251
|
Huntley JS, Hall AC, Sathyamoorthy V, Hall RH. Cation flux studies of the lesion induced in human erythrocyte membranes by the thermostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Infect Immun 1993; 61:4326-32. [PMID: 8406820 PMCID: PMC281161 DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.10.4326-4332.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, an important agent of seafood-borne gastroenteritis, expresses several putative virulence factors that could account for the disease symptoms of infected humans, namely, diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal cramps. The pathogenicity of V. parahaemolyticus correlates well with the Kanagawa phenomenon (the hemolytic ability of strains grown on Wagatsuma blood agar), implicating the thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) as the predominant toxin responsible for pathogenicity. TDH-induced hemolysis could be inhibited by the addition of the osmolyte sorbitol to the extracellular solution, supporting the hypothesis that hemolysis occurs through colloid osmosis secondary to an increase in the cation permeability of the membrane. The effect of TDH on cation permeability was investigated by measuring K+ (congener, 86Rb+) influx into human erythrocytes in which the endogenous cation transporters had been blocked (by use of ouabain, bumetanide, and nitrendipine). TDH increased K+ influx into these cells; this increase was rapid in onset and constant in magnitude, suggesting a direct action by TDH on the membrane. The kinetics of leak generation were examined; the relationship between counts accumulated and hematocrit indicated that the TDH-induced lesion is multihit in nature. TDH-induced K+ influx was sensitive to Zn2+. Time courses of hemolysis in isosmotic solutions of monovalent cation chlorides were used to obtain the selectivity series for the TDH-induced leak: Cs+ > Li+ > K+ > Rb+ > Na+. Both the Zn2+ sensitivity and this selectivity series were obtained for crude culture supernatants, suggesting that TDH is the predominant leak-inducing agent. Thus, we have identified several features of the TDH-induced leak likely to be important in the diarrhetic action of V. parahaemolyticus in the human intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Huntley
- University Laboratory of Physiology, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
252
|
Tada J, Ohashi T, Nishimura N, Shirasaki Y, Ozaki H, Fukushima S, Takano J, Nishibuchi M, Takeda Y. Detection of the thermostable direct hemolysin gene (tdh) and the thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin gene (trh) of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by polymerase chain reaction. Mol Cell Probes 1992; 6:477-87. [PMID: 1480187 DOI: 10.1016/0890-8508(92)90044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols were established for specific detection of the tdh and trh genes, the virulence marker genes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus encoding two related hemolysins. The tdh and trh genes are known to have sequence divergence of up to 3.3% and 16%, respectively. Attempts were made to find suitable primer pairs and annealing temperatures to detect each gene without fail. DNAs extracted from 36 representative strains of V. parahaemolyticus were used in the initial screening with various combinations of primer pairs and annealing temperatures. The combinations of primer pairs and annealing temperatures selected were then tested with DNAs extracted from 227 more strains of V. parahaemolyticus and from 133 bacterial strains belonging to 40 species other than V. parahaemolyticus. PCR protocols (primer pairs and annealing temperatures) were established that gave identical results to those obtained with the tdh- and trh-specific polynucleotide probes. These protocols established for the tdh and trh genes could detect 400 fg (100 cells) of cellular DNA carrying the respective gene. Spike experiments demonstrated that the sensitivities of the established PCRs were reduced by a factor of 10(4)-10(5) by an inhibitor(s) present in a normal faecal sample, indicating the need for either DNA extraction or enrichment of the faecal sample in alkaline peptone water for 4 h before the PCR of faecal samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Tada
- Central Research Laboratory, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
253
|
Ndon JA, Udo SM, Wehrenberg WB. Vibrio-associated gastroenteritis in the lower Cross-River Basin of Nigeria. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30:2730-2. [PMID: 1400976 PMCID: PMC270509 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.30.10.2730-2732.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 120 Vibrio species were isolated from 588 patients with acute diarrheal disease during an outbreak of gastrointestinal tract infections at different locations in the lower Cross River Basin of Nigeria. Vibrio cholerae O1, biotype El Tor, serotype Ogawa, was the prominent organism isolated from the Vibrio-associated diarrheal cases. During the 3 months of study, V. cholerae non-O1 was recovered from 10 patients while Vibrio parahaemolyticus was recovered from 19 patients. The significance of this study is the recognition that there is an ecological niche which supports V. cholerae non-O1 and V. parahaemolyticus in the Cross River Basin of Nigeria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Ndon
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53201
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
254
|
Lee C, Chen LH, Liu ML, Su YC. Use of an oligonucleotide probe to detect Vibrio parahaemolyticus in artificially contaminated oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:3419-22. [PMID: 1444377 PMCID: PMC183116 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.10.3419-3422.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A 26-mer oligonucleotide specific to Vibrio parahaemolyticus was synthesized from a 1,275-bp thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) gene. This oligonucleotide probe specifically reacted with DNA from 89 of 95 V. parahaemolyticus isolates but not with DNA from other vibrios or other enteric and nonenteric organisms (n = 48). The probe hybridized with Southern blots of 0.5-kb HindIII-restricted chromosomal DNA fragments from all but five V. parahaemolyticus test isolates. The probe could be used to directly identify V. parahaemolyticus in artificially contaminated food without an isolation step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Lee
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
255
|
