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Recruitment of the endosomal WASH complex is mediated by the extended 'tail' of Fam21 binding to the retromer protein Vps35. Biochem J 2012; 442:209-20. [PMID: 22070227 DOI: 10.1042/bj20111761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The retromer complex is a conserved endosomal protein sorting complex that sorts membrane proteins into nascent endosomal tubules. The recognition of membrane proteins is mediated by the cargo-selective retromer complex, a stable trimer of the Vps35 (vacuolar protein sorting 35), Vps29 and Vps26 proteins. We have recently reported that the cargo-selective retromer complex associates with the WASH (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome homologue) complex, a multimeric protein complex that regulates tubule dynamics at endosomes. In the present study, we show that the retromer-WASH complex interaction occurs through the long unstructured 'tail' domain of the WASH complex-Fam21 protein binding to Vps35, an interaction that is necessary and sufficient to target the WASH complex to endosomes. The Fam21-tail also binds to FKBP15 (FK506-binding protein 15), a protein associated with ulcerative colitis, to mediate the membrane association of FKBP15. Elevated Fam21-tail expression inhibits the association of the WASH complex with retromer, resulting in increased cytoplasmic WASH complex. Additionally, overexpression of the Fam21-tail results in cell-spreading defects, implicating the activity of the WASH complex in regulating the mobilization of membrane into the endosome-to-cell surface pathway.
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252
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The role of ceroid lipofuscinosis neuronal protein 5 (CLN5) in endosomal sorting. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:1855-66. [PMID: 22431521 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06726-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding CLN5 are the cause of Finnish variant late infantile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (NCL), and the gene encoding CLN5 is 1 of 10 genes (encoding CLN1 to CLN9 and cathepsin D) whose germ line mutations result in a group of recessive disorders of childhood. Although CLN5 localizes to the lysosomal compartment, its function remains unknown. We have uncovered an interaction between CLN5 and sortilin, the lysosomal sorting receptor. However, CLN5, unlike prosaposin, does not require sortilin to localize to the lysosomal compartment. We demonstrate that in CLN5-depleted HeLa cells, the lysosomal sorting receptors sortilin and cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) are degraded in lysosomes due to a defect in recruitment of the retromer (an endosome-to-Golgi compartment trafficking component). In addition, we show that the retromer recruitment machinery is also affected by CLN5 depletion, as we found less loaded Rab7, which is required to recruit retromer. Taken together, our results support a role for CLN5 in controlling the itinerary of the lysosomal sorting receptors by regulating retromer recruitment at the endosome.
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253
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Rab GTPase-activating proteins in autophagy: regulation of endocytic and autophagy pathways by direct binding to human ATG8 modifiers. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:1733-44. [PMID: 22354992 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06717-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved degradation pathway characterized by dynamic rearrangement of membranes that sequester cytoplasm, protein aggregates, organelles, and pathogens for delivery to the vacuole and lysosome, respectively. The ability of autophagosomal membranes to act selectively toward specific cargo is dependent on the small ubiquitin-like modifier ATG8/LC3 and the LC3-interacting region (LIR) present in autophagy receptors. Here, we describe a comprehensive protein-protein interaction analysis of TBC (Tre2, Bub2, and Cdc16) domain-containing Rab GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) as potential autophagy adaptors. We identified 14 TBC domain-containing Rab GAPs that bind directly to ATG8 modifiers and that colocalize with LC3-positive autophagy membranes in cells. Intriguingly, one of our screening hits, TBC1D5, contains two LIR motifs. The N-terminal LIR was critical for interaction with the retromer complex and transport of cargo. Direct binding of the retromer component VPS29 to TBC1D5 could be titrated out by LC3, indicating a molecular switch between endosomes and autophagy. Moreover, TBC1D5 could bridge the endosome and autophagosome via its C-terminal LIR motif. During starvation-induced autophagy, TBC1D5 was relocalized from endosomal localization to the LC3-positive autophagosomes. We propose that LC3-interacting Rab GAPs are implicated in the reprogramming of the endocytic trafficking events under starvation-induced autophagy.
