85%, the specificity was 70%, and the negative predictive value was 69%. This study demonstrates that tauopathy distribution can be accurately predicted using a combination of antemortem patient data. These results provide further insight into tauopathy development and AD-related disease mechanisms and suggest a prognostic model that predicts the spread of neurofibrillary tangles above the transentorhinal stage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret Gatz
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nancy L. Pedersen
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | | | - Lotte Gerritsen
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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280
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Ourdev D, Foroutanpay BV, Wang Y, Kar S. The Effect of Aβ₁₋₄₂ Oligomers on APP Processing and Aβ₁₋₄₀ Generation in Cultured U-373 Astrocytes. NEURODEGENER DIS 2015; 15:361-8. [PMID: 26606591 DOI: 10.1159/000438923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides are a family of proteins that are considered to be a principal aspect of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of senile dementia affecting elderly individuals. These peptides result from the proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by sequential cleavage mediated via β- and x03B3;-secretases. Evidence suggests that an overproduction and/or a lack of degradation may increase brain Aβ levels which, in turn, contribute to neuronal loss and development of AD. OBJECTIVES In this study, we seek to determine what effect Aβ has on APP processing in cultured astrocytes. METHODS Using the human astrocytoma cell line U-373, we investigated the effects induced by oligomeric Aβ1-42 treatment on the cellular levels/expression of APP and its products, C-terminal fragments αCTF and βCTF, and Aβ1-40. In conjunction with these experiments, we examined the relative levels and activity of β- and x03B3;-secretases in Aβ-treated astrocytes. RESULTS We report here that Aβ1-42 treatment of astrocytes increased the expression of APP and its cleaved products including Aβ1-40 in a time-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that activated astrocytes can contribute to the development of AD by enhancing levels and processing of APP leading to an increased production/secretion of Aβ-related peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar Ourdev
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada
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281
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Mufson EJ, Malek-Ahmadi M, Perez SE, Chen K. Braak staging, plaque pathology, and APOE status in elderly persons without cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 37:147-153. [PMID: 26686670 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Clinico-pathological studies reveal that some elderly people with no cognitive impairment have high burdens of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), a pathology associated with Alzheimer's disease. We examined a total of 123 elderly participants without dementia and free of other neurological disorders or pathologies who at autopsy were classified as Braak NFT stages of I-V. We found that women were significantly more likely to have a high Braak score. Significant associations were found between high Braak scores and entorhinal cortex amyloid load, combined hippocampal and entorhinal cortex amyloid loads with perceptual speed in the low Braak group after adjusting for age, gender and apolipoprotein E ε4 status. Elderly with preserved cognitive function show a wide range of Braak scores and plaque pathology similar to that seen in prodromal and frank Alzheimer's disease at death. These data suggest that some older people with extensive NFT and plaque pathology demonstrate brain resilience or reserve leading to preserved cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott J Mufson
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | | | - Sylvia E Perez
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Kewei Chen
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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282
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Early Cognitively Based Functional Limitations Predict Loss of Independence in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2015; 21:688-98. [PMID: 26391766 PMCID: PMC5540650 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617715000818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Older adults with early forms of neurodegenerative disease are at risk for functional disability, which is often defined by the loss of independence in instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). The current study investigated the influence of mild changes in everyday functional abilities (referred to as functional limitations) on risk for development of incident functional disability. A total of 407 participants, who were considered cognitively normal or diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at baseline, were followed longitudinally over an average 4.1 years (range=0.8-9.2 years). Informant-based ratings from the Everyday Cognition (ECog; Farias et al., 2008) and the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (Lawton & Brody, 1969) scales assessed the degree of functional limitations and incident IADL disability, respectively. Cox proportional hazards models revealed that more severe functional limitations (as measured by the Total ECog score) at baseline were associated with approximately a four-fold increased risk of developing IADL disability a few years later. Among the ECog domains, functional limitations in Everyday Planning, Everyday Memory, and Everyday Visuospatial domains were associated with the greatest risk of incident functional disability. These results remained robust even after controlling for participants' neuropsychological functioning on tests of executive functions and episodic memory. Current findings indicate that early functional limitations have prognostic value in identifying older adults at risk for developing functional disability. Findings highlight the importance of developing interventions to support everyday abilities related to memory, executive function, and visuospatial skills in an effort to delay loss of independence in IADLs.
