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Dehghan P, Pourghassem Gargari B, Asgharijafarabadi M. Effects of high performance inulin supplementation on glycemic status and lipid profile in women with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Health Promot Perspect 2013; 3:55-63. [PMID: 24688953 DOI: 10.5681/hpp.2013.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus, as a noncommunicable disease, is the main public health challenge in the 21st century. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus adjusted for the world population in Iran was 8% until the year 2010.Lipid levels are considered as important parameters to be evaluated, as high serum lipid levels are often reported as a complication in patients with diabetes mellitus.It is claimed that functional foods may improve complications of diabetes mellitus, so this study was designed to evaluate the effects of high performance inulin on glycemic status and lipid profile of women with type 2 diabetes. METHODS The study was a randomized controlled clinical trial. Forty-nine type 2 diabetic females (fiber intake <30g/d, 25<BMI<35 kg/m2) were divided into two groups. Patients in the intervention group (n=24) received 10g/d inulin and patients in the control group (n=25) received 10g/d maltodextrin for 8 weeks.Glycemic status and lipid profile indices were measured pre and post intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (verision11.5). Paired, unpaired t-test and ANCOVA were used to compare quantitative variables. RESULTS Supplementation with inulin caused a significant reduction in FBS (8.50%), HbA1c (10.40%), total cholesterol (12.90%), triglyceride (23.60 %), LDL-c (35.30 %), LDL-c/HDL-c ratio (16.25%) and TC/HDL-c ratio (25.20%) and increased HDL-c (19.90%). The changes for the control group parameters were not significant at the end of study. CONCLUSION Inulin may help to control diabetes and its complications via improving glycemic and lipid parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Dehghan
- Student Research Center, Faculty of Health & Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahram Pourghassem Gargari
- Department of Biochemistry & Diet Therapy, Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Health & Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asgharijafarabadi
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Polydextrose Enhances Calcium Absorption and Bone Retention in Ovariectomized Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2013; 2013:450794. [PMID: 26904599 PMCID: PMC4745538 DOI: 10.1155/2013/450794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose. To evaluate the effect of polydextrose (PDX) on Ca bioavailability and prevention of loss of bone mass. Methods. Twenty-four two-month-old ovariectomized rats were fed three isocaloric diets only varied in fiber source and content up to 60 days (FOS group, a commercial mixture of short- and long-chain fructooligosaccharide, OVX group fed AIN 93 diet, and PDX group). A SHAM group was included as control. Apparent Ca absorption percentage (%ABS), changes in total skeleton bone mineral content (tsBMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) and femur BMD, % Bone Volume, Ca and organic femur content, caecal weight, and pH were evaluated. Results. %ABS and caecum weight of PDX and FOS were higher, and caecum pH was lower compared to OVX and SHAM. PDX reached a higher pH and lower caecum weight than FOS possibly because PDX is not completely fermented in the colon. Changes in tsBMC and femur BMD in FOS and PDX were significant lower than SHAM but significantly higher than OVX. % Bone Volume and femur % of Ca in PDX were significantly higher than OVX and FOS but lower than SHAM. Conclusions. PDX increased Ca absorption and prevented bone loss in OVX rats.
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253
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Yan H, Potu R, Lu H, Vezzoni de Almeida V, Stewart T, Ragland D, Armstrong A, Adeola O, Nakatsu CH, Ajuwon KM. Dietary fat content and fiber type modulate hind gut microbial community and metabolic markers in the pig. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59581. [PMID: 23573202 PMCID: PMC3616062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity leads to changes in the gut microbial community which contribute to the metabolic dysregulation in obesity. Dietary fat and fiber affect the caloric density of foods. The impact of dietary fat content and fiber type on the microbial community in the hind gut is unknown. Effect of dietary fat level and fiber type on hindgut microbiota and volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles was investigated. Expression of metabolic marker genes in the gut, adipose tissue and liver was determined. A 2×2 experiment was conducted in pigs fed at two dietary fat levels (5% or 17.5% swine grease) and two fiber types (4% inulin, fermentable fructo-oligosaccharide or 4% solka floc, non-fermentable cellulose). High fat diets (HFD) resulted in a higher (P<0.05) total body weight gain, feed efficiency and back fat accumulation than the low fat diet. Feeding of inulin, but not solka floc, attenuated (P<0.05) the HFD-induced higher body weight gain and fat mass accumulation. Inulin feeding tended to lead to higher total VFA production in the cecum and resulted in a higher (P<0.05) expression of acyl coA oxidase (ACO), a marker of peroxisomal β-oxidation. Inulin feeding also resulted in lower expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), a marker of lipid anabolism. Bacteria community structure characterized by DGGE analysis of PCR amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments showed that inulin feeding resulted in greater bacterial population richness than solka floc feeding. Cluster analysis of pairwise Dice similarity comparisons of the DGGE profiles showed grouping by fiber type but not the level of dietary fat. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of PCR- DGGE profiles showed that inulin feeding negatively correlated with back fat thickness. This study suggests a strong interplay between dietary fat level and fiber type in determining susceptibility to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Ramesh Potu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Hang Lu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | | | - Terry Stewart
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Darryl Ragland
- Food Animal Production Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Arthur Armstrong
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Olayiwola Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Cindy H. Nakatsu
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kolapo M. Ajuwon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Diaz-Vela J, Totosaus A, Cruz-Guerrero AE, de Lourdes Pérez-Chabela M. In vitroevaluation of the fermentation of added-value agroindustrial by-products: cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indicaL.) peel and pineapple (Ananas comosus) peel as functional ingredients. Int J Food Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Diaz-Vela
- Biotechnology Department; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa; Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186; Iztapalapa; CP 09270; Mexico City; Mexico
| | - Alfonso Totosaus
- Food Science Lab; Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Ecatepec; Av. Tecnológico y Av. Central; Ecatepec; CP 55210; Estado de Mexico; Mexico
| | - Alma E. Cruz-Guerrero
- Biotechnology Department; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa; Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186; Iztapalapa; CP 09270; Mexico City; Mexico
| | - María de Lourdes Pérez-Chabela
- Biotechnology Department; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa; Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186; Iztapalapa; CP 09270; Mexico City; Mexico
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Corradini C, Lantano C, Cavazza A. Innovative analytical tools to characterize prebiotic carbohydrates of functional food interest. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:4591-605. [PMID: 23420135 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6731-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Functional foods are one of the most interesting areas of research and innovation in the food industry. A functional food or functional ingredient is considered to be any food or food component that provides health benefits beyond basic nutrition. Recently, consumers have shown interest in natural bioactive compounds as functional ingredients in the diet owing to their various beneficial effects for health. Water-soluble fibers and nondigestible oligosaccharides and polysaccharides can be defined as functional food ingredients. Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin are resistant to direct metabolism by the host and reach the caecocolon, where they are used by selected groups of beneficial bacteria. Furthermore, they are able to improve physical and structural properties of food, such as hydration, oil-holding capacity, viscosity, texture, sensory characteristics, and shelf-life. This article reviews major innovative analytical developments to screen and identify FOS, inulins, and the most employed nonstarch carbohydrates added or naturally present in functional food formulations. High-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed electrochemical detection (HPAEC-PED) is one of the most employed analytical techniques for the characterization of those molecules. Mass spectrometry is also of great help, in particularly matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), which is able to provide extensive information regarding the molecular weight and length profiles of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Moreover, MALDI-TOF-MS in combination with HPAEC-PED has been shown to be of great value for the complementary information it can provide. Some other techniques, such as NMR spectroscopy, are also discussed, with relevant examples of recent applications. A number of articles have appeared in the literature in recent years regarding the analysis of inulin, FOS, and other carbohydrates of interest in the field and they are critically reviewed.