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254
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Zhang J, Reiling C, Reinecke JB, Prislan I, Marky LA, Sorgen PL, Naslavsky N, Caplan S. Rabankyrin-5 interacts with EHD1 and Vps26 to regulate endocytic trafficking and retromer function. Traffic 2012; 13:745-57. [PMID: 22284051 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2012.01334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rabankyrin-5 (Rank-5) has been implicated as an effector of the small GTPase Rab5 and plays an important role in macropinocytosis. We have now identified Rank-5 as an interaction partner for the recycling regulatory protein, Eps15 homology domain 1 (EHD1). We have demonstrated this interaction by glutathione S-transferase-pulldown, yeast two-hybrid assay, isothermal calorimetry and co-immunoprecipitation, and found that the binding occurs between the EH domain of EHD1 and the NPFED motif of Rank-5. Similar to EHD1, we found that Rank-5 colocalizes and interacts with components of the retromer complex such as vacuolar protein sorting 26 (Vps26), suggesting a role for Rank-5 in retromer-based transport. Indeed, depletion of Rank-5 causes mislocalization of Vps26 and affects both the retrieval of mannose 6-phosphate receptor transport to the Golgi from endosomes and biosynthetic transport. Moreover, Rank-5 is required for normal retromer distribution, as overexpression of a wild-type Rank-5-small interfering RNA-resistant construct rescues retromer mislocalization. Finally, we show that depletion of either Rank-5 or EHD1 impairs secretion of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein. Overall, our data identify a new interaction between Rank-5 and EHD1, and novel endocytic regulatory roles that include retromer-based transport and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
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255
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Rotthier A, Baets J, Timmerman V, Janssens K. Mechanisms of disease in hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies. Nat Rev Neurol 2012; 8:73-85. [PMID: 22270030 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2011.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSANs) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders of the PNS. Progressive degeneration, predominantly of sensory and autonomic neurons, is the main pathological feature in patients with HSAN, and causes prominent sensory loss and ulcerative mutilations in combination with variable autonomic and motor disturbances. Advances in molecular genetics have enabled identification of disease-causing mutations in 12 genes, and studies on the functional effects of these mutations are underway. Although some of the affected proteins--such as nerve growth factor and its receptor--have obvious nerve-specific roles, others are ubiquitously expressed proteins that are involved in sphingolipid metabolism, vesicular transport, transcription regulation and structural integrity. An important challenge in the future will be to understand the common molecular pathways that result in HSANs. Unraveling the mechanisms that underlie sensory and autonomic neurodegeneration could assist in identifying targets for future therapeutic strategies in patients with HSAN. This Review highlights key advances in the understanding of HSANs, including insights into the molecular mechanisms of disease, derived from genetic studies of patients with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Rotthier
- VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
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256
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Illuminating the functional and structural repertoire of human TBC/RABGAPs. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2012; 13:67-73. [PMID: 22251903 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Tre2-Bub2-Cdc16 (TBC) domain-containing RAB-specific GTPase-activating proteins (TBC/RABGAPs) are characterized by the presence of highly conserved TBC domains and act as negative regulators of RABs. The importance of TBC/RABGAPs in the regulation of specific intracellular trafficking routes is now emerging, as is their role in different diseases. Importantly, TBC/RABGAPs act as key regulatory nodes, integrating signalling between RABs and other small GTPases and ensuring the appropriate retrieval, transport and delivery of different intracellular vesicles.
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257
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Abstract
The endo-lysosomal system is an interconnected tubulo-vesicular network that acts as a sorting station to process and distribute internalised cargo. This network accepts cargoes from both the plasma membrane and the biosynthetic pathway, and directs these cargos either towards the lysosome for degradation, the peri-nuclear recycling endosome for return to the cell surface, or to the trans-Golgi network. These intracellular membranes are variously enriched in different phosphoinositides that help to shape compartmental identity. These lipids act to localise a number of phosphoinositide-binding proteins that function as sorting machineries to regulate endosomal cargo sorting. Herein we discuss regulation of these machineries by phosphoinositides and explore how phosphoinositide-switching contributes toward sorting decisions made at this platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Cullen
- Henry Wellcome Integrated Signaling Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, Bristol, United Kingdom,
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258
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Cullen PJ, Korswagen HC. Sorting nexins provide diversity for retromer-dependent trafficking events. Nat Cell Biol 2011; 14:29-37. [PMID: 22193161 PMCID: PMC3613977 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sorting nexins are a large family of evolutionarily conserved phosphoinositide-binding proteins that have fundamental roles in orchestrating cargo sorting through the membranous maze that is the endosomal network. One ancient group of complexes that contain sorting nexins is the retromer. Here we discuss how retromer complexes regulate endosomal sorting, and describe how this is generating exciting new insight into the central role played by endosomal sorting in development and homeostasis of normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Cullen
- Henry Wellcome Integrated Signalling Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K
| | - Hendrik C. Korswagen
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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259