Nishibuchi M, Fasano A, Russell RG, Kaper JB. Enterotoxigenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus with and without genes encoding thermostable direct hemolysin. Infect Immun 1992; 60:3539-45. [PMID: 1500161 PMCID: PMC257358 DOI: 10.1128/iai.60.9.3539-3545.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus produces a thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diarrheal disease caused by this organism. However, previous studies attempting to demonstrate the contribution of the hemolysin to virulence have been inconclusive. We investigated this putative virulence factor by using an isogenic TDH-negative (TDH-) strain constructed by specifically inactivating the two copies of the tdh gene encoding TDH. The enterotoxigenicities of the parent strain (AQ3815) and the mutant strain were tested by adding sterile culture supernatants to rabbit ileal tissue mounted in Ussing chambers. The culture filtrate of the parent strain produced a significant increase in short-circuit current (Isc), compared with the change induced by the TDH- mutant. The capacity of the culture filtrate of AQ3815 to increase the Isc was reduced by neutralization with anti-TDH serum, and the return of the cloned tdh gene to the TDH- mutant restored the ability to increase the Isc. These results were corroborated by rabbit ileal loop assays in which AQ3815 caused fluid accumulation but the TDH- mutant did not. No microscopic damage was seen in mucosal tissues exposed to the culture filtrate of either strain. These results indicate that TDH has an enterotoxigenic effect on rabbit small intestine and could be responsible for the watery diarrhea seen with V. parahaemolyticus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Nishibuchi
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
256
|
Wong HC, Ting SH, Shieh WR. Incidence of toxigenic vibrios in foods available in Taiwan. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1992; 73:197-202. [PMID: 1399913 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1992.tb02978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A total of 1088 vibrios and related species were isolated from seafood and aquacultured foods available in Taiwan. They were identified as Vibrio alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. fluvialis I, V. fluvialis II, V. parahaemolyticus, V. mimicus, Aeromonas caviae, A. hydrophila, A. sobria and other species. Incidence of these Vibrio and Aeromonas species in these foods was high. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was frequently found in seawater and in foods of freshwater origin. The Vibrio isolates were examined for enzymatic and toxigenic activities. Most of them showed strong lipase or protease activities. Haemolytic activities of V. cholerae, V. fluvialis I and V. fluvialis II isolates were mostly strong. About 49% showed cytotoxic activity and 5% cytotonic activity in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture assay. Nevertheless, only three non-O1 V. cholerae (2.07%) and two V. parahaemolyticus isolates (1.65%) produced cholera toxin and thermostable direct haemolysin activity, respectively. Various toxigenic vibrios may be important food-borne pathogens in this region because of their high incidence in foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H C Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
257
|
Kishishita M, Matsuoka N, Kumagai K, Yamasaki S, Takeda Y, Nishibuchi M. Sequence variation in the thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin (trh) gene of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:2449-57. [PMID: 1514791 PMCID: PMC195802 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.8.2449-2457.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous molecular epidemiologic study with gene probes (H. Shirai, H. Ito, T. Hirayama, Y. Nakamoto, N. Nakabayashi, K. Kumagai, Y. Takeda, and M. Nishibuchi, Infect. Immun. 58:3568-3573, 1990) demonstrated that the gene (trh) encoding a thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin was strongly associated with clinical strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Strain-to-strain variation in the intensities of the hybridization signals observed in the above study also suggested that the trh genes in different strains may have significantly divergent nucleotide sequences. To assess the public health significance of the rare environmental strains which exhibited very weak hybridization signals with the trh gene-specific DNA probe, the trh-like sequence was cloned from one of the environmental strains and the nucleotide sequence was determined in this study. A hemolysin gene (trh2) which was 84% homologous to the trh gene (newly named trh1) and 54.8 to 68.8% homologous to the genes (tdh) encoding thermostable direct hemolysins was detected in the cloned sequence. The trh2 gene product showed a profile of hemolytic activities against various animal erythrocytes different from that of the trh1 gene product. The trh2 gene product was antigenically related (partially identical) to the trh1 and tdh gene products. DNA colony blot and Southern blot hybridization analyses with trh1- and trh2-specific DNA probes showed that the trh1 probe-positive strains exhibiting hybridization signals with varying intensities could be clustered into trh1 and trh2 subgroups. In addition, hybridization analysis with oligonucleotide probes demonstrated significant strain-to-strain variation in the trh1 and trh2 gene sequences.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kishishita
- College of Medical Technology, Kyoto University, Shogoin, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
258
|
Van Horn KG, Tatz JS, Li KI, Newman L, Wormser GP. Copepods associated with a perirectal abscess and copepod pseudo-outbreaks in stools for ova and parasite examinations. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 15:561-5. [PMID: 1424511 DOI: 10.1016/0732-8893(92)90110-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We observed copepods, an intermediate host for several human parasites, in material obtained from a perirectal abscess of a 22-year-old man with Crohn's disease. We subsequently noted copepod "outbreaks" in stool specimens submitted for ova and parasite examination. Copepods in the hospital tap water supply were the source for one "outbreak".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K G Van Horn
- Department of Clinical Pathology, New York Medical College, Westchester County Medical Center, Valhalla 10595
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
259
|
Dai JH, Lee YS, Wong HC. Effects of iron limitation on production of a siderophore, outer membrane proteins, and hemolysin and on hydrophobicity, cell adherence, and lethality for mice of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Infect Immun 1992; 60:2952-6. [PMID: 1535342 PMCID: PMC257259 DOI: 10.1128/iai.60.7.2952-2956.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is one of the most important enteropathogens in Taiwan, Japan, and other coastal regions. The pathogenesis of V. parahaemolyticus disease is not clearly understood. The expression of some factors by V. parahaemolyticus in iron-rich and iron-limited media was analyzed. In the clinical hemolytic strains, the production of a siderophore, two outer membrane proteins (77 and 80 kDa), and thermostable direct hemolysin was significantly enhanced in iron-limited culture, and hemolytic activities, cell hydrophobicity, HEp-2 cell adherence, and lethality for mice were also enhanced. The environmental nonhemolytic strain CCRC12958 that was cultured in iron-limited medium exhibited lethal activity for mice, and other factors except hemolysis were also enhanced like the responses of clinical strains were. These results suggested that a virulent factor(s) of V. parahaemolyticus may be induced or enhanced under iron-limited conditions. The iron-regulated factors reported in this paper may be important in the pathogenesis of V. parahaemolyticus disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Dai
