251
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Kriebel P, Patel BK, Nelson SA, Grusby MJ, LaRochelle WJ. Consequences of Stat6 deletion on Sis/PDGF- and IL-4-induced proliferation and transcriptional activation in murine fibroblasts. Oncogene 1999; 18:7294-302. [PMID: 10602484 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant communication among growth factors and cytokines that regulate tissue homeostasis often results in malignancy. Among the many cell types that participate in this process, stromal fibroblasts communicate in a paracrine and juxtracrine manner with cells of epithelial, endothelial, and hematopoietic origin. For fibroblasts, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a major proliferative and differentiation agent. Interleukin-4 (IL-4), however, possesses only modulating functions in this cell type. Here, we investigated the consequences of deleting Stat6 on PDGF and IL-4 signaling, proliferation, and transcriptional activation by establishing and characterizing early passage fibroblasts from wild-type and Stat6 null mice. Both wild-type and Stat6-/- fibroblasts showed nearly identical PDGFR and IL-4R activation, gross substrate tyrosine phosphorylation, PI 3-kinase activation, as well as Stat1, 3 and 5 DNA binding activities. Unexpectedly, IL-4's enhancement of PDGF-induced [3H]thymidine incorporation was greatly diminished in Stat6-/-, but not wild-type fibroblasts. PDGF-induced [3H]thymidine uptake was largely unaffected. Strikingly, IL-4, but not PDGF induction of the proinflammatory gene products, IL-6 and MCP-1 was markedly reduced in Stat6-/- fibroblasts. Thus, Stat6 is an important and specific mediator of IL-4-enhanced PDGF-induced proliferation as well as IL-4's transcriptional activation of IL-6 and MCP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kriebel
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Building 37 Room 1E24, Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20892, USA
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252
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Abstract
Knowledge of the chemokine superfamily has undergone a dramatic expansion during the past decade. Currently, we are witnessing a transition from a phase of molecular discovery to a phase of disease associations and the establishment of functional (clinical) relevance. Recent data regarding the expression of chemokines and their receptors in pathologically relevant cells as well as observations using gene-targeting approaches have given us a better understanding of the complex mechanisms involved in leukocyte recruitment and inflammation as well as their potential role in the immunopathogenesis of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Homey
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 93404-1104, USA.
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253
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T lymphocyte and fibroblast interactions: the case of skin involvement in systemic sclerosis and other examples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00870304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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254
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255
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Kips
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital Ghent, Belgium
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256
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Lubberts E, Joosten LAB, van den Bersselaar L, Helsen MMA, Bakker AC, van Meurs JBJ, Graham FL, Richards CD, van den Berg WB. Adenoviral Vector-Mediated Overexpression of IL-4 in the Knee Joint of Mice with Collagen-Induced Arthritis Prevents Cartilage Destruction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.8.4546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory joint disease, leading to cartilage and bone destruction. In this study, we investigated the effects of local IL-4 application, introduced by a recombinant human type 5 adenovirus vector, in the knee joint of mice with collagen-induced arthritis. One intraarticular injection with an IL-4-expressing virus caused overexpression of IL-4 in the mouse knee joint. Enhanced onset and aggravation of the synovial inflammation were found in the IL-4 group. However, despite ongoing inflammation, histologic analysis showed impressive prevention of chondrocyte death and cartilage erosion. In line with this, chondrocyte proteoglycan synthesis was enhanced in the articular cartilage. This was quantified with ex vivo 35S-sulfate incorporation in patellar cartilage and confirmed by autoradiography on whole knee joint sections. Reduction of cartilage erosion was further substantiated by lack of expression of the stromelysin-dependent cartilage proteoglycan breakdown neoepitope VDIPEN in the Ad5E1 mIL-4-treated knee joint. Reduced metalloproteinase activity was also supported by markedly diminished mRNA expression of stromelysin-3 in the synovial tissue. Histologic analysis revealed marked reduction of polymorphonuclear cells in the synovial joint space in the IL-4-treated joints. This was confirmed by immunolocalization studies on knee joint sections using NIMP-R14 staining and diminished mRNA expression of macrophage-inflammatory protein-2 in the synovium tissue. mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were suppressed as well, and IL-1β and nitric oxide production by arthritic synovial tissue were strongly reduced. Our data show an impressive cartilage-protective effect of local IL-4 and underline the feasibility of local gene therapy with this cytokine in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Lubberts
