251
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Varricchi G, Loffredo S, Borriello F, Pecoraro A, Rivellese F, Genovese A, Spadaro G, Marone G. Superantigenic Activation of Human Cardiac Mast Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081828. [PMID: 31013832 PMCID: PMC6514993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell superantigens, also called immunoglobulin superantigens, bind to the variable regions of either the heavy or light chain of immunoglobulins mirroring the lymphocyte-activating properties of classical T cell superantigens. Protein A of Staphylococcus aureus, protein L of Peptostreptococcus magnus, and gp120 of HIV are typical immunoglobulin superantigens. Mast cells are immune cells expressing the high-affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI) and are strategically located in the human heart, where they play a role in several cardiometabolic diseases. Here, we investigated whether immunoglobulin superantigens induced the activation of human heart mast cells (HHMCs). Protein A induced the de novo synthesis of cysteinyl leukotriene C4 (LTC4) from HHMCs through the interaction with IgE VH3+ bound to FcεRI. Protein L stimulated the production of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) from HHMCs through the interaction with κ light chains of IgE. HIV glycoprotein gp120 induced the release of preformed (histamine) and de novo synthesized mediators, such as cysteinyl leukotriene C4 (LTC4), angiogenic (VEGF-A), and lymphangiogenic (VEGF-C) factors by interacting with the VH3 region of IgE. Collectively, our data indicate that bacterial and viral immunoglobulin superantigens can interact with different regions of IgE bound to FcεRI to induce the release of proinflammatory, angiogenic, and lymphangiogenic factors from human cardiac mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy.
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), 80100 Naples, Italy.
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, 80100 Naples, Italy.
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy.
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), 80100 Naples, Italy.
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, 80100 Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Borriello
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy.
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), 80100 Naples, Italy.
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, 80100 Naples, Italy.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115 MA, USA.
| | - Antonio Pecoraro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy.
| | - Felice Rivellese
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS London, UK.
| | - Arturo Genovese
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy.
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), 80100 Naples, Italy.
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, 80100 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Spadaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy.
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), 80100 Naples, Italy.
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, 80100 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy.
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), 80100 Naples, Italy.
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, 80100 Naples, Italy.
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore", National Research Council (CNR), 80100 Naples, Italy.
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252
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Principi E, Raffaghello L. The role of the P2X7 receptor in myeloid-derived suppressor cells and immunosuppression. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 47:82-89. [PMID: 30959357 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells expanded and recruited from the bone marrow to the periphery or to a specific site of inflammation/infection. MDSC have been described in different pathological conditions including cancer, infections, autoimmunity and obesity. The main function of MDSC is immunosuppression occurring through different mechanisms such as induction of immunosuppressive cells, impairment of lymphocyte homing, free radical production, depletion of amino acids critical for T cell functions, upregulation of ectoenzymes involved in adenosine production and activation of immune regulatory molecules responsible of T cell anergy. A novel immunosuppressive mechanism MDSC-mediated involves the ATP/P2X7 receptor axis that induces the release of immunosuppressive chemokines/cytokines upon triggering with ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Principi
- Stem Cell Laboratory and Cell Therapy Center, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Lizzia Raffaghello
- Stem Cell Laboratory and Cell Therapy Center, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy; Center of Translational and Experimental Myology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.
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253
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Natural Killer Cells as Key Players of Tumor Progression and Angiogenesis: Old and Novel Tools to Divert Their Pro-Tumor Activities into Potent Anti-Tumor Effects. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040461. [PMID: 30939820 PMCID: PMC6521276 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cells, as a consequence of their plasticity, can acquire altered phenotype/functions within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Some of these aberrant functions include attenuation of targeting and killing of tumor cells, tolerogenic/immunosuppressive behavior and acquisition of pro-angiogenic activities. Natural killer (NK) cells are effector lymphocytes involved in tumor immunosurveillance. In solid malignancies, tumor-associated NK cells (TANK cells) in peripheral blood and tumor-infiltrating NK (TINK) cells show altered phenotypes and are characterized by either anergy or reduced cytotoxicity. Here, we aim at discussing how NK cells can support tumor progression and how induction of angiogenesis, due to TME stimuli, can be a relevant part on the NK cell-associated tumor supporting activities. We will review and discuss the contribution of the TME in shaping NK cell response favoring cancer progression. We will focus on TME-derived set of factors such as TGF-β, soluble HLA-G, prostaglandin E2, adenosine, extracellular vesicles, and miRNAs, which can exhibit a dual function. On one hand, these factors can suppress NK cell-mediated activities but, on the other hand, they can induce a pro-angiogenic polarization in NK cells. Also, we will analyze the impact on cancer progression of the interaction of NK cells with several TME-associated cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. Then, we will discuss the most relevant therapeutic approaches aimed at potentiating/restoring NK cell activities against tumors. Finally, supported by the literature revision and our new findings on NK cell pro-angiogenic activities, we uphold NK cells to a key host cellular paradigm in controlling tumor progression and angiogenesis; thus, we should bear in mind NK cells like a TME-associated target for anti-tumor therapeutic approaches.
