251
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Shi P, Yin T, Zhou F, Cui P, Gou S, Wang C. Valproic acid sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to natural killer cell-mediated lysis by upregulating MICA and MICB via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:370. [PMID: 24885711 PMCID: PMC4076062 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, is reported to exert anti-tumor effects by upregulating the expression of the natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) ligands on tumor cells; however, the mechanisms vary in different tumor types, and the effect and mechanism of action of VPA in pancreatic cancer cells are unknown. Methods The present study evaluated the effect of VPA to susceptibility of pancreatic cancer cells to the NK cell-mediated lysis in vitro and in vivo. Then we investigated the mechanism which the effect of VPA depend on. Results The lactate dehydrogenase assay (LDH) and xenograft experiment demonstrated that VPA significantly sensitized pancreatic cancer cells to NK cell-mediated lysis in vitro and in vivo. Quantitative real time- polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and flow cytometry demonstrated that VPA upregulated the mRNA and cell surface expression of the NKG2D ligands major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A and B (MICA and MICB) in pancreatic cancer cells. Effects of VPA both in vitro and in vivo were significantly attenuated by the PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitor LY294002 or a siRNA targeting PI3K catalytic subunit alpha isoform (PI3KCA). Conclusion VPA enhances the susceptibility of pancreatic cancer cells to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo by upregulating the expression of MICA and MICB via a PI3K/Akt signaling pathway-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shanmiao Gou
- Pancreatic Disease Institute, Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, P, R, China.
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252
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Davies JOJ, Stringaris K, Barrett AJ, Rezvani K. Opportunities and limitations of natural killer cells as adoptive therapy for malignant disease. Cytotherapy 2014; 16:1453-1466. [PMID: 24856895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although natural killer (NK) cells can be readily generated for adoptive therapy with current techniques, their optimal application to treat malignant diseases requires an appreciation of the dynamic balance between signals that either synergize with or antagonize each other. Individuals display wide differences in NK function that determine their therapeutic efficacy. The ability of NK cells to kill target cells or produce cytokines depends on the balance between signals from activating and inhibitory cell-surface receptors. The selection of NK cells with a predominant activating profile is critical for delivering successful anti-tumor activity. This can be achieved through selection of killer immunoglobulin-like receptor-mismatched NK donors and by use of blocking molecules against inhibitory pathways. Optimum NK cytotoxicity may require licensing or priming with tumor cells. Recent discoveries in the molecular and cellular biology of NK cells inform in the design of new strategies, including adjuvant therapies, to maximize the cytotoxic potential of NK cells for adoptive transfer to treat human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James O J Davies
- Department of Haematology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Stringaris
- Department of Haematology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A John Barrett
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katayoun Rezvani
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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253
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Schlecker E, Fiegler N, Arnold A, Altevogt P, Rose-John S, Moldenhauer G, Sucker A, Paschen A, von Strandmann EP, Textor S, Cerwenka A. Metalloprotease-Mediated Tumor Cell Shedding of B7-H6, the Ligand of the Natural Killer Cell–Activating Receptor NKp30. Cancer Res 2014; 74:3429-40. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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254
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c-Myc regulates expression of NKG2D ligands ULBP1/2/3 in AML and modulates their susceptibility to NK-mediated lysis. Blood 2014; 123:3585-95. [PMID: 24677544 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-11-536219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytarabine (cytosine arabinoside) is one of the most effective drugs for the treatment of patients diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Despite its efficiency against AML cells, the emergence of drug resistance due to prolonged chemotherapy in most patients is still a major obstacle. Several studies have shown that drug resistance mechanisms alter the sensitivity of leukemia cells to immune system effector cells. To investigate this phenomenon, parental acute myeloid cell lines, HL-60 and KG-1, were continuously exposed to increasing doses of cytarabine in order to establish equivalent resistant cell lines, HL-60(R) and KG-1(R). Our data indicate that cytarabine-resistant cells are more susceptible to natural killer (NK)-mediated cell lysis as compared with parental cytarabine-sensitive cells. The increased susceptibility correlates with the induction of UL-16 binding proteins (ULBP) 1/2/3 and NK group 2, member D (NKG2D) ligands on target cells by a mechanism involving c-Myc induction. More importantly, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that ULBP1/3 are direct targets of c-Myc. Using drug-resistant primary AML blasts as target cells, inhibition of c-Myc resulted in decreased expression of NKG2D ligands and the subsequent impairment of NK cell lysis. This study provides for the first time, the c-Myc dependent regulation of NKG2D ligands in AML.
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255
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Li Y, Mariuzza RA. Structural basis for recognition of cellular and viral ligands by NK cell receptors. Front Immunol 2014; 5:123. [PMID: 24723923 PMCID: PMC3972465 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are key components of innate immune responses to tumors and viral infections. NK cell function is regulated by NK cell receptors that recognize both cellular and viral ligands, including major histocompatibility complex (MHC), MHC-like, and non-MHC molecules. These receptors include Ly49s, killer immunoglobulin-like receptors, leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors, and NKG2A/CD94, which bind MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules, and NKG2D, which binds MHC-I paralogs such as the stress-induced proteins MICA and ULBP. In addition, certain viruses have evolved MHC-like immunoevasins, such as UL18 and m157 from cytomegalovirus, that act as decoy ligands for NK receptors. A growing number of NK receptor–ligand interaction pairs involving non-MHC molecules have also been identified, including NKp30–B7-H6, killer cell lectin-like receptor G1–cadherin, and NKp80–AICL. Here, we describe crystal structures determined to date of NK cell receptors bound to MHC, MHC-related, and non-MHC ligands. Collectively, these structures reveal the diverse solutions that NK receptors have developed to recognize these molecules, thereby enabling the regulation of NK cytolytic activity by both host and viral ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Li
- W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland , Rockville, MD , USA ; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland , College Park, MD , USA
| | - Roy A Mariuzza
- W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland , Rockville, MD , USA ; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland , College Park, MD , USA
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256
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Chretien AS, Le Roy A, Vey N, Prebet T, Blaise D, Fauriat C, Olive D. Cancer-Induced Alterations of NK-Mediated Target Recognition: Current and Investigational Pharmacological Strategies Aiming at Restoring NK-Mediated Anti-Tumor Activity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:122. [PMID: 24715892 PMCID: PMC3970020 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite evidence of cancer immune-surveillance, which plays a key role in tumor rejection, cancer cells can escape immune recognition through different mechanisms. Thus, evasion to Natural killer (NK) cell-mediated anti-tumor activity is commonly described and is mediated by various mechanisms, mainly cancer cell-induced down-regulation of NK-activating receptors (NCRs, NKG2D, DNAM-1, and CD16) as well as up-regulation of inhibitory receptors (killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors, KIRs, NKG2A). Alterations of NK cells lead to an impaired recognition of tumor cells as well as a decreased ability to interact with immune cells. Alternatively, cancer cells downregulate expression of ligands for NK cell-activating receptors and up-regulate expression of the ligands for inhibitory receptors. A better knowledge of the extent and the mechanisms of these defects will allow developing pharmacological strategies to restore NK cell ability to recognize and lyse tumor cells. Combining conventional chemotherapy and immune modulation is a promising approach likely to improve clinical outcome in diverse neoplastic malignancies. Here, we overview experimental approaches as well as strategies already available in the clinics that restore NK cell functionality. Yet successful cancer therapies based on the manipulation of NK cell already have shown efficacy in the context of hematologic malignancies. Additionally, the ability of cytotoxic agents to increase susceptibility of tumors to NK cell lysis has been studied and may require improvement to maximize this effect. More recently, new strategies were developed to specifically restore NK cell phenotype or to stimulate NK cell functions. Overall, pharmacological immune modulation trends to be integrated in therapeutic strategies and should improve anti-tumor effects of conventional cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Chretien