- *Rheumatology Research Lab, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Leo A. B. Joosten
- *Rheumatology Research Lab, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Liduine van den Bersselaar
- *Rheumatology Research Lab, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Monique M. A. Helsen
- *Rheumatology Research Lab, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Andrew C. Bakker
- *Rheumatology Research Lab, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Joyce B. J. van Meurs
- *Rheumatology Research Lab, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Frank L. Graham
- †Department of Pathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carl D. Richards
- †Department of Pathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wim B. van den Berg
- *Rheumatology Research Lab, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
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257
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Matsuda S, Uchikawa R, Yamada M, Arizono N. Differentially enhanced cytokine gene expression in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes in rats infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Parasite Immunol 1999; 21:527-34. [PMID: 10610496 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.1999.00252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Autoinfective strongyloidiasis is potentially fatal, yet the majority of infected individuals harbour asymptomatic and chronic infections. The role of humoral responses in modulating autoinfection was assessed by examining antibody isotype responses to filariform larval antigens amongst chronically infected ex-Far East Prisoners of War (exFEPOWs) with longstanding (> 30 years) infection. Serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G1, IgG4, IgE and IgA responses to whole Strongyloides stercoralis L3 extracts and their constituent antigenic components were characterized by ELISA and quantitative immunoblotting. Comparison of two groups of S. stercoralis infected exFEPOWs with and without detectable larvae in stool demonstrated novel trends. Significantly enhanced recognition of six immunodominant antigenic components by IgA was associated with undetectable larval output, as was enhanced IgE recognition of several components. Additionally, IgE and IgG4 exhibited parallel antigen recognition patterns. These findings are consistent with roles for IgA in modulating larval output, for IgE in regulating autoinfection, and for IgG4 in blocking IgE-mediated responses in human strongyloidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Matsuda
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi Hirokoji, Japan
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258
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Ford D, Sheehan C, Girasole C, Priester R, Kouttab N, Tigges J, King TC, Luciani A, Morgan JW, Maizel AL. The Human B Cell Response to IL-13 Is Dependent on Cellular Phenotype as Well as Mode of Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.6.3185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Normal mature quiescent human B lymphocytes, isolated as a function of buoyant density, require activation for up-regulation of IL-13R constituents. Cell activation through a combination of surface Ig and CD40 receptor ligation leads to the most substantial message production for IL-13Rα1. Functional consequences of this receptor variation, in initially quiescent cells, includes demonstrable effects on cellular proliferation in response to ligand exposure. Variations in the method of surface activation, with particular emphasis on the CD40 receptor, reveals that immobilized CD40 ligand may be sufficient, in and of itself, to up-regulate IL-13Rα1, which may bear significance for B-lymphocyte bystander proliferation. Regulation of the IL-13Rα1 protein and message also differs as a function of cellular phenotype. Although values are greater in memory than naive B cells, as they are initially isolated from extirpated tonsils, variations in the magnitude of message and protein, as a function of surface stimulation, are more substantial in the naive subset. The magnitude of variation in message production in naive cells is associated with a more vigorous proliferative response to IL-13 than seen in memory lymphocytes. The cellular response to IL-13, as a function of activation and phenotype, is the converse of that demonstrated for IL-2. Evaluation of proliferation, receptor message, ligand binding protein production, and the response to putatively synergistic cytokines reveals that IL-2 is the predominant lymphokine utilized by memory cells. This is in contradistinction to IL-13, which along with IL-4, are the predominant moieties for naive lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwayne Ford