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256
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Effect of a fermented brown rice extract on the gastrointestinal function in methotrexate-treated rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:243-8. [PMID: 23391910 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the protective effect of a hydrous ethanol extract of brown rice fermented with Aspergillus oryzae (ERF) which contained nucleobases and low fiber on the methotrexate (MTX)-induced gastrointestinal damage in rats. The rats were assigned to three groups: control (CON), MTX, and MTX-ERF. The rats in the CON and MTX groups were fed for 4 weeks on a basal diet, and those in the MTX-ERF group were fed on a 9.16% ERF-containing basal diet. The rats in the MTX and MTX-ERF groups were administered with MTX after 3 weeks. The survival rate and incidence rate of diarrhea were monitored over 1 week. On day 4 after the administration, half of the rats in each group were killed, and gastrointestinal samples were collected. Feeding with ERF improved the incidence rate of diarrhea, increased the protein content in small intestinal mucosa, and also apparently improved the survival rate. These results indicate that dietary ERF could protect against MTX-induced gastrointestinal damage.
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257
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In vitro comparative evaluation of the impact of lacto-N-biose I, a major building block of human milk oligosaccharides, on the fecal microbiota of infants. Anaerobe 2013; 19:50-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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258
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Grand E, Respondek F, Martineau C, Detilleux J, Bertrand G. Effects of short-chain fructooligosaccharides on growth performance of preruminant veal calves. J Dairy Sci 2012. [PMID: 23200477 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of 2 different daily doses of short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS), a prebiotic ingredient, added to a calf milk replacer on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids of preruminant veal calves. In total, 112 male Prim'Holstein calves, between 8 and 10d of age, were randomized in this study according to their body weight and were bred until the age of 168 d. They were fed a calf milk replacer containing 5% soluble wheat proteins as well as cereal-based pellets, the composition of which was adapted to cover the needs of the animals throughout the study. After 2 wk of adaptation, the calf milk replacer was supplemented or not supplemented with a daily dose of 3 or 6g of scFOS. Growth performance of calves, as measured by body weight, cold carcass weight, feed intake, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio, was recorded and feces samples were taken to evaluate short-chain fatty acid concentrations. The inclusion of wheat proteins in milk replacer did not negatively affect the growth performance of calves in comparison with general standards. The addition of scFOS in the milk reduced the feed conversion ratio of veal calves in a dose-dependent manner and tended to increase the carcass weight. A general trend was observed for an increased production of total short-chain fatty acids in time, but scFOS decreased acetate proportion to the benefit of butyrate proportion. These data suggest that inclusion of scFOS in the calf milk replacer allowed the growth performance of preruminant calves to be enhanced, possibly via a modification of the activities of microbial fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Grand
- Tereos Syral, 67390 Marckolsheim, France
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259
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Zhu CL, Zhao XH. In vitro fermentation of a retrograded maize starch by healthy adult fecal extract and impacts of exogenous microorganisms on three acids production. STARCH-STARKE 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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260
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Scott KP, Gratz SW, Sheridan PO, Flint HJ, Duncan SH. The influence of diet on the gut microbiota. Pharmacol Res 2012; 69:52-60. [PMID: 23147033 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 637] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diet is a major factor driving the composition and metabolism of the colonic microbiota. The amount, type and balance of the main dietary macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins and fats) have a great impact on the large intestinal microbiota. The human colon contains a dense population of bacterial cells that outnumber host cells 10-fold. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria are the three major phyla that inhabit the human large intestine and these bacteria possess a fascinating array of enzymes that can degrade complex dietary substrates. Certain colonic bacteria are able to metabolise a remarkable variety of substrates whilst other species carry out more specialised activities, including primary degradation of plant cell walls. Microbial metabolism of dietary carbohydrates results mainly in the formation of short chain fatty acids and gases. The major bacterial fermentation products are acetate, propionate and butyrate; and the production of these tends to lower the colonic pH. These weak acids influence the microbial composition and directly affect host health, with butyrate the preferred energy source for the colonocytes. Certain bacterial species in the colon survive by cross-feeding, using either the breakdown products of complex carbohydrate degradation or fermentation products such as lactic acid for growth. Microbial protein metabolism results in additional fermentation products, some of which are potentially harmful to host health. The current 'omic era promises rapid progress towards understanding how diet can be used to modulate the composition and metabolism of the gut microbiota, allowing researchers to provide informed advice, that should improve long-term health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen P Scott
- Microbiology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK.
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261
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Fermentation of xylo-oligosaccharides by Bifidobacterium adolescentis DSMZ 18350: kinetics, metabolism, and β-xylosidase activities. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:3109-17. [PMID: 23099913 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4509-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) are sugar oligomers of β-1,4-linked xylopyranosyl moieties which exert bifidogenic effect and are increasingly used as prebiotics. The kinetics and the metabolism of Bifidobacterium adolescentis DSMZ 18350 growing on XOS and xylose were investigated. The growth rate was higher on XOS, but greater biomass yield was attained on xylose. Unlike other prebiotics, XOS oligomers were utilized simultaneously, regardless of their chain length. Throughout XOS utilization, xylose concentration slightly increased, being not neatly consumed and remaining unfermented. During growth on XOS, β-xylosidase activity was present in the cytosol, but it occurred in the supernatant as well. A β-1,4-xylolytic enzyme was purified from the supernatant of XOS cultures. The enzyme, a homotetramer of a 39-kDa single protein, was capable of complete XOS hydrolysis and exhibited maximum activity at pH 6.0 and 55 °C. Based on the molecular weight, the protein can be ascribable to the product of the gene BAD_1527, the activity of which has been inferred as an endo-β-1,4-xylanase, but has not been characterized so far. This β-1,4-xylolytic enzyme, found to be active in the cultural supernatant, gives a reason for the never explained accumulation of the monosaccharides in the media of bifidobacterial cultures growing on XOS, without excluding the major role of the intracellular hydrolysis of the imported oligomers.
