301
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Torres-Padilla ME, Chambers I. Transcription factor heterogeneity in pluripotent stem cells: a stochastic advantage. Development 2014; 141:2173-81. [PMID: 24866112 DOI: 10.1242/dev.102624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
When pluripotent cells are exposed to a uniform culture environment they routinely display heterogeneous gene expression. Aspects of this heterogeneity, such as Nanog expression, are linked to differences in the propensity of individual cells to either self-renew or commit towards differentiation. Recent findings have provided new insight into the underlying causes of this heterogeneity, which we summarise here using Nanog, a key regulator of pluripotency, as a model gene. We discuss the role of transcription factor heterogeneity in facilitating the intrinsically dynamic and stochastic nature of the pluripotency network, which in turn provides a potential benefit to a population of cells that needs to balance cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Elena Torres-Padilla
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, Cité Universitaire de Strasbourg, Illkirch F-67404, France
| | - Ian Chambers
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
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302
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Hough SR, Thornton M, Mason E, Mar JC, Wells CA, Pera MF. Single-cell gene expression profiles define self-renewing, pluripotent, and lineage primed states of human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 2:881-95. [PMID: 24936473 PMCID: PMC4050352 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells display significant heterogeneity in gene expression, but whether this diversity is an inherent feature of the pluripotent state remains unknown. Single-cell gene expression analysis in cell subsets defined by surface antigen expression revealed that human embryonic stem cell cultures exist as a continuum of cell states, even under defined conditions that drive self-renewal. The majority of the population expressed canonical pluripotency transcription factors and could differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers. A minority subpopulation of cells displayed high self-renewal capacity, consistently high transcripts for all pluripotency-related genes studied, and no lineage priming. This subpopulation was characterized by its expression of a particular set of intercellular signaling molecules whose genes shared common regulatory features. Our data support a model of an inherently metastable self-renewing population that gives rise to a continuum of intermediate pluripotent states, which ultimately become primed for lineage specification. Single-cell transcript profiles characteristic of distinct substates of pluripotency Prospective isolation of substate with high self-renewal, no lineage priming Self-renewing subpopulation marked by expression of specific ligands and receptors
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley R Hough
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA ; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010 VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew Thornton
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Elizabeth Mason
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 QLD, Australia
| | - Jessica C Mar
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Christine A Wells
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 QLD, Australia
| | - Martin F Pera
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA ; University of Melbourne, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, 3010 VIC, Australia
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303
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PRDM14: a unique regulator for pluripotency and epigenetic reprogramming. Trends Biochem Sci 2014; 39:289-98. [PMID: 24811060 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PRDM14 belongs to the PR domain-containing (PRDM) transcriptional regulators. Among the PRDM family members, PRDM14 shows specific expression in preimplantation embryos, primordial germ cells (PGCs), and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro, and accordingly plays a key role in the regulation of their pluripotency and epigenetic reprogramming, most notably, genome-wide DNA demethylation. The function of PRDM14 appears to be conserved between mice and humans, but it shows several characteristic differences between the two species. A precise understanding of the function of PRDM14 in mice and humans would shed new light on the regulation of pluripotency and the epigenome in these two species, providing a foundation for better control of stem cell fates in a broader context.
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304
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Hayashi K, Saitou M. Perspectives of germ cell development in vitro in mammals. Anim Sci J 2014; 85:617-26. [PMID: 24725251 PMCID: PMC4271675 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are able to differentiate into all cell lineages of the embryo proper, including germ cells. This pluripotent property has a huge impact on the fields of regenerative medicine, developmental biology and reproductive engineering. Establishing the germ cell lineage from ESCs/iPSCs is the key biological subject, since it would contribute not only to dissection of the biological processes of germ cell development but also to production of unlimited numbers of functional gametes in vitro. Toward this goal, we recently established a culture system that induces functional mouse primordial germ cells (PGCs), precursors of all germ cells, from mouse ESCs/iPSCs. The successful in vitro production of PGCs arose from the study of pluripotent cell state, the signals inducing PGCs and the technology of transplantation. However, there are many obstacles to be overcome for the robust generation of mature gametes or for application of the culture system to other species, including humans and livestock. In this review, we discuss the requirements for a culture system to generate the germ cell lineage from ESCs/iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Hayashi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; CiRA, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
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305
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Valamehr B, Robinson M, Abujarour R, Rezner B, Vranceanu F, Le T, Medcalf A, Lee TT, Fitch M, Robbins D, Flynn P. Platform for induction and maintenance of transgene-free hiPSCs resembling ground state pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 2:366-81. [PMID: 24672758 PMCID: PMC3964282 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell banking, disease modeling, and cell therapy applications have placed increasing demands on hiPSC technology. Specifically, the high-throughput derivation of footprint-free hiPSCs and their expansion in systems that allow scaled production remains technically challenging. Here, we describe a platform for the rapid, parallel generation, selection, and expansion of hiPSCs using small molecule pathway inhibitors in stage-specific media compositions. The platform supported efficient and expedited episomal reprogramming using just OCT4/SOX2/SV40LT combination (0.5%-4.0%, between days 12 and 16) in a completely feeder-free environment. The resulting hiPSCs are transgene-free, readily cultured, and expanded as single cells while maintaining a homogeneous and genomically stable pluripotent population. hiPSCs generated or maintained in the media compositions described exhibit properties associated with the ground state of pluripotency. The simplicity and robustness of the system allow for the high-throughput generation and rapid expansion of a uniform hiPSC product that is applicable to industrial and clinical-grade use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Valamehr
- Fate Therapeutics, Inc., 3535 General Atomics Court, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Megan Robinson
- Fate Therapeutics, Inc., 3535 General Atomics Court, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Ramzey Abujarour
- Fate Therapeutics, Inc., 3535 General Atomics Court, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Betsy Rezner
- Fate Therapeutics, Inc., 3535 General Atomics Court, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Florin Vranceanu
- Fate Therapeutics, Inc., 3535 General Atomics Court, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Thuy Le
- Fate Therapeutics, Inc., 3535 General Atomics Court, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Amanda Medcalf
- Fate Therapeutics, Inc., 3535 General Atomics Court, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Tom Tong Lee
- Fate Therapeutics, Inc., 3535 General Atomics Court, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Michael Fitch
- Fate Therapeutics, Inc., 3535 General Atomics Court, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - David Robbins
- Fate Therapeutics, Inc., 3535 General Atomics Court, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Peter Flynn
- Fate Therapeutics, Inc., 3535 General Atomics Court, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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306
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Chen KG, Mallon BS, McKay RDG, Robey PG. Human pluripotent stem cell culture: considerations for maintenance, expansion, and therapeutics. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 14:13-26. [PMID: 24388173 PMCID: PMC3915741 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provide powerful resources for application in regenerative medicine and pharmaceutical development. In the past decade, various methods have been developed for large-scale hPSC culture that rely on combined use of multiple growth components, including media containing various growth factors, extracellular matrices, 3D environmental cues, and modes of multicellular association. In this Protocol Review, we dissect these growth components by comparing cell culture methods and identifying the benefits and pitfalls associated with each one. We further provide criteria, considerations, and suggestions to achieve optimal cell growth for hPSC expansion, differentiation, and use in future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Chen
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Barbara S Mallon
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald D G McKay
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pamela G Robey
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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