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van Weering JRT, Verkade P, Cullen PJ. SNX-BAR-mediated endosome tubulation is co-ordinated with endosome maturation. Traffic 2011; 13:94-107. [PMID: 21973056 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Endosomal sorting is essential for cell homeostasis. Proteins targeted for degradation are retained in the maturing endosome vacuole while others are recycled to the cell surface or sorted to the biosynthetic pathway via tubular transport carriers. Sorting nexin (SNX) proteins containing a BAR (for Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs) domain are key regulators of phosphoinositide-mediated, tubular-based endosomal sorting, but how such sorting is co-ordinated with endosomal maturation is not known. Here, using well-defined Rab GTPases as endosomal compartment markers, we have analyzed the localization of SNX1 [endosome-to-trans-Golgi network (TGN) transport as part of the SNX-BAR-retromer complex], SNX4 (cargo-recycling from endosomes to the plasma membrane) and SNX8 (endosomes-to-TGN trafficking in a retromer-independent manner). We show that these SNX-BARs are primarily localized to early endosomes, but display the highest frequency of tubule formation at the moment of early-to-late endosome transition: the Rab5-to-Rab7 switch. Perturbing this switch shifts SNX-BAR tubulation to early endosomes, resulting in SNX1-decorated tubules that lack retromer components VPS26 and VPS35, suggesting that both early and late endosomal characteristics of the endosome are important for SNX-BAR-retromer-tubule formation. We also establish that SNX4, but not SNX1 and SNX8, is associated with the Rab11-recycling endosomes and that a high frequency of SNX4-mediated tubule formation is observed as endosomes undergo Rab4-to-Rab11 transition. Our study therefore provides evidence for fine-tuning between the processes of endosomal maturation and the formation of endosomal tubules. As tubulation is required for SNX1-, SNX4- and SNX8-mediated sorting, these data reveal a previously unrecognized co-ordination between maturation and tubular-based sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan R T van Weering
- Henry Wellcome Integrated Signalling Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK
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260
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Bugarcic A, Zhe Y, Kerr MC, Griffin J, Collins BM, Teasdale RD. Vps26A and Vps26B Subunits Define Distinct Retromer Complexes. Traffic 2011; 12:1759-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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261
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Koumandou VL, Klute MJ, Herman EK, Nunez-Miguel R, Dacks JB, Field MC. Evolutionary reconstruction of the retromer complex and its function in Trypanosoma brucei. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:1496-509. [PMID: 21502137 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.081596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular trafficking and protein sorting are mediated by various protein complexes, with the retromer complex being primarily involved in retrograde traffic from the endosome or lysosome to the Golgi complex. Here, comparative genomics, cell biology and phylogenetics were used to probe the early evolution of retromer and its function. Retromer subunits Vps26, Vps29 and Vps35 are near universal, and, by inference, the complex was an ancient feature of eukaryotic cells. Surprisingly, we found DSCR3, a Vps26 paralogue in humans associated with Down's syndrome, in at least four eukaryotic supergroups, implying a more ancient origin than previously suspected. By contrast, retromer cargo proteins showed considerable interlineage variability, with lineage-specific and broadly conserved examples found. Vps10 trafficking probably represents an ancestral role for the complex. Vps5, the BAR-domain-containing membrane-deformation subunit, was found in diverse eukaryotes, including in the divergent eukaryote Trypanosoma brucei, where it is the first example of a BAR-domain protein. To determine functional conservation, an initial characterisation of retromer was performed in T. brucei; the endosomal localisation and its role in endosomal targeting are conserved. Therefore retromer is identified as a further feature of the sophisticated intracellular trafficking machinery of the last eukaryotic common ancestor, with BAR domains representing a possible third independent mechanism of membrane-deformation arising in early eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lila Koumandou
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
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262
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Epp N, Rethmeier R, Krämer L, Ungermann C. Membrane dynamics and fusion at late endosomes and vacuoles – Rab regulation, multisubunit tethering complexes and SNAREs. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 90:779-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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263
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Kooner JS, Saleheen D, Sim X, Sehmi J, Zhang W, Frossard P, Been LF, Chia KS, Dimas AS, Hassanali N, Jafar T, Jowett JBM, Li X, Radha V, Rees SD, Takeuchi F, Young R, Aung T, Basit A, Chidambaram M, Das D, Grunberg E, Hedman ÅK, Hydrie ZI, Islam M, Khor CC, Kowlessur S, Kristensen MM, Liju S, Lim WY, Matthews DR, Liu J, Morris AP, Nica AC, Pinidiyapathirage JM, Prokopenko I, Rasheed A, Samuel M, Shah N, Shera AS, Small KS, Suo C, Wickremasinghe AR, Wong TY, Yang M, Zhang F, Abecasis GR, Barnett AH, Caulfield M, Deloukas P, Frayling T, Froguel P, Kato N, Katulanda P, Kelly MA, Liang J, Mohan V, Sanghera DK, Scott J, Seielstad M, Zimmet PZ, Elliott P, Teo YY, McCarthy MI, Danesh J, Tai ES, Chambers JC. Genome-wide association study in individuals of South Asian ancestry identifies six new type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci. Nat Genet 2011; 43:984-9. [PMID: 21874001 PMCID: PMC3773920 DOI: 10.1038/ng.921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We carried out a genome-wide association study of type-2 diabetes (T2D) in individuals of South Asian ancestry. Our discovery set included 5,561 individuals with T2D (cases) and 14,458 controls drawn from studies in London, Pakistan and Singapore. We identified 20 independent SNPs associated with T2D at P < 10(-4) for testing in a replication sample of 13,170 cases and 25,398 controls, also all of South Asian ancestry. In the combined analysis, we identified common genetic variants at six loci (GRB14, ST6GAL1, VPS26A, HMG20A, AP3S2 and HNF4A) newly associated with T2D (P = 4.1 × 10(-8) to P = 1.9 × 10(-11)). SNPs at GRB14 were also associated with insulin sensitivity (P = 5.0 × 10(-4)), and SNPs at ST6GAL1 and HNF4A were also associated with pancreatic beta-cell function (P = 0.02 and P = 0.001, respectively). Our findings provide additional insight into mechanisms underlying T2D and show the potential for new discovery from genetic association studies in South Asians, a population with increased susceptibility to T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspal S Kooner
- NHLI, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Ducane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, DuCane Road, London, W12 0HS
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases Pakistan, Karachi, 75300, Pakistan
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, worts causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Xueling Sim
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joban Sehmi
- NHLI, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Ducane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Philippe Frossard
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases Pakistan, Karachi, 75300, Pakistan
| | - Latonya F Been
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Kee-Seng Chia
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Antigone S Dimas
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Neelam Hassanali
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Tazeen Jafar
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, P.O. Box 3500, Karachi-74800, Pakistan
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, P.O. Box 3500, Karachi-74800, Pakistan
| | - Jeremy BM Jowett
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Xinzhing Li
- NHLI, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Ducane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Venkatesan Radha
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation-ICMR Advanced Centre for Genomics of Diabetes, Chennai 603 103, India
