251
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Sege R, Preer G, Morton SJ, Cabral H, Morakinyo O, Lee V, Abreu C, De Vos E, Kaplan-Sanoff M. Medical-Legal Strategies to Improve Infant Health Care: A Randomized Trial. Pediatrics 2015; 136:97-106. [PMID: 26034248 PMCID: PMC9923600 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2014-2955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in health care delivery create opportunities to improve systems to better meet the needs of low-income families while achieving quality benchmarks. METHODS Families of healthy newborns receiving primary care at a single large urban safety-net hospital participated. Intervention families were randomly assigned a family specialist who provided support until the 6-month routine health care visit. The Developmental Understanding and Legal Collaboration for Everyone (DULCE) intervention is based on the Strengthening Families approach and incorporated components of the Healthy Steps and Medical-Legal Partnership models. Medical record reviews determined use of preventive and emergency care. Surveys conducted at baseline, postintervention (6 months), and follow-up (12 months) were used to determine hardship and attainment of concrete supports. RESULTS Three hundred thirty families participated in the study. At baseline, 73% of families reported economic hardships. Intervention parents had an average of 14 contacts with the family specialist, and 5 hours of total contact time. Intervention infants were more likely to have completed their 6-month immunization schedule by age 7 months (77% vs 63%, P < .005) and by 8 months (88% vs 77%, P < .01). Intervention infants were more likely to have 5 or more routine preventive care visits by age 1 year (78% vs 67%, P < .01) and were less likely to have visited the emergency department by age 6 months (37% vs 49.7%, P < .03). The DULCE intervention accelerated access to concrete resources (P = .029). CONCLUSIONS Assignment to the Project DULCE intervention led to improvements in preventive health care delivery and utilization and accelerated access to concrete supports among low-income families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sege
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine,
| | - Genevieve Preer
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine
| | | | - Howard Cabral
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Oluwatomisin Morakinyo
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Vonne Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Catarina Abreu
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Edward De Vos
- William James College (formerly the Massachusetts School of Professional Psychology), Newton, Massachusetts
| | - Margot Kaplan-Sanoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine
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252
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Neonatal environment exerts a sustained influence on the development of the intestinal microbiota and metabolic phenotype. ISME JOURNAL 2015; 10:145-57. [PMID: 26066712 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The postnatal environment, including factors such as weaning and acquisition of the gut microbiota, has been causally linked to the development of later immunological diseases such as allergy and autoimmunity, and has also been associated with a predisposition to metabolic disorders. We show that the very early-life environment influences the development of both the gut microbiota and host metabolic phenotype in a porcine model of human infants. Farm piglets were nursed by their mothers for 1 day, before removal to highly controlled, individual isolators where they received formula milk until weaning at 21 days. The experiment was repeated, to create two batches, which differed only in minor environmental fluctuations during the first day. At day 1 after birth, metabolic profiling of serum by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrated significant, systemic, inter-batch variation which persisted until weaning. However, the urinary metabolic profiles demonstrated that significant inter-batch effects on 3-hydroxyisovalerate, trimethylamine-N-oxide and mannitol persisted beyond weaning to at least 35 days. Batch effects were linked to significant differences in the composition of colonic microbiota at 35 days, determined by 16 S pyrosequencing. Different weaning diets modulated both the microbiota and metabolic phenotype independently of the persistent batch effects. We demonstrate that the environment during the first day of life influences development of the microbiota and metabolic phenotype and thus should be taken into account when interrogating experimental outcomes. In addition, we suggest that intervention at this early time could provide 'metabolic rescue' for at-risk infants who have undergone aberrant patterns of initial intestinal colonisation.
