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Radrizzani M, Soncin S, Lo Cicero V, Andriolo G, Bolis S, Turchetto L. Quality Control Assays for Clinical-Grade Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Methods for ATMP Release. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1416:313-337. [PMID: 27236681 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3584-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) are promising candidates for the development of cell-based therapies for various diseases and are currently being evaluated in a number of clinical trials (Sharma et al., Transfusion 54:1418-1437, 2014; Ikebe and Suzuki, Biomed Res Int 2014:951512, 2014). MSC for therapeutic applications are classified as advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMP) (Regulation (EC) No 1394/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 November 2007 on advanced therapy medicinal products and amending Directive 2001/83/EC and Regulation (EC) No 726/2004) and must be prepared according to good manufacturing practices ( http://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/eudralex/vol-4 ). They may be derived from different starting materials (mainly bone marrow (BM), adipose tissue, or cord blood) and applied as fresh or cryopreserved products, in the autologous as well as an allogeneic context (Sharma et al., Transfusion 54:1418-1437, 2014; Ikebe and Suzuki, Biomed Res Int 2014:951512, 2014; Sensebé and Bourin, Transplantation 87(9 Suppl):S49-S53, 2009). In any case, they require an approved and well-defined panel of assays in order to be released for clinical use.This chapter describes analytical methods implemented and performed in our cell factory as part of the release strategy for an ATMP consisting of frozen autologous BM-derived MSC. Such methods are designed to assess the safety (sterility, endotoxin, and mycoplasma assays) and identity/potency (cell count and viability, immunophenotype and clonogenic assay) of the final product. Some assays are also applied to the biological starting material (sterility) or carried out as in-process controls (sterility, cell count and viability, immunophenotype, clonogenic assay).The validation strategy for each analytical method is described in the accompanying Chapter 20 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Radrizzani
- Lugano Cell Factory, Cardiocentro Ticino - Swiss Institute of Regenerative Medicine (SIRM), Via Tesserete 48, Lugano, 6900, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Soncin
- Lugano Cell Factory, Cardiocentro Ticino - Swiss Institute of Regenerative Medicine (SIRM), Via Tesserete 48, Lugano, 6900, Switzerland
| | - Viviana Lo Cicero
- Lugano Cell Factory, Cardiocentro Ticino - Swiss Institute of Regenerative Medicine (SIRM), Via Tesserete 48, Lugano, 6900, Switzerland
| | - Gabriella Andriolo
- Lugano Cell Factory, Cardiocentro Ticino - Swiss Institute of Regenerative Medicine (SIRM), Via Tesserete 48, Lugano, 6900, Switzerland
| | - Sara Bolis
- Lugano Cell Factory, Cardiocentro Ticino - Swiss Institute of Regenerative Medicine (SIRM), Via Tesserete 48, Lugano, 6900, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Turchetto
- Lugano Cell Factory, Cardiocentro Ticino - Swiss Institute of Regenerative Medicine (SIRM), Via Tesserete 48, Lugano, 6900, Switzerland.
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Radrizzani M, Soncin S, Bolis S, Lo Cicero V, Andriolo G, Turchetto L. Quality Control Assays for Clinical-Grade Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Validation Strategy. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1416:339-356. [PMID: 27236682 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3584-0_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present chapter focuses on the validation of the following analytical methods for the control of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) for cell therapy clinical trials: Microbiological control for cellular product Endotoxin assay Mycoplasma assay Cell count and viability Immunophenotype Clonogenic potential (CFU-F assay) In our lab, these methods are in use for product release, process control or control of the biological starting materials. They are described in detail in the accompanying Chapter 19.For each method, validation goals and strategy are presented, and a detailed experimental scheme is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Radrizzani
- Lugano Cell Factory, Cardiocentro Ticino - Swiss Institute of Regenerative Medicine (SIRM), Via Tesserete 48, Lugano, 6900, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Soncin
- Lugano Cell Factory, Cardiocentro Ticino - Swiss Institute of Regenerative Medicine (SIRM), Via Tesserete 48, Lugano, 6900, Switzerland
| | - Sara Bolis
- Lugano Cell Factory, Cardiocentro Ticino - Swiss Institute of Regenerative Medicine (SIRM), Via Tesserete 48, Lugano, 6900, Switzerland
| | - Viviana Lo Cicero
- Lugano Cell Factory, Cardiocentro Ticino - Swiss Institute of Regenerative Medicine (SIRM), Via Tesserete 48, Lugano, 6900, Switzerland
| | - Gabriella Andriolo
- Lugano Cell Factory, Cardiocentro Ticino - Swiss Institute of Regenerative Medicine (SIRM), Via Tesserete 48, Lugano, 6900, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Turchetto
- Lugano Cell Factory, Cardiocentro Ticino - Swiss Institute of Regenerative Medicine (SIRM), Via Tesserete 48, Lugano, 6900, Switzerland.
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Mesenchymoangioblast-derived mesenchymal stromal cells inhibit cell damage, tissue damage and improve peripheral blood flow following hindlimb ischemic injury in mice. Cytotherapy 2015; 18:219-28. [PMID: 26740280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Existing treatments have limited success in modifying the course of peripheral artery disease, which may eventually lead to limb-threatening ulcers and amputation. Cellular therapies have the potential to provide a new treatment option for this condition, but isolation of cells by conventional means has limitations with respect to reproducibility and scalability. METHODS Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were differentiated into precursor cells known as mesenchymoangioblasts (MCAs) and subsequently into mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Hindlimb ischemia in mice was created by ligating both the iliac and femoral arteries of one hindlimb. Immediately after surgery, each animal received intramuscular injections of 5 × 10(6) cells or media in the ischemic limb. Toe necrosis was assessed visually, and hindlimb blood flow was measured by laser Doppler using a set region of interest (ROI) and by tracing the entire foot. Myofiber heterogeneity, nuclear centralization, fatty degeneration, fibrosis and capillary angiogenesis in the gastrocnemius muscle were assessed histologically. RESULTS Blood flow in the MCA-derived MSC-treated animals was higher at each day (P <0.006), and these mice recovered faster than control animals (3.6 vs. 2.5 for set ROI; 7.5 vs. 4.1 foot tracing; slope; P <0.001). There was significantly less myofiber heterogeneity, nuclear centralization, fatty degeneration and fibrosis in MCA-derived MSC-treated animals, indicating less tissue damage. DISCUSSION MCA-derived MSCs improved limb blood flow, reduced necrosis and maintained muscle mass and gross muscle appearance. We conclude that MCA-derived MSCs have a significant and protective effect against ischemic insults.
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Chromatographically isolated CD63+CD81+ extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stromal cells rescue cognitive impairments after TBI. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 113:170-5. [PMID: 26699510 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1522297113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by cells present an attractive strategy for developing new therapies, but progress in the field is limited by several issues: The quality of the EVs varies with the type and physiological status of the producer cells; protocols used to isolate the EVs are difficult to scale up; and assays for efficacy are difficult to develop. In the present report, we have addressed these issues by using human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) that produce EVs when incubated in a protein-free medium, preselecting the preparations of MSCs with a biomarker for their potency in modulating inflammation, incubating the cells in a chemically defined protein-free medium that provided a stable environment, isolating the EVs with a scalable chromatographic procedure, and developing an in vivo assay for efficacy of the cells in suppressing neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice. In addition, we demonstrate that i.v. infusion of the isolated EVs shortly after induction of TBI rescued pattern separation and spatial learning impairments 1 mo later.
