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Chen HI, Sharma B, Akerberg BN, Numi HJ, Kivelä R, Saharinen P, Aghajanian H, McKay AS, Bogard PE, Chang AH, Jacobs AH, Epstein JA, Stankunas K, Alitalo K, Red-Horse K. The sinus venosus contributes to coronary vasculature through VEGFC-stimulated angiogenesis. Development 2014; 141:4500-12. [PMID: 25377552 DOI: 10.1242/dev.113639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Identifying coronary artery progenitors and their developmental pathways could inspire novel regenerative treatments for heart disease. Multiple sources of coronary vessels have been proposed, including the sinus venosus (SV), endocardium and proepicardium, but their relative contributions to the coronary circulation and the molecular mechanisms regulating their development are poorly understood. We created an ApjCreER mouse line as a lineage-tracing tool to map SV-derived vessels onto the heart and compared the resulting lineage pattern with endocardial and proepicardial contributions to the coronary circulation. The data showed a striking compartmentalization to coronary development. ApjCreER-traced vessels contributed to a large number of arteries, capillaries and veins on the dorsal and lateral sides of the heart. By contrast, untraced vessels predominated in the midline of the ventral aspect and ventricular septum, which are vessel populations primarily derived from the endocardium. The proepicardium gave rise to a smaller fraction of vessels spaced relatively uniformly throughout the ventricular walls. Dorsal (SV-derived) and ventral (endocardial-derived) coronary vessels developed in response to different growth signals. The absence of VEGFC, which is expressed in the epicardium, dramatically inhibited dorsal and lateral coronary growth but left vessels on the ventral side unaffected. We propose that complementary SV-derived and endocardial-derived migratory routes unite to form the coronary vasculature and that the former requires VEGFC, revealing its role as a tissue-specific mediator of blood endothelial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi I Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bikram Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brynn N Akerberg
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Harri J Numi
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Kivelä
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pipsa Saharinen
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Haig Aghajanian
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Cardiovascular Institute and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew S McKay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Andrew H Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew H Jacobs
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan A Epstein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Cardiovascular Institute and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kryn Stankunas
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristy Red-Horse
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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302
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Rocchi L, Caraffi S, Perris R, Mangieri D. The angiogenic asset of soft tissue sarcomas: a new tool to discover new therapeutic targets. Biosci Rep 2014; 34:e00147. [PMID: 25236925 PMCID: PMC4219423 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20140075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
STS (soft tissue sarcomas) are rare malignant tumours deriving from cells of mesenchymal origin and represent only 1% of all malignant neoplasms. It has been extensively demonstrated that angiogenesis has an important role in cancer malignancy. Particularly, a lot of studies demonstrate the importance of angiogenesis in the development of carcinomas, whereas little is known about the role of angiogenesis in sarcomas and especially in STS. This review aims at summarizing the new discoveries about the nature and the importance of angiogenesis in STS and the new possible therapeutic strategies involved. Only a few studies concerning STS focus on tumour neovascularization and proangiogenic factors and look for a correlation with the patients prognosis/survival. These studies demonstrate that intratumoural MVD (microvessels density) may not accurately represent the angiogenic capacity of STS. Nevertheless, this does not exclude the possibility that angiogenesis could be important in STS. The importance of neoangiogenesis in soft tissue tumours is confirmed by the arising number of publications comparing angiogenesis mediators with clinical features of patients with STS. The efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapies in other types of cancer is well documented. The understanding of the involvement of the angiogenic process in STS, together with the necessity to improve the therapy for this often mortal condition, prompted the exploration of anti-tumour compounds targeting this pathway. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the importance to better understand the mechanisms of angiogenesis in STS in order to subsequently design-specific target therapies for this group of poorly responding tumours.