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254
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Adinolfi E, De Marchi E, Orioli E, Pegoraro A, Di Virgilio F. Role of the P2X7 receptor in tumor-associated inflammation. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 47:59-64. [PMID: 30921559 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is constantly associated to cancer. Malignant tumors often develop at sites of chronic inflammation, and inflammation promotes tumor progression. But, at the same time, inflammation is crucial for anti-tumor immune response. Many factors are responsible for this 'Dr Jekyll/Mr Hyde' roles of inflammation, among which one that is attracting increasing attention is the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). This receptor is expressed by most malignant tumors and widely diffused in innate and adaptive immune cells, where it supports proliferation, chemotaxis, growth factor, and cytokine release. P2X7R-targeting may offer novel avenues for anti-cancer therapeutic intervention, but might also impair host anti-tumor responses. This short review highlights recent findings on the dual role of the P2X7R in cancer-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Adinolfi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Elena De Marchi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisa Orioli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Pegoraro
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
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255
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Zang X, Zhang X, Zhao X, Hu H, Qiao M, Deng Y, Chen D. Targeted Delivery of miRNA 155 to Tumor Associated Macrophages for Tumor Immunotherapy. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1714-1722. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Zang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Xiuli Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Haiyang Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Mingxi Qiao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Yihui Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
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256
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Tugues S, Ducimetiere L, Friebel E, Becher B. Innate lymphoid cells as regulators of the tumor microenvironment. Semin Immunol 2019; 41:101270. [PMID: 30871769 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As crucial players in innate immunity, Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs) have been distinctly associated with either tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting activities. This dichotomy arises from the high degree of heterogeneity and plasticity between the ILC family subsets. Also, the tissue microenvironment is crucial for the function of ILCs. Especially within the tumor niche, each of the ILC subsets participates in a complex network of interactions with other cells and molecules. Although extensive research has unraveled several aspects of the crosstalk ILCs establish with the tumor microenvironment (TME), numerous questions remain to be answered. Here, we will discuss a role for the different ILC subsets that goes beyond their direct effects on the tumor cells. Instead, we will highlight the ability of ILCs to communicate with the surrounding milieu and the impact this has on tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Tugues
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Laura Ducimetiere
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ekaterina Friebel
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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257
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Hosseini A, Rasmi Y, Rahbarghazi R, Aramwit P, Daeihassani B, Saboory E. Curcumin modulates the angiogenic potential of human endothelial cells via FAK/P-38 MAPK signaling pathway. Gene 2019; 688:7-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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258
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Cong Q, Li G, Wang Y, Zhang S, Zhang H. DW-MRI for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, correlations between ADC values with histologic differentiation and VEGF expression: A retrospective study. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:2770-2776. [PMID: 30854051 PMCID: PMC6365896 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.9934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the correlations between diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) features with the histologic differentiation and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). A total of 52 patients with ESCC included in the present study received radiotherapy, and all patients underwent contrast enhanced MRI and DW-MRI prior to and following radiotherapy. The diffusion sensitivity coefficient (b value) was set as 800 s/mm2. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were automatically computed. VEGF expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. The results demonstrated that the pathological grading of ESCC was positively correlated with ADC values (r=0.635, P=0.0007), and the VEGF expression was inversely correlated with ADC values (r=−0.321, P=0.008). However, no correlation was identified between the pathological grading and the VEGF expression (r=0.178, P=0.284). All patients were categorized as complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) and the ADC values were increased significantly following radiotherapy. The mean ADC values in the CR group were higher than the PR group prior to radiotherapy (t=5.156, P=0.0004). Therefore, we concluded that the DWI with ADC value measurement may represent the grade of tumor histologic differentiation and the degree of VEGF expression, and may also serve as a useful marker to predict radiotherapy and anti-VEGF response in ESCC. ADC value may be a substitution for assessing tumor angiogenesis and novel prognostic factor and contribute to the treatment of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxue Cong
- Department of Radiotherapy, Daqing Longnan Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163453, P.R. China.,Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Shanguo Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Daqing Longnan Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163453, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Daqing Longnan Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163453, P.R. China