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255
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Loperfido M, Jarmin S, Dastidar S, Di Matteo M, Perini I, Moore M, Nair N, Samara-Kuko E, Athanasopoulos T, Tedesco FS, Dickson G, Sampaolesi M, VandenDriessche T, Chuah MK. piggyBac transposons expressing full-length human dystrophin enable genetic correction of dystrophic mesoangioblasts. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:744-60. [PMID: 26682797 PMCID: PMC4737162 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic neuromuscular disorder caused by the absence of dystrophin. We developed a novel gene therapy approach based on the use of the piggyBac (PB) transposon system to deliver the coding DNA sequence (CDS) of either full-length human dystrophin (DYS: 11.1 kb) or truncated microdystrophins (MD1: 3.6 kb; MD2: 4 kb). PB transposons encoding microdystrophins were transfected in C2C12 myoblasts, yielding 65±2% MD1 and 66±2% MD2 expression in differentiated multinucleated myotubes. A hyperactive PB (hyPB) transposase was then deployed to enable transposition of the large-size PB transposon (17 kb) encoding the full-length DYS and green fluorescence protein (GFP). Stable GFP expression attaining 78±3% could be achieved in the C2C12 myoblasts that had undergone transposition. Western blot analysis demonstrated expression of the full-length human DYS protein in myotubes. Subsequently, dystrophic mesoangioblasts from a Golden Retriever muscular dystrophy dog were transfected with the large-size PB transposon resulting in 50±5% GFP-expressing cells after stable transposition. This was consistent with correction of the differentiated dystrophic mesoangioblasts following expression of full-length human DYS. These results pave the way toward a novel non-viral gene therapy approach for DMD using PB transposons underscoring their potential to deliver large therapeutic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Loperfido
- Department of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Brussels 1090, Belgium Center for Molecular & Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Susan Jarmin
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Sumitava Dastidar
- Department of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Mario Di Matteo
- Department of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Brussels 1090, Belgium Center for Molecular & Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Ilaria Perini
- Translational Cardiomyology Laboratory, Embryo and Stem Cell Biology Unit, Department of Development and Regeneration, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Marc Moore
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Nisha Nair
- Department of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Ermira Samara-Kuko
- Department of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Takis Athanasopoulos
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK Faculty of Science & Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, UK
| | | | - George Dickson
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Maurilio Sampaolesi
- Translational Cardiomyology Laboratory, Embryo and Stem Cell Biology Unit, Department of Development and Regeneration, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Thierry VandenDriessche
- Department of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Brussels 1090, Belgium Center for Molecular & Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Marinee K Chuah
- Department of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Brussels 1090, Belgium Center for Molecular & Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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Rhee KJ, Lee JI, Eom YW. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Mediated Effects of Tumor Support or Suppression. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:30015-33. [PMID: 26694366 PMCID: PMC4691158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can exhibit a marked tropism towards site of tumors. Many studies have reported that tumor progression and metastasis increase by MSCs. In contrast, other studies have shown that MSCs suppress growth of tumors. MSCs contribute to tumor growth promotion by several mechanisms: (1) transition to tumor-associated fibroblasts; (2) suppression of immune response; (3) promotion of angiogenesis; (4) stimulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT); (5) contribution to the tumor microenvironment; (6) inhibition of tumor cell apoptosis; and (7) promotion of tumor metastasis. In contrast to the tumor-promoting properties, MSCs inhibit tumor growth by increasing inflammatory infiltration, inhibiting angiogenesis, suppressing Wnt signaling and AKT signaling, and inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In this review, we will discuss potential mechanisms by which MSC mediates tumor support or suppression and then the possible tumor-specific therapeutic strategies using MSCs as delivery vehicles, based on their homing potential to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Jong Rhee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju 26493, Korea.
| | - Jong In Lee
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26426, Korea.
| | - Young Woo Eom
- Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26426, Korea.
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257
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Cormier N, Yeo A, Fiorentino E, Paxson J. Optimization of the Wound Scratch Assay to Detect Changes in Murine Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Migration After Damage by Soluble Cigarette Smoke Extract. J Vis Exp 2015:e53414. [PMID: 26709527 DOI: 10.3791/53414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is vital to many physiological and pathological processes including tissue development, repair, and regeneration, cancer metastasis, and inflammatory responses. Given the current interest in the role of mesenchymal stromal cells in mediating tissue repair, we are interested in quantifying the migratory capacity of these cells, and understanding how migratory capacity may be altered after damage. Optimization of a rigorously quantitative migration assay that is both easy to customize and cost-effective to perform is key to answering questions concerning alterations in cell migration in response to various stimuli. Current methods for quantifying cell migration, including scratch assays, trans-well migration assays (Boyden chambers), micropillar arrays, and cell exclusion zone assays, possess a range of limitations in reproducibility, customizability, quantification, and cost-effectiveness. Despite its prominent use, the scratch assay is confounded by issues with reproducibility related to damage of the cell microenvironment, impediments to cell migration, influence of neighboring senescent cells, and cell proliferation, as well as lack of rigorous quantification. The optimized scratch assay described here demonstrates robust outcomes, quantifiable and image-based analysis capabilities, cost-effectiveness, and adaptability to other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julia Paxson
- Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross;
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258
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Shim G, Kim G, Choi J, Yi T, Cho YK, Song SU, Byun Y, Oh YK. Biomimetic chimeric peptide-tethered hydrogels for human mesenchymal stem cell delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 136:634-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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259
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A discussion on adult mesenchymal stem cells for drug delivery: pros and cons. Ther Deliv 2015; 6:1335-46. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.15.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are emerging as candidates for drug delivery to treat numerous diseases. Their ease of isolation, expansion and reduced ethical concern, coupled with their ‘plastic’ immune functions and homing abilities make MSCs an appealing choice as cellular vehicle for drug delivery, including the delivery of RNA. However, while MSCs are currently listed for thousands of clinical trials, there are many confounding factors that have yet to be elucidated. In this review, we address many of the benefits of MSCs as therapeutic agents, and discuss confounding factors that require further scientific exploration.
