301
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Eisma JH, Dulle JE, Fort PE. Current knowledge on diabetic retinopathy from human donor tissues. World J Diabetes 2015; 6:312-320. [PMID: 25789112 PMCID: PMC4360424 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i2.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the American Diabetes Association, diabetes was the seventh leading cause of death, and diabetic retinopathy the leading cause of blindness in working age adults in the United States in 2010. Diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia associated with either hypoinsulinemia or insulin resistance, and over time, this chronic metabolic condition may lead to various complications including kidney failure, heart attacks, and retinal degeneration. In order to better understand the molecular basis of this disease and its complications, animal models have been the primary approach used to investigate the effects of diabetes on various tissues or cell types of the body, including the retina. However, inherent to these animal models are critical limitations that make the insight gained from these models challenging to apply to the human pathology. These difficulties in translating the knowledge obtained from animal studies have led a growing number of research groups to explore the diabetes complications, especially diabetic retinopathy, on tissues from human donors. This review summarizes the data collected from diabetic patients at various stages of diabetic retinopathy and classifies the data based upon their relevance to the main aspects of diabetic retinopathy: retinal vasculature dysfunction, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. This review discusses the importance of those studies to discriminate and establish the relevance of the findings obtained from animal models but also the limitations of such approaches.
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302
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Application of metabolomics based on direct mass spectrometry analysis for the elucidation of altered metabolic pathways in serum from the APP/PS1 transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 107:378-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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303
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Durham TB, Blanco MJ. Target Engagement in Lead Generation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:998-1008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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304
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The power of automated behavioural homecage technologies in characterizing disease progression in laboratory mice: A review. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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305
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Barrett JE. The pain of pain: challenges of animal behavior models. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 753:183-90. [PMID: 25583180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Berend Olivier has had a long-standing interest in the utility of animal models for a wide variety of therapeutic indications. His work has spanned multiple types of models, blending ethological, or species typical and naturalistic behaviors, along with methodologies based on learned behavior. He has consistently done so, from an analytical as well as predictive perspective, and has made multiple contributions while working in both the pharmaceutical industry and within an academic institution. Although focused primarily on psychiatric disorders, Berend has conducted research in the area of pain in humans and in animals, demonstrating an expansive appreciation for the breadth, scope and significance of the science and applications of the discipline of pharmacology to these diverse areas. This review focuses on the use of animal models in pain research from the perspective of the long-standing deficiencies in the development of therapeutics in this area and from a preclinical perspective where the translational weaknesses have been quite problematic. The challenges confronting animal models of pain, however, are not unique to this area of research, as they cut across several therapeutic areas. Despite the deficiencies, failures and concerns, existing animal models of pain continue to be of widespread use and are essential to progress in pain research as well as in other areas. Although not focusing on specific animal models of pain, this paper seeks to examine general issues facing the use of these models. It does so by exploring alternative approaches which capture recent developments, which build upon principles and concepts we have learned from Berend's contributions, and which provide the prospect of helping to address the absence of novel therapeutics in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Barrett
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19103, United States.
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306
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Abstract
Medical and scientific advances are predicated on new knowledge that is robust and reliable and that serves as a solid foundation on which further advances can be built. In biomedical research, we are in the midst of a revolution with the generation of new data and scientific publications at a previously unprecedented rate. However, unfortunately, there is compelling evidence that the majority of these discoveries will not stand the test of time. To a large extent, this reproducibility crisis in basic and preclinical research may be as a result of failure to adhere to good scientific practice and the desperation to publish or perish. This is a multifaceted, multistakeholder problem. No single party is solely responsible, and no single solution will suffice. Here we review the reproducibility problems in basic and preclinical biomedical research, highlight some of the complexities, and discuss potential solutions that may help improve research quality and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Glenn Begley
- From the TetraLogic Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Malvern, PA; and Departments of Medicine and Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Statistics, Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, and Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), CA
| | - John P.A. Ioannidis
- From the TetraLogic Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Malvern, PA; and Departments of Medicine and Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Statistics, Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, and Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), CA
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307
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Feroz SR, Sumi RA, Malek SNA, Tayyab S. A comparative analysis on the binding characteristics of various mammalian albumins towards a multitherapeutic agent, pinostrobin. Exp Anim 2014; 64:101-8. [PMID: 25519455 PMCID: PMC4427724 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.14-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of pinostrobin (PS), a multitherapeutic agent with serum albumins of
various mammalian species namely, goat, bovine, human, porcine, rabbit, sheep and dog was
investigated using fluorescence quench titration and competitive drug displacement
experiments. Analysis of the intrinsic fluorescence quenching data revealed values of the
association constant, Ka in the range of 1.49 – 6.12 ×
104 M−1, with 1:1 binding stoichiometry. Based on the PS–albumin
binding characteristics, these albumins were grouped into two classes. Ligand displacement
studies using warfarin as the site I marker ligand correlated well with the binding data.
