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Palomo G, Campos MJ, Ugarte M, Porrero MC, Alonso JM, Borge C, Vadillo S, Domínguez L, Quesada A, Píriz S. Dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant clones of Salmonella enterica among domestic animals, wild animals, and humans. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:171-6. [PMID: 23360170 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal salmonellosis is an important zoonotic disease caused by Salmonella enterica. This work focuses on the identification of Salmonella enterica clonal strains which, presenting a wide distribution potential, express resistance determinants that compromise effectiveness of the antimicrobial therapy. The screening was performed on 506 Salmonella enterica isolates from animals and humans, which were characterized by serovar and phage typing, genome macrorestriction and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and detection of phenotypic and genotypic traits for antimicrobial resistance. A Salmonella Enteritidis strain with strong quinolone resistance is spread on three host environments carrying one of the four variants found for the GyrA protein: (1) Asp87Tyr, the major polymorphism found in 39 Salmonella isolates from human origin and six from poultry; (2) Ser83Phe, with four isolates from human origin and one from white stork (Ciconia ciconia); and (3) Asp87Asn or (4) Asp87Gly, with two isolates each from human origins. Several Salmonella Typhimurium strains that presented int1 elements and the classically associated pentaresistance (ACSSuT) phenotype were found distributed between two host environments: domestic animals and humans, domestics and wild animals, or wild fauna plus humans. This study points out the importance of monitoring gut microbiota and its antimicrobial resistance from wildlife, in parallel to livestock animals and humans, especially for animal species that are in close contact with people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Palomo
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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252
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Palomino JC, Martin A. Is repositioning of drugs a viable alternative in the treatment of tuberculosis? J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 68:275-83. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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253
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Vila J, Pachón J. Therapeutic options forAcinetobacter baumanniiinfections: an update. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2012; 13:2319-36. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2012.729820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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254
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Roca I, Espinal P, Vila-Farrés X, Vila J. The Acinetobacter baumannii Oxymoron: Commensal Hospital Dweller Turned Pan-Drug-Resistant Menace. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:148. [PMID: 22536199 PMCID: PMC3333477 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past few decades Acinetobacter baumannii has evolved from being a commensal dweller of health-care facilities to constitute one of the most annoying pathogens responsible for hospitalary outbreaks and it is currently considered one of the most important nosocomial pathogens. In a prevalence study of infections in intensive care units conducted among 75 countries of the five continents, this microorganism was found to be the fifth most common pathogen. Two main features contribute to the success of A. baumannii: (i) A. baumannii exhibits an outstanding ability to accumulate a great variety of resistance mechanisms acquired by different mechanisms, either mutations or acquisition of genetic elements such as plasmids, integrons, transposons, or resistant islands, making this microorganism multi- or pan-drug-resistant and (ii) The ability to survive in the environment during prolonged periods of time which, combined with its innate resistance to desiccation and disinfectants, makes A. baumannii almost impossible to eradicate from the clinical setting. In addition, its ability to produce biofilm greatly contributes to both persistence and resistance. In this review, the pathogenesis of the infections caused by this microorganism as well as the molecular bases of antibacterial resistance and clinical aspects such as treatment and potential future therapeutic strategies are discussed in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Roca
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, IDIBAPS and Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
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255
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Xiao P, Dudal Y, Corvini PFX, Spahr P, Shahgaldian P. Synthesis and characterization of fluoroquinolone-imprinted polymeric nanoparticles. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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256
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Molecular characterization of NDM-1 producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates in Singapore hospitals. Western Pac Surveill Response J 2012; 3:19-24. [PMID: 23908903 DOI: 10.5365/wpsar.2011.2.4.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we molecularly characterized 12 NDM-1 producing clinical Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae) isolates that were part of a collection of non-carbapenem susceptible isolates obtained during a one-year period. These isolates were obtained from four local general hospitals in Singapore. METHODS Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and sequencing was used to determine the presence of β-lactamase encoding genes (bla) including bla NDM-1 and plasmid-mediated quinolone and aminoglycoside resistance determinants. Conjugation experiments were performed to determine the transferability of bla NDM-1. Isolate relatedness was determined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). RESULTS The isolates were completely resistant to the second- and third-generation cephalosporins tested as well as carbapenems. Susceptibility profiling of the isolates indicated that 100% retained susceptibility to tigecycline while 11/12 (91.7%) were susceptible to colistin. The bla NDM-1 gene was encoded on plasmids that were easily transferable. None of the patients had a travel history to countries where NDM-1 has been reported. The isolates appear clonally unrelated with MLST, revealing a diversity of clonal types among the Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli isolates. CONCLUSION The ease of NDM-1 plasmid transmissibility may help their dissemination among the Enterobacteriaceae. Although it appears that the isolates are clonally unrelated, epidemiological links cannot be fully excluded without further research.