| | - Simon D Rees
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham
- BioMedical Research Centre, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham
| | - Fumihiko Takeuchi
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, 162-8655
| | - Robin Young
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, worts causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Tin Aung
- Department of Ophthalomolgy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Abdul Basit
- Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Manickam Chidambaram
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation-ICMR Advanced Centre for Genomics of Diabetes, Chennai 603 103, India
| | - Debashish Das
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Elin Grunberg
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Åsa K Hedman
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zafar I Hydrie
- Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammed Islam
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, P.O. Box 3500, Karachi-74800, Pakistan
| | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | | | - Malene M Kristensen
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Samuel Liju
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation-ICMR Advanced Centre for Genomics of Diabetes, Chennai 603 103, India
| | - Wei-Yen Lim
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - David R Matthews
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexandra C Nica
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Asif Rasheed
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases Pakistan, Karachi, 75300, Pakistan
| | - Maria Samuel
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases Pakistan, Karachi, 75300, Pakistan
| | - Nabi Shah
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases Pakistan, Karachi, 75300, Pakistan
| | | | - Kerrin S Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Chen Suo
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ananda R Wickremasinghe
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka, 11010
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Department of Ophthalomolgy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Center for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mingyu Yang
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - DIAGRAM
- Members of the DIAGRAM and MuTHER study are listed in the Supplementary Online Material
| | - MuTHER
- Members of the DIAGRAM and MuTHER study are listed in the Supplementary Online Material
| | - Goncalo R Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Anthony H Barnett
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham
- BioMedical Research Centre, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham
| | - Mark Caulfield
- Clinical Pharmacology and Barts and the London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA UK
| | - Tim Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Genomics of Common Diseases, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN
| | - Norihiro Kato
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, 162-8655
| | - Prasad Katulanda
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Diabetes Research Unit, Dept of Clinical Medicine, Univ of Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - M Ann Kelly
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham
- BioMedical Research Centre, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham
| | - Junbin Liang
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation-ICMR Advanced Centre for Genomics of Diabetes, Chennai 603 103, India
- Dr Mohan’s Diabetes Specialties Centre, Chennai 600086, India
| | - Dharambir K Sanghera
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - James Scott
- NHLI, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Ducane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mark Seielstad
- Institure of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Paul Z Zimmet
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Paul Elliott
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
- MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Yik Ying Teo
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - John Danesh
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, worts causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857,Singapore
| | - John C Chambers
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, DuCane Road, London, W12 0HS
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
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264
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Abstract
Bidirectional traffic between the Golgi apparatus and the endosomal system sustains the functions of the trans-Golgi network (TGN) in secretion and organelle biogenesis. Export of cargo from the TGN via anterograde trafficking pathways depletes the organelle of sorting receptors, processing proteases, SNARE molecules, and other factors, and these are subsequently retrieved from endosomes via the retrograde pathway. Recent studies indicate that retrograde trafficking is vital to early metazoan development, nutrient homeostasis, and for processes that protect against Alzheimer's and other neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Burd
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA.
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265
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Vilariño-Güell C, Wider C, Ross OA, Dachsel JC, Kachergus JM, Lincoln SJ, Soto-Ortolaza AI, Cobb SA, Wilhoite GJ, Bacon JA, Behrouz B, Melrose HL, Hentati E, Puschmann A, Evans DM, Conibear E, Wasserman WW, Aasly JO, Burkhard PR, Djaldetti R, Ghika J, Hentati F, Krygowska-Wajs A, Lynch T, Melamed E, Rajput A, Rajput AH, Solida A, Wu RM, Uitti RJ, Wszolek ZK, Vingerhoets F, Farrer MJ. VPS35 mutations in Parkinson disease. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 89:162-7. [PMID: 21763482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 636] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of genetic causes for Mendelian disorders has been based on the collection of multi-incident families, linkage analysis, and sequencing of genes in candidate intervals. This study describes the application of next-generation sequencing technologies to a Swiss kindred presenting with autosomal-dominant, late-onset Parkinson disease (PD). The family has tremor-predominant dopa-responsive parkinsonism with a mean onset of 50.6 ± 7.3 years. Exome analysis suggests that an aspartic-acid-to-asparagine mutation within vacuolar protein sorting 35 (VPS35 c.1858G>A; p.Asp620Asn) is the genetic determinant of disease. VPS35 is a central component of the retromer cargo-recognition complex, is critical for endosome-trans-golgi trafficking and membrane-protein recycling, and is evolutionarily highly conserved. VPS35 c.1858G>A was found in all affected members of the Swiss kindred and in three more families and one patient with sporadic PD, but it was not observed in 3,309 controls. Further sequencing of familial affected probands revealed only one other missense variant, VPS35 c.946C>T; (p.Pro316Ser), in a pedigree with one unaffected and two affected carriers, and thus the pathogenicity of this mutation remains uncertain. Retromer-mediated sorting and transport is best characterized for acid hydrolase receptors. However, the complex has many types of cargo and is involved in a diverse array of biologic pathways from developmental Wnt signaling to lysosome biogenesis. Our study implicates disruption of VPS35 and retromer-mediated trans-membrane protein sorting, rescue, and recycling in the neurodegenerative process leading to PD.