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283
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Joshi G, Bekier ME, Wang Y. Golgi fragmentation in Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:340. [PMID: 26441511 PMCID: PMC4585163 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is an essential cellular organelle for post-translational modifications, sorting, and trafficking of membrane and secretory proteins. Proper functionality of the Golgi requires the formation of its unique cisternal-stacking morphology. The Golgi structure is disrupted in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting a common mechanism and contribution of Golgi defects in neurodegenerative disorders. A recent study on Alzheimer's disease (AD) revealed that phosphorylation of the Golgi stacking protein GRASP65 disrupts its function in Golgi structure formation, resulting in Golgi fragmentation. Inhibiting GRASP65 phosphorylation restores the Golgi morphology from Aβ-induced fragmentation and reduces Aβ production. Perturbing Golgi structure and function in neurons may directly impact trafficking, processing, and sorting of a variety of proteins essential for synaptic and dendritic integrity. Therefore, Golgi defects may ultimately promote the development of AD. In the current review, we focus on the cellular impact of impaired Golgi morphology and its potential relationship to AD disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Joshi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael E Bekier
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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284
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Tousseyn T, Bajsarowicz K, Sánchez H, Gheyara A, Oehler A, Geschwind M, DeArmond B, DeArmond SJ. Prion Disease Induces Alzheimer Disease-Like Neuropathologic Changes. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:873-88. [PMID: 26226132 PMCID: PMC5094352 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the brains of 266 patients with prion disease (PrionD) and found that 46 patients (17%) had Alzheimer disease (AD)-like changes. To explore potential mechanistic links between PrionD and AD, we exposed human brain aggregates (BrnAggs) to a brain homogenate from a patient with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and found that neurons in human BrnAggs produced many β-amyloid (Aβ; Aβ42) inclusions, whereas uninfected control-exposed human BrnAggs did not. Western blot analysis of 20 pooled Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease-infected BrnAggs verified Aβ42 levels higher than those in controls. We next examined the CA1 region of the hippocampus from 14 patients with PrionD and found that 5 patients had low levels of scrapie-associated prion protein (PrP), many Aβ42 intraneuronal inclusions, low apolipoprotein E-4 (APOE-4), and no significant nerve cell loss. Seven patients had high levels of PrP, low Aβ42, high APOE-4, and 40% nerve cell loss, suggesting that APOE-4 and PrP together cause neuron loss in PrionD. There were also increased levels of hyperphosphorylated tau protein (Hτ) and Hτ-positive neuropil threads and neuron bodies in both PrionD and AD groups. The brains of 6 age-matched control patients without dementia did not contain Aβ42 deposits; however, there were rare Hτ-positive threads in 5 controls, and 2 controls had few Hτ-positive nerve cell bodies. We conclude that PrionD may trigger biochemical changes similar to those triggered by AD and suggest that PrionD is a disease involving PrP, Aβ42, APOE-4, and abnormal tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tousseyn
- From the Department of Pathology (Neuropathology) (TT, KB, HS, AG, AO, BD, SJD), Department of Neurology (MG), Memory and Aging Center (MG), and Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (SJD), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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285
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Martin SB, Dowling ALS, Lianekhammy J, Lott IT, Doran E, Murphy MP, Beckett TL, Schmitt FA, Head E. Synaptophysin and synaptojanin-1 in Down syndrome are differentially affected by Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 42:767-75. [PMID: 24927707 DOI: 10.3233/jad-140795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adults with Down syndrome (DS) develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology by 40 years of age. Synaptophysin (SYN) consistently declines with age and is further reduced with sporadic AD. Thus, we hypothesized that SYN would be reduced in DS with AD. The gene for synaptojanin-1 (SYNJ1), involved in synaptic vesicle recycling, is on chromosome 21. We measured SYN and SYNJ1 in an autopsy series of 39 cases with DS and 28 without DS, along with 7 sporadic AD cases. SYN was significantly lower in DSAD compared with DS alone and similar to sporadic AD. Reduced SYN is associated with AD neuropathology and with Aβ levels in DS, as is seen in sporadic AD. SYNJ1 was significantly higher in DS and correlated with several measures of Aβ. SYNJ1 was higher in DSAD and significantly higher than SYNJ1 in sporadic AD. Although significantly higher in DS, SYNJ1 is further increased with AD neuropathology suggesting interesting differences in a synapse-associated protein that is overexpressed in trisomy 21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Martin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Amy L S Dowling