- * Department of Pathology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118; and
| | - Catherine Sheehan
- * Department of Pathology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118; and
| | - Christopher Girasole
- * Department of Pathology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118; and
| | - Rory Priester
- * Department of Pathology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118; and
| | - Nicola Kouttab
- * Department of Pathology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118; and
| | - John Tigges
- * Department of Pathology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118; and
| | - Thomas C. King
- † Lifespan Health Care System, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02908
| | - Andrea Luciani
- * Department of Pathology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118; and
| | - John W. Morgan
- * Department of Pathology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118; and
| | - Abby L. Maizel
- * Department of Pathology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118; and
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259
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Hogaboam CM, Bone-Larson CL, Lipinski S, Lukacs NW, Chensue SW, Strieter RM, Kunkel SL. Differential Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 and Chemokine Receptor 2 Expression by Murine Lung Fibroblasts Derived from Th1- and Th2-Type Pulmonary Granuloma Models. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.4.2193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is involved in fibrosis through the regulation of profibrotic cytokine generation and matrix deposition. Changes in MCP-1, C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), procollagen I and III, and TGF β were examined in fibroblasts cultured from normal lung and from nonfibrotic (i.e., Th1-type) and fibrotic (i.e., Th2-type) pulmonary granulomas. Th2-type fibroblasts generated 2-fold more MCP-1 than similar numbers of Th1-type or normal fibroblasts after 24 h in culture. Unlike normal and Th1-type fibroblasts, Th2-type fibroblasts displayed CCR2 mRNA at 24 h after IL-4 treatment. By flow cytometry, CCR2 was present on 40% of untreated Th2-type fibroblasts, whereas CCR2 was present on <20% of normal and Th1-type fibroblasts after similar treatment. IL-4 increased the number of normal fibroblasts with cell-surface CCR2 but IFN-γ-treatment of normal and Th2-type fibroblasts significantly decreased the numbers of CCR2-positive cells in both populations. Western blot analysis showed that total CCR2 protein expression was markedly increased in untreated Th2-type fibroblasts compared with normal and Th1-type fibroblasts. IL-4 treatment enhanced CCR2 protein in Th1- and Th2-type fibroblasts whereas IFN-γ treatment augmented CCR2 protein in normal and Th1-type fibroblasts. All three fibroblast populations exhibited MCP-1-dependent TGF-β synthesis, but only normal and Th2-type fibroblasts showed a MCP-1 requirement for procollagen mRNA expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that lung fibroblasts are altered in their expression of MCP-1, TGF-β, CCR2, and procollagen following their participation in pulmonary inflammatory processes, and these changes may be important during fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory M. Hogaboam
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - Scott Lipinski
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Nicholas W. Lukacs
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Stephen W. Chensue
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- ‡Department of Pathology, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Robert M. Strieter
- †Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Steven L. Kunkel
- *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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260
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Dong Q, Louahed J, Vink A, Sullivan CD, Messler CJ, Zhou Y, Haczku A, Huaux F, Arras M, Holroyd KJ, Renauld JC, Levitt RC, Nicolaides NC. IL-9 induces chemokine expression in lung epithelial cells and baseline airway eosinophilia in transgenic mice. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:2130-9. [PMID: 10427975 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199907)29:07<2130::aid-immu2130>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent data have identified IL-9 as a key cytokine in determining susceptibility to asthma. These data are supported by the finding that allergen-exposed IL-9-transgenic mice exhibit many features that are characteristic of human asthma (airway eosinophilia, elevated serum IgE and bronchial hyperresponsiveness) as compared to the background strain. A striking feature of these animals is a robust peribronchial and perivascular eosinophilia after allergen challenge, suggesting that IL-9 is a potent factor in regulating this process. In an attempt to gain insights into the molecular mechanism governing IL-9 modulation of lung eosinophilia, we investigated the ability of this cytokine to induce the expression of CC-type chemokines in the lung because of their effect on stimulating eosinophil chemotaxis. Here we show that IL-9-transgenic mice in contrast to their congenic controls exhibit baseline lung eosinophilia that is associated with the up-regulation of CC-chemokine expression in the airway. This effect appears to be through a direct action of IL-9 because the addition of recombinant IL-9 to primary epithelial cultures and cell lines induced the expression of these chemokines in vitro. These data support a mechanism for IL-9 in regulating the expression of eosinophil chemotactic factors in lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Dong