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260
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Heo JS, Choi Y, Kim HS, Kim HO. Comparison of molecular profiles of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, placenta and adipose tissue. Int J Mol Med 2015; 37:115-25. [PMID: 26719857 PMCID: PMC4687432 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are clinically useful due to their capacity for self-renewal, their immunomodulatory properties and tissue regenerative potential. These cells can be isolated from various tissues and exhibit different potential for clinical applications according to their origin, and thus comparative studies on MSCs from different tissues are essential. In this study, we investigated the immunophenotype, proliferative potential, multilineage differentiation and immunomodulatory capacity of MSCs derived from different tissue sources, namely bone marrow, adipose tissue, the placenta and umbilical cord blood. The gene expression profiles of stemness-related genes [octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4), sex determining region Y-box (SOX)2, MYC, Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), NANOG, LIN28 and REX1] and lineage-related and differentiation stage-related genes [B4GALNT1 (GM2/GS2 synthase), inhibin, beta A (INHBA), distal-less homeobox 5 (DLX5), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPA), bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) and SOX9] were compared using RT-PCR. No significant differences in growth rate, colony-forming efficiency and immunophenotype were observed. Our results demonstrated that MSCs derived from bone marrow and adipose tissue shared not only in vitro trilineage differentiation potential, but also gene expression profiles. While there was considerable interdonor variation in DLX5 expression between MSCs derived from different tissues, its expression appears to be associated with the osteogenic potential of MSCs. Bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) significantly inhibited allogeneic T cell proliferation possibly via the high levels of the immunosuppressive cytokines, IL10 and TGFB1. Although MSCs derived from different tissues and fibroblasts share many characteristics, some of the marker genes, such as B4GALNT1 and DLX5 may be useful for the characterization of MSCs derived from different tissue sources. Collectively, our results suggest that, based on their tri-lineage differentiation potential and immunomodulatory effects, BM-MSCs and adipose tissue-derived MSCs (A-MSCs) represent the optimal stem cell source for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Seok Heo
- Cell Therapy Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youjeong Choi
- Cell Therapy Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Soo Kim
- Institute for Bio‑Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ok Kim
- Cell Therapy Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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261
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Mattar P, Bieback K. Comparing the Immunomodulatory Properties of Bone Marrow, Adipose Tissue, and Birth-Associated Tissue Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Front Immunol 2015; 6:560. [PMID: 26579133 PMCID: PMC4630659 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have gained immense attraction in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and immunotherapy. This is based on their differentiation potential and the supply of pro-regenerative and immunomodulatory signals. MSC can be isolated from a multitude of tissue sources, but mainly bone marrow, adipose tissue, and birth-associated tissues (e.g., umbilical cord, cord blood, placenta) appear to be relevant for clinical translation in immune-mediated disorders. However, only a few studies directly compared the immunomodulatory potency of MSC from different tissue sources. This review compiles the current literature regarding the similarities and differences between these three sources for MSCs with a special focus on their immunomodulatory effects on T-lymphocyte subsets and monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Mattar
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Heidelberg University , Heidelberg , Germany ; German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Karen Bieback
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Heidelberg University , Heidelberg , Germany ; German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen , Mannheim , Germany
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262
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Eom YW, Kim G, Baik SK. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for cirrhosis: Present and future perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:10253-10261. [PMID: 26420953 PMCID: PMC4579873 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i36.10253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis occurs as a result of various chronic liver injuries, which may be caused by viral infections, alcohol abuse and the administration of drugs and chemicals. Recently, bone marrow cells (BMCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used for developing treatments for cirrhosis. Clinical trials have investigated the therapeutic potential of BMCs, HSCs and MSCs for the treatment of cirrhosis based on their potential to differentiate into hepatocytes. Although the therapeutic mechanisms of BMC, HSC and MSC treatments are still not fully characterized, the evidence thus far has indicated that the potential therapeutic mechanisms of MSCs are clearer than those of BMCs or HSCs with respect to liver regenerative medicine. MSCs suppress inflammatory responses, reduce hepatocyte apoptosis, increase hepatocyte regeneration, reverse liver fibrosis and enhance liver functionality. This paper summarizes the clinical studies that have used BMCs, HSCs and MSCs in patients with liver failure or cirrhosis. We also present the potential therapeutic mechanisms of BMCs, HSCs and MSCs for the improvement of liver function.
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263
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Rushkevich YN, Kosmacheva SM, Zabrodets GV, Ignatenko SI, Goncharova NV, Severin IN, Likhachev SA, Potapnev MP. The Use of Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Cell Therapy of Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Belarus. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 159:576-81. [PMID: 26395626 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-3017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We studied a new method of treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with autologous mesenchymal stem cells. Autologous mesenchymal stem cells were injected intravenously (intact cells) or via lumbar puncture (cells committed to neuronal differentiation). Evaluation of the results of cell therapy after 12-month follow-up revealed slowing down of the disease progression in 10 patients in comparison with the control group consisting of 15 patients. The cell therapy was safe for the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu N Rushkevich
- Republican Research-and-Practical Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - S M Kosmacheva
- Republican Research-and-Practical Center of Transfusion and Medical Biotechnologies, Minsk, Belarus
| | - G V Zabrodets
- Republican Research-and-Practical Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Minsk, Belarus
| | - S I Ignatenko
- Republican Research-and-Practical Center of Transfusion and Medical Biotechnologies, Minsk, Belarus
| | - N V Goncharova
- Republican Research-and-Practical Center of Transfusion and Medical Biotechnologies, Minsk, Belarus
| | - I N Severin
- Republican Research-and-Practical Center of Transfusion and Medical Biotechnologies, Minsk, Belarus
| | - S A Likhachev
- Republican Research-and-Practical Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Minsk, Belarus
| | - M P Potapnev
- Belorussian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus
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264
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Tan KY, Reuveny S, Oh SKW. Recent advances in serum-free microcarrier expansion of mesenchymal stromal cells: Parameters to be optimized. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 473:769-73. [PMID: 26385177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are being investigated for a variety of therapeutic indications. However, current 2D planar technology cannot meet the anticipated demand and a shift to serum-free microcarrier cultures is needed in order to meet the quality and quantity of cells required. Here we summarize several recent attempts to grow cells in such conditions, and identify several variables that affect cell expansion, including tissue source, serum-free medium formulation, microcarrier type and matrix, and agitation regime (continuous versus intermittent). Optimization of these culture conditions will be necessary to ensure success in bioreactor-scale production of MSCs for cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Yong Tan
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore.
| | - Shaul Reuveny
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Steve Kah Weng Oh
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore.