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Joann Lianekhammy
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ira T Lott
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine (UCI), Orange, CA, USA
| | - Eric Doran
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine (UCI), Orange, CA, USA
| | - M Paul Murphy
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA UK Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Tina L Beckett
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Frederick A Schmitt
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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286
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287
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Abstract
Accumulation of phosphorylated tau (p-tau) is accepted by many as a long-term consequence of repetitive mild neurotrauma based largely on brain findings in boxers (dementia pugilistica) and, more recently, former professional athletes, military service members, and others exposed to repetitive head trauma. The pathogenic construct is also largely accepted and suggests that repetitive head trauma (typically concussions or subconcussive forces) acts on brain parenchyma to produce a deleterious neuroinflammatory cascade, encompassing p-tau templating, transsynaptic neurotoxicity, progressive neurodegenerative disease, and associated clinical features. Some caution before accepting these concepts and assumptions is warranted, however. The association between the history of concussion and findings of p-tau at autopsy is unclear. Concussions and subconcussive head trauma exposure are poorly defined in available cases, and the clinical features reported in chronic traumatic encephalopathy are not at present distinguishable from other disorders. Because control groups are limited, the idea that p-tau drives the disease process via protein templating or some other mechanism is preliminary. Much additional research in chronic traumatic encephalopathy is needed to determine if it has unique neuropathology and clinical features, the extent to which the neuropathologic alterations cause the clinical features, and whether it can be identified accurately in a living person.
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288
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Droste P, Frenzel A, Steinwand M, Pelat T, Thullier P, Hust M, Lashuel H, Dübel S. Structural differences of amyloid-β fibrils revealed by antibodies from phage display. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:57. [PMID: 26084577 PMCID: PMC4472244 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beside neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques are the major histological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) being composed of aggregated fibrils of β-amyloid (Aβ). During the underlying fibrillogenic pathway, starting from a surplus of soluble Aβ and leading to mature fibrils, multiple conformations of this peptide appear, including oligomers of various shapes and sizes. To further investigate the fibrillization of β-amyloid and to have tools at hand to monitor the distribution of aggregates in the brain or even act as disease modulators, it is essential to develop highly sensitive antibodies that can discriminate between diverse aggregates of Aβ. RESULTS Here we report the generation and characterization of a variety of amyloid-β specific human and human-like antibodies. Distinct fractions of monomers and oligomers of various sizes were separated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) from Aβ42 peptides. These antigens were used for the generation of two Aβ42 specific immune scFv phage display libraries from macaque (Macaca fascicularis). Screening of these libraries as well as two naïve human phage display libraries resulted in multiple unique binders specific for amyloid-β. Three of the obtained antibodies target the N-terminal part of Aβ42 although with varying epitopes, while another scFv binds to the α-helical central region of the peptide. The affinities of the antibodies to various Aβ42 aggregates as well as their ability to interfere with fibril formation and disaggregation of preformed fibrils were determined. Most significantly, one of the scFv is fibril-specific and can discriminate between two different fibril forms resulting from variations in the acidity of the milieu during fibrillogenesis. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that the approach of animal immunization and subsequent phage display based antibody selection is applicable to generate highly specific anti β-amyloid scFvs that are capable of accurately discriminating between minute conformational differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Droste
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Spielmannstr.7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany. .,Current address: Celerion Switzerland AG, Allmendstrasse 32, 8320, Fehraltorf, Switzerland.