- Centre de Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
| | - Aude Le Roy
- Centre de Cancérologie de Marseille, Plateforme d’Immunomonitoring en Cancérologie, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
| | - Norbert Vey
- Centre de Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
- Département d’Hématologie, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Prebet
- Département d’Hématologie, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Blaise
- Centre de Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
- Unité de Transplantation et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Cyril Fauriat
- Centre de Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Centre de Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
- Centre de Cancérologie de Marseille, Plateforme d’Immunomonitoring en Cancérologie, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
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257
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The receptors CD96 and CD226 oppose each other in the regulation of natural killer cell functions. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:431-8. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.2850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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258
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Huergo-Zapico L, Acebes-Huerta A, López-Soto A, Villa-Álvarez M, Gonzalez-Rodriguez AP, Gonzalez S. Molecular Bases for the Regulation of NKG2D Ligands in Cancer. Front Immunol 2014; 5:106. [PMID: 24711808 PMCID: PMC3968767 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
NKG2D is an activating receptor expressed by NK and T cells primarily involved in the elimination of transformed and infected cells. NKG2D ligands are self-proteins restrictedly expressed in healthy tissues, but induced in response to signaling pathways commonly associated with transformation. Proliferative, tumor suppressor, and stress signaling pathways linked to the tumorigenic process induce the expression of NKG2D ligands, initiating an immune response against the incipient tumor. Nevertheless, the activity of NKG2D ligands is counter-regulated in vivo by the immunoediting of cancer cells, resulting in the expression of multiple mechanisms of immune evasion in advanced tumors. The redundancy of NKG2D ligands, besides increasing the complexity of their regulation, may impair the generation of these immune evasion mechanisms. In this review, we attempt to integrate the mechanisms and pathways involved in the regulation of NKG2D ligand expression in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Huergo-Zapico
- Department of Functional Biology, University Institute of Oncology (IUOPA), University of Oviedo , Oviedo , Spain
| | - Andrea Acebes-Huerta
- Department of Functional Biology, University Institute of Oncology (IUOPA), University of Oviedo , Oviedo , Spain
| | - Alejandro López-Soto
- Department of Functional Biology, University Institute of Oncology (IUOPA), University of Oviedo , Oviedo , Spain
| | - Mónica Villa-Álvarez
- Department of Functional Biology, University Institute of Oncology (IUOPA), University of Oviedo , Oviedo , Spain
| | | | - Segundo Gonzalez
- Department of Functional Biology, University Institute of Oncology (IUOPA), University of Oviedo , Oviedo , Spain
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259
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Korde N, Carlsten M, Lee MJ, Minter A, Tan E, Kwok M, Manasanch E, Bhutani M, Tageja N, Roschewski M, Zingone A, Costello R, Mulquin M, Zuchlinski D, Maric I, Calvo KR, Braylan R, Tembhare P, Yuan C, Stetler-Stevenson M, Trepel J, Childs R, Landgren O. A phase II trial of pan-KIR2D blockade with IPH2101 in smoldering multiple myeloma. Haematologica 2014; 99:e81-3. [PMID: 24658821 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.103085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Korde
- Multiple Myeloma Section, Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mattias Carlsten
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Min-Jung Lee
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alex Minter
- Multiple Myeloma Section, Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Esther Tan
- Multiple Myeloma Section, Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary Kwok
- Multiple Myeloma Section, Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elisabet Manasanch
- Multiple Myeloma Section, Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Manisha Bhutani
- Multiple Myeloma Section, Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nishant Tageja
- Multiple Myeloma Section, Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark Roschewski
- Multiple Myeloma Section, Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adriana Zingone
- Multiple Myeloma Section, Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rene Costello
- Multiple Myeloma Section, Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marcia Mulquin
- Multiple Myeloma Section, Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Diamond Zuchlinski
- Multiple Myeloma Section, Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Irina Maric
- Dept. of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katherine R Calvo
- Dept. of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raul Braylan
- Dept. of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Prashant Tembhare
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Constance Yuan
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jane Trepel
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard Childs
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ola Landgren
- Multiple Myeloma Section, Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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260
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Tang MLF, Khan MKN, Croxford JL, Tan KW, Angeli V, Gasser S. The DNA damage response induces antigen presenting cell-like functions in fibroblasts. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1108-18. [PMID: 24375454 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) alerts the immune system to the danger posed by DNA damage through the induction of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules, chemokines, and ligands for activating immune receptors such as lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1), NKG2D, and DNAX accessory molecule 1 (DNAM-1). Here we provide evidence that OVA(257-264) -pulsed fibroblasts gain the ability to activate naïve OT-I CD8(+) T cells in response to DNA damage. The ability of fibroblasts to activate OT-I CD8(+) T cells depended on the upregulation of ICAM-1 on fibroblasts and DNAM-1 expression of CD8(+) T cells. OVA(257-264) -pulsed fibroblasts were able to induce a protective T-cell response against B16-OVA cells in a DDR-dependent manner. Hence, the DDR may alert the immune system to the presence of potentially dangerous cells by upregulating the expression of ligands that can induce the activation of innate and adaptive immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Li Fang Tang
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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261
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Paschen A, Baingo J, Schadendorf D. Expression of stress ligands of the immunoreceptor NKG2D in melanoma: regulation and clinical significance. Eur J Cell Biol 2014; 93:49-54. [PMID: 24629838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells, in particular melanoma cells, can be detected as abnormal self by cytotoxic lymphocytes of the innate and adaptive immune system. Of major importance in this process is the activating lymphocyte receptor NKG2D that in humans binds to MIC and ULBP surface molecules on tumor cells. Expression of NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL) is an early event in malignant transformation, induced by stress-associated and oncogene-driven pathways. Thus NKG2DL expression is considered as an innate barrier against tumor development. However, tumor cells can overcome this barrier by shedding of NKG2DL. Ligand shedding leads to elevated levels of soluble ligands in sera of tumor patients that in case of melanoma are of strong prognostic relevance. Here we review important aspects of NKG2DL expression and regulation in tumor cells with a focus on melanoma, and discuss their clinical relevance and potential in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Paschen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany.