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262
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Garrido D, Ruiz-Moyano S, Jimenez-Espinoza R, Eom HJ, Block DE, Mills DA. Utilization of galactooligosaccharides by Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis isolates. Food Microbiol 2012. [PMID: 23200660 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prebiotics are non-digestible substrates that stimulate the growth of beneficial microbial populations in the intestine, especially Bifidobacterium species. Among them, fructo- and galacto-oligosaccharides are commonly used in the food industry, especially as a supplement for infant formulas. Mechanistic details on the enrichment of bifidobacteria by these prebiotics are important to understand the effects of these dietary interventions. In this study the consumption of galactooligosaccharides was studied for 22 isolates of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, one of the most representative species in the infant gut microbiota. In general all isolates showed a vigorous growth on these oligosaccharides, but consumption of larger galactooligosaccharides was variable. Bifidobacterium infantis ATCC 15697 has five genes encoding β-galactosidases, and three of them were induced during bacterial growth on commercial galactooligosaccharides. Recombinant β-galactosidases from B. infantis ATCC 15697 displayed different preferences for β-galactosides such as 4' and 6'-galactobiose, and four β-galactosidases in this strain released monosaccharides from galactooligosaccharides. Finally, we determined the amounts of short chain fatty acids produced by strain ATCC 15697 after growth on different prebiotics. We observed that biomass and product yields of substrate were higher for lactose and galactooligosaccharides, but the amount of acids produced per cell was larger after growth on human milk oligosaccharides. These results provide a molecular basis for galactooligosaccharide consumption in B. infantis, and also represent evidence for physiological differences in the metabolism of prebiotics that might have a differential impact on the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Garrido
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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263
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Vamanu E, Pelinescu D, Avram I, Niță S, Vamanu A. Study of PROBAC product influence on infant microbiota in a single-chamber colonic fermentation model GIS1. ANN MICROBIOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-012-0558-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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264
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Biological analysis of the microbial metabolism of hetero-oligosaccharides in application to glycotechnology. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:1815-27. [PMID: 23047108 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the relationship between hetero-oligosaccharides and microorganisms. It is possible to prepare aminosugar nucleotides as donors for hetero-oligosaccharide synthesis with a combination of yeast fermentation and bacterial enzymes, and to use the product to test for a rare human blood group. We have isolated various glycosidases produced by microorganisms, mainly from soil, to elucidate the structure and function of hetero-oligosaccharides. Among them, a mold endoglycosidase was found to have specific transglycosylation activity in addition to hydrolysis activity, and we have used it to synthesize chemo-enzymatically various bioactive glycopeptides by the attachment of a hetero-oligosaccharide to a peptide. We found that lactic acid bacteria bound to a hetero-oligosaccharide on the intestinal tract cell surface in animals. We also analyzed the bifidobacterial hetero-oligosaccharide-hydrolyzing enzymes involved in the degradation of mucin glycoprotein in the host intestinal tract and human milk oligosaccharides, and identified a specific saccharide that acted as a bifidobacteria growth factor.
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265
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Exploitation of vegetables and fruits through lactic acid fermentation. Food Microbiol 2012; 33:1-10. [PMID: 23122495 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid fermentation represents the easiest and the most suitable way for increasing the daily consumption of fresh-like vegetables and fruits. Literature data are accumulating, and this review aims at describing the main features of the lactic acid bacteria to be used for fermentation. Lactic acid bacteria are a small part of the autochthonous microbiota of vegetables and fruits. The diversity of the microbiota markedly depends on the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of the plant matrix. Notwithstanding the reliable value of the spontaneous fermentation to stabilize and preserve raw vegetables and fruits, a number of factors are in favour of using selected starters. Two main options may be pursued for the controlled lactic acid fermentation of vegetables and fruits: the use of commercial/allochthonous and the use of autochthonous starters. Several evidences were described in favour of the use of selected autochthonous starters, which are tailored for the specific plant matrix. Pro-technological, sensory and nutritional criteria for selecting starters were reported as well as several functional properties, which were recently ascribed to autochthonous lactic acid bacteria. The main features of the protocols used for the manufacture of traditional, emerging and innovative fermented vegetables and fruits were reviewed. Tailored lactic acid bacteria starters completely exploit the potential of vegetables and fruits, which enhances the hygiene, sensory, nutritional and shelf life properties.
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266
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Abstract
Bacteria that colonize the mammalian intestine collectively possess a far larger repertoire of degradative enzymes and metabolic capabilities than their hosts. Microbial fermentation of complex non-digestible dietary carbohydrates and host-derived glycans in the human intestine has important consequences for health. Certain dominant species, notably among the Bacteroidetes, are known to possess very large numbers of genes that encode carbohydrate active enzymes and can switch readily between different energy sources in the gut depending on availability. Nevertheless, more nutritionally specialized bacteria appear to play critical roles in the community by initiating the degradation of complex substrates such as plant cell walls, starch particles and mucin. Examples are emerging from the Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobium phyla, but more information is needed on these little studied groups. The impact of dietary carbohydrates, including prebiotics, on human health requires understanding of the complex relationship between diet composition, the gut microbiota and metabolic outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry J. Flint
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health; University of Aberdeen; Bucksburn, Aberdeen UK,Correspondence to: Harry J. Flint,
| | - Karen P. Scott
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health; University of Aberdeen; Bucksburn, Aberdeen UK
| | - Sylvia H. Duncan
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health; University of Aberdeen; Bucksburn, Aberdeen UK
| | - Petra Louis
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health; University of Aberdeen; Bucksburn, Aberdeen UK
| | - Evelyne Forano
- INRA; UR454 Microbiologie; Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
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267
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High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography Coupled with Pulsed Electrochemical Detection as a Powerful Tool to Evaluate Carbohydrates of Food Interest: Principles and Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/487564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Specific HPLC approaches are essential for carbohydrate characterization in food products. Carbohydrates are weak acids with pKa values in the range 12–14 and, consequently, at high pH can be transformed into oxyanions, and can be readily separated using highly efficient anion-exchange columns. Electrochemical detection in HPLC has been proven to be a powerful analytical technique for the determination of compounds containing electroactive groups; pulsed amperometric detection of carbohydrates is favourably performed by taking advantage of their electrocatalytic oxidation mechanism at a gold working electrode in a basic media. High-performance Anion Exchange Chromatography (HPAEC) at high pH coupled with pulsed electrochemical detection (PED) is one of the most useful techniques for carbohydrate determination either for routine monitoring or research application. This technique has been of a great impact on the analysis of oligo- and polysaccharides. The compatibility of electrochemical detection with gradient elution, coupled with the high selectivity of the anion-exchange stationary phases, allows mixtures of simple sugars, oligo- and polysaccharides to be separated with high resolution in a single run. A few reviews have been written on HPAEC-PED of carbohydrates of food interest in the last years. In this paper the recent developments in this field are examined.