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Abstract
Currently, the most effective treatment for end-stage liver fibrosis is liver transplantation; however, transplantation is limited by a shortage of donor organs, surgical complications, immunological rejection, and high medical costs. Recently, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has been suggested as an effective alternate approach for the treatment of hepatic diseases. MSCs have the potential to differentiate into hepatocytes, and therapeutic value exists in their immune-modulatory properties and secretion of trophic factors, such as growth factors and cytokines. In addition, MSCs can suppress inflammatory responses, reduce hepatocyte apoptosis, increase hepatocyte regeneration, regress liver fibrosis and enhance liver functionality. Despite these advantages, issues remain; MSCs also have fibrogenic potential and the capacity to promote tumor cell growth and oncogenicity. This paper summarizes the properties of MSCs for regenerative medicine and their therapeutic mechanisms and clinical application in the treatment of liver fibrosis. We also present several outstanding risks, including their fibrogenic potential and their capacity to promote pre-existing tumor cell growth and oncogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Woo Eom
- Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Wonju, Korea
| | - Kwang Yong Shim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Soon Koo Baik
- Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Wonju, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
- Correspondence to Soon Koo Baik, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26426, Korea Tel: +82-33-741-1223 Fax: +82-33-745-6782 E-mail:
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Buyl K, Vanhaecke T, Desmae T, Lagneaux L, Rogiers V, Najar M, De Kock J. Evaluation of a new standardized enzymatic isolation protocol for human umbilical cord-derived stem cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1254-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Gorski DJ, Xiao W, Li J, Luo W, Lauer M, Kisiday J, Plaas A, Sandy J. Deletion of ADAMTS5 does not affect aggrecan or versican degradation but promotes glucose uptake and proteoglycan synthesis in murine adipose derived stromal cells. Matrix Biol 2015; 47:66-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Zheng K, Wu W, Yang S, Huang L, Chen J, Gong C, Fu Z, Zhang L, Tan J. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell implantation for the treatment of radioactivity‑induced acute skin damage in rats. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7065-71. [PMID: 26323987 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to observe the role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the repair of acute skin damage caused by radiation. Rat bone marrow MSCs (BMSCs) were isolated and cultured in vitro. A rat model of radiation‑induced acute skin damage was established by irradiation of the hind legs of Sprague-Dawley rats using a linear accelerator (45 Gy). After irradiation, rats were randomly divided into two groups: BMSC group and control group. Rats in the BMSC group were treated with a tail vein injection of 2x106 BMSCs (1 ml) immediately after irradiation and a local multipoint injection of 2x106 BMSCs at the injured area two weeks later. Then the wound healing of each rat was observed. The expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)‑β1, stromal cell‑derived factor-1 (SDF‑1) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the wounded tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry. The results demonstrated that skin damage was milder in the BMSC group than in the control group. Moreover, the speed of healing in the BMSC group was better than that in the control group. In addition, the wound score, it was significantly lower in the BMSC group than in the control group (P<0.05). The expression of PGE2 and TGF‑β1 in the BMSC group was also significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05), whereas the SDF‑1 expression was significantly higher in the BMSC group than that in the control group (P<0.05). BMSCs can effectively reduce inflammation and fibrosis in the wounded skin and promote the repair of acute radioactive skin injury. Thus, may be developed as a novel treatment for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- Cell and Organ Transplant Institute, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Weizhen Wu
- Cell and Organ Transplant Institute, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Shunliang Yang
- Cell and Organ Transplant Institute, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Lianghu Huang
- Cell and Organ Transplant Institute, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Jin Chen
- Cell and Organ Transplant Institute, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Chungui Gong
- Radiotherapy Center, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Zhichao Fu
- Radiotherapy Center, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Cell and Organ Transplant Institute, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Jianming Tan
- Cell and Organ Transplant Institute, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
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270
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Quesenberry PJ, Aliotta J, Camussi G, Abdel-Mageed AB, Wen S, Goldberg L, Zhang HG, Tetta C, Franklin J, Coffey RJ, Danielson K, Subramanya V, Ghiran I, Das S, Chen CC, Pusic KM, Pusic AD, Chatterjee D, Kraig RP, Balaj L, Dooner M. Potential functional applications of extracellular vesicles: a report by the NIH Common Fund Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium. J Extracell Vesicles 2015; 4:27575. [PMID: 26320942 PMCID: PMC4553260 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v4.27575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The NIH Extracellular RNA Communication Program's initiative on clinical utility of extracellular RNAs and therapeutic agents and developing scalable technologies is reviewed here. Background information and details of the projects are presented. The work has focused on modulation of target cell fate by extracellular vesicles (EVs) and RNA. Work on plant-derived vesicles is of intense interest, and non-mammalian sources of vesicles may represent a very promising source for different therapeutic approaches. Retro-viral-like particles are intriguing. Clearly, EVs share pathways with the assembly machinery of several other viruses, including human endogenous retrovirals (HERVs), and this convergence may explain the observation of viral-like particles containing viral proteins and nucleic acid in EVs. Dramatic effect on regeneration of damaged bone marrow, renal, pulmonary and cardiovascular tissue is demonstrated and discussed. These studies show restoration of injured cell function and the importance of heterogeneity of different vesicle populations. The potential for neural regeneration is explored, and the capacity to promote and reverse neoplasia by EV exposure is described. The tremendous clinical potential of EVs underlies many of these projects, and the importance of regulatory issues and the necessity of general manufacturing production (GMP) studies for eventual clinical trials are emphasized. Clinical trials are already being pursued and should expand dramatically in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Quesenberry
- Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA;
| | - Jason Aliotta
- Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Asim B Abdel-Mageed
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Sicheng Wen
- Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Laura Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Huang-Ge Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Jeffrey Franklin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Department of Molecular Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kirsty Danielson
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vinita Subramanya
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ionita Ghiran
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Saumya Das
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clark C Chen
- Department of Surgery, Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kae M Pusic
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aya D Pusic
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Devasis Chatterjee
- Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Richard P Kraig
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leonora Balaj
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Mark Dooner
- Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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271
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D'souza N, Rossignoli F, Golinelli G, Grisendi G, Spano C, Candini O, Osturu S, Catani F, Paolucci P, Horwitz EM, Dominici M. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells as a delivery platform in cell and gene therapies. BMC Med 2015; 13:186. [PMID: 26265166 PMCID: PMC4534031 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0426-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine relying on cell and gene therapies is one of the most promising approaches to repair tissues. Multipotent mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC), a population of progenitors committing into mesoderm lineages, are progressively demonstrating therapeutic capabilities far beyond their differentiation capacities. The mechanisms by which MSC exert these actions include the release of biomolecules with anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, anti-fibrogenic, and trophic functions. While we expect the spectra of these molecules with a therapeutic profile to progressively expand, several human pathological conditions have begun to benefit from these biomolecule-delivering properties. In addition, MSC have also been proposed to vehicle genes capable of further empowering these functions. This review deals with the therapeutic properties of MSC, focusing on their ability to secrete naturally produced or gene-induced factors that can be used in the treatment of kidney, lung, heart, liver, pancreas, nervous system, and skeletal diseases. We specifically focus on the different modalities by which MSC can exert these functions. We aim to provide an updated understanding of these paracrine mechanisms as a prerequisite to broadening the therapeutic potential and clinical impact of MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi D'souza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Filippo Rossignoli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Golinelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Grisendi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Carlotta Spano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Olivia Candini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Satoru Osturu
- The Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Fabio Catani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Paolo Paolucci
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Edwin M Horwitz
- The Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy.
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Mesenchymal stromal cells derived from various tissues: Biological, clinical and cryopreservation aspects. Cryobiology 2015; 71:181-97. [PMID: 26186998 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Originally isolated from bone marrow, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have since been obtained from various fetal and post-natal tissues and are the focus of an increasing number of clinical trials. Because of their tremendous potential for cellular therapy, regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, it is desirable to cryopreserve and bank MSCs to increase their access and availability. A remarkable amount of research and resources have been expended towards optimizing the protocols, freezing media composition, cooling devices and storage containers, as well as developing good manufacturing practices in order to ensure that MSCs retain their therapeutic characteristics following cryopreservation and that they are safe for clinical use. Here, we first present an overview of the identification of MSCs, their tissue sources and the properties that render them suitable as a cellular therapeutic. Next, we discuss the responses of cells during freezing and focus on the traditional and novel approaches used to cryopreserve MSCs. We conclude that viable MSCs from diverse tissues can be recovered after cryopreservation using a variety of freezing protocols, cryoprotectants, storage periods and temperatures. However, alterations in certain functions of MSCs following cryopreservation warrant future investigations on the recovery of cells post-thaw followed by expansion of functional cells in order to achieve their full therapeutic potential.