| | - Jolanthe Baingo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany
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262
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Talebian L, Fischer DA, Wu J, Channon JY, Sentman CL, Ernstoff MS, Meehan KR. The natural killer-activating receptor, NKG2D, on CD3+CD8+ T cells plays a critical role in identifying and killing autologous myeloma cells. Transfusion 2014; 54:1515-21. [PMID: 24446786 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NKG2D receptor, one of the natural killer (NK) cell-activating receptors, is expressed on the surface of CD3+CD8+ T cells, γδ+ T cells, NK cells, NKT cells, and a few CD4+ T cells. We show, for the first time, a critical role for the NKG2D receptor on CD3+CD8+ T cells isolated from myeloma patients, in identifying and killing autologous myeloma cells isolated from the same patients' marrow. We also show that blocking NKG2D using anti-NKG2D reverses the cytotoxicity while blocking HLA-I using antibodies does not have the same effect, showing that the autologous cytotoxicity is NKG2D dependent and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I independent. We further confirmed the NKG2D specificity by small interfering RNA (siRNA) down regulation of NKG2D receptor. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Using ex vivo expansion methods that enrich for NKG2D+CD3+CD8+ T cells, we investigated whether these ex vivo expanded NKG2D+CD3+CD8+ T cells would recognize and lyse autologous and allogeneic myeloma cells, independent of T-cell receptor or MHC-I expression. RESULTS Myeloma cell lysis by the NKG2D+CD3+CD8+ T cells correlated with the amount of NKG2D ligand expression. With receptor-ligand interaction, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α were released. Blocking the NKG2D receptor by using either monoclonal antibodies or siRNAs inhibited the receptor's function and prevented myeloma cell lysis. CONCLUSION Clinical trials are ongoing to determine a correlation with the number and function of NKG2D+CD3+CD8+ T cells and clinical outcomes in transplanted myeloma patients, including lymphocyte recovery following transplant and overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Talebian
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Geisel School of Medicine and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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263
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Gillgrass A, Ashkar A. Stimulating natural killer cells to protect against cancer: recent developments. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 7:367-82. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.10.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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264
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Cerboni C, Fionda C, Soriani A, Zingoni A, Doria M, Cippitelli M, Santoni A. The DNA Damage Response: A Common Pathway in the Regulation of NKG2D and DNAM-1 Ligand Expression in Normal, Infected, and Cancer Cells. Front Immunol 2014; 4:508. [PMID: 24432022 PMCID: PMC3882864 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
NKG2D and DNAM-1 are two activating receptors, present on the surface of NK cells and other cells of the immune system. Their ligands – MICA, MICB, ULBP1-6 for NKG2D, PVR/CD155 and Nectin-2/CD112 for DNAM-1 – can be constitutively expressed at low levels in some normal cells, but they are more often defined as “stress-induced,” since different stimuli can positively regulate their expression. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms involved in the up-regulation of NKG2D and DNAM-1 ligands under different physiological and pathological “stress” conditions, including mitosis, viral infections, and cancer. We will focus on the DNA damage response, as recent advances in the field have uncovered its important role as a common signaling pathway in the regulation of both NKG2D and DNAM-1 ligand expression in response to very diverse conditions and stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cerboni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Cinzia Fionda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Alessandra Soriani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Alessandra Zingoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Margherita Doria
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | - Marco Cippitelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome , Italy ; Mediterranean Neurological Institute , Pozzilli , Italy
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Marcus A, Gowen BG, Thompson TW, Iannello A, Ardolino M, Deng W, Wang L, Shifrin N, Raulet DH. Recognition of tumors by the innate immune system and natural killer cells. Adv Immunol 2014; 122:91-128. [PMID: 24507156 PMCID: PMC4228931 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800267-4.00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, roles of the immune system in immune surveillance of cancer have been explored using a variety of approaches. The roles of the adaptive immune system have been a major emphasis, but increasing evidence supports a role for innate immune effector cells such as natural killer (NK) cells in tumor surveillance. Here, we discuss some of the evidence for roles in tumor surveillance of innate immune cells. In particular, we focus on NK cells and other immune cells that express germline-encoded receptors, often labeled NK receptors. The impact of these receptors and the cells that express them on tumor suppression is summarized. We discuss in detail some of the pathways and events in tumor cells that induce or upregulate cell-surface expression of the ligands for these receptors, and the logic of how those pathways serve to identify malignant, or potentially malignant cells. How tumors often evade tumor suppression mediated by innate killer cells is another major subject of the review. We end with a discussion on some of the implications of the various findings with respect to possible therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Marcus
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Benjamin G Gowen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Thornton W Thompson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Alexandre Iannello
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Michele Ardolino
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Weiwen Deng
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Nataliya Shifrin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - David H Raulet
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
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266
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Bracci L, Schiavoni G, Sistigu A, Belardelli F. Immune-based mechanisms of cytotoxic chemotherapy: implications for the design of novel and rationale-based combined treatments against cancer. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:15-25. [PMID: 23787994 PMCID: PMC3857622 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 649] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional anticancer chemotherapy has been historically thought to act through direct killing of tumor cells. This concept stems from the fact that cytotoxic drugs interfere with DNA synthesis and replication. Accumulating evidence, however, indicates that the antitumor activities of chemotherapy also rely on several off-target effects, especially directed to the host immune system, that cooperate for successful tumor eradication. Chemotherapeutic agents stimulate both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system through several modalities: (i) by promoting specific rearrangements on dying tumor cells, which render them visible to the immune system; (ii) by influencing the homeostasis of the hematopoietic compartment through transient lymphodepletion followed by rebound replenishment of immune cell pools; (iii) by subverting tumor-induced immunosuppressive mechanisms and (iv) by exerting direct or indirect stimulatory effects on immune effectors. Among the indirect ways of immune cell stimulation, some cytotoxic drugs have been shown to induce an immunogenic type of cell death in tumor cells, resulting in the emission of specific signals that trigger phagocytosis of cell debris and promote the maturation of dendritic cells, ultimately resulting in the induction of potent antitumor responses. Here, we provide an extensive overview of the multiple immune-based mechanisms exploited by the most commonly employed cytotoxic drugs, with the final aim of identifying prerequisites for optimal combination with immunotherapy strategies for the development of more effective treatments against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bracci
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - G Schiavoni
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - A Sistigu
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - F Belardelli
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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267
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Chuprin A, Gal H, Biron-Shental T, Biran A, Amiel A, Rozenblatt S, Krizhanovsky V. Cell fusion induced by ERVWE1 or measles virus causes cellular senescence. Genes Dev 2013; 27:2356-66. [PMID: 24186980 PMCID: PMC3828521 DOI: 10.1101/gad.227512.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence limits proliferation of potentially detrimental cells, preventing tumorigenesis and restricting tissue damage. However, the function of senescence in nonpathological conditions is unknown. Here, Krizhanovsky and colleagues discover a new pathway to activate senescence cell fusion. The authors find that fusion-induced senescence occurs during embryonic development in the placenta. A counterpart of this process is also observed after infection by the measles virus. The results suggest that fusion-induced senescence is essential during development, and reuse of this program later in life protects agains viral infections. Cellular senescence limits proliferation of potentially detrimental cells, preventing tumorigenesis and restricting tissue damage. However, the function of senescence in nonpathological conditions is unknown. We found that the human placental syncytiotrophoblast exhibited the phenotype and expressed molecular markers of cellular senescence. During embryonic development, ERVWE1-mediated cell fusion results in formation of the syncytiotrophoblast, which serves as the maternal/fetal interface at the placenta. Expression of ERVWE1 caused cell fusion in normal and cancer cells, leading to formation of hyperploid syncytia exhibiting features of cellular senescence. Infection by the measles virus, which leads to cell fusion, also induced cellular senescence in normal and cancer cells. The fused cells activated the main molecular pathways of senescence, the p53- and p16–pRb-dependent pathways; the senescence-associated secretory phenotype; and immune surveillance-related proteins. Thus, fusion-induced senescence might be needed for proper syncytiotrophoblast function during embryonic development, and reuse of this senescence program later in life protects against pathological expression of endogenous fusogens and fusogenic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chuprin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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268
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Baier C, Fino A, Sanchez C, Farnault L, Rihet P, Kahn-Perlès B, Costello RT. Natural killer cells modulation in hematological malignancies. Front Immunol 2013; 4:459. [PMID: 24391641 PMCID: PMC3867693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematological malignancies (HM) treatment improved over the last years resulting in increased achievement of complete or partial remission, but unfortunately high relapse rates are still observed, due to remaining minimal residual disease. Therefore, sustainment of long-term remission is crucial, using either drug maintenance treatment or by boosting or prolonging an immune response. Immune system has a key role in tumor surveillance. Nonetheless, tumor-cells evade the specific T-lymphocyte mediated immune surveillance using many mechanisms but especially by the down-regulation of the expression of HLA class I antigens. In theory, these tumor-cells lacking normal expression of HLA class I molecules should be destroyed by natural killer (NK) cells, according to the missing-self hypothesis. NK cells, at the frontier of innate and adaptive immune system, have a central role in tumor-cells surveillance as demonstrated in the setting of allogenic stem cell transplantation. Nevertheless, tumors develop various mechanisms to escape from NK innate immune pressure. Abnormal NK cytolytic functions have been described in many HM. We present here various mechanisms involved in the escape of HM from NK-cell surveillance, i.e., NK-cells quantitative and qualitative abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Baier