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
260
|
Han TJ, Chai TJ. Electrophoretic and chemical characterization of lipopolysaccharides of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:3140-6. [PMID: 1374376 PMCID: PMC205979 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.10.3140-3146.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) isolated from three Kanagawa-positive and three negative strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were characterized by using electrophoretic, immunochemical, and chemical methods. The results of this study indicated that the LPSs of all six strains of V. parahaemolyticus examined did not have an O-specific side chain. These V. parahaemolyticus LPSs appeared to have molecular weights similar to that of the rough-type (Ra) LPS of Salmonella typhimurium TV-119 and might just contain lipid A and a core region. However, the microheterogeneity of V. parahaemolyticus LPS observed was greater than that of S. typhimurium LPS. The profile of V. parahaemolyticus LPS consisted of closely spaced triplet or quadruplet bands, but that of S. typhimurium consisted of doublet bands. Slower-moving bands appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels only when large amounts of V. parahaemolyticus LPS were loaded. These bands were proven to be the aggregates of the fastest-moving low-molecular-weight bands by re-electrophoresis. The banding pattern of V. parahaemolyticus LPSs produced on nitrocellulose membranes by immunoblotting indicated that the V. parahaemolyticus LPSs did not have an O-specific side chain. The low ratio of total carbohydrate to lipid A of V. parahaemolyticus LPSs also suggested that they were like rough-type LPS. The mobility and profile of V. parahaemolyticus LPS on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel and its chemical composition were closely related to the serotype of a specific strain but not with the Kanagawa phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Han
- Seafood Science Program, University of Maryland System, Cambridge 21613
| | | |
Collapse
|
261
|
Sato MIZ, Monteiro CK, Stoppe NC, Sanchez PS, Ostini S, Matté GR. Shellfish and marine water microbiological quality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/tox.2530070109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
262
|
Nishibuchi M, Kumagai K, Kaper JB. Contribution of the tdh1 gene of Kanagawa phenomenon-positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus to production of extracellular thermostable direct hemolysin. Microb Pathog 1991; 11:453-60. [PMID: 1795634 DOI: 10.1016/0882-4010(91)90042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Kanagawa phenomenon-positive strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus contain two copies of the tdh gene (tdh 1 and tdh 2) encoding thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH). Previous studies suggested that the tdh 2 gene, but not the tdh 1 gene, was responsible for production of extracellular TDH. In this study, a tdh 2-deficient isogenic mutant of Kanagawa phenomenon-positive strain AQ3815 was constructed by a suicide vector-mediated in vivo recombination method. The intact tdh 1 gene in the mutant contributed little to Kanagawa phenomenon on Wagatsuma agar but produced TDH in broth media, accounting for 0.5-9.4% of total extracellular TDH of AQ3815.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Nishibuchi
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
263
|
Alm RA, Mayrhofer G, Kotlarski I, Manning PA. Amino-terminal domain of the El Tor haemolysin of Vibrio cholerae O1 is expressed in classical strains and is cytotoxic. Vaccine 1991; 9:588-94. [PMID: 1771972 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(91)90247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the classical isolates of Vibrio cholerae possess an 11 bp deletion in the structural gene for the El Tor haemolysin leading to the production of a 27 kDa non-haemolytic truncated product HlyA* compared to the 82 kDa haemolysin, HlyA. These studies were designed to assess whether this truncated product had any biological activity. A KmR cartridge was introduced into the hlyA gene effectively eliminating the haemolysin. This was recombined into the chromosome of a variety of strains and isogenic pairs were examined in a number of systems. These studies suggest that the haemolytic (cytolytic) domain of HlyA resides at the C-terminus and that the N-terminus, which is conserved as HlyA* in classical strains, possesses enterotoxic (cytotoxic) activity. Experiments with the cholera-toxinless vaccine candidate JBK70 and its hlyA::KmR mutant suggest that HlyA* may be responsible for the residual diarrhoea observed in cholera-toxinless vaccine strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Alm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Adelaide, SA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
264
|
Honda T, Abad-Lapuebla MA, Ni YX, Yamamoto K, Miwatani T. Characterization of a new thermostable direct haemolysin produced by a Kanagawa-phenomenon-negative clinical isolate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. JOURNAL OF GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY 1991; 137:253-9. [PMID: 2016584 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-137-2-253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The production of two haemolysins, thermostable direct haemolysin (Vp-TDH) and a Vp-TDH-related haemolysin (Vp-TRH), by clinical isolates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus has previously been reported. Here we describe a third type of haemolysin (named Vp-TDH/I), which is produced by a clinical isolate (strain TH012) that is Kanagawa phenomenon negative. Vp-TDH/I was purified by a series of column chromatographies on DEAE-Sephadex A25, hydroxyapatite, Sepharose 4B and Mono Q. By physicochemical, biological and immunological analyses, Vp-TDH/I was demonstrated to be similar, but not identical, to Vp-TDH and Vp-TRH. The gene encoding Vp-TDH/I was cloned and the deduced amino acid sequence of Vp-TDH/I confirmed that Vp-TDH/I has a sequence different from those of previously known Vp-TDH and Vp-TRH. Not only purified Vp-TDH/I but also live cells of the Vp-TDH/I-producing strain induced fluid accumulation in ligated rabbit intestine. We conclude that this clinical isolate produces a new type of Vp-TDH-related haemolysin, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of this organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Honda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
265
|