Albumins from goat and bovine were found to be closely similar to human albumin on the
basis of PS binding characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shevin R Feroz
- Biomolecular Research Group, Biochemistry Programme, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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308
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Developing zebrafish models relevant to PTSD and other trauma- and stressor-related disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 55:67-79. [PMID: 25138994 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
While post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other trauma- and stress-related disorders (TSRDs) represent a serious societal and public health concern, their pathogenesis is largely unknown. Given the clinical complexity of TSRD development and susceptibility, greater investigation into candidate biomarkers and specific genetic pathways implicated in both risk and resilience to trauma becomes critical. In line with this, numerous animal models have been extensively used to better understand the pathogenic mechanisms of PTSD and related TSRD. Here, we discuss the rapidly increasing potential of zebrafish as models of these disorders, and how their use may aid researchers in uncovering novel treatments and therapies in this field.
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309
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Otava M, Shkedy Z, Kasim A. Prediction of gene expression in human using rat in vivo gene expression in Japanese Toxicogenomics Project. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/sysb.29412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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310
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NCI Workshop Report: Clinical and Computational Requirements for Correlating Imaging Phenotypes with Genomics Signatures. Transl Oncol 2014; 7:556-69. [PMID: 25389451 PMCID: PMC4225695 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The National Cancer Institute (NCI) Cancer Imaging Program organized two related workshops on June 26–27, 2013, entitled “Correlating Imaging Phenotypes with Genomics Signatures Research” and “Scalable Computational Resources as Required for Imaging-Genomics Decision Support Systems.” The first workshop focused on clinical and scientific requirements, exploring our knowledge of phenotypic characteristics of cancer biological properties to determine whether the field is sufficiently advanced to correlate with imaging phenotypes that underpin genomics and clinical outcomes, and exploring new scientific methods to extract phenotypic features from medical images and relate them to genomics analyses. The second workshop focused on computational methods that explore informatics and computational requirements to extract phenotypic features from medical images and relate them to genomics analyses and improve the accessibility and speed of dissemination of existing NIH resources. These workshops linked clinical and scientific requirements of currently known phenotypic and genotypic cancer biology characteristics with imaging phenotypes that underpin genomics and clinical outcomes. The group generated a set of recommendations to NCI leadership and the research community that encourage and support development of the emerging radiogenomics research field to address short-and longer-term goals in cancer research.