- UMR1090 TAGC, INSERM , Marseille , France ; UMR1090 TAGC, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille , France
| | - Aurore Fino
- UMR1090 TAGC, INSERM , Marseille , France ; UMR1090 TAGC, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille , France
| | | | - Laure Farnault
- UMR1090 TAGC, INSERM , Marseille , France ; Service d'hématologie, APHM, Hôpital de la Conception , Marseille , France
| | - Pascal Rihet
- UMR1090 TAGC, INSERM , Marseille , France ; UMR1090 TAGC, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille , France
| | - Brigitte Kahn-Perlès
- UMR1090 TAGC, INSERM , Marseille , France ; UMR1090 TAGC, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille , France
| | - Régis T Costello
- UMR1090 TAGC, INSERM , Marseille , France ; UMR1090 TAGC, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille , France ; Service d'hématologie, APHM, Hôpital de la Conception , Marseille , France
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269
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DNAM-1 control of natural killer cells functions through nectin and nectin-like proteins. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 92:237-44. [PMID: 24343663 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells represent key innate immune cells that restrain viral infection and malignant transformation and help mount an adaptive immune response. To perform such complicated tasks, NK cells express a wide set of inhibitory and activating receptors that alert them against cellular stress without damaging healthy cells. A new family of receptors that recognize nectin and nectin-like molecules has recently emerged as a critical regulator of NK cell functions. The most famous member of this family, DNAX accessory molecule (DNAM-1, CD226), is an adhesion molecule that control NK cell cytotoxicity and interferon-γ production against a wide range of cancer and infected cells. Its ligands CD112 and CD155 have been described in different pathological conditions, and recent evidence indicates that their expression is regulated by cellular stress. Additional receptors have been shown to bind DNAM-1 ligands and modulate NK cell functions bringing another level of complexity. These include CD96 (TACTILE) and TIGIT (WUCAM, VSTM3). Here, we review the role of DNAM-1, TIGIT and CD96 in NK cell biology summarizing the recent advances made on the role of these receptors in various pathologies, such as cancer, viral infections and autoimmunity.
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270
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Nakata J, Nakano K, Okumura A, Mizutani Y, Kinoshita H, Iwai M, Hasegawa K, Morimoto S, Fujiki F, Tatsumi N, Nakajima H, Nakae Y, Nishida S, Tsuboi A, Oji Y, Oka Y, Sugiyama H, Kumanogoh A, Hosen N. In vivo eradication of MLL/ENL leukemia cells by NK cells in the absence of adaptive immunity. Leukemia 2013; 28:1316-25. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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271
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Roeven MWH, Hobo W, Schaap N, Dolstra H. Immunotherapeutic approaches to treat multiple myeloma. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 10:896-910. [PMID: 24335570 PMCID: PMC4896532 DOI: 10.4161/hv.27380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular immunotherapy can be an effective adjuvant treatment for multiple myeloma (MM), as demonstrated by induction of durable remissions after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. However, anti-myeloma immunity is often hampered by suppressive mechanisms in the tumor micro-environment resulting in relapse or disease progression. To overcome this immunosuppression, new cellular immunotherapies have been developed, based on the important effector cells in anti-myeloma immunity, namely T cells and natural killer cells. These effectors can be modulated to improve their functionality, activated by dendritic cell vaccines, or combined with immune stimulating antibodies or immunomodulatory drugs to enhance their efficacy. In this review, we discuss promising pre-clinical and clinical data in the field of cellular immunotherapy in MM. In addition, we address the potential of combining these strategies with other therapies to maximize clinical effects without increasing toxicity. The reviewed therapies might pave the way to effective personalized treatments for MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke WH Roeven
- Department of Hematology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Willemijn Hobo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine—Laboratory of Hematology Radboud; University Medical Center; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas Schaap
- Department of Hematology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Dolstra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine—Laboratory of Hematology Radboud; University Medical Center; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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272
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Landreneau JP, Shurin MR, Agassandian MV, Keskinov AA, Ma Y, Shurin GV. Immunological Mechanisms of Low and Ultra-Low Dose Cancer Chemotherapy. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2013; 8:57-64. [PMID: 24293116 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-013-0141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, anticancer chemotherapy has been generally considered to be strongly immunosuppressive. However, increasing evidence suggests that certain chemotherapeutic agents rely on the induction of antitumor immune responses, in both experimental animal models and patients with cancer. Many of these chemotherapeutic agents exert immunogenic effects via the induction and release of immunostimulatory "danger" signals from dying cancerous cells when used in low doses. New data suggests that several common chemotherapeutic agents may also display direct stimulating effects on immune cells even when applied in ultra-low concentrations (chemoimmunomodulation). Importantly, it is becoming clear that both immune effector cells and immune regulatory cells can be targeted by various chemotherapeutic agents to produce favorable antitumor immune responses. Therefore, utilizing cancer drugs to enhance host antitumor immunity should be considered a feasible therapeutic approach; and recent characterization of the immunomodulatory mechanisms of anticancer chemotherapy using both new and traditional cytotoxic agents suggests that combinations of these approaches with "classical" immunomodulatory agents could lead to a viable new therapeutic paradigm for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Landreneau
- Department of Pathology, Divisions of Experimental Pathology and Clinical Immunopathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, S732 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
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273
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Sheng Sow H, Mattarollo SR. Combining low-dose or metronomic chemotherapy with anticancer vaccines: A therapeutic opportunity for lymphomas. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e27058. [PMID: 24498564 PMCID: PMC3902116 DOI: 10.4161/onci.27058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccination is regarded as a promising strategy against multiple hematological malignancies including lymphoma. However, this approach alone possesses limited potential for the treatment of established tumors. As several anticancer regimens relies on the combination of multiple drugs, it is reasonable to predict that also cancer vaccination will be most effective in the context of multimodal approaches. In particular, low-dose or metronomic chemotherapy could be coupled to anticancer vaccines to improve the efficacy of this immunotherapeutic interventions. This review summarizes recent findings in support of the use of anticancer vaccines combined with low-dose or metronomic chemotherapy for the treatment and management of lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Sheng Sow
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; The University of Queensland; Translational Research Institute; Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephen R Mattarollo
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; The University of Queensland; Translational Research Institute; Brisbane, Australia
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274
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Leung WH, Vong QP, Lin W, Janke L, Chen T, Leung W. Modulation of NKG2D ligand expression and metastasis in tumors by spironolactone via RXRγ activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:2675-92. [PMID: 24190430 PMCID: PMC3832934 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The diuretic drug spironolactone up-regulates NKG2D ligand expression in colon cancer cells via activation of the ATM–Chk2–mediated checkpoint pathway to enhance the antitumor function of NK cells. Tumor metastasis and lack of NKG2D ligand (NKG2DL) expression are associated with poor prognosis in patients with colon cancer. Here, we found that spironolactone (SPIR), an FDA-approved diuretic drug with a long-term safety profile, can up-regulate NKG2DL expression in multiple colon cancer cell lines by activating the ATM–Chk2-mediated checkpoint pathway, which in turn enhances tumor elimination by natural killer cells. SPIR can also up-regulate the expression of metastasis-suppressor genes TIMP2 and TIMP3, thereby reducing tumor cell invasiveness. Although SPIR is an aldosterone antagonist, its antitumor effects are independent of the mineralocorticoid receptor pathway. By screening the human nuclear hormone receptor siRNA library, we identified retinoid X receptor γ (RXRγ) instead as being indispensable for the antitumor functions of SPIR. Collectively, our results strongly support the use of SPIR or other RXRγ agonists with minimal side effects for colon cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Hang Leung
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy; 2 Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics; and 3 Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
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275
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Zitvogel L, Galluzzi L, Smyth MJ, Kroemer G. Mechanism of action of conventional and targeted anticancer therapies: reinstating immunosurveillance. Immunity 2013; 39:74-88. [PMID: 23890065 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 671] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Conventional chemotherapeutics and targeted antineoplastic agents have been developed based on the simplistic notion that cancer constitutes a cell-autonomous genetic or epigenetic disease. However, it is becoming clear that many of the available anticancer drugs that have collectively saved millions of life-years mediate therapeutic effects by eliciting de novo or reactivating pre-existing tumor-specific immune responses. Here, we discuss the capacity of both conventional and targeted anticancer therapies to enhance the immunogenic properties of malignant cells and to stimulate immune effector cells, either directly or by subverting the immunosuppressive circuitries that preclude antitumor immune responses in cancer patients. Accumulating evidence indicates that the therapeutic efficacy of several antineoplastic agents relies on their capacity to influence the tumor-host interaction, tipping the balance toward the activation of an immune response specific for malignant cells. We surmise that the development of successful anticancer therapies will be improved and accelerated by the immunological characterization of candidate agents.