Toda H, Sakiyama F, Yoh M, Honda T, Miwatani T. Tryptophan 65 is essential for hemolytic activity of the thermostable direct hemolysin from Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Toxicon 1991; 29:837-44. [PMID: 1926183 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(91)90220-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of modification of aromatic and ionizable amino acid residues on the hemolytic activity of a thermostable direct hemolysin from Vibrio parahaemolyticus was examined. Tryptophan 65, one of the two tryptophan residues per subunit, was specifically modified with N-bromosuccinimide, resulting in complete loss of hemolytic activity. However, neither nitration with tetranitromethane of one of the nine tyrosine residues nor Nlm-ethoxyformylation of two of the four histidine residues caused any change in hemolytic activity. The hemolysin was fully active upon amidation of two reactive carboxyl group. On the other hand, acetylation of amino groups and the modification of one of the three arginine residues with 1,2-cyclohexanedione resulted in a partial loss of the hemolytic activity. The results suggest that Trp65 is essential for the hemolytic activity of V. parahaemolyticus hemolysin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Toda
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
266
|
Magalhães V, Lima RA, Tateno S, Magalhães M. [Human gastroenteritis associated with Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Recife, Brazil]. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1991; 33:64-8. [PMID: 1843400 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46651991000100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was carried out on the occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in 1,100 diarrheal feces, routinely sent to a private clinical laboratory for microbiologic diagnosis, in Recife. V. parahaemolyticus was isolated from 14 (1.3%) fecal samples. However, if we considered only the specimens from adult patients, the isolation rate of V. parahaemolyticus rose to 7.1%. In most cases (92.86%), V. parahaemolyticus was the only enteropathogen recognized. Among the isolates, seven K antigen serovars were demonstrated, and three were untypable. Only two human isolates, both ureolytic, did not produce the thermostable direct hemolysin. We concluded that V. parahaemolyticus is an important cause of sea food linked diarrhea among adults in Recife.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Magalhães
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, CCS/UFPE, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
267
|
Honda T, Ni YX, Miwatani T. Production of monoclonal antibody against a hemolysin (Vp-TRH) produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990; 56:167-70. [PMID: 2332155 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigenicity of a hemolysin (Vp-TRH: Vp-TDH related hemolysin) produced by Kanagawa phenomenon-negative clinical isolates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was studied using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). A total of 12 hybridoma clones which produced MAbs against Vp-TRH were established. All MAbs contained the Kappa light chain and were IgG type. These MAbs were divided into a minimum of 5 different specificity groups, including antibodies specific to Vp-TRH and common to both Vp-TRH and Vp-TDH, a possible pathogenic toxin of Kanagawa phenomenon-positive V. parahaemolyticus. These results clearly show the immunological similarity and dissimilarity (specificity) of Vp-TRH and Vp-TDH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Honda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
268
|
Venkateswaran K, Kiiyukia C, Nakanishi K, Nakano H, Matsuda O, Hashimoto H, Matsuda O, Hashimoto H. The role of sinking particles in the overwintering process ofVibrio parahaemolyticusin a marine environment. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb03936.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
269
|
Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 41-1989. A 65-year-old man with fever, bullae, erythema, and edema of the leg after wading in brackish water. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:1029-38. [PMID: 2779628 DOI: 10.1056/nejm198910123211507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
270
|
Honda T, Ni Y, Hori S, Takakura H, Tsunasawa S, Sakiyama F, Miwatani T. A mutant hemolysin with lower biological activity produced by a mutantVibrio parahaemolyticus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
271
|
Abstract
Formalin-fixed human small intestinal mucosa with mucus coating, villi, and lymphoid follicle epithelium at the mucosal surface was used to test the adherence sites of clinically isolated (Kanagawa phenomenon-positive) strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. V. parahaemolyticus strains grown on CFA agar (supplemented with 3% NaCl) for ca. 3 h at 37 degrees C possessed various levels of cell-associated hemagglutinins (HAs) which were detected with human or guinea pig erythrocytes. The observed adherence abilities of V. parahaemolyticus strains to human small intestinal mucosa correlated roughly with the HA levels of the strains. Under the test conditions, ileal lymphoid follicle epithelium (especially M cells) provided the best adherence target for V. parahaemolyticus. Adherence to villus absorptive cells or to mucus coating was observed at lower levels. In addition, all 3-h-grown V. parahaemolyticus strains tested produced high levels of HAs as detected with rabbit erythrocytes. The strains were all strikingly motile. In contrast, V. parahaemolyticus strains grown on CFA agar (supplemented with 3% NaCl) for ca. 20 h at 37 degrees C had much lower levels of HAs, adherence abilities, and motility. In contrast to the above observations, piliation of V. parahaemolyticus was more extensive at ca. 20 h of incubation at 37 degrees C than at ca. 3 h of incubation at 37 degrees C. The remarkable ability of V. parahaemolyticus to adhere to lymphoid follicle epithelium was also confirmed by using rabbit small intestinal mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Yamamoto
- Department of Bacteriology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
272
|
West PA. The human pathogenic vibrios--a public health update with environmental perspectives. Epidemiol Infect 1989; 103:1-34. [PMID: 2673820 PMCID: PMC2249492 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800030326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Vibrio species are naturally-occurring bacteria in freshwater and saline aquatic environments. Counts of free-living bacteria in water are generally less than required to induce disease. Increases in number of organisms towards an infective dose can occur as water temperatures rise seasonally followed by growth and concentration of bacteria on higher animals, such as chitinous plankton, or accumulation by shellfish and seafood. Pathogenic Vibrio species must elaborate a series of virulence factors to elicit disease in humans. Activities which predispose diarrhoeal and extraintestinal infections include ingestion of seafood and shellfish and occupational or recreational exposure to natural aquatic environments, especially those above 20 degrees C. Travel to areas endemic for diseases due to pathogenic Vibrio species may be associated with infections. Host risk factors strongly associated with infections are lack of gastric acid and liver disorders. Involvement of pathogenic Vibrio species in cases of diarrhoea should be suspected especially if infection is associated with ingestion of seafood or shellfish, raw or undercooked, in the previous 72 h. Vibrio species should be suspected in any acute infection associated with wounds sustained or exposed in the marine or estuarine environment. Laboratories serving coastal areas where infection due to pathogenic Vibrio species are most likely to occur should consider routine use of TCBS agar and other detection regimens for culture of Vibrio species from faeces, blood and samples from wound and ear infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A West