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253
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Epigenetics—Potential for Programming Fish for Aquaculture? JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse3020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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254
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Olkowski A, Nain S, Laarveld B, Wojnarowicz C. Changes in eggshell structure and predisposition of broilers to health problems: is there a common pathophysiology? Br Poult Sci 2015; 56:267-74. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2015.1008995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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255
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de Picoli Souza K, da Silva ED, Batista EC, Reis FCG, Silva SMA, Castro CHM, Luz J, Pesquero JL, Dos Santos EL, Pesquero JB. Early pharmacological inhibition of angiotensin-I converting enzyme activity induces obesity in adulthood. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:75. [PMID: 25926796 PMCID: PMC4396349 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated early programming of body mass in order to understand the multifactorial etiology of obesity. Considering that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is expressed and functional in the white adipose tissue (WAT) and modulates its development, we reasoned whether early transitory inhibition of angiotensin-I converting enzyme activity after birth could modify late body mass development. Therefore, newborn Wistar rats were treated with enalapril (10 mg/kg of body mass) or saline, starting at the first day of life until the age of 16 days. Between days ninetieth and hundred and eightieth, a group of these animals received high fat diet (HFD). Molecular, biochemical, histological, and physiological data were collected. Enalapril treated animals presented hyperphagia, overweight, and increased serum level of triglycerides, total cholesterol and leptin, in adult life. Body composition analyses revealed higher fat mass with increased adipocyte size in these animals. Molecular analyses revealed that enalapril treatment increases neuropeptide Y (NPY) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) gene expression in hypothalamus, fatty acid synthase (FAS), and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) gene expression in retroperitoneal WAT, and decreases peroxixome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR)γ, PPARα, uncoupling protein (UCP)2, and UCP3 gene expression in WAT. The results of the current study indicate that enalapril administration during early postnatal development increases body mass, adiposity and serum lipids in adulthood associated with enhanced food intake and decreased metabolic activity in WAT, predisposing to obesity in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kely de Picoli Souza
- School of Environmental and Biological Science, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados Dourados, Brazil
| | - Elton D da Silva
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elice C Batista
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe C G Reis
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sylvia M A Silva
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Charlles H M Castro
- Department of Rheumatology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Luz
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge L Pesquero
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Edson L Dos Santos
- School of Environmental and Biological Science, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados Dourados, Brazil
| | - João B Pesquero
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
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256
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Paulino DSDM, Surita FG, Peres GB, Nascimento SLD, Morais SS. Association between parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 29:880-4. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2015.1021674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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257
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Murray R, Godfrey KM, Lillycrop KA. The Early Life Origins of Cardiovascular Disease. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-015-0442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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258
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Body composition and behaviour in adult rats are influenced by maternal diet, maternal age and high-fat feeding. J Nutr Sci 2015; 4:e3. [PMID: 26090100 PMCID: PMC4463023 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2014.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal exposure to maternal undernutrition has lifelong consequences for physiological and
metabolic function. Maternal low-protein diet is associated with an age-related phenotype
in rats, characterised by a period of resistance to development of obesity in early
adulthood, giving way to an obesity-prone, insulin-resistant state in later adulthood.
Offspring of rats fed a control (18 % casein) or low-protein (9 % casein; LP) diet in
pregnancy were challenged with a high-fat diet at 9 months of age. To assess whether other
maternal factors modulated the programming effects of nutrition, offspring were studied
from young (2–4 months old) and older (6–9 months old) mothers. Weight gain with a
high-fat diet was attenuated in male offspring of older mothers fed LP (interaction of
maternal age and diet; P = 0·011) and adipose tissue deposition was lower
with LP feeding in both males and females (P < 0·05). Although the
resistance to weight gain and adiposity was partially explained by lower energy intake in
offspring of LP mothers (P < 0·001 males only), it was apparent
that energy expenditure must be influenced by maternal diet and age. Assessment of
locomotor activity indicated that energy expenditure associated with physical activity was
unlikely to explain resistance to weight gain, but showed that offspring of older mothers
were more anxious than those of younger mothers, with more rearing observed in a novel
environment and on the elevated plus-maze. The data showed that in addition to maternal
undernutrition, greater maternal age may influence development and long-term body
composition in the rat.