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266
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Harterink M, Port F, Lorenowicz MJ, McGough IJ, Silhankova M, Betist MC, van Weering JRT, van Heesbeen RGHP, Middelkoop TC, Basler K, Cullen PJ, Korswagen HC. A SNX3-dependent retromer pathway mediates retrograde transport of the Wnt sorting receptor Wntless and is required for Wnt secretion. Nat Cell Biol 2011; 13:914-923. [PMID: 21725319 PMCID: PMC4052212 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Wnt proteins are lipid-modified glycoproteins that play a central role in development, adult tissue homeostasis and disease. Secretion of Wnt proteins is mediated by the Wnt-binding protein Wntless (Wls), which transports Wnt from the Golgi network to the cell surface for release. It has recently been shown that recycling of Wls through a retromer-dependent endosome-to-Golgi trafficking pathway is required for efficient Wnt secretion, but the mechanism of this retrograde transport pathway is poorly understood. Here, we report that Wls recycling is mediated through a retromer pathway that is independent of the retromer sorting nexins SNX1-SNX2 and SNX5-SNX6. We have found that the unrelated sorting nexin, SNX3, has an evolutionarily conserved function in Wls recycling and Wnt secretion and show that SNX3 interacts directly with the cargo-selective subcomplex of the retromer to sort Wls into a morphologically distinct retrieval pathway. These results demonstrate that SNX3 is part of an alternative retromer pathway that functionally separates the retrograde transport of Wls from other retromer cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Harterink
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fillip Port
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena J. Lorenowicz
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ian J. McGough
- Henry Wellcome Integrated Signaling Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Silhankova
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco C. Betist
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan R. T. van Weering
- Henry Wellcome Integrated Signaling Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Roy G. H. P. van Heesbeen
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Teije C. Middelkoop
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Konrad Basler
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter J. Cullen
- Henry Wellcome Integrated Signaling Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Hendrik C. Korswagen
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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267
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Swarbrick JD, Shaw DJ, Chhabra S, Ghai R, Valkov E, Norwood SJ, Seaman MNJ, Collins BM. VPS29 is not an active metallo-phosphatase but is a rigid scaffold required for retromer interaction with accessory proteins. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20420. [PMID: 21629666 PMCID: PMC3101248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
VPS29 is a key component of the cargo-binding core complex of retromer, a protein assembly with diverse roles in transport of receptors within the endosomal system. VPS29 has a fold related to metal-binding phosphatases and mediates interactions between retromer and other regulatory proteins. In this study we examine the functional interactions of mammalian VPS29, using X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. We find that although VPS29 can coordinate metal ions Mn2+ and Zn2+ in both the putative active site and at other locations, the affinity for metals is low, and lack of activity in phosphatase assays using a putative peptide substrate support the conclusion that VPS29 is not a functional metalloenzyme. There is evidence that structural elements of VPS29 critical for binding the retromer subunit VPS35 may undergo both metal-dependent and independent conformational changes regulating complex formation, however studies using ITC and NMR residual dipolar coupling (RDC) measurements show that this is not the case. Finally, NMR chemical shift mapping indicates that VPS29 is able to associate with SNX1 via a conserved hydrophobic surface, but with a low affinity that suggests additional interactions will be required to stabilise the complex in vivo. Our conclusion is that VPS29 is a metal ion-independent, rigid scaffolding domain, which is essential but not sufficient for incorporation of retromer into functional endosomal transport assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Swarbrick
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Shaw
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sandeep Chhabra
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rajesh Ghai
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eugene Valkov
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Suzanne J. Norwood
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew N. J. Seaman
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Brett M. Collins
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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268
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Abstract
Some proteins and lipids traffic from the plasma membrane to the trans Golgi network (TGN)/Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum, via the retrograde transport route. Endosomes are an obligatory through station. Whether early, recycling and late endosomes all hand off material to the TGN have remained a matter of debate. In this review, we give a short historical overview on how retrograde transport was discovered and explored. We then summarize and critically discuss data that have been put forward in favour of the existence of trafficking interfaces between each of the different endocytic localizations and the TGN. We finally point out some conceptual and technological challenges that will have to be met to establish definite conclusions for each of these scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Johannes
- Traffic, Signaling, and Delivery Laboratory, Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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269
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Robinson DG, Scheuring D, Naramoto S, Friml J. ARF1 localizes to the golgi and the trans-golgi network. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:846-9; author reply 849-50. [PMID: 21406621 PMCID: PMC3082265 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.082099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
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270
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Abstract
The trans-Golgi network (TGN) receives a select set of proteins from the endocytic pathway-about 5% of total plasma membrane glycoproteins (Duncan and Kornfeld 1988). Proteins that are delivered include mannose 6-phosphate receptors (MPRs), TGN46, sortilin, and various toxins that hitchhike a ride backward through the secretory pathway to intoxicate cells after they exit into the cytoplasm from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This article will review work on the molecular players that drive protein transport from the endocytic pathway to the TGN. Distinct requirements have revealed multiple routes for retrograde transport; in addition, the existence of multiple, potential coat proteins and/or cargo adaptors imply that multiple vesicular transfers are likely involved. Several comprehensive reviews have appeared recently and should be sought for additional details (Bonifacino and Rojas 2006; Johannes and Popoff 2008).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne R Pfeffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5307, USA.