- North West Water Authority, Warrington, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
273
|
Venkateswaran K, Kim SW, Nakano H, Onbé T, Hashimoto H. The Association of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Serotypes with Zooplankton and its Relationship with Bacterial Indicators of Pollution. Syst Appl Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(89)80061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
274
|
Honda T, Ni Y, Miwatani T. Purification of a TDH-related hemolysin produced by a Kanagawa phenomenon-negative clinical isolate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus 06: K46. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1989; 48:241-5. [PMID: 2721917 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A hemolysin produced by a clinical isolate of Kanagawa phenomenon-negative Vibrio parahaemolyticus 06: K46 was purified by 55% ammonium sulfate fractionation and successive column chromatographies on DEAE-cellulose, hydroxyapatite, Sepharose 4B and Mono Q. The purified hemolysin was physicochemically and immunologically identical with the Vp-TRH (V. parahaemolyticus thermostable direct hemolysin related hemolysin) recently described in V. parahaemolyticus 03: K6 (Honda et al. Infect. Immun. 56: 961-965, 1988). This indicates that V. parahaemolyticus of Kanagawa-negative clinical isolates possessing not only 03: K6 but also different serotypes such as 06: K46 produce Vp-TRH. Production of Vp-TRH by most clinical isolates of Kanagawa-negative V. parahaemolyticus was also demonstrated. These results suggest the importance of Vp-TRH among clinical isolates of Kanagawa-negative V. parahaemolyticus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Honda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
275
|
Chan KY, Woo ML, Lam LY, French GL. Vibrio parahaemolyticus and other halophilic vibrios associated with seafood in Hong Kong. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1989; 66:57-64. [PMID: 2722715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb02454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The summer prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and other halophilic vibrios in seafood from Hong Kong markets was investigated. Halophilic vibrios were isolated from all seven types of seafood examined, and comprised 9.1%, 8% and 6.1% of contaminating aerobic heterotrophic bacteria from mussels, clams and oysters respectively. Sucrose-positive vibrios were more common than sucrose-negative varieties. Vibrio alginolyticus was the most frequently isolated species, followed by V. parahaemolyticus, V. harveyi, V. fluvialis, V. vulnificus, V. pelagius, V. campbellii, V. spendidus and V. marinus. Mussels contained the highest concentration of V. parahaemolyticus (4.6 x 10(4)/g); oysters and clams contained 3.4 x 10(4)/g and 6.5 x 10(3)/g respectively. The ubiquity and relatively high concentrations of V. parahaemolyticus and other pathogenic vibrios in shellfish is a potential public health hazard in Hong Kong and other subtropical Asian countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Y Chan
- Department of Biology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
276
|
Abstract
Although the first Aeromonas strain was described by Zimmermann as early as in 1890, it took 60 years until Caselitz established human pathogenicity of strains then called "Vibrio jamaicensis". Since then, and especially in the last 10 years, there have been increasing numbers of reports on different infections caused by members of the genus Aeromonas. These include sepsis; meningitis; cellulitis; necrotizing fasciitis; ecthyma gangrenosum; pneumonia; peritonitis; conjunctivitis; corneal ulcer; endophthalmitis; osteomyelitis; suppurative arthritis; myositis; subphrenic abscess; liver abscess; cholecystitis and/or ascending cholangitis; urinary tract infection; endocarditis; ear, nose, and throat infections; balanitis; etc. The role of Aeromonas in gastrointestinal disease is very controversial. Increasing epidemiological data suggest that these organisms play a major role in enteric infections, but so far enteropathogenicity has not been demonstrable in experiments where volunteers were given high numbers of Aeromonas possessing different virulence factors. Virulence factors include hemolysin(s), enterotoxin(s), hemagglutinins, invasivity, and others; but these are not found more frequently in strains isolated from patients with diarrhea than from healthy controls. Whether there is a correlation between species and disease remains to be elucidated and requires more information about the taxonomy of this genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Altwegg
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
277
|
|
278
|
Janda JM, Powers C, Bryant RG, Abbott SL. Current perspectives on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of clinically significant Vibrio spp. Clin Microbiol Rev 1988; 1:245-67. [PMID: 3058295 PMCID: PMC358049 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.1.3.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent taxonomic advances have now implicated several different Vibrio species as human pathogens. While the most common clinical presentation of Vibrio infection continues to be gastroenteritis, an increasing number of extraintestinal infections are being reported, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Detection of Vibrio infections requires a good clinical history and the use of appropriate isolation and identification procedures by the laboratory to confirm illnesses attributed to Vibrio species. Except for Vibrio cholerae O1 and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, there is little direct evidence linking the production of a myriad of cell-associated or extracellular factors produced by each species with human disease and pathogenesis. Many questions regarding pathogenic Vibrio species remain unanswered, including their frequency and distribution in environmental specimens (water, shellfish), infective doses, virulence potential of individual isolates, and markers associated with such strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Janda
- Microbial Diseases Laboratory, California Department of Health Services, Berkeley 94704
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
279
|