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Key Words
- angiogenesis factors
- angiogenesis
- soft tissue sarcomas
- target therapy
- csf, colony-stimulating factor
- ec, endothelial cell
- fgf-2, fibroblast growth factor-2
- mfh, malignant fibrous histiocytoma
- mmp, matrix metalloproteinase
- mtor, mammalian target of rapamycin
- mvd, microvessels density
- pdgfrβ, platelet-derived growth factor beta
- plgf, placental growth factor
- sts, soft tissue sarcomas
- tki, tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- timp, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases
- upa, urokinase-type plasminogen activator
- vegf, vascular endothelial growth factor
- vegfr, vegf receptor
- vwf, von-willebrand factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rocchi
- *Unità Operativa di Anatomia e Istologia Patologica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, 43100-Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Caraffi
- *Unità Operativa di Anatomia e Istologia Patologica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, 43100-Parma, Italy
| | - Roberto Perris
- †COMT–Centro di Oncologia Medica e Traslazionale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A 43100-Parma, Italy
| | - Domenica Mangieri
- *Unità Operativa di Anatomia e Istologia Patologica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, 43100-Parma, Italy
- †COMT–Centro di Oncologia Medica e Traslazionale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A 43100-Parma, Italy
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303
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Wang P, Du H, Zhou CC, Song J, Liu X, Cao X, Mehta JL, Shi Y, Su DF, Miao CY. Intracellular NAMPT-NAD+-SIRT1 cascade improves post-ischaemic vascular repair by modulating Notch signalling in endothelial progenitors. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 104:477-88. [PMID: 25341895 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Intracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is the rate-limiting enzyme for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) biosynthesis. This study investigated the role of NAMPT-mediated NAD(+) signalling in post-ischaemic vascular repair. METHODS AND RESULTS Mouse hind-limb ischaemia up-regulated NAMPT expression and NAD(+) level in bone marrow (BM). Pharmacological inhibition of NAMPT by a chemical inhibitor FK866 impaired the mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from BM upon ischaemic stress. Transgenic mice overexpressing NAMPT (Tg mice), but not H247A-mutant dominant-negative NAMPT (DN-Tg mice), exhibited enhanced capillary density, increased number of proliferating endothelial cells, improved blood flow recovery, and augmented collateral arterioles in the ischaemic limb. In cultured BM-derived EPCs, inhibition of NAMPT suppressed proliferation, migration, and tube formation, whereas overexpression of NAMPT induced opposite effects. The promoting effects of NAMPT on EPCs were abolished by silencing of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), rather than silencing of SIRT2-7. Overexpression of NAMPT led to a SIRT1-depedent enhancement of Notch-1 intracellular domain deacetylation, which inhibited Delta-like ligand-4 (DLL4)-Notch signalling and thereby up-regulated of VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3. Injection of recombinant VEGF induced a more pronounced EPC mobilization in Tg, but not in DN-Tg, mice. Furthermore, overexpression of NAMPT down-regulated Fringe family glycosyltransferases in a SIRT1-dependent manner, which rendered Notch more sensitive to the pro-angiogenic ligand Jagged1 rather than the anti-angiogenic ligand DLL4. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that intracellular NAMPT-NAD(+)-SIRT1 cascade improves post-ischaemic neovascularization. The modulation of Notch signalling may contribute to the enhanced post-ischaemic neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guo He Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hui Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guo He Road, Shanghai 200433, China Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Region, Lanzhou, China
| | - Can-Can Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guo He Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guo He Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xingguang Liu
- Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jawahar L Mehta
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Yi Shi
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding-Feng Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guo He Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chao-Yu Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guo He Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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304
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Han KY, Chang JH, Dugas-Ford J, Alexander JS, Azar DT. Involvement of lysosomal degradation in VEGF-C-induced down-regulation of VEGFR-3. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4357-63. [PMID: 25281926 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C-induced down-regulation of VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-3 is important in lymphangiogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that VEGF-C, -D, and -C156S, but not VEGF-A, down-regulate VEGFR-3. VEGF-C stimulates VEGFR-3 tyrosyl phosphorylation and transient phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinases in lymphatic endothelial cells. VEGF-C-induced down-regulation of VEGFR-3 was blocked by a VEGF-C trap, tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and leupeptin, pepstatin, and E64 (LPE), but was unaffected by Notch 1 activator and γ-secretase inhibitors. Our findings indicate that VEGF-C down-regulates VEGFR-3 in lymphatic endothelial cells through VEGFR-3 kinase activation and, in part, via lysosomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Yeon Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jin-Hong Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Jennifer Dugas-Ford