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259
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Baci D, Gallazzi M, Cascini C, Tramacere M, De Stefano D, Bruno A, Noonan DM, Albini A. Downregulation of Pro-Inflammatory and Pro-Angiogenic Pathways in Prostate Cancer Cells by a Polyphenol-Rich Extract from Olive Mill Wastewater. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020307. [PMID: 30646518 PMCID: PMC6359159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary phytochemicals are particularly attractive for chemoprevention and are able to modulate several signal transduction pathways linked with cancer. Olive oil, a major component of the Mediterranean diet, is an abundant source of phenolic compounds. Olive oil production is associated with the generation of a waste material, termed 'olive mill wastewater' (OMWW) that have been reported to contain water-soluble polyphenols. Prostate cancer (PCa) is considered as an ideal cancer type for chemopreventive approaches, due to its wide incidence but relatively long latency period and progression time. Here, we investigated activities associated with potential preventive properties of a polyphenol-rich olive mill wastewater extract, OMWW (A009), on three in vitro models of PCa. A009 was able to inhibit PCa cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and invasion. Molecularly, we found that A009 targeted NF-κB and reduced pro-angiogenic growth factor, VEGF, CXCL8, and CXCL12 production. IL-6/STAT3 axis was also regulated by the extract. A009 shows promising properties, and purified hydroxytyrosol (HyT), the major polyphenol component of A009, was also active but not always as effective as A009. Finally, our results support the idea of repositioning a food waste-derived material for nutraceutical employment, with environmental and industrial cost management benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Baci
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy.
| | - Matteo Gallazzi
- Scientific and Technology Pole, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milano, Italy.
| | - Caterina Cascini
- Scientific and Technology Pole, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milano, Italy.
| | - Matilde Tramacere
- Scientific and Technology Pole, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milano, Italy.
| | | | - Antonino Bruno
- Scientific and Technology Pole, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milano, Italy.
| | - Douglas M Noonan
- Scientific and Technology Pole, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milano, Italy.
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Laboratory of Immunology and General Pathology, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy.
| | - Adriana Albini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy.
- Scientific and Technology Pole, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milano, Italy.
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260
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Zhang R, Liu Q, Li T, Liao Q, Zhao Y. Role of the complement system in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:300. [PMID: 31787848 PMCID: PMC6858723 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-1027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system has traditionally been considered a component of innate immunity against invading pathogens and "nonself" cells. Recent studies have demonstrated the immunoregulatory functions of complement activation in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME plays crucial roles in tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis and recurrence. Imbalanced complement activation and the deposition of complement proteins have been demonstrated in many types of tumors. Plasma proteins, receptors, and regulators of complement activation regulate several biological functions of stromal cells in the TME and promote the malignant biological properties of tumors. Interactions between the complement system and cancer cells contribute to the proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration and invasion of tumor cells. In this review, we summarize recent advances related to the function of the complement system in the TME and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting complement-mediated immunoregulation in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Zhang
- 0000 0001 0662 3178grid.12527.33Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan, Dong Dan District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Qiaofei Liu
- 0000 0001 0662 3178grid.12527.33Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan, Dong Dan District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Tong Li
- 0000 0001 0662 3178grid.12527.33Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan, Dong Dan District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Quan Liao
- 0000 0001 0662 3178grid.12527.33Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan, Dong Dan District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Yupei Zhao
- 0000 0001 0662 3178grid.12527.33Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan, Dong Dan District, Beijing, 100730 China
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261
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Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors: Orchestrating Tumor Metastasization. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010096. [PMID: 30591657 PMCID: PMC6337330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis still represents the primary cause of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. Chemokine signalling contributes to the overall process of cancer growth and metastasis, and their expression in both primary tumors and metastatic lesions correlate with prognosis. Chemokines promote tumor metastasization by directly supporting cancer cell survival and invasion, angiogenesis, and by indirectly shaping the pre-metastatic niches and antitumor immunity. Here, we will focus on the relevant chemokine/chemokine receptor axes that have been described to drive the metastatic process. We elaborate on their role in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis and immune cell recruitment at both the primary tumor lesions and the pre-metastatic foci. Furthermore, we also discuss the advantages and limits of current pharmacological strategies developed to target chemokine networks for cancer therapy.