Miyake M, Honda T, Miwatani T. Purification and characterization of Vibrio metschnikovii cytolysin. Infect Immun 1988; 56:954-60. [PMID: 3126150 PMCID: PMC259397 DOI: 10.1128/iai.56.4.954-960.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An extracellular cytolysin produced by Vibrio metschnikovii was purified by acid precipitation, phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B chromatography, and rechromatography on a phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B column and high-performance liquid chromatography on a Mono Q (anion-exchange) column. The purified cytolysin had a molecular weight of 50,000 and an isoelectric point of 5.1. It was inactivated by heating at 60 degrees C for 5 min and was inhibited by Zn2+, Cu2+, and high concentrations of cholesterol. Lysis of calf erythrocytes by cytolysin was temperature dependent and occurred only above 18 degrees C. Moreover, no lysis was observed at high concentrations of erythrocytes, suggesting that the cytolysin lyses erythrocytes by a multihit mechanism. This cytolysin had no immunological cross-reactivities with hemolysins from other Vibrio species tested, indicating that it is a new cytolysin. V. metschnikovii cytolysin lysed erythrocytes from several animal species (calf, rabbit, guinea pig, mouse, human, sheep, chicken, and horse) and cultured cells (Vero and Chinese hamster ovary), caused fluid accumulation in the intestines of infant mice, and increased vascular permeability in rabbit skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Miyake
- Department of Bacteriology and Serology, Osaka University, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
280
|
Datta AR, Ostroff R, MacQuillan AM. Genetic and physical characterization of proBA genes of the marine bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Appl Environ Microbiol 1987; 53:2733-8. [PMID: 2829719 PMCID: PMC204189 DOI: 10.1128/aem.53.12.2733-2738.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular proline pools have been implicated in the halotolerance of many organisms. To examine this relationship in a moderately halotolerant marine bacterium, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, proline biosynthesis genes were cloned in various plasmids. Some genetic and structural properties of those genes were examined. Subcloning showed that about 3.1 kilobases of V. parahaemolyticus DNA could complement proA and proB but not proC mutations of Escherichia coli. The same fragment would also complement some Pro- mutants of V. parahaemolyticus. Gamma-delta insertion mutagenesis of this subcloned fragment indicated that proB and proA genes of V. parahaemolyticus might be transcribed from different promoters. Two other genes, phoE and gpt, which map closely to the proBA genes in E. coli, were also found to be in close proximity to the proBA genes of V. parahaemolyticus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Datta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
281
|
Sarkar BL, Kumar R, De SP, Pal SC. Hemolytic activity of and lethal toxin production by environmental strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Appl Environ Microbiol 1987; 53:2696-8. [PMID: 3426228 PMCID: PMC204179 DOI: 10.1128/aem.53.11.2696-2698.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated subculturing of Kanagawa-negative strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus on Wagatsuma agar induced the production of a hemolysin which was not the thermostable direct hemolysin. Crude hemolysin exhibited a 30 to 40% lethal toxicity in mice after intraperitoneal injection. A 21-kilodalton protein band was observed with all the environmental isolates in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results suggested that a certain percentage of environmental strains of V. parahaemolyticus is responsible for pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B L Sarkar
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Calcutta, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
282
|
|
283
|
Karunasagar I, Karunasagar I, Venugopal M, Nagesha C. Survival of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in estuarine and sea water and in association with clams. Syst Appl Microbiol 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(87)80041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
284
|
Shiaris MP, Rex AC, Pettibone GW, Keay K, McManus P, Rex MA, Ebersole J, Gallagher E. Distribution of indicator bacteria and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in sewage-polluted intertidal sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 1987; 53:1756-61. [PMID: 3116932 PMCID: PMC203991 DOI: 10.1128/aem.53.8.1756-1761.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of a sewage point source on the bacterial densities in an intertidal mud flat in Boston Harbor, Mass., was investigated. The area, Savin Hill Cove, acts as a receiving basin for a combined storm and sewage outlet (CSO). Preliminary examination of sediments and overlying water at high tide demonstrated that fecal coliforms were present in sediments at abundances 2 to 4 orders of magnitude higher than in the overlying water column. The following bacterial counts were determined from sediments along a sampling transect extending 460 m from the CSO: total bacteria by epifluorescent microscopy, heterotrophic bacteria by plate counts on nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor media, fecal coliforms and enterococci by membrane filtration, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus by a most-probable-number technique with a resuscitation step. Median sediment grain size, average tidal exposure, carbon/nitrogen ratio, and total organic carbon were also measured. All bacterial indices, except for V. parahaemolyticus, declined significantly with distance from the outfall. Multiple regression analysis indicated that tidal exposure (low tides) may affect densities of total bacteria. Fecal coliforms and enterococci were still present in appreciable numbers in sediments as far as 460 m away from the CSO. In contrast, V. parahaemolyticus densities did not correlate with the other bacterial counts nor with any of the environmental parameters examined. These results indicate that intertidal sediments which adjoin point sources of pollution are severely contaminated and should be considered as potentially hazardous reservoirs of sewage-borne diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Shiaris
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston 02125
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
285
|
Datta AR, MacQuillan AM. Salt tolerance of lactose-grown Vibrio parahaemolyticus carrying Escherichia coli lac genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 1987; 53:466-9. [PMID: 3105458 PMCID: PMC203685 DOI: 10.1128/aem.53.2.466-469.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lac- strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were converted to Lac+ on receiving a hybrid plasmid containing the lactose utilization genes of Escherichia coli K-12. A V. parahaemolyticus strain containing this hybrid plasmid exhibited optimal growth rates on glucose and other carbon sources in the presence of 0.2 to 0.4 M NaCl. Growth of the same strain on lactose was inhibited at similar concentrations of NaCl. The altered growth rate responses in lactose medium appeared to be attributable to effects of NaCl on the activity of lactose permease, and possibly on that of beta-galactosidase, rather than on the levels of these enzymes in V. parahaemolyticus cells.