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259
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Fleming TP, Watkins AJ, Sun C, Velazquez MA, Smyth NR, Eckert JJ. Do little embryos make big decisions? How maternal dietary protein restriction can permanently change an embryo’s potential, affecting adult health. Reprod Fertil Dev 2015; 27:684-92. [DOI: 10.1071/rd14455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Periconceptional environment may influence embryo development, ultimately affecting adult health. Here, we review the rodent model of maternal low-protein diet specifically during the preimplantation period (Emb-LPD) with normal nutrition during subsequent gestation and postnatally. This model, studied mainly in the mouse, leads to cardiovascular, metabolic and behavioural disease in adult offspring, with females more susceptible. We evaluate the sequence of events from diet administration that may lead to adult disease. Emb-LPD changes maternal serum and/or uterine fluid metabolite composition, notably with reduced insulin and branched-chain amino acids. This is sensed by blastocysts through reduced mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signalling. Embryos respond by permanently changing the pattern of development of their extra-embryonic lineages, trophectoderm and primitive endoderm, to enhance maternal nutrient retrieval during subsequent gestation. These compensatory changes include stimulation in proliferation, endocytosis and cellular motility, and epigenetic mechanisms underlying them are being identified. Collectively, these responses act to protect fetal growth and likely contribute to offspring competitive fitness. However, the resulting growth adversely affects long-term health because perinatal weight positively correlates with adult disease risk. We argue that periconception environmental responses reflect developmental plasticity and ‘decisions’ made by embryos to optimise their own development, but with lasting consequences.
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260
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Zohdi V, Lim K, Pearson JT, Black MJ. Developmental programming of cardiovascular disease following intrauterine growth restriction: findings utilising a rat model of maternal protein restriction. Nutrients 2014; 7:119-52. [PMID: 25551250 PMCID: PMC4303830 DOI: 10.3390/nu7010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over recent years, studies have demonstrated links between risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood and adverse events that occurred very early in life during fetal development. The concept that there are embryonic and fetal adaptive responses to a sub-optimal intrauterine environment often brought about by poor maternal diet that result in permanent adverse consequences to life-long health is consistent with the definition of "programming". The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the current knowledge of the effects of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) on long-term cardiac structure and function, with particular emphasis on the effects of maternal protein restriction. Much of our recent knowledge has been derived from animal models. We review the current literature of one of the most commonly used models of IUGR (maternal protein restriction in rats), in relation to birth weight and postnatal growth, blood pressure and cardiac structure and function. In doing so, we highlight the complexity of developmental programming, with regards to timing, degree of severity of the insult, genotype and the subsequent postnatal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislava Zohdi
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Kyungjoon Lim
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, P.O. Box 6492 St Kilda Rd Central, Melbourne 8008, Australia.
| | - James T Pearson
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - M Jane Black
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
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261
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Farbu J, Haugen M, Meltzer HM, Brantsæter AL. Impact of singlehood during pregnancy on dietary intake and birth outcomes- a study in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014; 14:396. [PMID: 25475509 PMCID: PMC4268900 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-014-0396-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little attention has been given to the impact of singlehood during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of marital status on diet during pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. Methods The study population comprised 62,773 women participating in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Marital status was categorised into singles living alone, singles living with parents and married/cohabiting (reference group). Participants answered a general health questionnaire in gestational week 15–17 and a food frequency questionnaire in gestational week 22. We used nonparametric tests to compare dietary intakes by marital status, and multiple logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for infants being small for gestational age (SGA), large for gestational age (LGA), and preterm delivery (defined as delivery before gestational week 37). Results Single women living with parents had lower intakes of fruits and vegetables, higher intake of total energy, higher proportion of energy from added sugar, and lower intake of fibre than the reference group. Singles living alone also had a higher intake of added sugar. In both of the single groups, daily smoking was more prevalent than in women living with a partner. In analyses adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, energy intake, energy contributed by protein, education, income, parity and nausea, single women living alone had increased risk of SGA with OR = 1.27 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.55). When smoking was included among the confounding variables, the association was no longer significant. Likewise, singles living alone had increased risk of preterm delivery, with OR = 1.32 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.72) in a partly adjusted model, but the association did not remain significant in a model fully adjusted for confounding variables. Conclusions Single mothers had lower dietary quality and included more smokers than women who lived with a partner. Single mothers living alone had higher prevalence of SGA and preterm delivery, but the associations with adverse pregnancy outcomes were confounded by other variables. This study shows that single mothers should be given special attention during antenatal care and counselling.