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274
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Doris A Taylor
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX
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275
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Yoshioka S, Miura Y, Iwasa M, Fujishiro A, Yao H, Miura M, Fukuoka M, Nakagawa Y, Yokota A, Hirai H, Ichinohe T, Takaori-Kondo A, Maekawa T. Isolation of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells from small-volume umbilical cord blood units that do not qualify for the banking system. Int J Hematol 2015; 102:218-29. [PMID: 26121953 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-015-1828-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The clinical application of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) has been extensively explored. In this study, we examined the availability of freshly donated umbilical cord blood (UCB) units that do not qualify for the Japanese banking system for transplantation because of their small volume as a source of MSCs. Forty-five UCB units were used. The median volume of each UCB unit and number of nucleated cells per unit were 40 mL and 5.39 × 10(8), respectively. MSCs were successfully isolated from 18 of 45 units (40 %). The MSC isolation rate was not affected by cell processing method or the interval between delivery and cell processing. The volume of the UCB unit and the mononuclear cell count were predictive factors of the MSC isolation rate. MSCs were effectively isolated by selecting UCB units with a volume of ≥54 mL and containing ≥1.28 × 10(8) mononuclear cells, yielding a MSC isolation rate of >70 %. UCB-derived MSCs were similar to bone marrow-derived MSCs in terms of their morphology, surface marker expression, and differentiation potential, apart from adipogenesis. Our data indicate that UCB units that are currently discarded due to inadequate volume should be reconsidered as a source of MSCs using the well-established UCB banking system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yoshioka
- Department of Hematology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, 650-0046, Japan
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A New Medical Device Rigeneracons Allows to Obtain Viable Micro-Grafts From Mechanical Disaggregation of Human Tissues. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2299-303. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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277
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Kellathur SN. Regulation of Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapeutic Products in Singapore. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:2802-5. [PMID: 26096855 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory environment for cell- and tissue-based therapeutic (CTT) products is rapidly evolving and drug regulatory agencies are working toward establishing a risk-based system in their regulatory approach. In Singapore, CTT products such as cell therapy products, stem cell products, and tissue-engineered products in regenerative medicine are regulated as medicinal products. CTT products are defined as articles containing or consisting of autologous or allogeneic human or xenogeneic cells or tissues that are used for or administered to, or intended to be used for or administered to human beings for the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of human diseases or conditions. Currently, we have applied a risk-based tiered approach whereby high-risk CTT products (substantially manipulated products, products intended for nonhomologous use or combined/used in conjunction with a drug, biologic, or device) are regulated under the Medicines Act. A new standalone regulation for CTT products is being proposed under the Health Products Act where we propose to regulate the entire spectrum (high and low risk) of CTT products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Nadathur Kellathur
- Advanced Therapy Products Unit, Premarketing, Health Products Regulation Group, Health Sciences Authority , Singapore, Singapore
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278
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Abstract
Elastin is the dominant mammalian elastic protein found in soft tissue. Elastin-based biomaterials have the potential to repair elastic tissues by improving local elasticity and providing appropriate cellular interactions and signaling. Studies that combine these biomaterials with mesenchymal stem cells have demonstrated their capacity to also regenerate non-elastic tissue. Mesenchymal stem cell differentiation can be controlled by their immediate environment, and their sensitivity to elasticity makes them an ideal candidate for combining with elastin-based biomaterials. With the growing accessibility of the elastin precursor, tropoelastin, and elastin-derived materials, the amount of research interest in combining these two fields has increased and, subsequently, is leading to the realization of a potentially new strategy for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmin Ozsvar
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia ; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Suzanne M Mithieux
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia ; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Richard Wang
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia ; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Anthony S Weiss
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia ; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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279
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Human Amnion-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis in Rats. Transplant Direct 2015; 1:e16. [PMID: 27500218 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a valuable cell source in regenerative medicine. Recently, several studies have shown that MSCs can be easily isolated from human amnion. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of transplantation of human amnion-derived MSCs (hAMSCs) in rats with liver fibrosis. METHODS Liver fibrosis was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of 2 mL/kg of 50% carbon tetrachloride twice a week for 6 weeks. At 3 weeks, hAMSCs (1 × 10(6) cells) were transplanted intravenously. Rats were sacrificed at 7 weeks, and histological analyses and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction were performed. In vitro experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of hAMSCs on the activation of Kupffer cells. RESULTS Transplantation of hAMSCs significantly reduced the fibrotic area, deposition of type-I collagen, the number of α-smooth muscle actin-positive hepatic stellate cells, and CD68-positive Kupffer cells in the livers. messenger RNA expression of α-smooth muscle actin and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 was significantly decreased and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and hepatocyte growth factor was significantly increased in the liver of hAMSC-treated rats. Transplantation of hAMSCs at 3 weeks plus 5 weeks did not have an additive effect. In vitro experiments demonstrated that Kupffer cell activation induced by lipopolysaccharide was significantly decreased by culturing with conditioned medium obtained from hAMSCs. CONCLUSIONS Transplantation of hAMSCs provided significant improvement in a rat model of liver fibrosis, possibly through the inhibition of Kupffer cell and hepatic stellate cell activation. hAMSCs may be a potential new treatment for liver fibrosis.
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280
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A New Paradigm in Cardiac Regeneration: The Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:765846. [PMID: 26074978 PMCID: PMC4436518 DOI: 10.1155/2015/765846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The potentialities to apply mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in regenerative medicine have been extensively studied over the last decades. In the cardiovascular disease (CVD) field, MSCs-based therapy is the subject of great expectations. Its therapeutic potential has been already shown in several preclinical models and both the safety and efficacy of MSCs-based therapy are being evaluated in humans. It is now clear that the predominant mechanism by which MSCs participate in heart tissue repair is through a paracrine activity. Via the production of a multitude of trophic factors endowed with different properties, MSCs can reduce tissue injury, protect tissue from further adverse effects, and enhance tissue repair. The present review discusses the current understanding of the MSCs secretome as a therapy for treatment of CVD. We provide insights into the possible employment of the MSCs secretome and their released extracellular vesicles as novel approaches for cardiac regeneration that would have certain advantages over injection of living cells.
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Vertès AA. The potential of cytotherapeutics in hematologic reconstitution and in the treatment and prophylaxis of graft-versus-host disease. Chapter II: emerging transformational cytotherapies. Regen Med 2015; 10:345-73. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.15.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a life-saving treatment for inherited anemias, immunodeficiencies or hematologic malignancies. A major complication of allo-HSCT associated with high transplant-related mortality rates is graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Current and future clinical benefits in HSCT enabled by advances in hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, Tregs and natural killer cells technologies are reviewed here and discussed. Among these evolutions, based on the need for mesenchymal stem cells to be recruited by an inflammatory environment, the development and use of novel GvHD biomarkers could be explored further to deliver the right pharmaceutical to the right patient at the right time. The successful commercialization of cytotherapeutics to efficiently manage GvHD will create a virtuous ‘halo’ effect for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain A Vertès
- Sloan Fellow, London Business School, London, UK
- NxR Biotechnologies GmbH, Basel, Switzerland
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282
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Klinker MW, Wei CH. Mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in experimental animal models. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:556-567. [PMID: 25914763 PMCID: PMC4404391 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i3.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells [also known as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)] are currently being studied as a cell-based treatment for inflammatory disorders. Experimental animal models of human immune-mediated diseases have been instrumental in establishing their immunosuppressive properties. In this review, we summarize recent studies examining the effectiveness of MSCs as immunotherapy in several widely-studied animal models, including type 1 diabetes, experimental autoimmune arthritis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, inflammatory bowel disease, graft-vs-host disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus. In addition, we discuss mechanisms identified by which MSCs mediate immune suppression in specific disease models, and potential sources of functional variability of MSCs between studies.