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268
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Rivas S, Gullón B, Gullón P, Alonso JL, Parajó JC. Manufacture and properties of bifidogenic saccharides derived from wood mannan. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:4296-4305. [PMID: 22489573 DOI: 10.1021/jf300524s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pinus pinaster wood samples were subjected to double hydrothermal processing. The liquors coming from the second stage, containing soluble saccharides of polymeric or oligomeric nature from hemicelluloses (POHs), were subjected to membrane processing (operating in discontinuous diafiltration) for refining and fractionation. Refined POH fractions were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry and chromatographic techniques. The most complex POH component was made up of 14 hexoses and contained 4 acetyl groups. The fermentability of purified POHs by human fecal inocula was assessed by measuring both carbon source consumption and formation of short-chain fatty acids. The bifidogenic ability of POHs was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The stimulatory effects on the bifidobacterial population reached by POHs were of the same order as those obtained with commercial fructooligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rivas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo-Campus Ourense, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
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269
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Tremellen K, Pearce K. Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota (DOGMA)--a novel theory for the development of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:104-12. [PMID: 22543078 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause for menstrual disturbance and impaired ovulation, effecting one in twenty women of reproductive age. As the majority of women with PCOS are either overweight or obese, a dietary or adipose tissue related trigger for the development of the syndrome is quite possible. It has now well established that PCOS is characterised by a chronic state of inflammation and insulin resistance, but the precise underlying triggers for these two key biochemical disturbances is presently unknown. In this paper we present support for a microbiological hypothesis for the development of PCOS. This novel paradigm in PCOS aetiology suggests that disturbances in bowel bacterial flora ("Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota") brought about by a poor diet creates an increase in gut mucosal permeability, with a resultant increase in the passage of lipopolysaccaride (LPS) from Gram negative colonic bacteria into the systemic circulation. The resultant activation of the immune system interferes with insulin receptor function, driving up serum insulin levels, which in turn increases the ovaries production of androgens and interferes with normal follicle development. Thus, the Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota (DOGMA) theory of PCOS can account for all three components of the syndrome-anovulation/menstrual irregularity, hyper-androgenism (acne, hirsutism) and the development of multiple small ovarian cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelton Tremellen
- Repromed, 180 Fullarton Road, Dulwich, South Australia, Australia.
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270
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Paturi G, Butts CA, Stoklosinski H, Ansell J. Effects of early dietary intervention with a fermentable fibre on colonic microbiota activity and mucin gene expression in newly weaned rats. J Funct Foods 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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271
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Guo Z, Liu XM, Zhang QX, Tian FW, Zhang H, Zhang HP, Chen W. Effects of inulin on the plasma lipid profile of normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic subjects: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.12.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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272
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Kuzuwa S, Yokoi KJ, Kondo M, Kimoto H, Yamakawa A, Taketo A, Kodaira KI. Properties of the inulinase gene levH1 of Lactobacillus casei IAM 1045; cloning, mutational and biochemical characterization. Gene 2012; 495:154-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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273
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Muñoz M, Mosquera A, Alméciga-Díaz CJ, Melendez AP, Sánchez OF. Fructooligosaccharides metabolism and effect on bacteriocin production in Lactobacillus strains isolated from ensiled corn and molasses. Anaerobe 2012; 18:321-30. [PMID: 22342961 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fructo- (FOS) and galacto-oligosaccharides have been used to promote the growth of probiotics, mainly those from Lactobacillus genus. However, only few reports have evaluated the effect of prebiotics on bacteriocins activity and production. In this work, we characterized the effect of FOS supplementation on the growth, lactic and acetic acids production, and antimicrobial activity of crude extracts obtained from Lactobacillus strains isolated from ensiled corn and molasses. Seven out of 28 isolated Lactobacillus, belonging to Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus brevis, showed antimicrobial activity against Listeria innocua. Among them, the strain L. plantarum LE5 showed antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes and Enteroccocus faecalis; while the L. plantarum LE27 strain showed antimicrobial effect against L. monocytogenes, E. faecalis, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis. This antimicrobial activity in most of the cases was obtained only after FOS supplementation. In summary, these results show the feasibility to increase the antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus bacteriocins by supplementing the growth medium with FOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Muñoz
- Chemical Department, Food Science and Technology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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274
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Nemoto H, Ikata K, Arimochi H, Iwasaki T, Ohnishi Y, Kuwahara T, Kataoka K. Effects of fermented brown rice on the intestinal environments in healthy adult. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2012; 58:235-45. [PMID: 21921425 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.58.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to investigate the prebiotic effects of brown rice fermented by Aspergillus oryzae (FBRA) on the intestinal environment in vitro and in healthy adults. METHODS Fresh fecal slurries from six healthy adults were incubated with FBRA to confirm prebiotic potentials of FBRA. Another thirty-six healthy adults were randomly allocated to 2 groups for the clinical study. Subjects consumed 21.0 g/day of either FBRA or control food for 2 weeks, followed by a 12-week intermission and then 2-week ingestion vice versa. Main outcome measures were bifidobacterial numbers and organic acid concentration in feces. Sub outcome measures were fecal microbiota, fecal environments and bowel function. RESULTS Incubation of fecal slurries with FBRA in vitro resulted in increased organic acids with individual-specific patterns. Bifidobacterial numbers were increased during incubation. In the clinical study, all participants safely completed this study. FBRA had little effect on fecal number of bifidobacteria, concentrations of organic acids or putrefactive metabolites, fecal pH, or fecal microbiota. CONCLUSION FBRA has the potentials as a prebiotic, however, we could not detect its effects on the intestinal environment in vivo. The results in a clinical study indicated that FBRA could be safely used for healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Nemoto
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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275
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Vitali B, Minervini G, Rizzello CG, Spisni E, Maccaferri S, Brigidi P, Gobbetti M, Di Cagno R. Novel probiotic candidates for humans isolated from raw fruits and vegetables. Food Microbiol 2012; 31:116-25. [PMID: 22475949 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at determining the probiotic potential of a large number of autochthonous lactic acid bacteria isolated from fruit and vegetables. Survival under simulated gastric and intestinal conditions showed that 35% of the strains, mainly belonging to the species Lactobacillus plantarum maintained high cell densities. Selected strains did not affect the immune-mediation by Caco-2 cells. All strains stimulated all 27 immune-mediators by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). A significant (P<0.05; P<0.01) increase of the major part of cytokines and growth factors was found. A few chemokines were stimulated. Immune-mediators with pro-inflammatory activity (IL-17, EOTAXIN and IFNγ) were significantly (P<0.01) stimulated by all strains, followed by IL-1b>IP-10>IL-6>MIP1α. Stimulation of IL-12, IL-2 and IL-7 was strain dependent. Only a few strains increased the synthesis of cytokines with anti-inflammatory activity. Six L. plantarum strains were further selected. Four were defined as the strongly adhesive strains (more than 40 bacteria adhering to one Caco-2 cell), and 2 as the adhesive strains (5-40 bacteria adhering to one Caco-2 cell). Five strains grew and acidified chemically defined medium with fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) as the only carbon source. End-products of FOS fermentation were found. All strains inhibited enterohemorragic Escherichia coli K12 and Bacillus megaterium F6 isolated from human sources. The results of this study showed that some autochthonous lactic acid bacteria from raw fruit and vegetables have functional features to be considered as novel probiotic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Vitali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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276
