301
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Doyle AD, Yamada KM. Mechanosensing via cell-matrix adhesions in 3D microenvironments. Exp Cell Res 2015; 343:60-66. [PMID: 26524505 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment plays a central role in cell migration by providing physiochemical information that influences overall cell behavior. Much of this external information is accessed by direct interaction of the cell with ECM ligands and structures via integrin-based adhesions that are hypothesized to act as mechanosensors for testing the surrounding microenvironment. Our current understanding of these mechanical complexes is derived primarily from studies of cellular adhesions formed on two-dimensional (2D) substrates in vitro. Yet the rules of cell/ECM engagement and mechanosensing in three-dimensional (3D) microenvironments are invariably more complex under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Here we review the current understanding of how cellular mechanosensing occurs through adhesion complexes within 3D microenvironments and discuss how these mechanisms can vary and differ from interactions on 2D substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Doyle
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Kenneth M Yamada
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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302
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Petrie RJ, Yamada KM. Fibroblasts Lead the Way: A Unified View of 3D Cell Motility. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:666-674. [PMID: 26437597 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Primary human fibroblasts are remarkably adaptable, able to migrate in differing types of physiological 3D tissue and on rigid 2D tissue culture surfaces. The crawling behavior of these and other vertebrate cells has been studied intensively, which has helped generate the concept of the cell motility cycle as a comprehensive model of 2D cell migration. However, this model fails to explain how cells force their large nuclei through the confines of a 3D matrix environment and why primary fibroblasts can use more than one mechanism to move in 3D. Recent work shows that the intracellular localization of myosin II activity is governed by cell-matrix interactions to both force the nucleus through the extracellular matrix (ECM) and dictate the type of protrusions used to migrate in 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Petrie
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Kenneth M Yamada
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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303
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Fraley SI, Wu PH, He L, Feng Y, Krisnamurthy R, Longmore GD, Wirtz D. Three-dimensional matrix fiber alignment modulates cell migration and MT1-MMP utility by spatially and temporally directing protrusions. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14580. [PMID: 26423227 PMCID: PMC4589685 DOI: 10.1038/srep14580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple attributes of the three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrix (ECM) have been independently implicated as regulators of cell motility, including pore size, crosslink density, structural organization, and stiffness. However, these parameters cannot be independently varied within a complex 3D ECM protein network. We present an integrated, quantitative study of these parameters across a broad range of complex matrix configurations using self-assembling 3D collagen and show how each parameter relates to the others and to cell motility. Increasing collagen density resulted in a decrease and then an increase in both pore size and fiber alignment, which both correlated significantly with cell motility but not bulk matrix stiffness within the range tested. However, using the crosslinking enzyme Transglutaminase II to alter microstructure independently of density revealed that motility is most significantly predicted by fiber alignment. Cellular protrusion rate, protrusion orientation, speed of migration, and invasion distance showed coupled biphasic responses to increasing collagen density not predicted by 2D models or by stiffness, but instead by fiber alignment. The requirement of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity was also observed to depend on microstructure, and a threshold of MMP utility was identified. Our results suggest that fiber topography guides protrusions and thereby MMP activity and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie I. Fraley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences—Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Pei-hsun Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences—Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Lijuan He
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences—Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Yunfeng Feng
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences—Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology and Physiology and BRIGHT Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
| | - Ranjini Krisnamurthy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Gregory D. Longmore
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences—Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology and Physiology and BRIGHT Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Denis Wirtz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences—Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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304
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Ziperstein MJ, Guzman A, Kaufman LJ. Breast Cancer Cell Line Aggregate Morphology Does Not Predict Invasive Capacity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139523. [PMID: 26418047 PMCID: PMC4587946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To invade and metastasize to distant loci, breast cancer cells must breach the layer of basement membrane surrounding the tumor and then invade through the dense collagen I-rich extracellular environment of breast tissue. Previous studies have shown that breast cancer cell aggregate morphology in basement membrane extract correlated with cell invasive capacity in some contexts. Moreover, cell lines from the same aggregate morphological class exhibited similarities in gene expression patterns. To further assess the capacity of cell and aggregate morphology to predict invasive capacity in physiologically relevant environments, six cell lines with varied cell aggregate morphologies were assessed in a variety of assays including a 3D multicellular invasion assay that recapitulates cell-cell and cell-environment contacts as they exist in vivo in the context of the primary breast tumor. Migratory and invasive capacities as measured through a 2D gap assay and a 3D spheroid invasion assay reveal that breast cancer cell aggregate morphology alone is insufficient to predict migratory speed in 2D or invasive capacity in 3D. Correlations between the 3D spheroid invasion assay and gene expression profiles suggest this assay as an inexpensive functional method to predict breast cancer invasive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J. Ziperstein
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Asja Guzman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Laura J. Kaufman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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305
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Sun M, Bloom AB, Zaman MH. Rapid Quantification of 3D Collagen Fiber Alignment and Fiber Intersection Correlations with High Sensitivity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131814. [PMID: 26158674 PMCID: PMC4497681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic cancers aggressively reorganize collagen in their microenvironment. For example, radially orientated collagen fibers have been observed surrounding tumor cell clusters in vivo. The degree of fiber alignment, as a consequence of this remodeling, has often been difficult to quantify. In this paper, we present an easy to implement algorithm for accurate detection of collagen fiber orientation in a rapid pixel-wise manner. This algorithm quantifies the alignment of both computer generated and actual collagen fiber networks of varying degrees of alignment within 5°°. We also present an alternative easy method to calculate the alignment index directly from the standard deviation of fiber orientation. Using this quantitative method for determining collagen alignment, we demonstrate that the number of collagen fiber intersections has a negative correlation with the degree of fiber alignment. This decrease in intersections of aligned fibers could explain why cells move more rapidly along aligned fibers than unaligned fibers, as previously reported. Overall, our paper provides an easier, more quantitative and quicker way to quantify fiber orientation and alignment, and presents a platform in studying effects of matrix and cellular properties on fiber alignment in complex 3D environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alexander B. Bloom
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Muhammad H. Zaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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306
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Notbohm J, Lesman A, Tirrell DA, Ravichandran G. Quantifying cell-induced matrix deformation in three dimensions based on imaging matrix fibers. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 7:1186-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00013k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An experimental technique that images fibers of an extracellular matrix to quantify cell-induced deformations and microstructural changes in three dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Notbohm
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science
- California Institute of Technology
- Pasadena
- USA
| | - Ayelet Lesman
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- California Institute of Technology
- Pasadena
- USA
| | - David A. Tirrell
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- California Institute of Technology
- Pasadena
- USA
| | - Guruswami Ravichandran
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science
- California Institute of Technology
- Pasadena
- USA
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