| | - André Frenzel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Spielmannstr.7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany. .,YUMAB GmbH, Rebenring 33, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Miriam Steinwand
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Spielmannstr.7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany. .,Current address: Delenex Therapeutics AG, Wagistrasse 27, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Thibaut Pelat
- Institut de recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA-CRSSA); Département de Microbiologie; Unité de biotechnologie des anticorps et des toxines, La Tronche Cedex, France. .,Current address: BIOTEM Parc d'Activités Bièvre Dauphine, 885, rue Alphonse Gourju, 38140, Apprieu, France.
| | - Philippe Thullier
- Institut de recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA-CRSSA); Département de Microbiologie; Unité de biotechnologie des anticorps et des toxines, La Tronche Cedex, France.
| | - Michael Hust
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Spielmannstr.7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Hilal Lashuel
- SV-BMI, Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 19, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Stefan Dübel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Spielmannstr.7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
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289
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C-terminal neurogranin is increased in cerebrospinal fluid but unchanged in plasma in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 11:1461-1469. [PMID: 26092348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biomarkers monitoring synaptic degeneration/loss would be valuable for Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis. Postsynaptic protein neurogranin may be a promising cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker but has not yet been evaluated as a plasma biomarker. METHODS Using an in-house designed prototype enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) targeting neurogranin C-terminally, we studied neurogranin in paired CSF/plasma samples of controls (n = 29) versus patients experiencing MCI, or dementia, due to AD (in total n = 59). RESULTS CSF neurogranin was increased in AD and positively correlated with CSF tau, whereas there was a negative relationship between CSF neurogranin (and tau) and CSF Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40. No differences were detected in plasma neurogranin between controls and AD. Also, there was no correlation between CSF and plasma neurogranin, excluding confounding effects of the latter. DISCUSSION This study strengthens the potential of neurogranin as an AD CSF biomarker, which now needs validation in larger studies. As tools, straightforward immunoassays can be used, as demonstrated by the described ELISA.
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290
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most debilitating neurodegenerative diseases and is predicted to affect 1 in 85 people by 2050. Despite much effort to discover a therapeutic strategy to prevent progression or to cure AD, to date no effective disease-modifying agent is available that can prevent, halt, or reverse the cognitive and functional decline of patients with AD. Several underlying etiologies to this failure are proposed. First, accumulating evidence from past trials suggests a preventive as opposed to therapeutic paradigm, and the precise temporal and mechanistic relationship of β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau protein should be elucidated to confirm this hypothesis. Second, we are in urgent need of revised diagnostic criteria to support future trials. Third, various technical and methodological improvements are required, based on the lessons learned from previous failed trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Soejitno
- Department of General Medicine, National Hospital, Jl. Boulevard Famili Selatan Kav.1, Graha Famili, Surabaya, 60228, Indonesia,
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291
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Herrup K. The case for rejecting the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:794-9. [PMID: 26007212 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a biologically complex neurodegenerative dementia. Nearly 20 years ago, with the combination of observations from biochemistry, neuropathology and genetics, a compelling hypothesis known as the amyloid cascade hypothesis was formulated. The core of this hypothesis is that it is pathological accumulations of amyloid-β, a peptide fragment of a membrane protein called amyloid precursor protein, that act as the root cause of AD and initiate its pathogenesis. Yet, with the passage of time, growing amounts of data have accumulated that are inconsistent with the basically linear structure of this hypothesis. And while there is fear in the field over the consequences of rejecting it outright, clinging to an inaccurate disease model is the option we should fear most. This Perspective explores the proposition that we are over-reliant on amyloid to define and diagnose AD and that the time has come to face our fears and reject the amyloid cascade hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Herrup
- 1] Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong. [2] State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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292
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Overexpression of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor II Receptor Increases β-Amyloid Production and Affects Cell Viability. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:2368-84. [PMID: 25939386 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01338-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) peptides originating from amyloid precursor protein (APP) in the endosomal-lysosomal compartments play a critical role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common type of senile dementia affecting the elderly. Since insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) receptors facilitate the delivery of nascent lysosomal enzymes from the trans-Golgi network to endosomes, we evaluated their role in APP metabolism and cell viability using mouse fibroblast MS cells deficient in the murine IGF-II receptor and corresponding MS9II cells overexpressing the human IGF-II receptors. Our results show that IGF-II receptor overexpression increases the protein levels of APP. This is accompanied by an increase of β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 levels and an increase of β- and γ-secretase enzyme activities, leading to enhanced Aβ production. At the cellular level, IGF-II receptor overexpression causes localization of APP in perinuclear tubular structures, an increase of lipid raft components, and increased lipid raft partitioning of APP. Finally, MS9II cells are more susceptible to staurosporine-induced cytotoxicity, which can be attenuated by β-secretase inhibitor. Together, these results highlight the potential contribution of IGF-II receptor to AD pathology not only by regulating expression/processing of APP but also by its role in cellular vulnerability.