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jonathan S Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States. http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v15/n9/abs/nm.2018.html-a8
| | - Dimitri T Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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305
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Voelkel NF, Gomez-Arroyo J. The Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. The Angiogenesis Paradox. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:474-84. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0045tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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306
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Wang W, Xu X, Ji C, Wu L, Wang Z, Chen G. Therapeutic effects of LS-13 on glioma in vivo and in vitro. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 20:947-9. [PMID: 25169817 PMCID: PMC6492988 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Cheng‐Yuan Ji
- Department of Neurosurgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Ling‐Yun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu ProvinceChina
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307
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Cao Q, Zhang T, Zhang J. Correlation analysis of STAT3 and VEGF expression and eosinophil infiltration in nasal polyps. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 272:1955-60. [PMID: 25253546 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-014-3290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The expression and distribution of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), as well as eosinophil infiltration in nasal polyps was detected to examine their roles and correlations in the nasal polyp pathogenesis. Using the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase (SP) method, immunohistochemistry was performed on conventional paraffin sections of 30 surgery-resected polypous specimens and 10 inferior turbinate tissues that were resected during nasal septum deflection correction to detect the expression of STAT3, p-STAT3, and VEGF, as well as eosinophil infiltration. The rates of STAT3-, p-STAT3-, and VEGF-positive expression in the mucosal epithelium and glands of nasal polyps were 66.67, 56.67, and 76.67 %, respectively, values that were significantly higher than those in the inferior turbinate group. The number of eosinophils in the nasal polyps was significantly higher than in the inferior turbinate group. Expression of p-STAT3 and VEGF in nasal polyps and eosinophil infiltration was increased significantly and positively correlated, indicating that VEGF and eosinophil infiltration might be regulated by p-STAT3. Therefore, the expression of STAT3, p-STAT3, and VEGF, and eosinophil infiltration might be important factors in nasal polyp pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Cao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
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308
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Sallinen H, Heikura T, Koponen J, Kosma VM, Heinonen S, Ylä-Herttuala S, Anttila M. Serum angiopoietin-2 and soluble VEGFR-2 levels predict malignancy of ovarian neoplasm and poor prognosis in epithelial ovarian cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:696. [PMID: 25245329 PMCID: PMC4179851 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to explore the serum levels of eight angiogenesis biomarkers in patients with benign, borderline or malignant epithelial ovarian neoplasms and to compare them to those of healthy controls. In addition, we aimed to study how those biomarkers predict the clinical course and survival of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods We enrolled 132 patients with ovarian neoplasms and 32 unaffected women in this study. Serum samples were collected preoperatively at the time of diagnosis and the levels of angiogenesis biomarkers were measured with an ELISA. Results Levels of Ang-1, Ang-2, VEGF, VEGF-D, VEGF/sVEGFR-2 and Ang-2/ sVEGFR-2 ratios were elevated whereas sVEGFR-2 was lower in patients with ovarian carcinoma than in women with normal ovaries, benign and/or borderline ovarian neoplasms. In ROC analysis, the area under the curve for serum Ang-2/sVEGFR-2 ratio (0.76) was greater than Ang-2 (0.75) and VEGF (0.65) but lower than for CA 125 (0.90) to differentiate ovarian cancer from benign or borderline ovarian tumors. In ovarian cancer high Ang-2/sVEGFR-2 ratio was associated with the presence of ascites, high stage and grade of ovarian cancer, with the size of primary residual tumor >1 cm and with recurrence of disease. Elevated Ang-2, VEGF, VEGF/sVEGFR-2, Ang-2/VEGF and Ang-2/sVEGFR-2 ratios and low level of sVEGFR-2 were significant predictors of poor overall survival (OS) and recurrence free survival (RFS) in univariate survival analyses. Conclusions Ovarian cancer patients had elevated levels of angiogenesis related growth factors in circulation reflecting increased angiogenesis and poor prognosis. The serum level of Ang-2 predicted most accurately poor OS and Ang-2/sVEGFR-2 ratio malignancy of ovarian neoplasms and short RFS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-696) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Maarit Anttila
- Department of Gynecology, Kuopio University Hospital, P,O, Box 900, Kuopio, FIN 70029 KYS, Finland.