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Inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides have divergent effects on colitis and commensal microbiota in HLA-B27 transgenic rats. Br J Nutr 2012; 108:1633-43. [PMID: 22243836 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511007203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of intestinal microbiota by non-digestible carbohydrates may reduce inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) on intestinal microbiota and colitis in HLA-B27 transgenic rats, a well-validated rodent model for IBD. In this study, 4-week-old rats were fed 8 g/kg body weight inulin or FOS for 12 weeks, or not. Faeces were collected at 4 and 16 weeks of age; and caecal samples were collected at necropsy. The effects of inulin and FOS on chronic intestinal inflammation were assessed using a gross gut score, histology score and levels of mucosal IL-1β. Intestinal microbiota were characterised by quantitative PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Colitis was significantly reduced in all FOS-fed rats compared to the control diet, whereas inulin decreased chronic intestinal inflammation in only half the number of animals. Quantitative analysis of caecal microbiota demonstrated that inulin increased the numbers of total bacteria and the Bacteroides-Prevotella-Porphyromonas group, FOS increased bifidobacteria, and both fructans decreased Clostridium cluster XI. In the faecal samples, both inulin and FOS decreased total bacteria, Bacteroides-Prevotella-Porphyromonas group, and Clostridium clusters XI and XIVa. FOS increased Bifidobacterium spp., and mediated a decrease of gene copies of Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridium difficile toxin B in faeces. SCFA concentrations in the faecal and caecal samples were unaffected by the diets. In conclusion, FOS increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium spp., whereas both fructans reduced Clostridium cluster XI and C. difficile toxin gene expression, correlating with a reduction of chronic intestinal inflammation.
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277
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Mišurcová L, Škrovánková S, Samek D, Ambrožová J, Machů L. Health benefits of algal polysaccharides in human nutrition. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2012; 66:75-145. [PMID: 22909979 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394597-6.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The interest in functional food, both freshwater and marine algal products with their possible promotional health effects, increases also in regions where algae are considered as rather exotic food. Increased attention about algae as an abundant source of many nutrients and dietary fiber from the nutrition point of view, as well as from the scientific approaches to explore new nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals, is based on the presence of many bioactive compounds including polysaccharides extracted from algal matter. Diverse chemical composition of dietary fiber polysaccharides is responsible for their different physicochemical properties, such as their ability to be fermented by the human colonic microbiota resulted in health benefit effects. Fundamental seaweed polysaccharides are presented by alginates, agars, carrageenans, ulvanes, and fucoidans, which are widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industry and also in other branches of industry. Moreover, freshwater algae and seaweed polysaccharides have emerged as an important source of bioactive natural compounds which are responsible for their possible physiological effects. Especially, sulfate polysaccharides exhibit immunomodulatory, antitumor, antithrombotic, anticoagulant, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities including anti-HIV infection, herpes, and hepatitis viruses. Generally, biological activity of sulfate polysaccharides is related to their different composition and mainly to the extent of the sulfation of their molecules. Significant attention has been recently focused on the use of both freshwater algae and seaweed for developing functional food by reason of a great variety of nutrients that are essential for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislava Mišurcová
- Department of Food Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Zlín, Czech Republic.
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278
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Mendlik K, Albrecht JA, Schnepf M. Effects of Fructooligofructoses Chain Length on the Bifidobacteria of the Human Colon: A Pilot Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2012.312211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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279
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Albrecht S, van Muiswinkel GCJ, Xu J, Schols HA, Voragen AGJ, Gruppen H. Enzymatic production and characterization of konjac glucomannan oligosaccharides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:12658-12666. [PMID: 22017574 DOI: 10.1021/jf203091h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes from a balanced human gut flora are promising tools to design prebiotic oligosaccharides. In this study, we investigated the action of enzymes from fecal bacteria on the complex polysaccharide konjac glucomannan (KGM). The oligosaccharides produced were compared to oligosaccharides from KGM digests with fungal endo-β-(1,4)-glucanase (EG) or endo-β-(1,4)-mannanase (EM). For this purpose, the oligosaccharides from the different digests were first studied for their structural characteristics like monosugar composition and exo-enzymatic degradability, as monitored by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Whereas the oligosaccharides produced by EG and EM were characteristic for the selectivity of the respective enzyme in cleaving the mannose-/glucose-sugar linkages of KGM, oligosaccharides produced by the fecal enzymes did not point to a sugar-selective degradation. The oligosaccharide fragments from the different digests indicated the KGM polysaccharide to be composed of a backbone composed of short mannose and glucose sequences, to which branches rich in mannose are attached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Albrecht
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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280
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In vitro fermentation of sugar beet arabino-oligosaccharides by fecal microbiota obtained from patients with ulcerative colitis to selectively stimulate the growth of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:8336-44. [PMID: 21984234 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05895-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential prebiotic properties of arabino-oligosaccharides (AOS) derived from sugar beet pulp was studied using mixed cultures of human fecal bacteria from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), in remission or with active disease, and in healthy controls. These results were compared to those for fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), which are known to have a prebiotic effect. Fermentation studies were carried out using a small-scale static batch system, and changes in the fecal microbial communities and metabolites were monitored after 24 h by quantitative real-time PCR and short-chain fatty acid analysis. With a few minor exceptions, AOS affected the communities similarly to what was seen for FOS. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. were selectively increased after fermentation of AOS or FOS by fecal microbiota derived from UC patients. The stimulation of growth of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. was accompanied by a high production of acetate and hence a decrease of pH. The fermentation of AOS may help improve the inflammatory conditions in UC patients through stimulation of bacteria eliciting anti-inflammatory responses and through production of acetate. AOS may therefore represent a new prebiotic candidate for reduction of the risk of flare-ups in UC patients. However, human trials are needed to confirm a health-promoting effect.