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271
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Pourcher M, Santambrogio M, Thazar N, Thierry AM, Fobis-Loisy I, Miège C, Jaillais Y, Gaude T. Analyses of sorting nexins reveal distinct retromer-subcomplex functions in development and protein sorting in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:3980-91. [PMID: 21156856 PMCID: PMC3027177 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.078451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sorting nexins (SNXs) are conserved eukaryotic proteins that associate with three types of vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) proteins to form the retromer complex. How SNXs act in this complex and whether they might work independently of the retromer remains elusive. Here, we show by genetic and cell imaging approaches that the Arabidopsis thaliana SNX1 protein recruits SNX2 at the endosomal membrane, a process required for SNX1-SNX2 dimer activity. We report that, in contrast with the mammalian retromer, SNXs are dispensable for membrane binding and function of the retromer complex. We also show that VPS retromer components can work with or independently of SNXs in the trafficking of seed storage proteins, which reveals distinct functions for subcomplexes of the plant retromer. Finally, we provide compelling evidence that the combined loss of function of SNXs and VPS29 leads to embryo or seedling lethality, underlining the essential role of these proteins in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Pourcher
- Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 128, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-69364 Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Martina Santambrogio
- Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 128, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-69364 Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nelcy Thazar
- Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 128, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-69364 Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne-Marie Thierry
- Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 128, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-69364 Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Isabelle Fobis-Loisy
- Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 128, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-69364 Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christine Miège
- Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 128, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-69364 Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 128, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-69364 Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Thierry Gaude
- Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 128, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-69364 Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
- Address correspondence to
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272
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Balderhaar HJK, Arlt H, Ostrowicz C, Bröcker C, Sündermann F, Brandt R, Babst M, Ungermann C. The Rab GTPase Ypt7 is linked to retromer-mediated receptor recycling and fusion at the yeast late endosome. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:4085-94. [PMID: 21062894 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.071977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Organelles of the endomembrane system need to counterbalance fission and fusion events to maintain their surface-to-volume ratio. At the late mammalian endosome, the Rab GTPase Rab7 is a major regulator of fusion, whereas the homologous yeast protein Ypt7 seems to be restricted to the vacuole surface. Here, we present evidence that Ypt7 is recruited to and acts on late endosomes, where it affects multiple trafficking reactions. We show that overexpression of Ypt7 results in expansion and massive invagination of the vacuolar membrane, which requires cycling of Ypt7 between GDP- and GTP-bound states. Invaginations are blocked by ESCRT, CORVET and retromer mutants, but not by autophagy or AP-3 mutants. We also show that Ypt7-GTP specifically binds to the retromer cargo-recognition subcomplex, which--like its cargo Vps10--is found on the vacuole upon Ypt7 overproduction. Our data suggest that Ypt7 functions at the late endosome to coordinate retromer-mediated recycling with the fusion of late endosomes with vacuoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning J Kleine Balderhaar
- University of Osnabrück, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Biochemistry section, Barbarastrasse 13, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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273
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Zhou Y, Li S, Mäyränpää MI, Zhong W, Bäck N, Yan D, Olkkonen VM. OSBP-related protein 11 (ORP11) dimerizes with ORP9 and localizes at the Golgi–late endosome interface. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:3304-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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274
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Norwood SJ, Shaw DJ, Cowieson NP, Owen DJ, Teasdale RD, Collins BM. Assembly and solution structure of the core retromer protein complex. Traffic 2010; 12:56-71. [PMID: 20875039 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2010.01124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Retromer is a peripheral membrane protein complex that has pleiotropic roles in endosomal membrane trafficking. The core of retromer possesses three subunits, VPS35, VPS29 and VPS26, that play different roles in binding to cargo, regulatory proteins and complex stabilization. We have performed an investigation of the thermodynamics of core retromer assembly using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) demonstrating that VPS35 acts as the central subunit to which VPS29 and VPS26 bind independently. Furthermore, we confirm that the conserved PRLYL motif of the large VPS35 subunit is critical for direct VPS26 interaction. Heat capacity measurements of VPS29 and VPS26 binding to VPS35 indicate extensive binding interfaces and suggest conformational alterations in VPS29 or VPS35 upon complex formation. Solution studies of the retromer core using small-angle X-ray scattering allow us to propose a model whereby VPS35 forms an extended platform with VPS29 and VPS26 bound at distal ends, with the potential for forming dimeric assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne J Norwood
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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275