Collapse
|
286
|
Chan KY, Woo ML, Lo KW, French GL. Occurrence and distribution of halophilic vibrios in subtropical coastal waters of Hong Kong. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986; 52:1407-11. [PMID: 3789725 PMCID: PMC239243 DOI: 10.1128/aem.52.6.1407-1411.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The summer occurrence and distribution of halophilic vibrios in the subtropical coastal waters of Hong Kong were investigated. The density of vibrios in six sample sites ranged from 90 to 6,700 per ml, which made up 0.41 to 40% of the total bacterial populations of these sample sites. The sucrose-positive vibrios were found to be much more common (88% of total vibrios) than the sucrose-negative ones. A total of 48 strains belonging to six Vibrio species were fully characterized. Among these, Vibrio alginolyticus was the most frequently isolated, followed by V. parahaemolyticus, V. harveyi, V. vulnificus, V. campbellii, and V. fluvialis. The finding that eight of the nine strains of V. harveyi showed a positive Kanagawa reaction warrants further study.
Collapse
|
287
|
Grimes DJ, Brayton PR, West PA, Singleton FL, Colwell RR. The probabilistic identification of Vibrio spp. isolated from surface seawater with special reference to Vibrio campbellii. Lett Appl Microbiol 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1986.tb01523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
288
|
Bernheimer AW, Rudy B. Interactions between membranes and cytolytic peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 864:123-41. [PMID: 2424507 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(86)90018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The physico-chemical and biological properties of cytolytic peptides derived from diverse living entities have been discussed. The principal sources of these agents are bacteria, higher fungi, cnidarians (coelenterates) and the venoms of snakes, insects and other arthropods. Attention has been directed to instances in which cytolytic peptides obtained from phylogenetically remote as well as from related sources show similarities in nature and/or mode of action (congeneric lysins). The manner in which cytolytic peptides interact with plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells, particularly the membranes of erythrocytes, has been discussed with emphasis on melittin, thiolactivated lysins and staphylococcal alpha-toxin. These and other lytic peptides are characterized in Table III. They can be broadly categorized into: (a) those which alter permeability to allow passage of ions, this process eventuating in colloid osmotic lysis, signs of which are a pre-lytic induction or latent period, pre-lytic leakage of potassium ions, cell swelling and inhibition of lysis by sucrose. Examples of lysins in which this mechanism is involved are staphylococcal alpha-toxin, streptolysin S and aerolysin; (b) phospholipases causing enzymic degradation of bilayer phospholipids as exemplified by phospholipases C of Cl. perfringens and certain other bacteria; (c) channel-forming agents such as helianthin, gramicidin and (probably) staphylococcal delta-toxin in which toxin molecules are thought to embed themselves in the membrane to form oligomeric transmembrane channels.
Collapse
|
289
|
Karunasagar I, Venugopal MN, Segar K, Karunasagar I. Survival of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in cold smoked fish. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1986; 52:145-52. [PMID: 3729375 DOI: 10.1007/bf00429318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fresh samples of mullet (Mugil cephalus) and oil sardines (Sardinella longiceps) obtained from a fish market were subjected to cold smoking. Some of the samples harboured low levels of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. After cold smoking, however, many samples showed relatively high levels of V. parahaemolyticus suggesting that a small population of naturally occurring organisms could multiply to significant levels during the process of cold smoking or during subsequent storage at room temperature. Nevertheless, smoke components were observed to exert an inhibitory effect on V. parahaemolyticus in broth. Salt concentration 1% appeared to increase the sensitivity of V. parahaemolyticus to smoke components.
Collapse
|
290
|
Opal SM, Saxon JR. Intracranial infection by Vibrio alginolyticus following injury in salt water. J Clin Microbiol 1986; 23:373-4. [PMID: 3700619 PMCID: PMC268645 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.23.2.373-374.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A 20-year-old man presented with an epidural abscess 3 months after a seawater diving accident. Cultures of the abscess cavity obtained by surgical drainage revealed a pure culture of Vibrio alginolyticus. Marine vibrios may produce serious intracranial infection after head injury in salt water.