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262
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Britto DD, Wyroba B, Chen W, Lockwood RA, Tran KB, Shepherd PR, Hall CJ, Crosier KE, Crosier PS, Astin JW. Macrophages enhance Vegfa-driven angiogenesis in an embryonic zebrafish tumour xenograft model. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.035998. [PMID: 30396905 PMCID: PMC6307908 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.035998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour angiogenesis has long been a focus of anti-cancer therapy; however, anti-angiogenic cancer treatment strategies have had limited clinical success. Tumour-associated myeloid cells are believed to play a role in the resistance of cancer towards anti-angiogenesis therapy, but the mechanisms by which they do this are unclear. An embryonic zebrafish xenograft model has been developed to investigate the mechanisms of tumour angiogenesis and as an assay to screen anti-angiogenic compounds. In this study, we used cell ablation techniques to remove either macrophages or neutrophils and assessed their contribution towards zebrafish xenograft angiogenesis by quantitating levels of graft vascularisation. The ablation of macrophages, but not neutrophils, caused a strong reduction in tumour xenograft vascularisation and time-lapse imaging demonstrated that tumour xenograft macrophages directly associated with the migrating tip of developing tumour blood vessels. Finally, we found that, although macrophages are required for vascularisation in xenografts that either secrete VEGFA or overexpress zebrafish vegfaa, they are not required for the vascularisation of grafts with low levels of VEGFA, suggesting that zebrafish macrophages can enhance Vegfa-driven tumour angiogenesis. The importance of macrophages to this angiogenic response suggests that this model could be used to further investigate the interplay between myeloid cells and tumour vascularisation. Summary: Zebrafish embryonic macrophages associate with the distal tips of tumour xenograft blood vessels and are required for Vegfa-driven angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denver D Britto
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Barbara Wyroba
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Wenxuan Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Rhoswen A Lockwood
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Khanh B Tran
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Peter R Shepherd
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Christopher J Hall
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn E Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Philip S Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan W Astin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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263
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Farhood B, Najafi M, Mortezaee K. CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes in cancer immunotherapy: A review. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8509-8521. [PMID: 30520029 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 911] [Impact Index Per Article: 151.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are preferred immune cells for targeting cancer. During cancer progression, CTLs encounter dysfunction and exhaustion due to immunerelated tolerance and immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment (TME), with all favor adaptive immune-resistance. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), macrophage type 2 (M2) cells, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) could make immunologic barriers against CD8 + T cell-mediated antitumor immune responses. Thus, CD8 + T cells are needed to be primed and activated toward effector CTLs in a process called tumor immunity cycle for making durable and efficient antitumor immune responses. The CD8 + T cell priming is directed essentially as a corroboration work between cells of innate immunity including dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells with CD4 + T cells in adoptive immunity. Upon activation, effector CTLs infiltrate to the core or invading site of the tumor (so-called infiltrated-inflamed [I-I] TME) and take essential roles for killing cancer cells. Exogenous reactivation and/or priming of CD8 + T cells can be possible using rational immunotherapy strategies. The increase of the ratio for costimulatory to coinhibitory mediators using immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) approach. Programmed death-1 receptor (PD-1)-ligand (PD-L1) and CTL-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) are checkpoint receptors that can be targeted for relieving exhaustion of CD8 + T cells and renewing their priming, respectively, and thereby eliminating antigen-expressing cancer cells. Due to a diverse relation between CTLs with Tregs, the Treg activity could be dampened for increasing the number and rescuing the functional potential of CTLs to induce immunosensitivity of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bagher Farhood
- Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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264
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Najafi M, Goradel NH, Farhood B, Salehi E, Solhjoo S, Toolee H, Kharazinejad E, Mortezaee K. Tumor microenvironment: Interactions and therapy. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:5700-5721. [PMID: 30378106 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) is a host for a complex network of heterogeneous stromal cells with overlapping or opposing functions depending on the dominant signals within this milieu. Reciprocal paracrine interactions between cancer cells with cells within the tumor stroma often reshape the TME in favor of the promotion of tumor. These complex interactions require more sophisticated approaches for cancer therapy, and, therefore, advancing knowledge about dominant drivers of cancer within the TME is critical for designing therapeutic schemes. This review will provide knowledge about TME architecture, multiple signaling, and cross communications between cells within this milieu, and its targeting for immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Najafi