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Tabata K, Matsunaga K, Sakane A, Sasaki T, Noda T, Yoshimori T. Rubicon and PLEKHM1 negatively regulate the endocytic/autophagic pathway via a novel Rab7-binding domain. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:4162-72. [PMID: 20943950 PMCID: PMC2993745 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-06-0495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubicon, a subunit of the Beclin 1-PI3-kinase complex and its homologue, PLEKHM1, negatively regulate endocytic pathway through the interaction with Rab7. Synchronous association with the Beclin 1–PI3-kinase complex and Rab7 is necessary for the function of Rubicon, but not PLEKHM1. The endocytic and autophagic pathways are involved in the membrane trafficking of exogenous and endogenous materials to lysosomes. However, the mechanisms that regulate these pathways are largely unknown. We previously reported that Rubicon, a Beclin 1–binding protein, negatively regulates both the autophagic and endocytic pathways by unidentified mechanisms. In this study, we performed database searches to identify potential Rubicon homologues that share the common C-terminal domain, termed the RH domain. One of them, PLEKHM1, the causative gene of osteopetrosis, also suppresses endocytic transport but not autophagosome maturation. Rubicon and PLEKHM1 specifically and directly interact with Rab7 via their RH domain, and this interaction is critical for their function. Furthermore, we show that Rubicon but not PLEKHM1 uniquely regulates membrane trafficking via simultaneously binding both Rab7 and PI3-kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tabata
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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276
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Harbour ME, Breusegem SYA, Antrobus R, Freeman C, Reid E, Seaman MNJ. The cargo-selective retromer complex is a recruiting hub for protein complexes that regulate endosomal tubule dynamics. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:3703-17. [PMID: 20923837 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.071472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The retromer complex is required for the efficient endosome-to-Golgi retrieval of the CIMPR, sortilin, SORL1, wntless and other physiologically important membrane proteins. Retromer comprises two protein complexes that act together in endosome-to-Golgi retrieval; the cargo-selective complex is a trimer of VPS35, VPS29 and VPS26 that sorts cargo into tubules for retrieval to the Golgi. Tubules are produced by the oligomerization of sorting nexin dimers. Here, we report the identification of five endosomally-localised proteins that modulate tubule formation and are recruited to the membrane via interactions with the cargo-selective retromer complex. One of the retromer-interacting proteins, strumpellin, is mutated in hereditary spastic paraplegia, a progressive length-dependent axonopathy. Here, we show that strumpellin regulates endosomal tubules as part of a protein complex with three other proteins that include WASH1, an actin-nucleating promoting factor. Therefore, in addition to a direct role in endosome-to-Golgi retrieval, the cargo-selective retromer complex also acts as a platform for recruiting physiologically important proteins to endosomal membranes that regulate membrane tubule dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Harbour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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277
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Shiba Y, Römer W, Mardones GA, Burgos PV, Lamaze C, Johannes L. AGAP2 regulates retrograde transport between early endosomes and the TGN. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:2381-90. [PMID: 20551179 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.057778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The retrograde transport route links early endosomes and the TGN. Several endogenous and exogenous cargo proteins use this pathway, one of which is the well-explored bacterial Shiga toxin. ADP-ribosylation factors (Arfs) are approximately 20 kDa GTP-binding proteins that are required for protein traffic at the level of the Golgi complex and early endosomes. In this study, we expressed mutants and protein fragments that bind to Arf-GTP to show that Arf1, but not Arf6 is required for transport of Shiga toxin from early endosomes to the TGN. We depleted six Arf1-specific ARF-GTPase-activating proteins and identified AGAP2 as a crucial regulator of retrograde transport for Shiga toxin, cholera toxin and the endogenous proteins TGN46 and mannose 6-phosphate receptor. In AGAP2-depleted cells, Shiga toxin accumulates in transferrin-receptor-positive early endosomes, suggesting that AGAP2 functions in the very early steps of retrograde sorting. A number of other intracellular trafficking pathways are not affected under these conditions. These results establish that Arf1 and AGAP2 have key trafficking functions at the interface between early endosomes and the TGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Shiba
- Institut Curie - Centre de Recherche, Traffic, Signaling and Delivery Laboratory, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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278
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Tabuchi M, Yanatori I, Kawai Y, Kishi F. Retromer-mediated direct sorting is required for proper endosomal recycling of the mammalian iron transporter DMT1. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:756-66. [PMID: 20164305 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.060574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomal recycling of the mammalian iron transporter DMT1 is assumed to be important for efficient and rapid uptake of iron across the endosomal membrane in the transferrin cycle. Here, we show that the retromer, a complex that mediates retrograde transport of transmembrane cargoes from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network, is required for endosomal recycling of DMT1-II, an alternative splicing isoform of DMT1. Bacterially expressed Vps26-Vsp29-Vsp35 trimer, a retromer cargo recognition complex, specifically binds to the cytoplasmic tail domain of DMT1-II in vitro. In particular, this binding is dependent on a specific hydrophobic motif of DMT1-II, which is required for its endosomal recycling. DMT1-II colocalizes with the Vps35 subunit of the retromer in TfR-positive endosomes. Depletion of the retromer by siRNA against Vps35 leads to mis-sorting of DMT1-II to LAMP2-positive structures, and expression of siRNA-resistant Vps35 can rescue this effect. These findings demonstrate that the retromer recognizes the recycling signal of DMT1-II and ensures its proper endosomal recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuaki Tabuchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan.