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293
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Lai S, Zhang M, Xu D, Zhang Y, Qiu L, Tian C, Zheng JC. Direct reprogramming of induced neural progenitors: a new promising strategy for AD treatment. Transl Neurodegener 2015; 4:7. [PMID: 25949812 PMCID: PMC4422611 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-015-0028-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prominent form of dementia, characterized by aggregation of the amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, loss of synapses and neurons, and degeneration of cognitive functions. Currently, although a variety of medications can relieve some of the symptoms, there is no cure for AD. Recent breakthroughs in the stem cell field provide promising strategies for AD treatment. Stem cells including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are potentials for AD treatment. However, the limitation of cell sources, safety issues, and ethical issues restrict their applications in AD. Recently, the direct reprogramming of induced neural progenitor cells (iNPCs) has shed light on the treatment of AD. In this review, we will discuss the latest progress, challenges, and potential applications of direct reprogramming in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqiang Lai
- />Tenth People’s Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Min Zhang
- />Tenth People’s Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Dongsheng Xu
- />Tenth People’s Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
- />University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5930 USA
| | - Yiying Zhang
- />Tenth People’s Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Lisha Qiu
- />Tenth People’s Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Changhai Tian
- />Tenth People’s Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
- />University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5930 USA
| | - Jialin Charlie Zheng
- />Tenth People’s Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
- />University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5930 USA
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294
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Malik M, Chiles J, Xi HS, Medway C, Simpson J, Potluri S, Howard D, Liang Y, Paumi CM, Mukherjee S, Crane P, Younkin S, Fardo DW, Estus S. Genetics of CD33 in Alzheimer's disease and acute myeloid leukemia. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:3557-70. [PMID: 25762156 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The CD33 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3865444 has been associated with the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Rs3865444 is in linkage disequilibrium with rs12459419 which has been associated with efficacy of an acute myeloid leukemia (AML) chemotherapeutic agent based on a CD33 antibody. We seek to evaluate the extent to which CD33 genetics in AD and AML can inform one another and advance human disease therapy. We have previously shown that these SNPs are associated with skipping of CD33 exon 2 in brain mRNA. Here, we report that these CD33 SNPs are associated with exon 2 skipping in leukocytes from AML patients and with a novel CD33 splice variant that retains CD33 intron 1. Each copy of the minor rs12459419T allele decreases prototypic full-length CD33 expression by ∼ 25% and decreases the AD odds ratio by ∼ 0.10. These results suggest that CD33 antagonists may be useful in reducing AD risk. CD33 inhibitors may include humanized CD33 antibodies such as lintuzumab which was safe but ineffective in AML clinical trials. Here, we report that lintuzumab downregulates cell-surface CD33 by 80% in phorbol-ester differentiated U937 cells, at concentrations as low as 10 ng/ml. Overall, we propose a model wherein a modest effect on RNA splicing is sufficient to mediate the CD33 association with AD risk and suggest the potential for an anti-CD33 antibody as an AD-relevant pharmacologic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Malik
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging
| | - Joe Chiles
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging
| | - Hualin S Xi
- Computational Sciences Center of Emphasis, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Christopher Medway
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA and
| | - James Simpson
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Steven Younkin
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA and
| | - David W Fardo
- Department of Biostatistics, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Steven Estus
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging ,
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295
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Brier MR, Thomas JB, Ances BM. Network dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: refining the disconnection hypothesis. Brain Connect 2015; 4:299-311. [PMID: 24796856 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2014.0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Much effort in recent years has focused on understanding the effects of Alzheimer's disease (AD) on neural function. This effort has resulted in an enormous number of papers describing different facets of the functional derangement seen in AD. A particularly important tool for these investigations has been resting-state functional connectivity. Attempts to comprehensively synthesize resting-state functional connectivity results have focused on the potential utility of functional connectivity as a biomarker for disease risk, disease staging, or prognosis. While these are all appropriate uses of this technique, the purpose of this review is to examine how functional connectivity disruptions inform our understanding of AD pathophysiology. Here, we examine the rationale and methodological considerations behind functional connectivity studies and then provide a critical review of the existing literature. In conclusion, we propose a hypothesis regarding the development and spread of functional connectivity deficits seen in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Brier