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309
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Aspelund A, Tammela T, Antila S, Nurmi H, Leppänen VM, Zarkada G, Stanczuk L, Francois M, Mäkinen T, Saharinen P, Immonen I, Alitalo K. The Schlemm's canal is a VEGF-C/VEGFR-3-responsive lymphatic-like vessel. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3975-86. [PMID: 25061878 PMCID: PMC4153703 DOI: 10.1172/jci75395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In glaucoma, aqueous outflow into the Schlemm's canal (SC) is obstructed. Despite striking structural and functional similarities with the lymphatic vascular system, it is unknown whether the SC is a blood or lymphatic vessel. Here, we demonstrated the expression of lymphatic endothelial cell markers by the SC in murine and zebrafish models as well as in human eye tissue. The initial stages of SC development involved induction of the transcription factor PROX1 and the lymphangiogenic receptor tyrosine kinase VEGFR-3 in venous endothelial cells in postnatal mice. Using gene deletion and function-blocking antibodies in mice, we determined that the lymphangiogenic growth factor VEGF-C and its receptor, VEGFR-3, are essential for SC development. Delivery of VEGF-C into the adult eye resulted in sprouting, proliferation, and growth of SC endothelial cells, whereas VEGF-A obliterated the aqueous outflow system. Furthermore, a single injection of recombinant VEGF-C induced SC growth and was associated with trend toward a sustained decrease in intraocular pressure in adult mice. These results reveal the evolutionary conservation of the lymphatic-like phenotype of the SC, implicate VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 as critical regulators of SC lymphangiogenesis, and provide a basis for further studies on therapeutic manipulation of the SC with VEGF-C in glaucoma treatment.
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310
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Lai JG, Tsai SM, Tu HC, Chen WC, Kou FJ, Lu JW, Wang HD, Huang CL, Yuh CH. Zebrafish WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 1 (wnk1) affects angiogenesis associated with VEGF signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106129. [PMID: 25171174 PMCID: PMC4149531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The WNK1 (WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 1) protein is a serine/threonine protein kinase with emerging roles in cancer. WNK1 causes hypertension and hyperkalemia when overexpressed and cardiovascular defects when ablated in mice. In this study, the role of Wnk1 in angiogenesis was explored using the zebrafish model. There are two zebrafish wnk1 isoforms, wnk1a and wnk1b, and both contain all the functional domains found in the human WNK1 protein. Both isoforms are expressed in the embryo at the initiation of angiogenesis and in the posterior cardinal vein (PCV), similar to fms-related tyrosine kinase 4 (flt4). Using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides against wnk1a and wnk1b, we observed that wnk1 morphants have defects in angiogenesis in the head and trunk, similar to flk1/vegfr2 morphants. Furthermore, both wnk1a and wnk1b mRNA can partially rescue the defects in vascular formation caused by flk1/vegfr2 knockdown. Mutation of the kinase domain or the Akt/PI3K phosphorylation site within wnk1 destroys this rescue capability. The rescue experiments provide evidence that wnk1 is a downstream target for Vegfr2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2) and Akt/PI3K signaling and thereby affects angiogenesis in zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, we found that knockdown of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (flk1/vegfr2) or vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (flt4/vegfr3) results in a decrease in wnk1a expression, as assessed by insitu hybridization and q-RT-PCR analysis. Thus, the Vegf/Vegfr signaling pathway controls angiogenesis in zebrafish via Akt kinase-mediated phosphorylation and activation of Wnk1 as well as transcriptional regulation of wnk1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Geng Lai
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Su-Mei Tsai
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiao-Chen Tu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Chuan Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fong-Ji Kou
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jeng-Wei Lu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Horng-Dar Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chou-Long Huang
- Departments of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CHY); (CLH)
| | - Chiou-Hwa Yuh
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
- College of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
- College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- * E-mail: (CHY); (CLH)
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311