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311
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Bult CJ, Krupke DM, Begley DA, Richardson JE, Neuhauser SB, Sundberg JP, Eppig JT. Mouse Tumor Biology (MTB): a database of mouse models for human cancer. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 43:D818-24. [PMID: 25332399 PMCID: PMC4384039 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mouse Tumor Biology (MTB; http://tumor.informatics.jax.org) database is a unique online compendium of mouse models for human cancer. MTB provides online access to expertly curated information on diverse mouse models for human cancer and interfaces for searching and visualizing data associated with these models. The information in MTB is designed to facilitate the selection of strains for cancer research and is a platform for mining data on tumor development and patterns of metastases. MTB curators acquire data through manual curation of peer-reviewed scientific literature and from direct submissions by researchers. Data in MTB are also obtained from other bioinformatics resources including PathBase, the Gene Expression Omnibus and ArrayExpress. Recent enhancements to MTB improve the association between mouse models and human genes commonly mutated in a variety of cancers as identified in large-scale cancer genomics studies, provide new interfaces for exploring regions of the mouse genome associated with cancer phenotypes and incorporate data and information related to Patient-Derived Xenograft models of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J Bult
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Debra M Krupke
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Dale A Begley
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | | | | | - John P Sundberg
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Janan T Eppig
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
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312
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Al-Eryani L, Wahlang B, Falkner KC, Guardiola JJ, Clair HB, Prough RA, Cave M. Identification of Environmental Chemicals Associated with the Development of Toxicant-associated Fatty Liver Disease in Rodents. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 43:482-97. [PMID: 25326588 DOI: 10.1177/0192623314549960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxicant-associated fatty liver disease (TAFLD) is a recently identified form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) associated with exposure to industrial chemicals and environmental pollutants. Numerous studies have been conducted to test the association between industrial chemicals/environmental pollutants and fatty liver disease both in vivo and in vitro. OBJECTIVES The objective of the article is to report a list of chemicals associated with TAFLD. METHODS Two federal databases of rodent toxicology studies-Toxicological Reference Database (ToxRefDB; Environmental Protection Agency) and Chemical Effects in Biological Systems (CEBS, National Toxicology Program)-were searched for liver end points. Combined, these 2 databases archive nearly 2,000 rodent studies. Toxicant-associated steatohepatitis (TASH) descriptors including fatty change, fatty necrosis, Oil red O-positive staining, steatosis, and lipid deposition were queried. RESULTS Using these search terms, 123 chemicals associated with fatty liver were identified. Pesticides and solvents were the most frequently identified chemicals, while polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)/dioxins were the most potent. About 44% of identified compounds were pesticides or their intermediates, and >10% of pesticide registration studies in ToxRefDB were associated with fatty liver. Fungicides and herbicides were more frequently associated with fatty liver than insecticides. CONCLUSION More research on pesticides, solvents, metals, and PCBs/dioxins in NAFLD/TAFLD is warranted due to their association with liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Al-Eryani
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Banrida Wahlang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - K C Falkner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - J J Guardiola
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - H B Clair
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - R A Prough
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Matt Cave
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA Robley Rex Louisville VAMC, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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313
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High Content Imaging and Analysis Enable Quantitative In Situ Assessment of CYP3A4 Using Cryopreserved Differentiated HepaRG Cells. J Toxicol 2014; 2014:291054. [PMID: 25276124 PMCID: PMC4170746 DOI: 10.1155/2014/291054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput imaging-based hepatotoxicity studies capable of analyzing individual cells in situ hold enormous promise for drug safety testing but are frequently limited by a lack of sufficient metabolically competent human cells. This study examined cryopreserved HepaRG cells, a human liver cell line which differentiates into both hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells, to determine if these cells may represent a suitable metabolically competent cellular model for novel High Content Analysis (HCA) applications. Characterization studies showed that these cells retain many features characteristic of primary human hepatocytes and display significant CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 induction, unlike the HepG2 cell line commonly utilized for HCA studies. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that CYP3A4 induction can be quantified via a simple image analysis-based method, using HepaRG cells as a model system. Additionally, data demonstrate that the hepatocyte and biliary epithelial subpopulations characteristic of HepaRG cultures can be separated during analysis simply on the basis of nuclear size measurements. Proof of concept studies with fluorescent cell function reagents indicated that further multiparametric image-based assessment is achievable with HepaRG. In summary, image-based screening of metabolically competent human hepatocyte models cells such as HepaRG offers novel approaches for hepatotoxicity assessment and improved drug screening tools.