- 1 Program in Neuroscience, Division of Biological and Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
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296
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Apostolova LG, Zarow C, Biado K, Hurtz S, Boccardi M, Somme J, Honarpisheh H, Blanken AE, Brook J, Tung S, Lo D, Ng D, Alger JR, Vinters HV, Bocchetta M, Duvernoy H, Jack CR, Frisoni GB. Relationship between hippocampal atrophy and neuropathology markers: a 7T MRI validation study of the EADC-ADNI Harmonized Hippocampal Segmentation Protocol. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 11:139-50. [PMID: 25620800 PMCID: PMC4348340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pathologic validation of European Alzheimer's Disease Consortium Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative Center Harmonized Hippocampal Segmentation Protocol (HarP). METHODS Temporal lobes of nine Alzheimer's disease (AD) and seven cognitively normal subjects were scanned post-mortem at 7 Tesla. Hippocampal volumes were obtained with HarP. Six-micrometer-thick hippocampal slices were stained for amyloid beta (Aβ), tau, and cresyl violet. Hippocampal subfields were manually traced. Neuronal counts, Aβ, and tau burden for each hippocampal subfield were obtained. RESULTS We found significant correlations between hippocampal volume and Braak and Braak staging (ρ = -0.75, P = .001), tau (ρ = -0.53, P = .034), Aβ burden (ρ = -0.61, P = .012), and neuronal count (ρ = 0.77, P < .001). Exploratory subfield-wise significant associations were found for Aβ in Cornu Ammonis (CA)1 (ρ = -0.58, P = .019) and subiculum (ρ = -0.75, P = .001), tau in CA2 (ρ = -0.59, P = .016), and CA3 (ρ = -0.5, P = .047), and neuronal count in CA1 (ρ = 0.55, P = .028), CA3 (ρ = 0.65, P = .006), and CA4 (ρ = 0.76, P = .001). CONCLUSIONS The observed associations provide pathological confirmation of hippocampal morphometry as a valid biomarker for AD and pathologic validation of HarP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris Zarow
- Department of Neurology, USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kristina Biado
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sona Hurtz
- San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marina Boccardi
- LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine), IRCCS S.Giovanni di Dio- Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Johanne Somme
- Department of Neurology, Alava University Hospital, Victoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Hedieh Honarpisheh
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Jenny Brook
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Spencer Tung
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Darrick Lo
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Denise Ng
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Harry V Vinters
- Department of Neurology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martina Bocchetta
- LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine), IRCCS S.Giovanni di Dio- Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Clifford R Jack
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine), IRCCS S.Giovanni di Dio- Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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297
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Romano JD, Tharp WG, Sarkar IN. Adapting simultaneous analysis phylogenomic techniques to study complex disease gene relationships. J Biomed Inform 2015; 54:10-38. [PMID: 25592479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of complex diseases remains a great challenge for biomedical researchers due to the myriad interactions of genetic and environmental factors. Network medicine approaches strive to accommodate these factors holistically. Phylogenomic techniques that can leverage available genomic data may provide an evolutionary perspective that may elucidate knowledge for gene networks of complex diseases and provide another source of information for network medicine approaches. Here, an automated method is presented that leverages publicly available genomic data and phylogenomic techniques, resulting in a gene network. The potential of approach is demonstrated based on a case study of nine genes associated with Alzheimer Disease, a complex neurodegenerative syndrome. The developed technique, which is incorporated into an update to a previously described Perl script called "ASAP," was implemented through a suite of Ruby scripts entitled "ASAP2," first compiles a list of sequence-similarity based orthologues using PSI-BLAST and a recursive NCBI BLAST+ search strategy, then constructs maximum parsimony phylogenetic trees for each set of nucleotide and protein sequences, and calculates phylogenetic metrics (Incongruence Length Difference between orthologue sets, partitioned Bremer support values, combined branch