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276
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Ullrich E, Koch J, Cerwenka A, Steinle A. New prospects on the NKG2D/NKG2DL system for oncology. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e26097. [PMID: 24353908 PMCID: PMC3862635 DOI: 10.4161/onci.26097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The activating immunoreceptor NKG2D endows cytotoxic lymphocytes with the capacity to recognize and eliminate infected or malignant cells. The recognition of such harmful cells is enabled by binding of NKG2D to various MHC class I-related glycoproteins, which are upregulated in the course of viral infection or malignant transformation. The past years have witnessed substantial progress in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the regulation of NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs) by malignant cells, of tumor-associated countermeasures promoting escape from NKG2D-dependent immunosurveillance, and of therapeutic measures that may bolster the NKG2D/NKG2DL system against malignancies. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the NKG2D/NKG2DL system and outline opportunities to exploit the tumoricidal function of NKG2D for anticancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Ullrich
- Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main; Frankfurt am Main, Germany ; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; Goethe University Frankfurt am Main; Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joachim Koch
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; Goethe University Frankfurt am Main; Frankfurt am Main, Germany ; Institute for Biomedical Research: Georg-Speyer-Haus; NK Cell Biology; Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Adelheid Cerwenka
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Innate Immunity Group; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Steinle
- Institute for Molecular Medicine; Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main; Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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277
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Soriani A, Fionda C, Ricci B, Iannitto ML, Cippitelli M, Santoni A. Chemotherapy-elicited upregulation of NKG2D and DNAM-1 ligands as a therapeutic target in multiple myeloma. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e26663. [PMID: 24498552 PMCID: PMC3912005 DOI: 10.4161/onci.26663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant cells constitutively express Natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2D) or DNAX Accessory Molecule-1 (DNAM-1) ligands, yet they are often unable to trigger a robust cytotoxic cell response. It may be therapeutically useful to implement strategies aimed at increasing the density of NKG2D and DNAM-1 ligands on the surface of cancer cells, endowing them with the capacity to activate potent antitumor natural killer-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Soriani
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Instituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Fionda
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Instituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome, Italy
| | - Biancamaria Ricci
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Instituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Iannitto
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Instituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Cippitelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Instituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Instituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome, Italy
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278
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Sagiv A, Krizhanovsky V. Immunosurveillance of senescent cells: the bright side of the senescence program. Biogerontology 2013; 14:617-28. [PMID: 24114507 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-013-9473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence, a state of irreversible cell cycle arrest, is a robust mechanism used to mediate tumor suppression and control the tissue damage response following short-term insults. In addition, the senescence associated-secretory phenotype (SASP), one of the most profound characteristics of the senescence program, facilitates the immunosurveillance of senescent cells. The SASP includes many chemokines, cytokines and adhesion molecules that can recruit and activate distinct immune cells from both the innate and adaptive immune system such as NK cells, monocytes/macrophages and T cells. Furthermore, senescent cells can upregulate specific immune ligands on their cell surface that can mediate the recognition of these cells by specific immune cell subsets and lead to activation of the immune cells. Consequently, the activated immune cells engage explicit regulatory mechanisms to eliminate senescent cells. For example, recent work from our laboratory showed that perforin-granzyme exocytosis mediates NK-cell killing of senescent cells. Here, we summarize the current advances in our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying specific immune-mediated elimination of senescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Sagiv
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
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279
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Vassena L, Giuliani E, Matusali G, Cohen ÉA, Doria M. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr protein upregulates PVR via activation of the ATR-mediated DNA damage response pathway. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2664-2669. [PMID: 24045107 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.055541-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection may induce the cell-surface expression of PVR (CD155) that, upon recognition by its cognate activating DNAM-1 receptor present on cytotoxic lymphocytes, may promote antiviral immune responses. Here we show that expression of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr protein in Jurkat T cells increases cell-surface and total PVR levels. Analysis of mutated Vpr variants indicated that Vpr uses the same protein surfaces, and hence probably the same mechanisms, to upregulate PVR and arrest the cell cycle in the G2 phase. Moreover, we found that PVR upregulation by Vpr relied on the ability of the protein to activate the ATR kinase that triggers the DNA damage response pathway and G2 arrest. Finally, we showed that Vpr contributes to PVR up-modulation in HIV-infected CD4(+) T lymphocytes and inhibits the PVR downregulating activity of the viral Nef protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Vassena
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Erica Giuliani
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Matusali
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Éric A Cohen
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Margherita Doria
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165, Rome, Italy
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280
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Hubackova S, Krejcikova K, Bartek J, Hodny Z. IL1- and TGFβ-Nox4 signaling, oxidative stress and DNA damage response are shared features of replicative, oncogene-induced, and drug-induced paracrine 'bystander senescence'. Aging (Albany NY) 2013; 4:932-51. [PMID: 23385065 PMCID: PMC3615160 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Many cancers arise at sites of infection and inflammation. Cellular senescence, a permanent state of cell cycle arrest that provides a barrier against tumorigenesis, is accompanied by elevated proinflammatory cytokines such as IL1, IL6, IL8 and TNFα. Here we demonstrate that media conditioned by cells undergoing any of the three main forms of senescence, i.e. replicative, oncogene- and drug-induced, contain high levels of IL1, IL6, and TGFb capable of inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated DNA damage response (DDR). Persistent cytokine signaling and activated DDR evoke senescence in normal bystander cells, accompanied by activation of the JAK/STAT, TGFβ/SMAD and IL1/NFκB signaling pathways. Whereas inhibition of IL6/STAT signaling had no effect on DDR induction in bystander cells, inhibition of either TGFβ/SMAD or IL1/NFκB pathway resulted in decreased ROS production and reduced DDR in bystander cells. Simultaneous inhibition of both TGFβ/SMAD and IL1/NFκB pathways completely suppressed DDR indicating that IL1 and TGFβ cooperate to induce and/or maintain bystander senescence. Furthermore, the observed IL1- and TGFβ-induced expression of NAPDH oxidase Nox4 indicates a mechanistic link between the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and DNA damage signaling as a feature shared by development of all major forms of paracrine bystander senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Hubackova
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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281
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Senovilla L, Galluzzi L, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G. Immunosurveillance as a regulator of tissue homeostasis. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:471-81. [PMID: 23891238 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is intimately involved in the pathophysiology of several human disorders. Thus, excessive or chronic inflammation initiated by numerous insults exacerbates tissue damage and - at least in some settings - promotes oncogenesis. Nevertheless, immunosurveillance, the process whereby the immune system eliminates damaged, senescent and (pre-)malignant cells, appears to exert major homeostatic functions. Accumulating evidence indicates that defects in the molecular and cellular circuitries that underpin immune responses accelerate the course of chronic diseases, including hepatic cirrhosis and cancer. Along similar lines, the re-establishment of tissue homeostasis upon acute pathological insults such as ischemia appears to be delayed when normal immunological functions are naturally or experimentally compromised. Here, we propose that immunosurveillance is a key regulator of tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Senovilla
- INSERM, U848, F-94805 Villejuif, France; INSERM, U1015, F-94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
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282
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TRF2 inhibits a cell-extrinsic pathway through which natural killer cells eliminate cancer cells. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15:818-28. [PMID: 23792691 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional telomeres suppress tumour progression by activating cell-intrinsic programs that lead to growth arrest. Increased levels of TRF2, a key factor in telomere protection, are observed in various human malignancies and contribute to oncogenesis. We demonstrate here that a high level of TRF2 in tumour cells decreased their ability to recruit and activate natural killer (NK) cells. Conversely, a reduced dose of TRF2 enabled tumour cells to be more easily eliminated by NK cells. Consistent with these results, a progressive upregulation of TRF2 correlated with decreased NK cell density during the early development of human colon cancer. By screening for TRF2-bound genes, we found that HS3ST4--a gene encoding for the heparan sulphate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulphotransferase 4--was regulated by TRF2 and inhibited the recruitment of NK cells in an epistatic relationship with TRF2. Overall, these results reveal a TRF2-dependent pathway that is tumour-cell extrinsic and regulates NK cell immunity.