- Magainin Institute of Molecular Medicine, Magainin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA
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261
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Jankovic D, Kullberg MC, Noben-Trauth N, Caspar P, Ward JM, Cheever AW, Paul WE, Sher A. Schistosome-Infected IL-4 Receptor Knockout (KO) Mice, in Contrast to IL-4 KO Mice, Fail to Develop Granulomatous Pathology While Maintaining the Same Lymphokine Expression Profile. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.1.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Th2 lymphocytes have been postulated to play a major role in the immunopathology induced by Schistosoma mansoni infection. Nevertheless, infected IL-4 knockout (KO) and wild-type (wt) mice develop egg granulomas comparable in size. To further investigate the function of the Th2 response in egg pathology we studied IL-4Rα-deficient mice, which are nonresponsive to both IL-4 and IL-13. In striking contrast to IL-4 KO animals, infected IL-4Rα KO mice developed only minimal hepatic granulomas and fibrosis despite the presence of CD3+ T cells in the residual egg lesions. Moreover, liver lymphokine mRNA levels in these animals and IL-4 KO mice were equivalent. In addition, infected IL-4Rα-deficient, IL-4-deficient, and wt animals developed similar egg Ag-specific IgG Ab titers, arguing that CD4-dependent Th activity is intact in KO mice. As expected, IFN-γ secretion was strongly up-regulated in mesenteric lymph node cultures from both groups of deficient animals, a change reflected in increased serum IgG2a and IgG2b Ab levels. Surprisingly, Th2 cytokine production in infected IL-4Rα KO mice was not abolished but was only reduced and resembled that previously documented in IL-4 KO animals. This residual Th2 response is likely to explain the ability of IL-4 KO mice to generate egg granulomas, which cannot be formed in IL-4Rα-deficient animals because of their lack of responsiveness to the same cytokine ligands. Taken together, these findings argue that tissue pathology in schistosomiasis requires, in addition to egg-specific CD4+ lymphocytes, a previously unrecognized IL-4Rα+ non-T cell effector population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nancy Noben-Trauth
- †Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Patricia Caspar
- *Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, and
| | - Jerrold M. Ward
- ‡Animal Science Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702; and
| | - Allen W. Cheever
- *Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, and
- §Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - William E. Paul
- †Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alan Sher
- *Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, and
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262
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Powell DW, Mifflin RC, Valentich JD, Crowe SE, Saada JI, West AB. Myofibroblasts. I. Paracrine cells important in health and disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 277:C1-9. [PMID: 10409103 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1999.277.1.c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Myofibroblasts are a unique group of smooth-muscle-like fibroblasts that have a similar appearance and function regardless of their tissue of residence. Through the secretion of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, both lipid and gaseous inflammatory mediators, as well as extracellular matrix proteins and proteases, they play an important role in organogenesis and oncogenesis, inflammation, repair, and fibrosis in most organs and tissues. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and stem cell factor are two secreted proteins responsible for differentiating myofibroblasts from embryological stem cells. These and other growth factors cause proliferation of myofibroblasts, and myofibroblast secretion of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules and various cytokines and growth factors causes mobility, proliferation, and differentiation of epithelial or parenchymal cells. Repeated cycles of injury and repair lead to organ or tissue fibrosis through secretion of ECM by the myofibroblasts. Transforming growth factor-beta and the PDGF family of growth factors are the key factors in the fibrotic response. Because of their ubiquitous presence in all tissues, myofibroblasts play important roles in various organ diseases and perhaps in multisystem diseases as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Powell
- University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Departments of Internal Medicine, Physiology, and Biophysics and Pathology, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA.