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257
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Temporal interplay between efflux pumps and target mutations in development of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:1680-5. [PMID: 22232279 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05693-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of resistance presents a debilitating change in the management of infectious diseases. Currently, the temporal relationship and interplay between various mechanisms of drug resistance are not well understood. A thorough understanding of the resistance development process is needed to facilitate rational design of countermeasure strategies. Using an in vitro hollow-fiber infection model that simulates human drug treatment, we examined the appearance of efflux pump (acrAB) overexpression and target topoisomerase gene (gyrA and parC) mutations over time in the emergence of quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli. Drug-resistant isolates recovered early (24 h) had 2- to 8-fold elevation in the MIC due to acrAB overexpression, but no point mutations were noted. In contrast, high-level (≥ 64× MIC) resistant isolates with target site mutations (gyrA S83L with or without parC E84K) were selected more readily after 120 h, and regression of acrAB overexpression was observed at 240 h. Using a similar dosing selection pressure, the emergence of levofloxacin resistance was delayed in a strain with acrAB deleted compared to the isogenic parent. The role of efflux pumps in bacterial resistance development may have been underappreciated. Our data revealed the interplay between two mechanisms of quinolone resistance and provided a new mechanistic framework in the development of high-level resistance. Early low-level levofloxacin resistance conferred by acrAB overexpression preceded and facilitated high-level resistance development mediated by target site mutation(s). If this interpretation is correct, then these findings represent a paradigm shift in the way quinolone resistance is thought to develop.
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258
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Pieroni M, Sabatini S, Massari S, Kaatz GW, Cecchetti V, Tabarrini O. Searching for innovative quinolone-like scaffolds: synthesis and biological evaluation of 2,1-benzothiazine 2,2-dioxide derivatives. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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259
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Fàbrega A, Vila J. Yersinia enterocolitica: Pathogenesis, virulence and antimicrobial resistance. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2012; 30:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2011.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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260
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Fàbrega A, Vila J. Heterogeneity in the selection of quinolone target gene mutations upon exposure to ciprofloxacin in Yersinia enterocolitica. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2011; 38:550-2. [PMID: 21982048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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261
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Daniels C, Ramos JL. Microbial Biotechnology from medicine to bacterial population dynamics. Microb Biotechnol 2011; 2:304-7. [PMID: 21261925 PMCID: PMC3815751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2009.00110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Craig Daniels
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/ Prof. Albareda, 1, E-18008 Granada, Spain
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262
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Foss MH, Hurley KA, Sorto NA, Lackner LL, Thornton KM, Shaw JT, Weibel DB. N-Benzyl-3-sulfonamidopyrrolidines are a New Class of Bacterial DNA Gyrase Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:289-292. [PMID: 21552338 DOI: 10.1021/ml1002822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper characterizes N-benzyl-3-sulfonamidopyrrolidines (gyramides) as DNA gyrase inhibitors. Gyramide A was previously shown to exhibit antimicrobial activity that suggested it inhibited bacterial cell division. In this study, we conducted target identification studies and identified DNA gyrase as the primary target of gyramide A. The gyramide A resistance-determining region in DNA gyrase is adjacent to the DNA cleavage gate and is a new site for inhibitor design. We studied the antibiotic effects of gyramides A-C in combination with the Gram-negative efflux pump inhibitor MC-207,110 (60 μM). The gyramides had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 10-40 μM against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae; the compounds were ineffective against Enterococcus faecalis. The IC(50) of gyramides A-C against E. coli DNA gyrase was 0.7- 3.3 μM. The N-benzyl-3-sulfonamidopyrrolidines described in this manuscript represent a starting point for development of antibiotics that bind a new site in DNA gyrase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie H. Foss