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nasser Hashemi Goradel
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Radiology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Eniseh Salehi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somaye Solhjoo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Heidar Toolee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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265
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Najafi M, Farhood B, Mortezaee K. Extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness and degradation as cancer drivers. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:2782-2790. [PMID: 30321449 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alteration in the density and composition of extracellular matrix (ECM) occurs in tumors. The alterations toward both stiffness and degradation are contributed to tumor growth and progression. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the main contributors to ECM stiffness and degradation. The cells interact with almost all cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) that could enable them to modulate ECM components for tumorigenic purposes. Cross-talks between CAFs with cancer cells and macrophage type 2 (M2) cells are pivotal for ECM stiffness and degradation. CAFs induce hypoxia within the TME, which is one of the key inducers of both stiffness and degradation. Cancer cell modulatory roles in integrin receptors are key for adjusting ECM constituents to either fates. Cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion as well as angiogenesis are consequences of ECM stiffness and degradation. ECM stiffness in a transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) related pathway could make a bridge in the basement membrane, and ECM degradation in a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-related pathway could make a path in the TME, both of which contribute to cancer cell invasion. ECM stiffness is also obstructive for drug penetration to the tumor site. Therefore, it would be a promising strategy to make a homeostasis in ECM for easy penetration of chemotherapeutic drugs and increasing the efficacy of antitumor approaches. MMP and TGF-β inhibitors, CAF and M2 reprogramming toward their normal counterparts, reduction of TME hypoxia and hampering integrin signaling are among the promising approaches for the modulation of ECM in favor of tumor regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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266
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Najafi M, Farhood B, Mortezaee K. Contribution of regulatory T cells to cancer: A review. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7983-7993. [PMID: 30317612 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) represent a low number of T-cell population under normal conditions, and they play key roles for maintaining immune system in homeostasis. The number of these cells is extensively increased in nearly all cancers, which is for dampening responses from immune system against cancer cells, metastasis, tumor recurrence, and treatment resistance. The interesting point is that apoptotic Tregs are stronger than their live counterparts for suppressing responses from immune system. Tregs within the tumor microenvironment have extensive positive cross-talks with other immunosuppressive cells including cancer-associated fibroblasts, cancer cells, macrophage type 2 cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and they have negative interactions with immunostimulatory cells including cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer cells. A wide variety of markers are expressed in Tregs, among them forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) is the most specific marker and the master regulator of these cells. Multiple signals are activated by Tregs including transforming growth factor-β, signal transducer and activator of transcription, and mTORC1. Treg reprogramming from an immunosuppressive to immunostimulatory proinflammatory phenotype is critical for increasing the efficacy of immunotherapy. This would be applicable through selective suppression of tumor-bearing receptors in Tregs, including FOXP3, programmed death-1, T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3, and CTL-associated antigen-4, among others. Intratumoral Tregs can also be targeted by increasing the ratio for CTL/Treg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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267
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Chen YS, Huang TH, Liu CL, Chen HS, Lee MH, Chen HW, Shen CR. Locally Targeting the IL-17/IL-17RA Axis Reduced Tumor Growth in a Murine B16F10 Melanoma Model. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 30:273-285. [PMID: 30079767 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-17 and the cells that produce it within the tumor microenvironment appear to promote tumor development and are associated with survival in cancer patients. Here we investigated the role of the IL-17/IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA) axis in regulating melanoma progression and evaluated the therapeutic potential of blocking the IL-17/IL-17RA pathway. First, recombinant mouse IL-17 (γmIL-17) treatment significantly increased proliferation of mouse B16F10 cells and human A375 and A2058 cells. Silencing IL-17RA by small hairpin RNA (shRNA) in B16F10 cells reduced the γmIL-17-elicited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and significantly reduced vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase production. Remarkably, knockdown of IL-17RA led to a significantly decreased capability of B16F10 cells to form tumors in vivo, similar to that in IL-17-deficient mice. Finally, local application of an adenovirus delivering a shRNA against IL-17RA mRNA not only significantly suppressed tumor development, but also enhanced antitumor immunity by increasing the interferon γ-expressing T cells and not T regulatory cells. Our results highlight the critical role of the IL-17/IL-17RA pathway in tumor progression and imply that targeting IL-17RA represents a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Shan Chen