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314
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Lilley E, Hawkins P, Jennings M. A ‘Road Map’ toward Ending Severe Suffering of Animals Used in Research and Testing. Altern Lab Anim 2014; 42:267-72. [DOI: 10.1177/026119291404200408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ending severe suffering is a desirable goal for both ethical and scientific reasons. The RSPCA has pledged to work toward the end of such suffering for laboratory animals, and in this article we outline a practical approach that establishments can follow to achieve this aim
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Lilley
- RSPCA Research Animals Department Wilberforce Way Southwater Horsham RH13 9RS UK
| | - Penny Hawkins
- RSPCA Research Animals Department Wilberforce Way Southwater Horsham RH13 9RS UK
| | - Maggy Jennings
- RSPCA Research Animals Department Wilberforce Way Southwater Horsham RH13 9RS UK
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315
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Geppert T, Koeppen H. Biological Networks and Drug Discovery-Where Do We Stand? Drug Dev Res 2014; 75:271-82. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Geppert
- Lead Identification and Optimization Support; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG; Biberach/Riss 88397 Germany
| | - Herbert Koeppen
- Lead Identification and Optimization Support; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG; Biberach/Riss 88397 Germany
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316
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Borkowski K, Wrzesinski K, Rogowska-Wrzesinska A, Audouze K, Bakke J, Petersen RK, Haj FG, Madsen L, Kristiansen K. Proteomic analysis of cAMP-mediated signaling during differentiation of 3 T3-L1 preadipocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:2096-107. [PMID: 25152230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Initiation of adipocyte differentiation is promoted by the synergistic action of insulin/insulin-like growth factor, glucocorticoids, and agents activating cAMP-dependent signaling. The action of cAMP is mediated via PKA and Epac, where at least part of the PKA function relates to strong repression of Rho kinase activity, whereas Epac counteracts the reduction in insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling associated with complete repression of Rho kinase activity. However, detailed knowledge of the Epac-dependent branch and the interplay with PKA is still limited. In the present study, we present a comprehensive evaluation of Epac-mediated processes and their interplay with PKA during the initiation of 3 T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation using a combination of proteomics, molecular approaches, and bioinformatics. Proteomic analyses revealed 7 proteins specifically regulated in response to Epac activation, 4 in response to PKA activation, and 11 in response to the combined activation of Epac and PKA during the initial phase of differentiation. Network analyses indicated that the identified proteins are involved in pathways of importance for glucose metabolism, inositol metabolism, and calcium-dependent signaling thereby adding a novel facet to our understanding of cAMP-mediated potentiation of adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Borkowski
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Krzysztow Wrzesinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense M DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Adelina Rogowska-Wrzesinska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense M DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Karine Audouze
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Jesse Bakke
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Rasmus Koefoed Petersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Fawaz G Haj
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Lise Madsen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Bergen N-5817, Norway.
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark.
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317
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Chen S, Popp NA, Chan CC. Animal models of age-related macular degeneration and their translatability into the clinic. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014; 9:285-295. [PMID: 35600070 PMCID: PMC9119377 DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2014.939171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in people over the age of 55. Despite its common nature, the etiology of the disease involves both genetic and environmental factors, the interaction of which is not fully understood. Animal models, including the mouse, rat, rabbit, pig and non-human primate, have been developed to study various aspects of the disease and to evaluate novel therapies; however, no single model has been developed to emulate all aspects of the disease. This review will discuss the various existing models of AMD, their strengths and limitations and examples of their use in current AMD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shida Chen
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nicholas A Popp
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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318
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Abstract
Tendinopathy is a debilitating musculoskeletal
condition which can cause significant pain and lead to complete rupture
of the tendon, which often requires surgical repair. Due in part
to the large spectrum of tendon pathologies, these disorders continue
to be a clinical challenge. Animal models are often used in this
field of research as they offer an attractive framework to examine
the cascade of processes that occur throughout both tendon pathology and
repair. This review discusses the structural, mechanical, and biological
changes that occur throughout tendon pathology in animal models,
as well as strategies for the improvement of tendon healing. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2014;3:193–202.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Hast
- University of Pennsylvania, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, 424 Stemmler Hall 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, 19104-6081, USA
| | - A Zuskov
- University of Pennsylvania, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, 424 Stemmler Hall 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, 19104-6081, USA
| | - L J Soslowsky
- University of Pennsylvania, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, 424 Stemmler Hall 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, 19104-6081, USA
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319
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Baek IH, Lee BY, Chae JW, Song GY, Kang W, Kwon KI. Development of a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic/disease progression model in NC/Nga mice for development of novel anti-atopic dermatitis drugs. Xenobiotica 2014; 44:975-87. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.924058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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320
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Baker D, Amor S. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is a good model of multiple sclerosis if used wisely. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2014; 3:555-64. [PMID: 26265267 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although multiple sclerosis is a uniquely human disease, many pathological features can be induced in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models following induction of central nervous system-directed autoimmunity. Whilst it is an imperfect set of models, EAE can be used to identify pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutics. However, the failure to translate many treatments from EAE into human benefit has led some to question the validity of the EAE model. Whilst differences in biology between humans and other species may account for this, it is suggested here that the failure to translate may be considerably influenced by human activity. Basic science contributes to failings in aspects of experimental design and over-interpretation of results and lack of transparency and reproducibility of the studies. Importantly issues in trial design by neurologists and other actions of the pharmaceutical industry destine therapeutics to failure and terminate basic science projects. However animal, particularly mechanism-orientated, studies have increasingly identified useful treatments and provided mechanistic ideas on which most hypothesis-led clinical research is based. Without EAE and other animal studies, clinical investigations will continue to be "look-see" exercises, which will most likely provide more misses than hits and will fail the people with MS that they aim to serve.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Baker
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom.