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283
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Pezzanite LM, Fortier LA, Antczak DF, Cassano JM, Brosnahan MM, Miller D, Schnabel LV. Equine allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells elicit antibody responses in vivo. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:54. [PMID: 25889095 PMCID: PMC4414005 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study tested the hypothesis that Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) incompatible equine mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) would induce cytotoxic antibodies to donor MHC antigens in recipient horses after intradermal injection. No studies to date have explored recipient antibody responses to allogeneic donor MSC transplantation in the horse. This information is critical because the horse is a valuable species for assessing the safety and efficacy of MSC treatment prior to human clinical application. Methods Six MHC heterozygote horses were identified as non-ELA-A2 haplotype by microsatellite typing and used as allogeneic MHC-mismatched MSC recipients. MHC homozygote horses of known ELA-A2 haplotype were used as MSC and peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) donors. One MHC homozygote horse of the ELA-A2 haplotype was the recipient of ELA-A2 donor MSCs as an MHC-matched control. Donor MSCs, which were previously isolated and immunophenotyped, were thawed and culture expanded to achieve between 30x106 and 50x106 cells for intradermal injection into the recipient’s neck. Recipient serum was collected and tested for the presence of anti-donor antibodies prior to MSC injection and every 7 days after MSC injection for the duration of the 8-week study using the standard two-stage lymphocyte microcytotoxicity dye-exclusion test. In addition to anti-ELA-A2 antibodies, recipient serum was examined for the presence of cross-reactive antibodies including anti-ELA-A3 and anti-RBC antibodies. Results All MHC-mismatched recipient horses produced anti-ELA-A2 antibodies following injection of ELA-A2 MSCs and developed a wheal at the injection site that persisted for the duration of the experiment. Anti-ELA-A2 antibody responses were varied both in terms of strength and timing. Four recipient horses had high-titered anti-ELA-A2 antibody responses resulting in greater than 80% donor PBL death in the microcytotoxicity assays and one of these horses also developed antibodies that cross-reacted when tested on lymphocyte targets from a horse with an unrelated MHC type. Conclusions Allogeneic MSCs are capable of eliciting antibody responses in vivo that can be strong and also cross-reactive with MHC types other than that of the donor. Such responses could limit the effectiveness of repeated allogeneic MSC use in a single horse, and could also result in untoward inflammatory responses in recipients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0053-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M Pezzanite
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Lisa A Fortier
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Douglas F Antczak
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Jennifer M Cassano
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | | | - Donald Miller
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Lauren V Schnabel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
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Peters EB, Liu B, Christoforou N, West JL, Truskey GA. Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mononuclear Cells Exhibit Pericyte-Like Phenotype and Support Network Formation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells In Vitro. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 43:2552-68. [PMID: 25777295 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood represents a promising cell source for pro-angiogenic therapies. The present study examined the potential of mononuclear cells (MNCs) from umbilical cord blood to support endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) microvessel formation. MNCs were isolated from the cord blood of 20 separate donors and selected for further characterization based upon their proliferation potential and morphological resemblance to human vascular pericytes (HVPs). MNCs were screened for their ability to support EPC network formation using an in vitro assay (Matrigel™) as well as a reductionist, coculture system consisting of no additional angiogenic cytokines beyond those present in serum. In less than 15% of the isolations, we identified a population of highly proliferative MNCs that phenotypically resembled HVPs as assessed by expression of PDGFR-β, NG2, α-SMA, and ephrin-B2. Within a Matrigel™ system, MNCs demonstrated pericyte-like function through colocalization to EPC networks and similar effects as HVPs upon total EPC tubule length (p = 0.95) and number of branch points (p = 0.93). In a reductionist coculture system, MNCs served as pro-angiogenic mural cells by supporting EPC network formation to a significantly greater extent than HVP cocultures, by day 14 of coculture, as evidenced through EPC total tubule length (p < 0.0001) and number of branch points (p < 0.0001). Our findings are significant as we demonstrate mural cell progenitors can be isolated from umbilical cord blood and develop culture conditions to support their use in microvascular tissue engineering applications.
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285
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Torre ML, Lucarelli E, Guidi S, Ferrari M, Alessandri G, De Girolamo L, Pessina A, Ferrero I. Ex Vivo Expanded Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Minimal Quality Requirements for Clinical Application. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:677-85. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Lucarelli
- Osteoarticolar Regeneration Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Guidi
- CTP Tecnologie di Processo S.p.A. Advanced Therapy Division, Poggibonsi, Siena, Italy
| | - Maura Ferrari
- Cell Culture Centre, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giulio Alessandri
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, IRCCS Neurological Institute, Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura De Girolamo
- Orthopedic Biotechnology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Augusto Pessina
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivana Ferrero
- Pediatric Onco-Hematology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Division, City of Health and Science of Turin, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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286
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Guan LX, Guan H, Li HB, Ren CA, Liu L, Chu JJ, Dai LJ. Therapeutic efficacy of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells in patients with type 2 diabetes. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:1623-1630. [PMID: 26136869 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by progressive and inexorable β-cell dysfunction, leading to insulin deficiency. Novel strategies to preserve the remaining β-cells and restore β-cell function for the treatment of diabetes are urgently required. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been exploited in a variety of clinical trials aimed at reducing the burden of immune-mediated disease. The aim of the present clinical trial was to assess the safety and efficacy of umbilical cord-derived MSC (UCMSC) transplantation for patients with T2D. The safety and efficacy of UCMSC application were evaluated in six patients with T2D during a minimum of a 24-month follow-up period. Following transplantation, the levels of fasting C-peptide, the peak value and the area under the C-peptide release curve increased significantly within one month and remained high during the follow-up period (P<0.05). Three of the six patients became insulin free for varying lengths of time between 25 and 43 months, while the additional three patients continued to require insulin injections, although with a reduced insulin requirement. Fasting plasma glucose and 2-h postprandial blood glucose levels were relatively stable in all the patients following transplantation. There was no immediate or delayed toxicity associated with the cell administration within the follow-up period. Therefore, the results indicated that transplantation of allogeneic UCMSCs may be an approach to improve islet function in patients with T2D. There were no safety issues observed during infusion and the long-term monitoring period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xue Guan
- Central Laboratory, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang Medical College, Weifang, Shandong 261042, P.R. China
| | - Hui Guan
- College of Management, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Bo Li
- Central Laboratory, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang Medical College, Weifang, Shandong 261042, P.R. China
| | - Cui-Ai Ren
- Department of Hematology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261042, P.R. China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261042, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Jin Chu
- Central Laboratory, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang Medical College, Weifang, Shandong 261042, P.R. China
| | - Long-Jun Dai
- Central Laboratory, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang Medical College, Weifang, Shandong 261042, P.R. China ; Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L8, Canada
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287
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Andersson KE. Potential of stem cell treatment in detrusor dysfunction. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 82-83:117-22. [PMID: 25453263 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The current treatments of bladder dysfunctions, such as bladder overactivity and impaired ability to empty, have limitations, and new treatment alternatives are needed. Stem cell transplantation and tissue engineering have shown promising results in preclinical studies. Stem cells were originally thought to act by differentiating into various cell types, thereby replacing damaged cells and restoring functional deficits. Even if such a mechanism cannot be excluded, the current belief is that a main action is exerted by the stem cells secreting bioactive factors that direct other stem cells to the target organ. In addition, stem cells may exert a number of other effects that can improve bladder dysfunction, since they may have antiapoptotic, antifibrotic, and immunomodulatory properties, and can induce neovascularization. Tissue engineering for bladder replacement, which has had varying success in different animal species, has reached the proof-of-concept state in humans, but recent research suggests that the present approaches may not be optimal. Further studies on new approaches, using animal models with translational predictability, seem necessary for further progress.