- 1 Department and Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.,2 Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tse-Hung Huang
- 3 School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.,4 Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chao-Lin Liu
- 5 College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.,6 Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hui-Shan Chen
- 1 Department and Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Meng-Hua Lee
- 1 Department and Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.,2 Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin-Wei Chen
- 7 National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC.,8 Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Rui Shen
- 1 Department and Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.,2 Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.,9 Department of Ophthalmology, Lin-Kou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.,10 Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
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268
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Najafi M, Hashemi Goradel N, Farhood B, Salehi E, Nashtaei MS, Khanlarkhani N, Khezri Z, Majidpoor J, Abouzaripour M, Habibi M, Kashani IR, Mortezaee K. Macrophage polarity in cancer: A review. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:2756-2765. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Najafi
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Nasser Hashemi Goradel
- Department of Medical Biotechnology School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
| | - Eniseh Salehi
- Department of Anatomy School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Maryam Shabani Nashtaei
- Department of Anatomy School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Infertility Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Neda Khanlarkhani
- Department of Anatomy School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Zahra Khezri
- Department of Anatomy School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences Sanandaj Iran
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Morteza Abouzaripour
- Department of Anatomy School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences Sanandaj Iran
| | - Mohsen Habibi
- Department of Radiotherapy Faculty of Paramedical Science, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Iraj Ragerdi Kashani
- Department of Anatomy School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences Sanandaj Iran
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269
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Farhood B, Najafi M, Mortezaee K. Cancer‐associated fibroblasts: Secretions, interactions, and therapy. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:2791-2800. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bagher Farhood
- Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences Sanandaj Iran
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270
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Farhood B, Najafi M, Salehi E, Hashemi Goradel N, Nashtaei MS, Khanlarkhani N, Mortezaee K. Disruption of the redox balance with either oxidative or anti-oxidative overloading as a promising target for cancer therapy. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:71-76. [PMID: 30203529 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress acts as a double-edged sword by being both a promoter and a suppressor of cancer. Moderate oxidative stress is beneficial for cancer cell proliferative and invasiveness features, while overexposure of the cells to oxidative insults could induce cancer cell apoptosis and reduce hypoxia along with modulating the immune system for regression of tumor. Cancer cells and cancer stem cells have highly efficient redox systems that make them resistant to oxidative insults. The redox disruptive approach is an area of current research and key for oxidative targeted cancer therapies. This disruption is applicable by using either oxidative or anti-oxidative overloading strategies, specifically on cancer cells without influencing normal cells or tissues around tumor. The activity of tumor suppressor cells within tumor microenvironment is needed to be maintained in patients receiving such approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bagher Farhood
- Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Eniseh Salehi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Hashemi Goradel
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shabani Nashtaei
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Infertility Department, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Khanlarkhani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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271
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Awad RM, De Vlaeminck Y, Maebe J, Goyvaerts C, Breckpot K. Turn Back the TIMe: Targeting Tumor Infiltrating Myeloid Cells to Revert Cancer Progression. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1977. [PMID: 30233579 PMCID: PMC6127274 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells frequently produce soluble factors that favor myelopoiesis and recruitment of myeloid cells to the tumor microenvironment (TME). Consequently, the TME of many cancer types is characterized by high infiltration of monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and granulocytes. Experimental and clinical studies show that most myeloid cells are kept in an immature state in the TME. These studies further show that tumor-derived factors mold these myeloid cells into cells that support cancer initiation and progression, amongst others by enabling immune evasion, tumor cell survival, proliferation, migration and metastasis. The key role of myeloid cells in cancer is further evidenced by the fact that they negatively impact on virtually all types of cancer therapy. Therefore, tumor-associated myeloid cells have been designated as the culprits in cancer. We review myeloid cells in the TME with a focus on the mechanisms they exploit to support cancer cells. In addition, we provide an overview of approaches that are under investigation to deplete myeloid cells or redirect their function, as these hold promise to overcome resistance to current cancer therapies.