| | - Sandra Amor
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom; Pathology Department, VU Medical Centre, Free University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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321
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Peruffo A, Cozzi B. Bovine Brain: An in vitro Translational Model in Developmental Neuroscience and Neurodegenerative Research. Front Pediatr 2014; 2:74. [PMID: 25072040 PMCID: PMC4090595 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2014.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models provide convenient and clinically relevant tools in the research on neurodegenerative diseases. Studies on developmental disorders extensively rely on the use of laboratory rodents. The present mini-review proposes an alternative translational model based on the use of fetal bovine brain tissue. The bovine (Bos taurus) possesses a large and highly gyrencephalic brain and the long gestation period (41 weeks) is comparable to human pregnancy (38-40 weeks). Primary cultures obtained from fetal bovine brain constitute a validated in vitro model that allows examinations of neurons and/or glial cells under controlled and reproducible conditions. Physiological processes can be also studied on cultured bovine neural cells incubated with specific substrates or by electrically coupled electrolyte-oxide-semiconductor capacitors that permit direct recording from neuronal cells. Bovine neural cells and specific in vitro cell culture could be an alternative in comparative neuroscience and in neurodegenerative research, useful for studying development of normal and altered circuitry in a long gestation mammalian species. Use of bovine tissues would promote a substantial reduction in the use of laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Peruffo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Bruno Cozzi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
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Ohl F, Meijboom F. Ethical issues associated with the use of animal experimentation in behavioral neuroscience research. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2014; 19:3-15. [PMID: 25023419 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2014_328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This chapter briefly explores whether there are distinct characteristics in the field of Behavioral Neuroscience that demand specific ethical reflection. We argue that although the ethical issues in animal-based Behavioral Neuroscience are not necessarily distinct from those in other research disciplines using animal experimentation, this field of endeavor makes a number of specific, ethically relevant, questions more explicit and, as a result, may expose to discussion a series of ethical issues that have relevance beyond this field of science. We suggest that innovative research, by its very definition, demands out-of-the-box thinking. At the same time, standardization of animal models and test procedures for the sake of comparability across experiments inhibits the potential and willingness to leave well-established tracks of thinking, and leaves us wondering how open minded research is and whether it is the researcher's established perspective that drives the research rather than the research that drives the researcher's perspective. The chapter finishes by introducing subsequent chapters of this book volume on Ethical Issues in Behavioral Neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Ohl
- Department Animals in Science & Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Utrecht, Yalelaan 2, PO Box 80.166, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands,
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323
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Fan J, de Lannoy IA. Pharmacokinetics. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 87:93-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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324
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Anderson D, Kodukula K. Biomarkers in pharmacology and drug discovery. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 87:172-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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325
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Kenakin T, Bylund DB, Toews ML, Mullane K, Winquist RJ, Williams M. Replicated, replicable and relevant-target engagement and pharmacological experimentation in the 21st century. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 87:64-77. [PMID: 24269285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A pharmacological experiment is typically conducted to: i) test or expand a hypothesis regarding the potential role of a target in the mechanism(s) underlying a disease state using an existing drug or tool compound in normal and/or diseased tissue or animals; or ii) characterize and optimize a new chemical entity (NCE) targeted to modulate a specific disease-associated target to restore homeostasis as a potential drug candidate. Hypothesis testing necessitates an intellectually rigorous, null hypothesis approach that is distinct from a high throughput fishing expedition in search of a hypothesis. In conducting an experiment, the protocol should be transparently defined