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283
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Lam RA, Chwee JY, Le Bert N, Sauer M, Pogge von Strandmann E, Gasser S. Regulation of self-ligands for activating natural killer cell receptors. Ann Med 2013; 45:384-94. [PMID: 23701136 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2013.792495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are able to lyse infected and tumor cells while sparing healthy cells. Recognition of diseased cells by NK cells is governed by several activating and inhibitory receptors. We review numerous pathways that have been implicated in the regulation of self-ligands for activating receptors, including NKG2D, DNAM-1, LFA-1, NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, NKp65, and NKp80 found on NK cells and some T cells. Understanding how the regulation of self-encoded ligand expression is regulated may provide novel avenues for future therapeutic approaches to infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runyi A Lam
- Immunology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore 117456, Singapore
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284
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Fionda C, Malgarini G, Soriani A, Zingoni A, Cecere F, Iannitto ML, Ricciardi MR, Federico V, Petrucci MT, Santoni A, Cippitelli M. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 increases NKG2D ligand MICA expression and sensitivity to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity in multiple myeloma cells: role of STAT3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:6662-72. [PMID: 23686482 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Engagement of NKG2D and DNAX accessory molecule-1 (DNAM-1) receptors on lymphocytes plays an important role for anticancer response and represents an interesting therapeutic target for pharmacological modulation. In this study, we investigated the effect of inhibitors targeting the glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) on the expression of NKG2D and DNAM-1 ligands in multiple myeloma (MM) cells. GSK3 is a pleiotropic serine-threonine kinase point of convergence of numerous cell-signaling pathways, able to regulate the proliferation and survival of cancer cells, including MM. We found that inhibition of GSK3 upregulates both MICA protein surface and mRNA expression in MM cells, with little or no effects on the basal expression of the MICB and DNAM-1 ligand poliovirus receptor/CD155. Moreover, exposure to GSK3 inhibitors renders myeloma cells more efficient to activate NK cell degranulation and to enhance the ability of myeloma cells to trigger NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. We could exclude that increased expression of β-catenin or activation of the heat shock factor-1 (transcription factors inhibited by active GSK3) is involved in the upregulation of MICA expression, by using RNA interference or viral transduction of constitutive active forms. On the contrary, inhibition of GSK3 correlated with a downregulation of STAT3 activation, a negative regulator of MICA transcription. Both Tyr(705) phosphorylation and binding of STAT3 on MICA promoter are reduced by GSK3 inhibitors; in addition, overexpression of a constitutively active form of STAT3 significantly inhibits MICA upregulation. Thus, we provide evidence that regulation of the NKG2D-ligand MICA expression may represent an additional immune-mediated mechanism supporting the antimyeloma activity of GSK3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Fionda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation-Pasteur Institute, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
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285
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Induction of B7-H6, a ligand for the natural killer cell-activating receptor NKp30, in inflammatory conditions. Blood 2013; 122:394-404. [PMID: 23687088 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-01-481705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
B7-H6, a member of the B7 family of immunoreceptors, is as a cell-surface ligand for the NKp30-activating receptor expressed on natural killer cells. B7-H6 is not detected in normal human tissues at steady state but is expressed on tumor cells. However, whether B7-H6 can be expressed in other conditions remains unknown. We analyzed here the pathways that lead to the expression of B7-H6 in nontransformed cells. In vitro, B7-H6 was induced at the surface of CD14(+)CD16(+) proinflammatory monocytes and neutrophils upon stimulation by ligands of Toll-like receptors or proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α. In these conditions, a soluble form of B7-H6 (sB7-H6) was also produced by activated monocytes and neutrophils. In vivo, B7-H6 was expressed on circulating proinflammatory CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes in a group of patients in sepsis conditions, and was linked to an increased mortality. sB7-H6 was selectively detected in the sera of patients with gram-negative sepsis and was associated with membrane vesicles that co-sedimented with the exosomal fraction. These findings reveal that B7-H6 is not only implicated in tumor immunosurveillance but also participates in the inflammatory response in infectious conditions.
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286
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Tang ML, Gasser S. ATM activation mediates anticancer immunosurveillance by natural killer and T cells. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e24438. [PMID: 23894700 PMCID: PMC3716735 DOI: 10.4161/onci.24438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR), which is frequently activated in cancer cells, has been proposed to operate as an early barrier against oncogenesis. We have recently shown that ATM mediates the spontaneous regression of Eμ-myc-driven murine B-cell leukemia in a natural killer and T cell-dependent manner. The DDR partially enhanced immune recognition by stimulating the expression of the DNAM-1 ligand CD155.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Lf Tang
- Immunology Programme; Centre of Life Sciences; Department of Microbiology; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore
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287
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Molecular mechanisms of natural killer cell activation in response to cellular stress. Cell Death Differ 2013; 21:5-14. [PMID: 23579243 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protection against cellular stress from various sources, such as nutritional, physical, pathogenic, or oncogenic, results in the induction of both intrinsic and extrinsic cellular protection mechanisms that collectively limit the damage these insults inflict on the host. The major extrinsic protection mechanism against cellular stress is the immune system. Indeed, it has been well described that cells that are stressed due to association with viral infection or early malignant transformation can be directly sensed by the immune system, particularly natural killer (NK) cells. Although the ability of NK cells to directly recognize and respond to stressed cells is well appreciated, the mechanisms and the breadth of cell-intrinsic responses that are intimately linked with their activation are only beginning to be uncovered. This review will provide a brief introduction to NK cells and the relevant receptors and ligands involved in direct responses to cellular stress. This will be followed by an in-depth discussion surrounding the various intrinsic responses to stress that can naturally engage NK cells, and how therapeutic agents may induce specific activation of NK cells and other innate immune cells by activating cellular responses to stress.
