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An EMT spectrum defines an anoikis-resistant and spheroidogenic intermediate mesenchymal state that is sensitive to e-cadherin restoration by a src-kinase inhibitor, saracatinib (AZD0530). Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e915. [PMID: 24201814 PMCID: PMC3847320 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The phenotypic transformation of well-differentiated epithelial carcinoma into a mesenchymal-like state provides cancer cells with the ability to disseminate locally and to metastasise. Different degrees of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) have been found to occur in carcinomas from breast, colon and ovarian carcinoma (OC), among others. Numerous studies have focused on bona fide epithelial and mesenchymal states but rarely on intermediate states. In this study, we describe a model system for appraising the spectrum of EMT using 43 well-characterised OC cell lines. Phenotypic EMT characterisation reveals four subgroups: Epithelial, Intermediate E, Intermediate M and Mesenchymal, which represent different epithelial-mesenchymal compositions along the EMT spectrum. In cell-based EMT-related functional studies, OC cells harbouring an Intermediate M phenotype are characterised by high N-cadherin and ZEB1 expression and low E-cadherin and ERBB3/HER3 expression and are more anoikis-resistant and spheroidogenic. A specific Src-kinase inhibitor, Saracatinib (AZD0530), restores E-cadherin expression in Intermediate M cells in in vitro and in vivo models and abrogates spheroidogenesis. We show how a 33-gene EMT Signature can sub-classify an OC cohort into four EMT States correlating with progression-free survival (PFS). We conclude that the characterisation of intermediate EMT states provides a new approach to better define EMT. The concept of the EMT Spectrum allows the utilisation of EMT genes as predictive markers and the design and application of therapeutic targets for reversing EMT in a selective subgroup of patients.
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Kalita M, Tian B, Gao B, Choudhary S, Wood TG, Carmical JR, Boldogh I, Mitra S, Minna JD, Brasier AR. Systems approaches to modeling chronic mucosal inflammation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:505864. [PMID: 24228254 PMCID: PMC3818818 DOI: 10.1155/2013/505864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory mucosa is a major coordinator of the inflammatory response in chronic airway diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Signals produced by the chronic inflammatory process induce epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) that dramatically alters the epithelial cell phenotype. The effects of EMT on epigenetic reprogramming and the activation of transcriptional networks are known, its effects on the innate inflammatory response are underexplored. We used a multiplex gene expression profiling platform to investigate the perturbations of the innate pathways induced by TGF β in a primary airway epithelial cell model of EMT. EMT had dramatic effects on the induction of the innate pathway and the coupling interval of the canonical and noncanonical NF- κ B pathways. Simulation experiments demonstrate that rapid, coordinated cap-independent translation of TRAF-1 and NF- κ B2 is required to reduce the noncanonical pathway coupling interval. Experiments using amantadine confirmed the prediction that TRAF-1 and NF- κ B2/p100 production is mediated by an IRES-dependent mechanism. These data indicate that the epigenetic changes produced by EMT induce dynamic state changes of the innate signaling pathway. Further applications of systems approaches will provide understanding of this complex phenotype through deterministic modeling and multidimensional (genomic and proteomic) profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridul Kalita
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bing Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Boning Gao
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Department of Internal Medicine Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sanjeev Choudhary
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Translational Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Thomas G. Wood
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Translational Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Joseph R. Carmical
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Sankar Mitra
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - John D. Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Department of Internal Medicine Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Allan R. Brasier
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Translational Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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