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262
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Lee MK. Progress in the Health and Nutrition of Girls in the Asia-Pacific Region. Asia Pac J Public Health 2014; 27:19-23. [DOI: 10.1177/1010539514561084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Since its inception 3 decades ago the Asia-Pacific Academic Consortium for Public Health (APACPH) has emphasized improving the health of disadvantaged and minority groups. In 1990, APACPH held a conference in Kathmandu with the theme, “The Girl Child in Asia: A Neglected Majority.” Over the past 3 decades, the mortality rates for all children, particularly girls, have improved in our region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyung Lee
- Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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263
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Giuliani C, Bacalini MG, Sazzini M, Pirazzini C, Franceschi C, Garagnani P, Luiselli D. The epigenetic side of human adaptation: hypotheses, evidences and theories. Ann Hum Biol 2014; 42:1-9. [PMID: 25413580 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2014.961960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Epigenetics represents a still unexplored research field in the understanding of micro- and macro-evolutionary mechanisms, as epigenetic changes create phenotypic diversity within both individuals and populations. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review is to dissect the landscape of studies focused on DNA methylation, one of the most described epigenetic mechanisms, emphasizing the aspects that could be relevant in human adaptations. METHODS Theories and results here considered were collected from the most recent papers published. RESULTS The matter of DNA methylation inheritance is here described as well as the recent evolutionary theories regarding the role of DNA methylation-and epigenetics in a broader sense-in human evolution. The complex relation between (1) DNA methylation and genetic variability and (2) DNA methylation and the environmental stimuli crucial in shaping genetic and phenotypic variability through the human lineage-such as diet, climate and pathogens exposure-are described. Papers about population epigenetics are also illustrated due to their high relevance in this context. CONCLUSION Genetic, epigenetic and phenotypic variations of the species, together with cultural ones, are considerably shaped by a vast range of environmental stimuli, thus representing the foundation of all human bio-cultural adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Giuliani
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology and Centre for Genome Biology
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264
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Langley‐Evans SC, Moran VH. Childhood obesity: risk factors, prevention and management. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2014; 10:453-455. [PMID: 25263514 PMCID: PMC6860209 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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265
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Langley-Evans SC, Moran VH. Childhood obesity: risk factors, prevention and management. J Hum Nutr Diet 2014; 27:411-2. [PMID: 25250902 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S C Langley-Evans
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham. Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, UK.
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266
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Langley-Evans SC. Publishing in the Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics: tougher but more rewarding. J Hum Nutr Diet 2014; 27:309-10. [PMID: 24963919 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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267
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McGiveron A, Foster S, Pearce J, Taylor MA, McMullen S, Langley-Evans SC. Limiting antenatal weight gain improves maternal health outcomes in severely obese pregnant women: findings of a pragmatic evaluation of a midwife-led intervention. J Hum Nutr Diet 2014; 28 Suppl 1:29-37. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. McGiveron
- Lincolnshire Community Health Services NHS Trust; Lincoln UK
| | - S. Foster
- Lincolnshire Community Health Services NHS Trust; Lincoln UK
| | - J. Pearce
- School of Biosciences; University of Nottingham; Loughborough UK
| | - M. A. Taylor
- School of Life Sciences; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - S. McMullen
- School of Biosciences; University of Nottingham; Loughborough UK
- National Childbirth Trust; London UK
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