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288
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ATM-dependent spontaneous regression of early Eμ-myc-induced murine B-cell leukemia depends on natural killer and T cells. Blood 2013; 121:2512-21. [PMID: 23349395 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-08-449025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of spontaneous tumor regression have been difficult to characterize in a systematic manner due to their rare occurrence and the lack of model systems. Here, we provide evidence that early-stage B cells in Eμ-myc mice are tumorigenic and sharply regress in the periphery between 41 and 65 days of age. Regression depended on CD4(+), CD8(+), NK1.1(+) cells and the activation of the DNA damage response, which has been shown to provide an early barrier against cancer. The DNA damage response can induce ligands that enhance immune recognition. Blockade of DNAM-1, a receptor for one such ligand, impaired tumor regression. Hence, Eμ-myc mice provide a model to study spontaneous regression and possible mechanisms of immune evasion or suppression by cancer cells.
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289
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Kamran N, Takai Y, Miyoshi J, Biswas SK, Wong JSB, Gasser S. Toll-like receptor ligands induce expression of the costimulatory molecule CD155 on antigen-presenting cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54406. [PMID: 23349877 PMCID: PMC3547938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotoxic stress and RAS induce the expression of CD155, a ligand for the immune receptors DNAM-1, CD96 and TIGIT. Here we show that antigen-presenting cells upregulate CD155 expression in response to Toll-like receptor activation. Induction of CD155 by Toll-like receptors depended on MYD88, TRIF and NF-κB. In addition, IRF3, but not IRF7, modulated CD155 upregulation in response to TLR3 signals. Immunization of CD155-deficient mice with OVA and the TLR9 agonist CpG resulted in increased OVA-specific IgG2a/c titers when compared to wild type mice. Splenocytes of immunized CD155-deficient mice secreted lower levels of IL-4 and fewer IL-4 and GATA-3 expressing CD4+ T cells were present in the spleen of Cd155−/− mice. Our data suggest that CD155 regulates Th2 differentiation. Targeting of CD155 in immunization protocols using peptides may represent a promising new approach to boost protective humoral immunity in viral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kamran
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Jun Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Justin S. B. Wong
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stephan Gasser
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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290
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Zingoni A, Ardolino M, Santoni A, Cerboni C. NKG2D and DNAM-1 activating receptors and their ligands in NK-T cell interactions: role in the NK cell-mediated negative regulation of T cell responses. Front Immunol 2013; 3:408. [PMID: 23316196 PMCID: PMC3540764 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The negative regulation of adaptive immunity is relevant to maintain lymphocyte homeostasis. Several studies on natural killer (NK) cells have shown a previously unappreciated immunomodulatory role, as they can negatively regulate T cell-mediated immune responses by direct killing and by secretion of inhibitory cytokines. The molecular mechanisms of T cell suppression by NK cells, however, remained elusive. Only in the last few years has it become evident that, upon activation, human T cells express MICA-B, ULBP1-3, and PVR, ligands of the activating receptors NKG2D and DNAM-1, respectively. Their expression renders T cells targets of NK cell lysis, representing a new mechanism taking part to the negative regulation of T cell responses. Studies on the expression of NKG2D and DNAM-1 ligands on T cells have also contributed in understanding that the activation of ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia, mutated)/ATR (ATM/Rad3-related) kinases and the DNA damage response is a common pathway regulating the expression of activating ligands in different types of cells and under different conditions. The functional consequences of NKG2D and DNAM-1 ligand expression on activated T cells are discussed in the context of physiologic and pathologic processes such as infections, autoimmunity, and graft versus host disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Zingoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome Rome, Italy
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291
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Krieg S, Ullrich E. Novel immune modulators used in hematology: impact on NK cells. Front Immunol 2013; 3:388. [PMID: 23316191 PMCID: PMC3539673 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a wide range of important pharmaceuticals used in treatment of cancer. Besides their known effects on tumor cells, there is growing evidence for modulation of the immune system. Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs®) play an important role in the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma or myelodysplastic syndrome and have already demonstrated antitumor, anti-angiogenic, and immunostimulating effects, in particular on natural killer (NK) cells. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are directly targeting different kinases and are known to regulate effector NK cells and expression of NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs) on tumor cells. Demethylating agents, histone deacetylases, and proteasome inhibitors interfere with the epigenetic regulation and protein degradation of malignant cells. There are first hints that these drugs also sensitize tumor cells to chemotherapy, radiation, and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity by enhanced expression of TRAIL and NKG2DLs. However, these pharmaceuticals may also impair NK cell function in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In summary, this review provides an update on the effects of different novel molecules on the immune system focusing NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Krieg
- Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine 5, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Erlangen, Germany
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292
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Abstract
NKG2D is an activating receptor expressed by all NK cells and subsets of T cells. It serves as a major recognition receptor for detection and elimination of transformed and infected cells and participates in the genesis of several inflammatory diseases. The ligands for NKG2D are self-proteins that are induced by pathways that are active in certain pathophysiological states. NKG2D ligands are regulated transcriptionally, at the level of mRNA and protein stability, and by cleavage from the cell surface. In some cases, ligand induction can be attributed to pathways that are activated specifically in cancer cells or infected cells. We review the numerous pathways that have been implicated in the regulation of NKG2D ligands, discuss the pathologic states in which those pathways are likely to act, and attempt to synthesize the findings into general schemes of NKG2D ligand regulation in NK cell responses to cancer and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Raulet
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3200, USA.
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293
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Stojanovic A, Correia MP, Cerwenka A. Shaping of NK cell responses by the tumor microenvironment. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2012; 6:135-46. [PMID: 23242671 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-012-0125-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells belong to the innate immune system and are potent cytolytic and cytokine-producing effector cells in response to tumor targets. NK cell based anti-tumor immunotherapy was so far mainly successful in patients with different types of leukemia. For instance, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients displayed a prolonged survival if transplanted with haploidentical stem cells giving rise to NK cells with a mismatch in inhibitory killer immunoglobulin receptors (KIRs) and recipients' HLA class I. Although promising results have been achieved with hematological tumors, solid tumors are in most cases poorly controlled by NK cells. Therapeutic protocols that aimed at improving NK cell responses in patients with solid malignancies succeeded in increasing NK cell numbers and functional responses of NK cells isolated from the patients' peripheral blood. However, in the majority of cases tumor progression and overall survival of patients were not significantly improved. There is increasing evidence that tumor-associated NK cells become gradually impaired during tumor progression compared to NK cells from peripheral blood and healthy tissues. Future protocols of NK cell based immunotherapy should integrate three important aspects to improve NK cell anti-tumor activity: facilitating NK cell migration to the tumor site, enhancing their infiltration into the tumor tissue and ensuring subsequent efficient activation in the tumor. This review summarizes the current knowledge of tumor-infiltrating NK cells and the influence of the tumor microenvironment on their phenotype and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Stojanovic
- Innate Immunity, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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294
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Jardine L, Hambleton S, Bigley V, Pagan S, Wang XN, Collin M. Sensitizing primary acute lymphoblastic leukemia to natural killer cell recognition by induction of NKG2D ligands. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 54:167-73. [PMID: 22742576 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.708026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell immunosurveillance may be impaired by malignant disease, resulting in tumor escape and disease progression. Therapies that enhance NK cytotoxicity may therefore prove valuable in remission-induction and maintenance treatment regimens. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has previously been considered resistant to NK cell lysis and not tractable to this approach. Our study demonstrates that bortezomib, valproate and troglitazone can up-regulate NK activating ligands on a B-ALL cell line and on a proportion but not all adult primary B-ALL samples. Drug-treated ALL cells trigger higher levels of NK degranulation, as measured by CD107a expression, and this effect is dependent on signaling through the NK activating receptor NKG2D. These results suggest that bortezomib, valproate and troglitazone may have clinical utility in sensitizing ALL to NK mediated lysis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jardine
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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295
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Hervieu A, Rébé C, Végran F, Chalmin F, Bruchard M, Vabres P, Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, Mignot G. Dacarbazine-mediated upregulation of NKG2D ligands on tumor cells activates NK and CD8 T cells and restrains melanoma growth. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:499-508. [PMID: 22951720 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dacarbazine (DTIC) is a cytotoxic drug widely used for melanoma treatment. However, the putative contribution of anticancer immune responses in the efficacy of DTIC has not been evaluated. By testing how DTIC affects host immune responses to cancer in a mouse model of melanoma, we unexpectedly found that both natural killer (NK) and CD8(+) T cells were indispensable for DTIC therapeutic effect. Although DTIC did not directly affect immune cells, it triggered the upregulation of NKG2D ligands on tumor cells, leading to NK cell activation and IFNγ secretion in mice and humans. NK cell-derived IFNγ subsequently favored upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules on tumor cells, rendering them sensitive to cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells. Accordingly, DTIC markedly enhanced cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 inhibition efficacy in vivo in an NK-dependent manner. These results underscore the immunogenic properties of DTIC and provide a rationale to combine DTIC with immunotherapeutic agents that relieve immunosuppression in vivo.