Collapse
|
291
|
Molitoris E, Joseph SW, Krichevsky MI, Sindhuhardja W, Colwell RR. Characterization and distribution of Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated in Indonesia. Appl Environ Microbiol 1985; 50:1388-94. [PMID: 4091566 PMCID: PMC238769 DOI: 10.1128/aem.50.6.1388-1394.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus can be isolated from similar types of marine samples. In this report, the results of an examination of 567 V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus strains, isolated from seawater in Jakarta Bay and from more than 30 types of seafood from markets in Jakarta, Indonesia, are presented. Most isolates were from mackerel, shrimp, or squid. Numerical taxonomic analyses clustered 337 isolates and three V. alginolyticus reference strains at S greater than or equal to 80%. These strains produced acid from sucrose, but only approximately 80% produced acetoin or grew in the presence of 10% NaCl. The frequency of occurrence of V. alginolyticus in seawater samples ranged from 0% (in February and March 1972) to 100% (in September and December 1972) and was highest in seafood samples from August to December 1972. A second cluster of 230 isolates and seven V. parahaemolyticus reference strains was observed at S greater than or equal to 82%. These strains did not produce acetoin or acid from sucrose, and approximately 20% grew in the presence of 10% NaCl. V. parahaemolyticus was detected in seawater samples each month, with the highest frequency of occurrence (83.3%) in May 1972. Twenty-nine K antigen serotypes were demonstrated in V. parahaemolyticus isolates, and another 40% were untypable. The modal antibiotic resistance pattern for each species included five drugs. Only 12% of the V. parahaemolyticus strains were Kanagawa positive, and 10% elicited fluid accumulation in ligated rabbit ileal loops. All of the 7 V. alginolyticus strains and 94 (70%) of the V. parahaemolyticus strains tested killed mice when inoculated intraperitoneally.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
|
292
|
Wright AC, Morris JG, Maneval DR, Richardson K, Kaper JB. Cloning of the cytotoxin-hemolysin gene of Vibrio vulnificus. Infect Immun 1985; 50:922-4. [PMID: 4066036 PMCID: PMC261170 DOI: 10.1128/iai.50.3.922-924.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genes encoding the cytotoxin-hemolysin of Vibrio vulnificus were cloned in Escherichia coli by using the lytic cloning vector, lambda 1059. Subcloning in plasmid pBR325 resulted in the isolation of a 3.2-kilobase DNA fragment containing the cytotoxin gene. By using this fragment as a DNA probe, homologous gene sequences were detected in all 54 V. vulnificus strains studied; homologous sequences were present in none of 96 isolates from 29 other bacterial species.
Collapse
|
293
|
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive, and specific indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) procedure is described for identifying Vibrio vulnificus. Reference antisera were prepared by vaccinating rabbits with surface antigen preparations of V. vulnificus, and the antisera were examined for the ability to react with and serologically group 85 isolates of V. vulnificus grown in heart infusion broth, and to detect V. vulnificus in tissue specimens from mice experimentally infected with a virulent isolate of the bacterium. The antisera detected 100% of the V. vulnificus isolates examined and gave false-positive results in approximately 0.9% of 445 IIF tests performed with non-V. vulnificus clinical isolates. V. vulnificus also was detected in frozen tissue sections from infected mice; however, the most easily observed positive results were obtained by examining V. vulnificus from lesion specimens and blood cultured briefly in heart infusion broth. The bacteria in 2-hr-old cultures of local lesions fluoresced brilliantly and were easily detectable. The IIF procedure could be of value in rapidly diagnosing fulminating and potentially fatal human disease caused by V. vulnificus.
Collapse
|
294
|
Grimes D, Brayton P, Colwell R, Gruber S. Vibrios as Autochthonous Flora of Neritic Sharks. Syst Appl Microbiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(85)80056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
295
|
Behavior and incidence of Vibro parahaemolyticus in Sydney rock oysters (Crassostrea commercialis). Int J Food Microbiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(85)90004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
296
|
|
297
|
Datta AR, Kaper JB, MacQuillan AM. Shuttle cloning vectors for the marine bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus. J Bacteriol 1984; 160:808-11. [PMID: 6094492 PMCID: PMC214813 DOI: 10.1128/jb.160.2.808-811.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Two cosmid cloning vectors containing lambda cos sequences and a 42-base-pair multipurpose cloning sequence were constructed. pAD22 also contains a 1.4-kilobase TRP-ARS fragment from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These cosmids transformed Escherichia coli and S. cerevisiae cells and could be mobilized into Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains with a conjugative plasmid, pRK2013. The cosmid pAD22 was genetically and structurally stable during passage through V. parahaemolyticus and E. coli strains.
Collapse
|
298
|
|
299
|
Kaper JB, Campen RK, Seidler RJ, Baldini MM, Falkow S. Cloning of the thermostable direct or Kanagawa phenomenon-associated hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Infect Immun 1984; 45:290-2. [PMID: 6329958 PMCID: PMC263317 DOI: 10.1128/iai.45.1.290-292.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genes encoding the thermostable direct or Kanagawa phenomenon hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were cloned in Escherichia coli. DNA hybridization experiments with the cloned genes showed that none of the five Kanagawa phenomenon-negative environmental isolates tested possessed DNA sequences homologous to the probe.
Collapse
|
300
|
|