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272
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Zuazo-Gaztelu I, Casanovas O. Unraveling the Role of Angiogenesis in Cancer Ecosystems. Front Oncol 2018; 8:248. [PMID: 30013950 PMCID: PMC6036108 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the tumor and stromal cell-driven angiogenic program is one of the first requirements in the tumor ecosystem for growth and dissemination. The understanding of the dynamic angiogenic tumor ecosystem has rapidly evolved over the last decades. Beginning with the canonical sprouting angiogenesis, followed by vasculogenesis and intussusception, and finishing with vasculogenic mimicry, the need for different neovascularization mechanisms is further explored. In addition, an overview of the orchestration of angiogenesis within the tumor ecosystem cellular and molecular components is provided. Clinical evidence has demonstrated the effectiveness of traditional vessel-directed antiangiogenics, stressing on the important role of angiogenesis in tumor establishment, dissemination, and growth. Particular focus is placed on the interaction between tumor cells and their surrounding ecosystem, which is now regarded as a promising target for the development of new antiangiogenics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iratxe Zuazo-Gaztelu
- Tumor Angiogenesis Group, ProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology - IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Casanovas
- Tumor Angiogenesis Group, ProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology - IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
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273
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欧 艺, 姜 耀, 李 琦, 庄 永, 党 强, 谭 万. [Infiltrating mast cells promote neuroendocrine differentiation and increase docetaxel resistance of prostate cancer cells by up-regulating p21]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2018; 38:723-730. [PMID: 29997096 PMCID: PMC6765720 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.06.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of infiltrating mast cells on neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) and docetaxel sensitivity of prostate cancer (PCa) cells in vitro. METHODS Human PCa cell lines (LNCaP and C4-2) were co-cultured with human mast cell line (HMC-1) in Transwell chambers. Androgen receptor (AR) was silenced in C4-2 cells using sh-AR lentivirus, and p21 was knocked down and overexpressed by transfecting C4-2 cells with pLKO.1-sh-p21 and pCMV-p21, respectively. The morphological changes of LNCaP and C4-2 cells were observed. MTT assay and colony formation assay were used to assess the proliferation of LNCaP and C4-2 cells. CCK8 assay was used to detect the cell viability of C4-2 cells following docetaxel trreatment. RT-qPCR and Western blotting were performed to determine the mRNA and protein expressions of neuroendocrine markers, AR and p21 in the cells. RESULTS Co-culture with HMC-1 cells enhanced the neuroendocrine phenotypes, inhibited the proliferation and up-regulated the expression of p21 in LNCaP and C4-2 cells. P21 positively regulated NED through a non-AR-dependent signaling pathway, while p21 knockdown partially reversed NED promoted by the mast cells. PCa cells co-cultured with HMC-1 cells showed increased resistance to docetaxel, and silencing p21 partially reversed docetaxel resistance in PCa cells. CONCLUSION Infiltrating mast cells up-regulates p21 to promote NED and increase docetaxel resistance in PCa cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- 艺虹 欧
- />南方医科大学南方医院泌尿外科,广东 广州 510515Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 耀东 姜
- />南方医科大学南方医院泌尿外科,广东 广州 510515Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 琦 李
- />南方医科大学南方医院泌尿外科,广东 广州 510515Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 永江 庄
- />南方医科大学南方医院泌尿外科,广东 广州 510515Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 强 党
- />南方医科大学南方医院泌尿外科,广东 广州 510515Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 万龙 谭
- />南方医科大学南方医院泌尿外科,广东 广州 510515Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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