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282
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Sarbini SR, Kolida S, Naeye T, Einerhand A, Brison Y, Remaud-Simeon M, Monsan P, Gibson GR, Rastall RA. In vitro fermentation of linear and alpha-1,2-branched dextrans by the human fecal microbiota. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:5307-15. [PMID: 21666027 PMCID: PMC3147461 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02568-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of structure and molecular weight in fermentation selectivity in linear α-1,6 dextrans and dextrans with α-1,2 branching was investigated. Fermentation by gut bacteria was determined in anaerobic, pH-controlled fecal batch cultures after 36 h. Inulin (1%, wt/vol), which is a known prebiotic, was used as a control. Samples were obtained at 0, 10, 24, and 36 h of fermentation for bacterial enumeration by fluorescent in situ hybridization and short-chain fatty acid analyses. The gas production of the substrate fermentation was investigated in non-pH-controlled, fecal batch culture tubes after 36 h. Linear and branched 1-kDa dextrans produced significant increases in Bifidobacterium populations. The degree of α-1,2 branching did not influence the Bifidobacterium populations; however, α-1,2 branching increased the dietary fiber content, implying a decrease in digestibility. Other measured bacteria were unaffected by the test substrates except for the Bacteroides-Prevotella group, the growth levels of which were increased on inulin and 6- and 70-kDa dextrans, and the Faecalibacterium prausnitzii group, the growth levels of which were decreased on inulin and 1-kDa dextrans. A considerable increase in short-chain fatty acid concentration was measured following the fermentation of all dextrans and inulin. Gas production rates were similar among all dextrans tested but were significantly slower than that for inulin. The linear 1-kDa dextran produced lower total gas and shorter time to attain maximal gas production compared to those of the 70-kDa dextran (branched) and inulin. These findings indicate that dextrans induce a selective effect on the gut flora, short-chain fatty acids, and gas production depending on their length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrul R. Sarbini
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 226, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Kolida
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 226, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Thierry Naeye
- Tate and Lyle Innovation Centre 22, Avenue de'Horizon, Parc Scientifique de la Haute Borne, Villeneuve d'Asq, 59650 France
| | - Alexandra Einerhand
- Tate and Lyle Innovation Centre 22, Avenue de'Horizon, Parc Scientifique de la Haute Borne, Villeneuve d'Asq, 59650 France
| | - Yoann Brison
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés UMR CNRS/INSA 5504, UMR INRA/INSA 792, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Magali Remaud-Simeon
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés UMR CNRS/INSA 5504, UMR INRA/INSA 792, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Pierre Monsan
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés UMR CNRS/INSA 5504, UMR INRA/INSA 792, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Glenn R. Gibson
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 226, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Rastall
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 226, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
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283
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Inulin increases short-term markers for colonic fermentation similarly in healthy and hyperinsulinaemic humans. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011; 65:1279-86. [PMID: 21712835 PMCID: PMC3937120 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background/Objectives Colonic fermentation of dietary fibre produces short-chain fatty-acids (SCFA) acetate, propionate and butyrate, which may protect against type 2 diabetes by reducing serum free-fatty acids (FFA). Since hyperinsulinemia is associated with insulin resistance and increased diabetes risk, the main objective was to compare markers of colonic fermentation after acute inulin ingestion in subjects with normal (< 40pmol/L, NI) and high (≥ 40pmol/L, HI) plasma-insulin. Subjects/Methods Overnight fasted NI (n = 9) and HI (n = 9) subjects were studied for 4 h on 2 separate days after consuming 300 ml drinks containing 75 g glucose (Glucose) or 75 g glucose plus 24 g inulin (Inulin) using a randomized, single-blind, cross-over design. Results Inulin elicited a higher breath hydrogen and methane AUC but the increases in SCFA responses were not statistically significant. Overall mean serum-acetate over the 4 h study period was higher in NI than HI subjects (44.3±6.9 vs 22.5±3.7 μmol/L, p = 0.001). The rate of rebound of FFA was reduced by Inulin, with FFA at 4hr being less after Inulin than Glucose, regardless of insulin status (0.310±0.028 vs 0.432±0.042 mEq/L, p = 0.008). Conclusions This suggests that inulin increases short-term markers for colonic fermentation but a longer study period may be necessary to observe differences in SCFA production. The reason for the lower serum-acetate in HI is unclear but may be due to reduced absorption, increased clearance or decreased endogenous production. This suggests the need to compare acetate kinetics in normal and hyperinsulinemic subjects.
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284
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Linares D, Michaud P, Delort AM, Traïkia M, Warrand J. Catabolism of L-ascorbate by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:4140-7. [PMID: 21401096 DOI: 10.1021/jf104343r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Catabolism of L-ascorbate by enteric bacteria is well documented, but no study has formally proved that bacteria of the Lactobacillus genus ferment this compound. However, some genes analogous to those of yiaK-S operon and ula regulon, which encoded proteins leading to L-ascorbate degradation by Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae , have been identified in the recently sequenced Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG genome. Investigations by HPLC and in vivo (13)C NMR using L-[1,6-(13)C]-ascorbate showed that L. rhamnosus GG, a common probiotic strain, has the ability to catabolize L-ascorbate under anaerobiosis. The main products of the ascorbate degradation have been identified as CO(2), acetate, and lactate. These results are in accordance with the metabolic pathway proposed for the fermentation of L-ascorbate by E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Linares
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique et Biochimique, Polytech' Clermont Ferrand, Aubière, France
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285
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Abstract
En la búsqueda de medidas de prevención de enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles, se piensa en los prebióticos como una forma efectiva, saludable y relativamente barata para la optimización de la absorción de Ca. El aumento de la expectativa de vida de la población y el incremento de enfermedades como la osteoporosis traen graves consecuencias a la salud del individuo, acarreando importantes desembolsos económicos. En esta revisión se condensa el conocimiento presente sobre el efecto fisiológico del consumo de carbohidratos prebióticos y su posible interferencia en la biodisponibilidad del Ca, como también las posibilidades de su empleo en estrategias para combatir las deficiencias del mineral. Se elaboró una recopilación de los estudios originales realizados con mayor impacto en el tema, dando preferencia a los publicados en los últimos 6 años. Utilizamos las bases de datos PubMed, Lilacs e SciELO, usando las palabras claves calcio, prebióticos e probióticos.