along with its powering, design, appropriate statistical analysis and consideration of the anticipated outcome (s) before it is initiated. Compound-target interactions often involve the direct study of phenotype(s) unique to the target at the cell, tissue or animal/human level. However, in vivo studies are often compromised by a lack of sufficient information on the compound pharmacokinetics necessary to ensure target engagement and also by the context-free analysis of ubiquitous cellular signaling pathways downstream from the target. The use of single tool compounds/drugs at one concentration in engineered cell lines frequently results in reductionistic data that have no physiologically relevance. This overview, focused on trends in the peer-reviewed literature, discusses the execution and reporting of experiments and the criteria recommended for the physiologically-relevant assessment of target engagement to identify viable new drug targets and facilitate the advancement of translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Kenakin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David B Bylund
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Myron L Toews
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Raymond J Winquist
- Department of Integrated Biology, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael Williams
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Mullane K, Winquist RJ, Williams M. Translational paradigms in pharmacology and drug discovery. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 87:189-210. [PMID: 24184503 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The translational sciences represent the core element in enabling and utilizing the output from the biomedical sciences and to improving drug discovery metrics by reducing the attrition rate as compounds move from preclinical research to clinical proof of concept. Key to understanding the basis of disease causality and to developing therapeutics is an ability to accurately diagnose the disease and to identify and develop safe and effective therapeutics for its treatment. The former requires validated biomarkers and the latter, qualified targets. Progress has been hampered by semantic issues, specifically those that define the end product, and by scientific issues that include data reliability, an overt reductionistic cultural focus and a lack of hierarchically integrated data gathering and systematic analysis. A necessary framework for these activities is represented by the discipline of pharmacology, efforts and training in which require recognition and revitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mullane
- Profectus Pharma Consulting Inc., San Jose, CA, United States.
| | - Raymond J Winquist
- Department of Pharmacology, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Michael Williams
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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327
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Winquist RJ, Mullane K, Williams M. The fall and rise of pharmacology--(re-)defining the discipline? Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 87:4-24. [PMID: 24070656 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacology is an integrative discipline that originated from activities, now nearly 7000 years old, to identify therapeutics from natural product sources. Research in the 19th Century that focused on the Law of Mass Action (LMA) demonstrated that compound effects were dose-/concentration-dependent eventually leading to the receptor concept, now a century old, that remains the key to understanding disease causality and drug action. As pharmacology evolved in the 20th Century through successive biochemical, molecular and genomic eras, the precision in understanding receptor function at the molecular level increased and while providing important insights, led to an overtly reductionistic emphasis. This resulted in the generation of data lacking physiological context that ignored the LMA and was not integrated at the tissue/whole organism level. As reductionism became a primary focus in biomedical research, it led to the fall of pharmacology. However, concerns regarding the disconnect between basic research efforts and the approval of new drugs to treat 21st Century disease tsunamis, e.g., neurodegeneration, metabolic syndrome, etc. has led to the reemergence of pharmacology, its rise, often in the semantic guise of systems biology. Against a background of limited training in pharmacology, this has resulted in issues in experimental replication with a bioinformatics emphasis that often has a limited relationship to reality. The integration of newer technologies within a pharmacological context where research is driven by testable hypotheses rather than technology, together with renewed efforts in teaching pharmacology, is anticipated to improve the focus and relevance of biomedical research and lead to novel therapeutics that will contain health care costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond J Winquist
- Department of Pharmacology, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Kevin Mullane
- Profectus Pharma Consulting Inc., San Jose, CA, United States
| | - Michael Williams
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.
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