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263
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Winterrowd GE, Chin JE. Flow cytometric detection of antigen-specific cytokine responses in lung T cells in a murine model of pulmonary inflammation. J Immunol Methods 1999; 226:105-18. [PMID: 10410976 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(99)00049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiparameter flow cytometry was used to examine the cytokine responses of antigen-specific T lymphocytes isolated from the lungs of antigen-sensitized mice which developed pulmonary inflammation after aerosol challenge with ovalbumin (OA) (OA/OA). Lung T cells were stimulated in vitro with OA and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody (mAb) in the presence of the secretion inhibitor, brefeldin A. T cell subsets were examined for intracellular cytokine expression using fluorochrome-labeled cell-surface specific and anti-cytokine antibodies. Antigen-specific responses resulted in significant numbers of CD4+ lung cells expressing cytoplasmic interleukin (IL)-2 (6%), IL-4 (1.5%), IL-5 (4%), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (11%), but not interferon (IFN)-gamma. Dual cytokine analyses demonstrated antigen-specific responses resulted in CD4+ T cells being positive for IL-2 and IL-4 or IL-2 and IL-5. TNF-alpha was the only antigen-specific cytokine response detected in CD8+ lung T cells after in vitro activation with OA. Cytokines in the supernatants of cultures activated with OA and anti-CD28 were measured by ELISA and the results confirmed the antigen-specific responses measured by flow cytometry. Polyclonal activation of lung T cells from OA/OA mice with 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), ionomycin, anti-CD3 mAb, and anti-CD28 mAb resulted in higher percentages of IL-2+ (43%) and IL-5+ (7%) CD4 cells when compared to CD4+ T cells from non-OA sensitized, challenged mice. CD8+ cells from OA/OA mice demonstrated intracellular staining for IL-2 (26%), TNF-alpha (55%), and IFN-gamma (37%), but not IL-4 or IL-5, after polyclonal activation. There is less agreement between intracellular cytokine staining of CD4+ T cells and cytokines released into the culture medium after polyclonal activation. Dual cytokine analyses of polyclonal-activated CD4+ cells demonstrated co-expression of IFN-gamma with IL-2, IL-4, or IL-5. T cells co-expressing IL-2 with IL-4 or IL-5 were also detected. These results demonstrate the utility of multiparameter flow cytometry to directly measure antigen-specific cytokine responses in subsets of T lymphocytes isolated from inflammatory sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Winterrowd
- Pharmacology Department, Pharmacia and Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA
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264
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Kapp U, Yeh WC, Patterson B, Elia AJ, Kägi D, Ho A, Hessel A, Tipsword M, Williams A, Mirtsos C, Itie A, Moyle M, Mak TW. Interleukin 13 is secreted by and stimulates the growth of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. J Exp Med 1999; 189:1939-46. [PMID: 10377189 PMCID: PMC2192965 DOI: 10.1084/jem.189.12.1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression patterns can provide vital clues to the pathogenesis of neoplastic diseases. We investigated the expression of 950 genes in Hodgkin's disease (HD) by analyzing differential mRNA expression using microarrays. In two independent microarray experiments, the HD-derived cell lines L428 and KMH2 were compared with an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-immortalized lymphoblastoid B cell line, LCL-GK. Interleukin (IL)-13 and IL-5 were found to be highly expressed in the HD-derived cell lines. Examination of IL-13 and IL-5 expression by Northern blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed these results and revealed the expression of IL-13 in a third HD-derived cell line, HDLM2. Control LCL and EBV-negative non-Hodgkin lymphoma-derived cell lines did not express IL-13. In situ hybridization of lymph node tissue from HD patients showed that elevated levels of IL-13 were specifically expressed by Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (H/RS) tumor cells. Treatment of a HD-derived cell line with a neutralizing antibody to IL-13 resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of H/RS cell proliferation. These data suggest that H/RS cells produce IL-13 and that IL-13 plays an important role in the stimulation of H/RS cell growth, possibly by an autocrine mechanism. Modulation of the IL-13 signaling pathway may be a logical objective for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kapp
- Amgen Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, the Department of Medical Biophysics, and the Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C1, Canada
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265
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Abstract
Allergic asthma is being increasingly understood as a disease caused by Th2-mediated immune responses to inhaled allergens. Most individuals fail to respond to allergens with a Th2 response, and thus, allergic asthma can be considered the result of an abnormally regulated or dysregulated immune response. The prevalence of asthma has risen precipitously in urbanized cultures, as contrasted with third world countries. This observation underlies the heightened efforts in the past few years of basic and applied research efforts to gain a better understanding of both normal and dysregulated immunity to antigens introduced via the airways. This review focuses on recent human studies into the immune dysregulation that results in the asthma phenotype, but also cites selected relevant papers from research with experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Lipscomb
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque 87131-5301, USA
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266
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Chizzolini C. T lymphocyte and fibroblast interactions: the case of skin involvement in systemic sclerosis and other examples. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1999; 21:431-50. [PMID: 10945035 DOI: 10.1007/s002810000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Chizzolini
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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267
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fonseca
- Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, UK
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