scores, and Robinson-Foulds distance) to provide an empirical assessment of evolutionary conservation within a given genetic network. In addition to the individual phylogenetic metrics, ASAP2 provides results in a way that can be used to generate a gene network that represents evolutionary similarity based on topological similarity (the Robinson-Foulds distance). The results of this study demonstrate the potential for using phylogenomic approaches that enable the study of multiple genes simultaneously to provide insights about potential gene relationships that can be studied within a network medicine framework that may not have been apparent using traditional, single-gene methods. Furthermore, the results provide an initial integrated evolutionary history of an Alzheimer Disease gene network and identify potentially important co-evolutionary clustering that may warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Romano
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - William G Tharp
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Unit, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Indra Neil Sarkar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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298
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299
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Malpas CB, Saling MM, Velakoulis D, Desmond P, O'Brien TJ. Tau and Amyloid-β Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers have Differential Relationships with Cognition in Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 47:965-75. [PMID: 26401775 PMCID: PMC6287609 DOI: 10.3233/jad-142643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by two primary pathologies: tau-related neurofibrillary tangles and the extracellular accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ). The development of these pathologies is topologically distinct early in the disease, with Aβ beginning to accumulate as a diffuse, neocortical pathology, while tau-related pathology begins to form in mesial temporal regions. This study investigated the hypothesis that, by virtue of this distinction, there exist preferential associations between the primary pathologies and aspects of the cognitive phenotype. We investigated the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for tau and Aβ pathologies with neurocognitive measures in 191 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Participants completed cognitive tests of new learning, information processing speed, and working memory. Separate regression models were computed and then followed up with mediation analyses to examine the predictive status of CSF biomarkers. The effect of Aβ on learning was mediated by phospho-tau (p = 0.008). In contrast, Aβ had a direct effect on information processing speed that was not mediated by phospho-tau (p = 0.59). No predictors were significant for working memory. This study provided evidence for a differential relationship of Aβ and phospho-tau pathologies on the neurocognitive phenotype of MCI. This supports the proposition that these primary AD pathologies maximally affect different aspects of cognition, and has potential implications for cognitive assessments and the use of biomarkers in disease-modifyingtherapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B Malpas
- Melbourne Brain Centre, Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael M Saling
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Neuropsychology, Austin Health, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, Austin Hospital, Australia
| | - Dennis Velakoulis
- Melbourne Brain Centre, Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Patricia Desmond
- Melbourne Brain Centre, Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Radiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Imaging, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Melbourne Brain Centre, Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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300
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Fornicola W, Pelcovits A, Li BX, Heath J, Perry G, Castellani RJ. Alzheimer Disease Pathology in Middle Age Reveals a Spatial-Temporal Disconnect Between Amyloid-β and Phosphorylated Tau. Open Neurol J 2014; 8:22-6. [PMID: 25628768 PMCID: PMC4303956 DOI: 10.2174/1874205x01408010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the brain distribution of amyloid-β (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau (τ) in 20 consecutive autopsy cases between the ages of 51 and 65, with no history of neurologic disease during life. We note that early accumulations of Aβ and τ occur in distinct neuroanatomical distributions. In the locus ceruleus and medial temporal lobe allocortex τ often occurs in the absence of diffuse Aβ and that Aβ occurs in the neocortex in the absence of τ. In those cases with both Aβ and τ were present in the sections, there was no overlap at the microanatomical or cellular level. APOE genotype was also assessed, showing no specific relationship with the presence or distribution of Aβ and τ, although the numbers of cases were limited. These findings indicate that the early appearances of hallmark proteins of Alzheimer's disease are disconnected both in time and in space, suggesting that both are reactive phenomena with no mechanistic relationship in aging or preclinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bei-Xu Li
- 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
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