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Munson JM, Shieh AC. Interstitial fluid flow in cancer: implications for disease progression and treatment. Cancer Manag Res 2014; 6:317-28. [PMID: 25170280 PMCID: PMC4144982 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s65444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As cancer progresses, a dynamic microenvironment develops that creates and responds to cellular and biophysical cues. Increased intratumoral pressure and corresponding increases in interstitial flow from the tumor bulk to the healthy stroma is an observational hallmark of progressing cancers. Until recently, the role of interstitial flow was thought to be mostly passive in the transport and dissemination of cancer cells to metastatic sites. With research spanning the past decade, we have seen that interstitial flow has a promigratory effect on cancer cell invasion in multiple cancer types. This invasion is one mechanism by which cancers can resist therapeutics and recur, but the role of interstitial flow in cancer therapy is limited to the understanding of transport of therapeutics. Here we outline the current understanding of the role of interstitial flow in cancer and the tumor microenvironment through cancer progression and therapy. We also discuss the current role of fluid flow in the treatment of cancer, including drug transport and therapeutic strategies. By stating the current understanding of interstitial flow in cancer progression, we can begin exploring its role in therapeutic failure and treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Munson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Adrian C Shieh
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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312
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Morfoisse F, Renaud E, Hantelys F, Prats AC, Garmy-Susini B. Role of hypoxia and vascular endothelial growth factors in lymphangiogenesis. Mol Cell Oncol 2014; 1:e29907. [PMID: 27308316 PMCID: PMC4905169 DOI: 10.4161/mco.29907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is known to be a major factor in the induction of angiogenesis during tumor development but its role in lymphangiogenesis remains unclear. Blood and lymphatic vasculatures are stimulated by the vascular endothelial family of growth factors – the VEGFs. In this review, we investigate the role of hypoxia in the molecular regulation of synthesis of the lymphangiogenic growth factors VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D. Gene expression can be regulated by hypoxia at either transcriptional or translational levels. In contrast to strong induction of DNA transcription by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), the majority of cellular stresses such as hypoxia lead to inhibition of cap-dependent translation of mRNA and downregulation of protein synthesis. Here, we describe how initiation of translation of VEGF mRNA is induced by hypoxia through an internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-dependent mechanism. Considering the implications of the lymphatic vasculature for metastatic dissemination, it is crucial to understand the molecular regulation of lymphangiogenic growth factors by hypoxia to obtain new insights into cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Morfoisse
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; Toulouse, France; UPS; TRADGENE; EA4554; Toulouse, France
| | - Edith Renaud
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; Toulouse, France; UPS; TRADGENE; EA4554; Toulouse, France
| | - Fransky Hantelys
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; Toulouse, France; UPS; TRADGENE; EA4554; Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Catherine Prats
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; Toulouse, France; UPS; TRADGENE; EA4554; Toulouse, France
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313
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miRNAs and lncRNAs in vascular injury and remodeling. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2014; 57:826-35. [PMID: 25104456 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-014-4698-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Vascular injury, remodeling, as well as angiogenesis, are the leading causes of coronary or cerebrovascular disease. The blood vessel functional imbalance trends to induce atherosclerosis, hypertension, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. As several genes have been identified to be dynamically regulated during vascular injury and remodeling, it is becoming widely accepted that several types of non-coding RNA, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), are involved in regulating the endothelial cell and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) behaviors. Here, we review the progress of the extant studies on mechanistic, clinical and diagnostic implications of miRNAs and lncRNAs in vascular injury and remodeling, as well as angiogenesis, emphasizing the important roles of miRNAs and lncRNAs in vascular diseases. Furthermore, we introduce the interaction between miRNAs and lncRNAs, and highlight the mechanism through which lncRNAs are regulating the miRNA function. We envisage that continuous in-depth research of non-coding RNAs in vascular disease will have significant implications for the treatment of coronary or cerebrovascular diseases.