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296
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Hematological malignancies escape from NK cell innate immune surveillance: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:421702. [PMID: 22899948 PMCID: PMC3415262 DOI: 10.1155/2012/421702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Hematological malignancies treatment improved over the last years resulting in increased achievement of complete or partial remission, but unfortunately high relapse rates are still observed. Therefore, sustainment of long-term remission is crucial. Immune system has a key role in tumor surveillance. Natural killer (NK) cells, at the frontier of innate and adaptive immune system, have a central role in tumor cells surveillance as demonstrated in the setting of allogenic stem cell transplantation. Nevertheless, tumor cells develop various mechanisms to escape from NK cells innate immune pressure. Abnormal NK cytolytic functions have been described in nearly all hematological malignancies. We present here various mechanisms involved in the escape of hematological malignancies from NK cells surveillance: NK cells quantitative deficiency and NK cell qualitative deficiency by increased inhibition signaling or decreased activating stimuli. A challenge of immunotherapy is to restore an efficient antitumor response. A combination of classical therapy plus immune modulation strategies will soon become a standard of care for hematological malignancies.
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297
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Quinci AC, Vitale S, Parretta E, Soriani A, Iannitto ML, Cippitelli M, Fionda C, Bulfone-Paus S, Santoni A, Di Rosa F. IL-15 inhibits IL-7Rα expression by memory-phenotype CD8⁺ T cells in the bone marrow. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1129-39. [PMID: 22539288 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CD127 is the IL-7 receptor α-chain and its expression is tightly regulated during T-cell differentiation. We previously showed that the bone marrow (BM) is a key organ for proliferation and maintenance of both antigen-specific and CD44(high) memory CD8(+) T cells. Interestingly, BM memory CD8(+) T cells express lower levels of membrane CD127 than do the corresponding spleen and lymph node cells. We investigated the requirements for CD127 downmodulation by CD44(high) memory-phenotype CD8(+) T cells in the BM of C57BL/6 mice. By comparing genetically modified (i.e. CD127tg, IL-7 KO, IL-15 KO, IL-15Rα KO) with wild-type (WT) mice, we found that the key molecule regulating CD127 downmodulation was IL-15 but not IL-7, and that the intact CD127 gene was required, including the promoter. Indeed, CD127 mRNA transcript levels were lower in CD44(high) CD8(+) T cells from the BM than in those from the spleen of WT mice, indicating organ-specific regulation. Although levels of the CD127 transactivator Foxo1 were low in BM CD44(high) CD8(+) T cells, Foxo1 was not involved in IL-15-induced CD127 downmodulation. Thus, recirculating CD44(high) CD8(+) T cells passing through the BM transiently downregulate CD127 in response to IL-15, with implications for human therapies acting on the IL-7/CD127 axis, for example cytokine treatments in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Quinci
- Department of Molecular Medicine-Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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298
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Abstract
Senescence is a stable cell cycle arrest program that contributes to tumor suppression, organismal aging and certain wound healing responses. During liver fibrosis, for example, hepatic stellate cells initially proliferate and secrete extracellular matrix components that produce fibrosis; however, these cells eventually senesce and are cleared by immune cells, including natural killer (NK) cells. Here, we examine how NK cells target senescent cells and assess the impact of this process on liver fibrosis. We show that granule exocytosis, but not death-receptor-mediated apoptosis, is required for NK-cell-mediated killing of senescent cells. This pathway bias is due to upregulation of the decoy death receptor, Dcr2, an established senescence marker that attenuates NK-mediated cell death. Accordingly, mice with defects in granule exocytosis accumulate senescent stellate cells and display more liver fibrosis in response to a fibrogenic agent. Our results thus provide new insights into the immune surveillance of senescent cells and reveal how granule exocytosis has a protective role against liver fibrosis.
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299
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION NKG2D (natural killer group 2, member D) is expressed on the surface of all mouse and human NK cells, and subpopulation of T cells. Stimulation of NK cells through NKG2D triggers cell-mediated cytotoxicity and induces the production of cytokines. NKG2D binds to family of unique ligands with structurally similar to MHC class I, however, NKG2D ligands can be up-regulated in their expression on stressed cells including tumor cells unlike conventional MHC class I molecules. Mounting evidences clearly implicate that NKG2D recognition plays an important role in tumor immune surveillance. AREAS COVERED While NKG2D detect for potentially dangerous cells, various inhibitory and/or escape mechanisms counteract immune surveillance system and thereby limit effective elimination of transformed tumor cells. In addition, tumors often generate an immunosuppressive microenvironment where inhibitory molecules or cytokines negatively effect the function of anti-tumor immune responses. NKG2D ligand expression can be up-regulated by transcriptional or posttranscriptional mechanisms, therefore, certain therapy targeting those regulatory mechanisms could regain the expression of NKG2D ligands on tumor cells to be detected by the host immune responses. EXPERT OPINION Our knowledge in the precise mechanism of anti-tumor immunity is rapidly increasing. While NKG2D is known as primary cytotoxicity receptor in NK cell activation by recognizing 'induced-self' ligands on stressed cells including tumor cells, there are increasing evidences that NKG2D recognition can result in both immune activation and immune silencing. Future combined application of conventional cancer therapy and new therapy utilizing such stress-induced recognition systems will provide a novel opportunity to control malignant tumor progression of cancer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Hayakawa
- The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.
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Godfrey J, Benson DM. The role of natural killer cells in immunity against multiple myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 53:1666-76. [PMID: 22423650 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.676175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an essentially incurable malignancy associated with profound immune dysregulation. Despite the advent of novel therapies and improvements in survival over the last 10 years, death from progressive disease and infection remains a common outcome. Natural killer (NK) cells are CD56(+)CD3(-) large granular lymphocytes that constitute a key cellular subset of the innate immune system. For over 30 years, the relationship between NK cells and MM has been described in the clinical setting and characterized in the laboratory. Data suggest that NK cells may play a role in the immune response to MM; however, this effect is lost due to immunoevasive strategies utilized by MM. Nevertheless, progress in the understanding of the mechanisms perpetuating this effect have led to new opportunities to recover or augment NK cell function therapeutically in MM. In fact, the novel agents thalidomide, lenalidomide and bortezomib all confer anti-MM effects, in part, through enhancement of NK cell function. Currently, the development of therapies designed specifically to increase NK cell cytotoxicity against MM is under way. The present review summarizes the current understanding of the NK cell versus MM effect and characterizes therapeutic interventions that exert anti-MM efficacy via NK cell function against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Godfrey
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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