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286
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Cross-feeding between bifidobacteria and butyrate-producing colon bacteria explains bifdobacterial competitiveness, butyrate production, and gas production. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 149:73-80. [PMID: 21450362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Inulin-type fructans are not digested and reach the human colon intact, where they are selectively fermented by the colon microbiota, in particular bifidobacteria. As a result, they are converted, directly or indirectly, to short-chain fatty acids and other organic acids, as well as gases, and lead to both bifidogenic and butyrogenic health-promoting effects. Bifidobacteria display phenotypic variation on strain level as to their capacity to degrade inulin-type fructans. Also, different chain lengths of inulin-type fructans may stimulate different subgroups within the bifidobacterial population. The end-metabolites of inulin-type fructan degradation by bifidobacteria reflect their growth rates on these polymers. Other colon bacteria are also able to degrade inulin-type fructans, as is the case for lactobacilli, Bacteroides, certain enterobacteria, and butyrate producers. Bacterial cross-feeding mechanisms in the colon lay at the basis of overall butyrate production, a functional characteristic of several colon bacteria that is always accompanied by gas production. Finally, specificity of polysaccharide use by the colon microbiota may determine diet-induced alterations in the microbiota and consequent metabolic effects.
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287
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Hummelen R, Vos AP, van't Land B, van Norren K, Reid G. Altered host-microbe interaction in HIV: a target for intervention with pro- and prebiotics. Int Rev Immunol 2011; 29:485-513. [PMID: 20839912 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2010.505310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal immune system is severely affected by HIV and circulating microbial products from the intestinal tract that provide an ongoing source of systemic inflammation and concomitant viral replication. In addition, HIV-infected individuals can have a deregulated immune response that may hamper the anti-viral capacity of the host. Various probiotic organisms and prebiotic agents have been shown to enhance intestinal epithelial barrier functions, reduce inflammation, and support effective Th-1 responses. As these characteristics may benefit HIV patients, this review aims to provide a theoretical framework for the development of probiotic and prebiotic interventions specifically for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Hummelen
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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288
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Thomassen LV, Vigsnæs LK, Licht TR, Mikkelsen JD, Meyer AS. Maximal release of highly bifidogenic soluble dietary fibers from industrial potato pulp by minimal enzymatic treatment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:873-84. [PMID: 21253720 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3092-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 12/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lise V Thomassen
- Center for BioProcess Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Building 229, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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289
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Enteric pathogen exploitation of the microbiota-generated nutrient environment of the gut. Curr Opin Microbiol 2011; 14:92-8. [PMID: 21215681 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Residing within the intestine is a large community of commensal organisms collectively termed the microbiota. This community generates a complex nutrient environment by breaking down indigestible food products into metabolites that are used by both the host and the microbiota. Both the invading intestinal pathogen and the microbiota compete for these metabolites, which can shape both the composition of the flora, as well as susceptibility to infection. After infection is established, pathogen mediated inflammation alters the composition of the microbiota, which further shifts the makeup of metabolites in the gastrointestinal tract. A greater understanding of the interplay between the microbiota, the metabolites they generate, and susceptibility to enteric disease will enable the discovery of novel therapies against infectious disease.
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290
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Philippeau C, Respondek F, Julliand V. In vitro effects of fructo-oligosaccharides on bacterial concentration and fermentation profiles in veal calf ileal contents. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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291
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Varley PF, McCarney C, Callan JJ, O'Doherty JV. Effect of dietary mineral level and inulin inclusion on phosphorus, calcium and nitrogen utilisation, intestinal microflora and bone development. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:2447-54. [PMID: 20661921 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An experiment was conducted to investigate the interaction between dietary phosphorus (P) level (4 vs 6 g total P kg(-1)) and inulin inclusion (0 vs 20 g kg(-1)) on coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility, nitrogen (N), P and calcium (Ca) utilisation, bone mineralisation, selected gastrointestinal microflora, intestinal volatile fatty acid concentrations and digesta pH in the ileum, caecum and proximal colon. Owing to the design of the experiment, as dietary P level increased, there was also an increase in dietary Ca level in order to maintain a sustainable dietary Ca/P ratio. Entire male finisher pigs (n = 10 per treatment) with a similar initial body weight (51 kg, standard deviation 2.4 kg) were used. RESULTS Inulin inclusion lowered (P < 0.01) Enterobacteriaceae populations in the proximal colon compared with pigs offered diets without added inulin. However, intestinal bacterial populations of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. were unaffected. Inulin inclusion had no effect on mineral digestibility or bone mineralisation. Pigs offered low P and Ca diets had lower (P < 0.01) bone mineralisation than pigs offered high P and Ca diets. CONCLUSION Intestinal bacterial populations of Enterobacteriaceae in the proximal colon were lowered by inulin inclusion. Inulin inclusion did not affect P, Ca or N utilisation or bone mineralisation in the finisher pig when offered either a low or a high P diet. Increasing the P and Ca content of the diet led to an increase in bone mineralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick F Varley
- University College Dublin, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, Lyons Research Farm Newcastle, Co. Dublin, Ireland
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292
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Teh SS, Ahmad R, Wan-Abdullah WN, Liong MT. Enhanced growth of lactobacilli in soymilk upon immobilization on agrowastes. J Food Sci 2010; 75:M155-64. [PMID: 20492305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell immobilization is an alternative to microencapsulation for the maintenance of cells in a liquid medium. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of agrowastes from durian (Durio zibethinus), cempedak (Artocarpus champeden), and mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) as immobilizers for lactobacilli grown in soymilk. Rinds from the agrowastes were separated from the skin, dried, and ground (150 microm) to form powders and used as immobilizers. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that lactobacilli cells were attached and bound to the surface of the immobilizers. Immobilized cells of Lactobacillus acidophilus FTDC 1331, L. acidophilus FTDC 2631, L. acidophilus FTDC 2333, L. acidophilus FTDC 1733, and L. bulgaricus FTCC 0411 were inoculated into soymilk, stored at room temperature (25 degrees C) and growth properties were evaluated over 168 h. Soymilk inoculated with nonimmobilized cells was used as the control. Utilization of substrates, concentrations of lactic and acetic acids, and changes in pH were evaluated in soymilk over 186 h. Immobilized lactobacilli showed significantly better growth (P < 0.05) compared to the control, accompanied by higher production of lactic and acetic acids in soymilk. Soymilk containing immobilized cells showed greater reduction of soy sugars such as stachyose, raffinose, sucrose, fructose, and glucose compared to the control (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue-Siang Teh
- School of Industrial Technology, Univ. Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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293
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Tuohy KM, Brown DT, Klinder A, Costabile A. Shaping the human microbiome with prebiotic foods – current perspectives for continued development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1616/1476-2137.15989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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294