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288
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Bloom DD, Centanni JM, Bhatia N, Emler CA, Drier D, Leverson GE, McKenna DH, Gee AP, Lindblad R, Hei DJ, Hematti P. A reproducible immunopotency assay to measure mesenchymal stromal cell-mediated T-cell suppression. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:140-51. [PMID: 25455739 PMCID: PMC4297551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The T-cell suppressive property of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) has been considered a major mode of action and basis for their utilization in a number of human clinical trials. However, there is no well-established reproducible assay to measure MSC-mediated T-cell suppression. METHODS At the University of Wisconsin-Madison Production Assistance for Cellular Therapy (PACT) Center, we developed an in vitro quality control T-cell suppression immunopotency assay (IPA) that uses anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies to stimulate T-cell proliferation. We measured MSC-induced suppression of CD4+ T-cell proliferation at various effector-to-target cell ratios with the use of defined peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in parallel compared with a reference standard MSC product. We calculated an IPA value for suppression of CD4+ T cells for each MSC product. RESULTS Eleven MSC products generated at three independent PACT centers were evaluated for cell surface phenotypic markers and T-cell suppressive properties. Flow cytometry results demonstrated typical MSC cell surface marker profiles. There was significant variability in the level of suppression of T-cell proliferation, with immunopotency assay values ranging from 27% to 88%. However, MSC suppression did not correlate with human leukocyte antigen-DR expression. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a reproducible immunopotency assay to measure allogeneic MSC-mediated suppression of CD4+ T cells. Additional studies may be warranted to determine how these in vitro assay results may correlate with other immunomodulatory properties of MSCs, in addition to evaluating the ability of this assay to predict in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra D Bloom
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - John M Centanni
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Neehar Bhatia
- Waisman Biomanufacturing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Carol A Emler
- Waisman Biomanufacturing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Diana Drier
- Waisman Biomanufacturing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Glen E Leverson
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David H McKenna
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Adrian P Gee
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Derek J Hei
- Waisman Biomanufacturing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Peiman Hematti
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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289
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Nam H, Lee KH, Nam DH, Joo KM. Adult human neural stem cell therapeutics: Current developmental status and prospect. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:126-136. [PMID: 25621112 PMCID: PMC4300923 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i1.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, regenerative therapies using stem cell technologies have been developed for various neurological diseases. Although stem cell therapy is an attractive option to reverse neural tissue damage and to recover neurological deficits, it is still under development so as not to show significant treatment effects in clinical settings. In this review, we discuss the scientific and clinical basics of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs), and their current developmental status as cell therapeutics for neurological disease. Compared with other types of stem cells, aNSCs have clinical advantages, such as limited proliferation, inborn differentiation potential into functional neural cells, and no ethical issues. In spite of the merits of aNSCs, difficulties in the isolation from the normal brain, and in the in vitro expansion, have blocked preclinical and clinical study using aNSCs. However, several groups have recently developed novel techniques to isolate and expand aNSCs from normal adult brains, and showed successful applications of aNSCs to neurological diseases. With new technologies for aNSCs and their clinical strengths, previous hurdles in stem cell therapies for neurological diseases could be overcome, to realize clinically efficacious regenerative stem cell therapeutics.
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290
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Abstract
With a range of therapeutic uses, from diabetes and Crohn's disease to wound repair, interest in the function, characterization, and expansion of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is growing rapidly. When considering the therapeutic use of MSCs, one must take into account a multitude of options including the ideal source of MSCs, the ideal donor, and the best means of expansion. Here we discuss different sources of MSCs, including cord blood, bone marrow, and adipose tissue, the option of using autologous and allogeneic donors, and finally we discuss GMP-applicable expansion protocols aimed at expanding MSCs for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Hanley
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA,
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291
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Luan C, Chen R, Chen B, Ding J, Ni M. Umbilical cord blood transplantation supplemented with the infusion of mesenchymal stem cell for an adolescent patient with severe aplastic anemia: a case report and review of literature. Patient Prefer Adherence 2015; 9:759-65. [PMID: 26089653 PMCID: PMC4468992 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s81509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed hematopoietic recovery and increased rate of engraftment failure limit the use of umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT). We describe a case of severe aplastic anemia treated by UCBT combined with mesenchymal stem cells. Our case reveals that infusing mesenchymal stem cells early (about 40 days) after UCBT may promote hematopoietic recovery. This experience will guide clinical scientists, especially hematologists, to deal with similar situations and encourage them to widen this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxin Luan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine), Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Runzhe Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine), Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baoan Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine), Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Baoan Chen, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 25 8327 2006, Fax +86 25 8327 2011, Email
| | - Jiahua Ding
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine), Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Ni
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine), Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
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292
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Chen TL, Zhu GL, Wang JA, Wang Y, He XL, Jiang J. Apoptosis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells caused by hypoxia/reoxygenation via multiple pathways. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014; 7:4686-4697. [PMID: 25663966 PMCID: PMC4307413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The irreversible loss of cardiomyocytes remains a key problem to resolve, which forms the cellular basis of cardiac dysfunction. MSCs transplantation brings out a promising potential for myocardial renovation with less limitations. However, this cell transplantation therapy is limited by its poor viability after transplantation. Apoptosis is thought to be the major factor that affects the efficiency of MSCs transplantation. Therefore, exploring the process of apoptosis and the underlying mechanisms of MSCs in the 'harmful' microenvironment is significant for the sake of improving the efficiency of MSCs transplantation therapy. A hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model of MSCs had been established. TUNEL, Hoechst staining and MTT were used for the evaluation of morphological changes, cell viability and apoptosis. Mitochondrial transmembrane potential was detected by JC-1 using the fluorescence microscopy system. The protein expression of cytochrome c, p-ERK, p-AKT, Bcl-2, Bax, p-JNK, HIF-1α and VEGF was assessed for the analysis of protein changes using the Western blot. In our study, H/R insult lead to apoptosis and cell viability lost in a time-dependent manner in MSCs. Multiple pathways were involved in the apoptosis of MSCs, including cytochrome c released from mitochondria to cytosol, mitochondrial transmembrane potential lost. In addition, p-ERK and p-AKT were downregulated, while Bcl-2, p-JNK and VEGF were upregulated. H/R induced the apoptosis in MSCs is through multiple pathways. These multiple pathways will be helpful for understanding and explaining the process and mechanism of apoptosis in MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie-Long Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Hangzhou Hospital of TCM453 Ti Yu Chang Road, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Guang-Li Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Hangzhou Hospital of TCM453 Ti Yu Chang Road, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Jian-An Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University88 Fang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Hangzhou Hospital of TCM453 Ti Yu Chang Road, Hangzhou 310007, China
- Zhejiang University of TCMHangzhou 310000, China
| | - Xiao-Long He
- Department of Cardiology, Hangzhou Hospital of TCM453 Ti Yu Chang Road, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University88 Fang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China
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293