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279
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Markgraf DF, Ahnert F, Arlt H, Mari M, Peplowska K, Epp N, Griffith J, Reggiori F, Ungermann C. The CORVET subunit Vps8 cooperates with the Rab5 homolog Vps21 to induce clustering of late endosomal compartments. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 20:5276-89. [PMID: 19828734 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-06-0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane tethering, the process of mediating the first contact between membranes destined for fusion, requires specialized multisubunit protein complexes and Rab GTPases. In the yeast endolysosomal system, the hexameric HOPS tethering complex cooperates with the Rab7 homolog Ypt7 to promote homotypic fusion at the vacuole, whereas the recently identified homologous CORVET complex acts at the level of late endosomes. Here, we have further functionally characterized the CORVET-specific subunit Vps8 and its relationship to the remaining subunits using an in vivo approach that allows the monitoring of late endosome biogenesis. In particular, our results indicate that Vps8 interacts and cooperates with the activated Rab5 homolog Vps21 to induce the clustering of late endosomal membranes, indicating that Vps8 is the effector subunit of the CORVET complex. This clustering, however, requires Vps3, Vps16, and Vps33 but not the remaining CORVET subunits. These data thus suggest that the CORVET complex is built of subunits with distinct activities and potentially, their sequential assembly could regulate tethering and successive fusion at the late endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Markgraf
- University of Osnabrück, Department of Biology, Biochemistry Section, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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280
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Esk C, Chen CY, Johannes L, Brodsky FM. The clathrin heavy chain isoform CHC22 functions in a novel endosomal sorting step. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 188:131-44. [PMID: 20065094 PMCID: PMC2812854 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200908057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin heavy chain 22 (CHC22) is an isoform of the well-characterized CHC17 clathrin heavy chain, a coat component of vesicles that mediate endocytosis and organelle biogenesis. CHC22 has a distinct role from CHC17 in trafficking glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in skeletal muscle and fat, though its transfection into HEK293 cells suggests functional redundancy. Here, we show that CHC22 is eightfold less abundant than CHC17 in muscle, other cell types have variably lower amounts of CHC22, and endogenous CHC22 and CHC17 function independently in nonmuscle and muscle cells. CHC22 was required for retrograde trafficking of certain cargo molecules from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN), defining a novel endosomal-sorting step distinguishable from that mediated by CHC17 and retromer. In muscle cells, depletion of syntaxin 10 as well as CHC22 affected GLUT4 targeting, establishing retrograde endosome-TGN transport as critical for GLUT4 trafficking. Like CHC22, syntaxin 10 is not expressed in mice but is present in humans and other vertebrates, implicating two species-restricted endosomal traffic proteins in GLUT4 transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Esk
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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281
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van Weering JRT, Verkade P, Cullen PJ. SNX-BAR proteins in phosphoinositide-mediated, tubular-based endosomal sorting. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 21:371-80. [PMID: 19914387 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The endocytic network is morphologically characterized by a wide variety of membrane bound compartments that are able to undergo dynamic re-modeling through tubular and vesicular structures. The precise molecular mechanisms governing such re-modeling, and the events that co-ordinated this with the major role of endosomes, cargo sorting, remain unclear. That said, recent work on a protein family of sorting nexins (SNX) - especially a subfamily of SNX that contain a BAR domain (SNX-BARs) - has begun to shed some much needed light on these issues and in particular the process of tubular-based endosomal sorting. SNX-BARs are evolutionary conserved in endosomal protein complexes such as retromer, where they co-ordinate membrane deformation with cargo selection. Furthermore a central theme emerges of SNX-BARs linking the forming membrane carrier to cytoskeletal elements for transport through motor proteins such as dynein. By studying these SNX-BARs, we are gaining an increasingly detailed appreciation of the mechanistic basis of endosomal sorting and how this highly dynamic process functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan R T van Weering
- The Henry Wellcome Integrated Signalling Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
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282
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Attar
- The Henry Wellcome Integrated Signalling Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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283
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Pfeffer SR. Multiple routes of protein transport from endosomes to the trans Golgi network. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:3811-6. [PMID: 19879268 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Proteins use multiple routes for transport from endosomes to the Golgi complex. Shiga and cholera toxins and TGN38/46 are routed from early and recycling endosomes, while mannose 6-phosphate receptors are routed from late endosomes. The identification of distinct molecular requirements for each of these pathways makes it clear that mammalian cells have evolved more complex targeting mechanisms and routes than previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne R Pfeffer
- Department of Biochemistry, 279 Campus Drive B400, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA.
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284
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Dual roles of the mammalian GARP complex in tethering and SNARE complex assembly at the trans-golgi network. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:5251-63. [PMID: 19620288 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00495-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tethering factors and SNAREs control the last two steps of vesicular trafficking: the initial interaction and the fusion, respectively, of transport vesicles with target membranes. The Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex regulates retrograde transport from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Although GARP has been proposed to function as a tethering factor at the TGN, direct evidence for such a role is still lacking. Herein we report novel and specific interactions of the mammalian GARP complex with SNAREs that participate in endosome-to-TGN transport, namely, syntaxin 6, syntaxin 16, and Vamp4. These interactions depend on the N-terminal regions of Vps53 and Vps54 and the SNARE motif of the SNAREs. We show that GARP functions upstream of the SNAREs, regulating their localization and assembly into SNARE complexes. However, interactions of GARP with SNAREs are insufficient to promote retrograde transport, because deletion of the C-terminal region of Vps53 precludes GARP function without affecting GARP-SNARE interactions. Finally, we present in vitro data consistent with a tethering role for GARP, which is disrupted by deletion of the Vps53 C-terminal region. These findings indicate that GARP orchestrates retrograde transport from endosomes to the TGN by promoting vesicle tethering and assembly of SNARE complexes in consecutive, independent steps.
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