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
53706, United States
| | - Katherine A. Hurley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, Davis, California
95616, United States
| | - Nohemy A. Sorto
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, Davis, California
95616, United States
| | - Laura L. Lackner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, Davis, California
95616, United States
| | - Kelsey M. Thornton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
53706, United States
| | - Jared T. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, Davis, California
95616, United States
| | - Douglas B. Weibel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
53706, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
53706, United States
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263
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Hamidian M, Tajbakhsh M, Tohidpour A, Rahbar M, Zali MR, Walther-Rasmussen J. Detection of novel gyrA mutations in nalidixic acid-resistant isolates of Salmonella enterica from patients with diarrhoea. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2011; 37:360-4. [PMID: 21371866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to detect mutations in the gyrA gene of quinolone-resistant Salmonella spp. isolates recovered in Tehran, Iran. Between April 2008 and September 2009, 174 Salmonella spp. were collected and assayed for quinolone resistance and detection of gyrA mutations. Isolates identified as Salmonella enterica were tested for susceptibility by the disk diffusion method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing of the gyrA gene segment encoding the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) were performed for the nalidixic acid-resistant isolates. Amongst the 174 recovered Salmonella spp. isolates, 89 were resistant to nalidixic acid, of which 9 were resistant to enrofloxacin; 10 isolates had reduced susceptibility to nalidixic acid. None of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, but a single isolate showed reduced susceptibility. Twelve types of amino acid replacement were found in the QRDR region of GyrA, namely the previously described substitutions in positions 83 and 87 as well as five new substitutions Leu41-Pro, Arg47-Ser, Ser111-Thr, Ala118-Thr and Asp147-Gly. Double substitutions in both positions 83 and 87 were not identified. A Gly133-Glu substitution was identified in a single S. enterica serotype Typhi isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hamidian
- The Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shaheed Beheshti University, MC, Tehran, Iran
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264
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Fluoroquinolone and multidrug resistance phenotypes associated with the overexpression of AcrAB and an orthologue of MarA in Yersinia enterocolitica. Int J Med Microbiol 2010; 300:457-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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265
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Godoy P, Molina‐Henares AJ, De La Torre J, Duque E, Ramos JL. Characterization of the RND family of multidrug efflux pumps: in silico to in vivo confirmation of four functionally distinct subgroups. Microb Biotechnol 2010; 3:691-700. [PMID: 21255364 PMCID: PMC3815342 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2010.00189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a generalized profile that identifies members of the root-nodulation-cell-division (RND) family of efflux pumps and classifies them into four functional subfamilies. According to Z-score values, efflux pumps can be grouped by their metabolic function, thus making it possible to distinguish pumps involved in antibiotic resistance (group 1) from those involved in metal resistance (group 3). In silico data regarding efflux pumps in group 1 were validated after identification of RND efflux pumps in a number of environmental microbes that were isolated as resistant to ethidium bromide. Analysis of the Pseudomonas putida KT2440 genome identified efflux pumps in all groups. A collection of mutants in efflux pumps and a screening platform consisting of 50 drugs were created to assign a function to the efflux pumps. We validated in silico data regarding efflux pumps in groups 1 and 3 using 9 different mutants. Four mutants belonging to group 2 were found to be more sensitive than the wild-type to oxidative stress-inducing agents such as bipyridyl and methyl viologen. The two remaining mutants belonging to group 4 were found to be more sensitive than the parental to tetracycline and one of them was particularly sensitive to rubidium and chromate. By effectively combining in vivo data with generalized profiles and gene annotation data, this approach allowed the assignment, according to metabolic function, of both known and uncharacterized RND efflux pumps into subgroups, thereby providing important new insight into the functions of proteins within this family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Juan L. Ramos