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Zhu Y, Cheng M, Yang Z, Zeng CY, Chen J, Xie Y, Luo SW, Zhang KH, Zhou SF, Lu NH. Mesenchymal stem cell-based NK4 gene therapy in nude mice bearing gastric cancer xenografts. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 8:2449-62. [PMID: 25525335 PMCID: PMC4267519 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s71466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been recognized as promising delivery vehicles for gene therapy of tumors. Gastric cancer is the third leading cause of worldwide cancer mortality, and novel treatment modalities are urgently needed. NK4 is an antagonist of hepatocyte growth factor receptors (Met) which are often aberrantly activated in gastric cancer and thus represent a useful candidate for targeted therapies. This study investigated MSC-delivered NK4 gene therapy in nude mice bearing gastric cancer xenografts. MSCs were transduced with lentiviral vectors carrying NK4 complementary DNA or enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP). Such transduction did not change the phenotype of MSCs. Gastric cancer xenografts were established in BALB/C nude mice, and the mice were treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), MSCs-GFP, Lenti-NK4, or MSCs-NK4. The tropism of MSCs toward gastric cancer cells was determined by an in vitro migration assay using MKN45 cells, GES-1 cells and human fibroblasts and their presence in tumor xenografts. Tumor growth, tumor cell apoptosis and intratumoral microvessel density of tumor tissue were measured in nude mice bearing gastric cancer xenografts treated with PBS, MSCs-GFP, Lenti-NK4, or MSCs-NK4 via tail vein injection. The results showed that MSCs migrated preferably to gastric cancer cells in vitro. Systemic MSCs-NK4 injection significantly suppressed the growth of gastric cancer xenografts. MSCs-NK4 migrated and accumulated in tumor tissues after systemic injection. The microvessel density of tumor xenografts was decreased, and tumor cellular apoptosis was significantly induced in the mice treated with MSCs-NK4 compared to control mice. These findings demonstrate that MSC-based NK4 gene therapy can obviously inhibit the growth of gastric cancer xenografts, and MSCs are a better vehicle for NK4 gene therapy than lentiviral vectors. Further studies are warranted to explore the efficacy and safety of the MSC-based NK4 gene therapy in animals and cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yan Zeng
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Xie
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Wen Luo
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun-He Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Nong-Hua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China ; Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
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294
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Blazquez R, Sanchez-Margallo FM, de la Rosa O, Dalemans W, Alvarez V, Tarazona R, Casado JG. Immunomodulatory Potential of Human Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived Exosomes on in vitro Stimulated T Cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:556. [PMID: 25414703 PMCID: PMC4220146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent years, it has been demonstrated that the biological activity of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is mediated through the release of paracrine factors. Many of these factors are released into exosomes, which are small membranous vesicles that participate in cell–cell communication. Exosomes from MSCs are thought to have similar functions to MSCs such as repairing and regeneration of damaged tissue, but little is known about the immunomodulatory effect of these vesicles. Based on an extensive bibliography where the immunomodulatory capacity of MSCs has been demonstrated, here we hypothesized that released exosomes from MSCs may have an immunomodulatory role on the differentiation, activation and function of different lymphocyte subsets. According to this hypothesis, in vitro experiments were performed to characterize the immunomodulatory effect of human adipose MSCs derived exosomes (exo-hASCs) on in vitro stimulated T cells. The phenotypic characterization of cytotoxic and helper T cells (activation and differentiation markers) together with functional assays (proliferation and IFN-γ production) demonstrated that exo-hASCs exerted an inhibitory effect in the differentiation and activation of T cells as well as a reduced T cell proliferation and IFN-γ release on in vitro stimulated cells. In summary, here we demonstrate that MSCs-derived exosomes are a cell-derived product that could be considered as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Blazquez
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre Jesus Uson , Cáceres , Spain
| | | | - Olga de la Rosa
- Research and Development Department, TiGenix SA, Parque Tecnológico de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Verónica Alvarez
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre Jesus Uson , Cáceres , Spain
| | - Raquel Tarazona
- Immunology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura , Cáceres , Spain
| | - Javier G Casado
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre Jesus Uson , Cáceres , Spain
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295
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Pollock K, Sumstad D, Kadidlo D, McKenna DH, Hubel A. Clinical mesenchymal stromal cell products undergo functional changes in response to freezing. Cytotherapy 2014; 17:38-45. [PMID: 25457275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Current methods of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) cryopreservation result in variable post-thaw recovery and phenotypic changes caused by freezing. The objective of this investigation was to determine the influence of ex vivo cell expansion on phenotype of MSCs and the response of resulting phenotypes to freezing and thawing. METHODS Human bone marrow aspirate was used. MSCs were isolated and cells were assessed for total count, viability, apoptosis and senescence over 6 passages (8-10 doublings/passage) in ex vivo culture. One half of cells harvested at each passage were re-plated for continued culture and the other half were frozen at 1°C/min in a controlled-rate freezer. Frozen samples were stored in liquid nitrogen, thawed and reassessed for total cell count, viability and senescence immediately and 48 h after thaw. RESULTS Viability did not differ significantly between samples before freeze or after thaw. Senescence increased over time in pre-freeze culture and was significantly higher in one sample that had growth arrest both before freeze and after thaw. Freezing resulted in similar initial post-thaw recovery in all samples, but 48-h post-thaw growth arrest was observed in the sample with high senescence only. CONCLUSIONS High pre-freeze senescence appears to correlate with poor post-thaw function in MSC samples, but additional studies are necessary to obtain a sample sizes large enough to quantify results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Pollock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Darin Sumstad
- Molecular and Cellular Therapy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Diane Kadidlo
- Molecular and Cellular Therapy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - David H McKenna
- Molecular and Cellular Therapy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Allison Hubel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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296
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Enhanced survival of human mesenchymal stem cells following co-delivery with glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue in fibrin gel. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-014-0156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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297
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Pacini S. Deterministic and stochastic approaches in the clinical application of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:50. [PMID: 25364757 PMCID: PMC4206995 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have enormous intrinsic clinical value due to their multi-lineage differentiation capacity, support of hemopoiesis, immunoregulation and growth factors/cytokines secretion. MSCs have thus been the object of extensive research for decades. After completion of many pre-clinical and clinical trials, MSC-based therapy is now facing a challenging phase. Several clinical trials have reported moderate, non-durable benefits, which caused initial enthusiasm to wane, and indicated an urgent need to optimize the efficacy of therapeutic, platform-enhancing MSC-based treatment. Recent investigations suggest the presence of multiple in vivo MSC ancestors in a wide range of tissues, which contribute to the heterogeneity of the starting material for the expansion of MSCs. This variability in the MSC culture-initiating cell population, together with the different types of enrichment/isolation and cultivation protocols applied, are hampering progress in the definition of MSC-based therapies. International regulatory statements require a precise risk/benefit analysis, ensuring the safety and efficacy of treatments. GMP validation allows for quality certification, but the prediction of a clinical outcome after MSC-based therapy is correlated not only to the possible morbidity derived by cell production process, but also to the biology of the MSCs themselves, which is highly sensible to unpredictable fluctuation of isolating and culture conditions. Risk exposure and efficacy of MSC-based therapies should be evaluated by pre-clinical studies, but the batch-to-batch variability of the final medicinal product could significantly limit the predictability of these studies. The future success of MSC-based therapies could lie not only in rational optimization of therapeutic strategies, but also in a stochastic approach during the assessment of benefit and risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Pacini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy
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McKenna D, Matthay MA, Pati S. Correspondence to: Soliciting Strategies for Developing Cell-Based Reference Materials to Advance Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell Research and Clinical Translation. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1717-8. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David McKenna
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Michael A. Matthay
- Department of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Shibani Pati
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California
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