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Shen J, Zhang B, Wei H, Che C, Ding D, Hua X, Bucheli P, Wang L, Li Y, Pang X, Zhao L. Assessment of the modulating effects of fructo-oligosaccharides on fecal microbiota using human flora-associated piglets. Arch Microbiol 2010; 192:959-68. [PMID: 20844866 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-010-0628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 08/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We first used human flora-associated (HFA) piglets, a significantly improved model for research on human gut microbiota, to study the effects of short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS) on the gut bacterial populations. Ten neonatal HFA piglets were assigned to receive basal diets alone or supplemented with scFOS (0.5 g/kg body weight/day) from 1 to 37 days after birth (DAB). The impact of scFOS on the fecal bacterial populations of the piglets before (12 DAB), during (17 DAB), and after (25 and 37 DAB) weaning were monitored by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and real-time quantitative PCR. The Bifidobacterium genus was stimulated consistently, except during weaning, confirming the bifidogenic property of scFOS. At 12 DAB, the Clostridium leptum subgroup was decreased and two unknown Bacteroides-related species were increased; at 25 DAB, the C. leptum subgroup and Subdoligranulum variabile-like species were elevated, whereas one unknown Faecalibacterium-related species was suppressed; and at 37 DAB, the Bacteroides genus was decreased. The results showed that effects of scFOS on non-bifidobacteria varied at different developmental stages of the animals, warranting further investigation into the host-development-related effects of prebiotics on the gut microbiota and the host physiology using the HFA piglets as a model for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shen
- Bioinformatics Center, Key Lab of Molecular Systems Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, 200031, Shanghai, China
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295
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Substrate-driven gene expression in Roseburia inulinivorans: importance of inducible enzymes in the utilization of inulin and starch. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 108 Suppl 1:4672-9. [PMID: 20679207 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000091107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Roseburia inulinivorans is a recently identified motile representative of the Firmicutes that contributes to butyrate formation from a variety of dietary polysaccharide substrates in the human large intestine. Microarray analysis was used here to investigate substrate-driven gene-expression changes in R. inulinivorans A2-194. A cluster of fructo-oligosaccharide/inulin utilization genes induced during growth on inulin included one encoding a β-fructofuranosidase protein that was prominent in the proteome of inulin-grown cells. This cluster also included a 6-phosphofructokinase and an ABC transport system, whereas a distinct inulin-induced 1-phosphofructokinase was linked to a fructose-specific phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS II transport enzyme). Real-time PCR analysis showed that the β-fructofuranosidase and adjacent ABC transport protein showed greatest induction during growth on inulin, whereas the 1-phosphofructokinase enzyme and linked sugar phosphotransferase transport system were most strongly up-regulated during growth on fructose, indicating that these two clusters play distinct roles in the use of inulin. The R. inulinivorans β-fructofuranosidase was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and shown to hydrolyze fructans ranging from inulin down to sucrose, with greatest activity on fructo-oligosaccharides. Genes induced on starch included the major extracellular α-amylase and two distinct α-glucanotransferases together with a gene encoding a flagellin protein. The latter response may be concerned with improving bacterial access to insoluble starch particles.
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296
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Beards E, Tuohy K, Gibson G. Bacterial, SCFA and gas profiles of a range of food ingredients following in vitro fermentation by human colonic microbiota. Anaerobe 2010; 16:420-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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297
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Lorenzo-Pisarello M, Gultemirian M, Nieto-Peñalver C, Perez Chaia A. Propionibacterium acidipropionici CRL1198 influences the production of acids and the growth of bacterial genera stimulated by inulin in a murine model of cecal slurries. Anaerobe 2010; 16:345-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2009] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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298
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Parkar SG, Redgate EL, Wibisono R, Luo X, Koh ET, Schröder R. Gut health benefits of kiwifruit pectins: Comparison with commercial functional polysaccharides. J Funct Foods 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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299
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Sonnenburg ED, Zheng H, Joglekar P, Higginbottom SK, Firbank SJ, Bolam DN, Sonnenburg JL. Specificity of polysaccharide use in intestinal bacteroides species determines diet-induced microbiota alterations. Cell 2010; 141:1241-52. [PMID: 20603004 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota impacts many facets of human health and is associated with human diseases. Diet impacts microbiota composition, yet mechanisms that link dietary changes to microbiota alterations remain ill-defined. Here we elucidate the basis of Bacteroides proliferation in response to fructans, a class of fructose-based dietary polysaccharides. Structural and genetic analysis disclosed a fructose-binding, hybrid two-component signaling sensor that controls the fructan utilization locus in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Gene content of this locus differs among Bacteroides species and dictates the specificity and breadth of utilizable fructans. BT1760, an extracellular beta2-6 endo-fructanase, distinguishes B. thetaiotaomicron genetically and functionally, and enables the use of the beta2-6-linked fructan levan. The genetic and functional differences between Bacteroides species are predictive of in vivo competitiveness in the presence of dietary fructans. Gene sequences that distinguish species' metabolic capacity serve as potential biomarkers in microbiomic datasets to enable rational manipulation of the microbiota via diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica D Sonnenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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300
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Ooi LG, Liong MT. Cholesterol-lowering effects of probiotics and prebiotics: a review of in vivo and in vitro findings. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:2499-522. [PMID: 20640165 PMCID: PMC2904929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11062499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are live microorganisms that promote health benefits upon consumption, while prebiotics are nondigestible food ingredients that selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract. Probiotics and/or prebiotics could be used as alternative supplements to exert health benefits, including cholesterol-lowering effects on humans. Past in vivo studies showed that the administration of probiotics and/or prebiotics are effective in improving lipid profiles, including the reduction of serum/plasma total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides or increment of HDL-cholesterol. However, other past studies have also shown that probiotics and prebiotics had insignificant effects on lipid profiles, disputing the hypocholesterolemic claim. Additionally, little information is available on the effective dosage of probiotics and prebiotics needed to exert hypocholesterolemic effects. Probiotics and prebiotics have been suggested to reduce cholesterol via various mechanisms. However, more clinical evidence is needed to strengthen these proposals. Safety issues regarding probiotics and/or prebiotics have also been raised despite their long history of safe use. Although probiotic-mediated infections are rare, several cases of systemic infections caused by probiotics have been reported and the issue of antibiotic resistance has sparked much debate. Prebiotics, classified as food ingredients, are generally considered safe, but overconsumption could cause intestinal discomfort. Conscientious prescription of probiotics and/or prebiotics is crucial, especially when administering to specific high risk groups such as infants, the elderly and the immuno-compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lay-Gaik Ooi
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia; E-Mail:
| | - Min-Tze Liong
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia; E-Mail:
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