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Department of Environmental Protection, E‐18008 Granada, Spain
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266
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Constitutive SoxS expression in a fluoroquinolone-resistant strain with a truncated SoxR protein and identification of a new member of the marA-soxS-rob regulon, mdtG. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 54:1218-25. [PMID: 20008776 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00944-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of fluoroquinolone resistance are frequently found among Escherichia coli clinical isolates. This study investigated the antibiotic resistance mechanisms of strain NorE5, derived in vitro by exposing an E. coli clinical isolate, PS5, to two selection steps with increasing concentrations of norfloxacin. In addition to the amino acid substitution in GyrA (S83L) present in PS5, NorE5 has an amino acid change in ParC (S80R). Furthermore, we now find by Western blotting that NorE5 has a multidrug resistance phenotype resulting from the overexpression of the antibiotic resistance efflux pump AcrAB-TolC. Microarray and gene fusion analyses revealed significantly increased expression in NorE5 of soxS, a transcriptional activator of acrAB and tolC. The high soxS activity is attributable to a frameshift mutation that truncates SoxR, rendering it a constitutive transcriptional activator of soxS. Furthermore, microarray and reverse transcription-PCR analyses showed that mdtG (yceE), encoding a putative efflux pump, is overexpressed in the resistant strain. SoxS, MarA, and Rob activated an mdtG::lacZ fusion, and SoxS was shown to bind to the mdtG promoter, showing that mdtG is a member of the marA-soxS-rob regulon. The mdtG marbox sequence is in the backward or class I orientation within the promoter, and its disruption resulted in a loss of inducibility by MarA, SoxS, and Rob. Thus, chromosomal mutations in parC and soxR are responsible for the increased antibiotic resistance of NorE5.
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267
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Fàbrega A, du Merle L, Le Bouguénec C, Jiménez de Anta MT, Vila J. Repression of invasion genes and decreased invasion in a high-level fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella typhimurium mutant. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8029. [PMID: 19946377 PMCID: PMC2777507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nalidixic acid resistance among Salmonella Typhimurium clinical isolates has steadily increased, whereas the level of ciprofloxacin resistance remains low. The main objective of this study was to characterize the fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms acquired in a S. Typhimurium mutant selected with ciprofloxacin from a susceptible isolate and to investigate its invasion ability. Methodology/Principal Findings Three different amino acid substitutions were detected in the quinolone target proteins of the resistant mutant (MIC of ciprofloxacin, 64 µg/ml): D87G and G81C in GyrA, and a novel mutation, E470K, in ParE. A protein analysis revealed an increased expression of AcrAB/TolC and decreased expression of OmpC. Sequencing of the marRAB, soxRS, ramR and acrR operons did not show any mutation and neither did their expression levels in a microarray analysis. A decreased percentage of invasion ability was detected when compared with the susceptible clinical isolate in a gentamicin protection assay. The microarray results revealed a decreased expression of genes which play a role during the invasion process, such as hilA, invF and the flhDC operon. Of note was the impaired growth detected in the resistant strain. A strain with a reverted phenotype (mainly concerning the resistance phenotype) was obtained from the resistant mutant. Conclusions/Significance In conclusion, a possible link between fluoroquinolone resistance and decreased cell invasion ability may exist explaining the low prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant S. Typhimurium clinical isolates. The impaired growth may appear as a consequence of fluoroquinolone resistance acquisition and down-regulate the expression of the invasion genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fàbrega
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laurence du Merle
- Institut Pasteur, Pathogénie Bactérienne des Muqueuses, Paris, France
| | | | - M. Teresa Jiménez de Anta
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Vila
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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