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Kurenova E, Liao J, He DH, Hunt D, Yemma M, Bshara W, Seshadri M, Cance WG. The FAK scaffold inhibitor C4 disrupts FAK-VEGFR-3 signaling and inhibits pancreatic cancer growth. Oncotarget 2014; 4:1632-46. [PMID: 24142503 PMCID: PMC3858551 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Even with successful surgical resection and perioperative chemotherapy and radiation, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) has a high incidence of recurrence. Tumor cell survival depends on activation of signaling pathways that suppress the apoptotic stimuli of invasion and metastasis. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a critical signaling molecule that has been implicated in tumor cell survival, invasion and metastasis. We have previously shown that FAK and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) are overexpressed in cancer cells and physically interact to confer a significant survival advantage. We subsequently identified a novel small molecule inhibitor C4 that targeted the VEGFR-3-FAK site of interaction. In this study, we have shown that C4 disrupted the FAK-VEGFR-3 complexes in PDA cells. C4 treatment caused dose-dependent dephosphorylation and inactivation of the VEGFR-3 and FAK, reduction in cell viability and proliferation, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in PDA cells. C4 increased the sensitivity of tumor cells to gemcitabine chemotherapy in vitro that lead to apoptosis at nanomolar concentrations of both drugs. C4 reduced tumor growth in vivo in subcutaneous and orthotopic murine models of PDA. The drug alone at low dose, decreased tumor growth; however, concomitant administration with low dose of gemcitabine had significant synergistic effect and led to 70% tumor reduction. Combination of C4 with gemcitabine had a prolonged cytostatic effect on tumor growth after treatment withdrawal. Finally, we report an anecdotal case of stage IV pancreatic cancer treated with gemcitabine in combination with C4 that showed a significant clinical response in primary tumor and complete clinical response in liver metastasis over an eight month period. Taken together, these results demonstrate that targeting the scaffolding function of FAK with a small-molecule FAK-VEGFR-3 inhibitor can be an effective therapeutic strategy against PDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kurenova
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
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Hu J, Cheng Y, Li Y, Jin Z, Pan Y, Liu G, Fu S, Zhang Y, Feng K, Feng Y. microRNA-128 plays a critical role in human non-small cell lung cancer tumourigenesis, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis by directly targeting vascular endothelial growth factor-C. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50:2336-50. [PMID: 25001183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs) are important gene regulators that play critical roles in biological processes and function as either tumour suppressors or oncogenes. Therefore, the expression levels of miRNAs can be important and reliable biomarkers for cancer detection and prognostic prediction, and potentially serve as targets for cancer therapy. In this study, we showed that the expression level of miR-128 was significantly downregulated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues and cancer cells, and was significantly correlated with NSCLC differentiation, pathological stage and lymph node metastasis. Ectopic miR-128 overexpression significantly suppressed in vitro proliferation, colony formation, immigration and invasion, and induced G1 arrest and apoptosis of NSCLC cells. Interestingly, ectopic miR-128 overexpression could significantly inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C expression and reduce the activity of a luciferase reporter containing the VEGF-C 3'-untranslated region. In addition, overexpression of miR-128 in NSCLC cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cells led to decreased expression of VEGF-A, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2 and VEGFR-3, critical factors responsible for cancer angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, and subsequently decreased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (AKT) and p38 signalling pathways. Furthermore, in vivo restoration of miR-128 significantly suppressed tumourigenicity of A549 cells in nude mice and inhibited both angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis of tumour xenografts. These findings suggest that miR-128 could play a role in NSCLC tumourigenesis at least in part by modulation of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis through targeting VEGF-C, and could simultaneously block ERK, AKT and p38 signalling pathways. Therapeutic strategies to restore miR-128 in NSCLC could be useful to inhibit tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions), Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China; School of Basic Medical Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yongxia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions), Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China; School of Basic Medical Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Yuezhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions), Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| | - Zaishun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions), Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| | - Yanming Pan
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions), Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| | - Guibo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions), Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| | - Songbin Fu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Yafang Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Kejian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions), Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| | - Yukuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions), Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China; School of Basic Medical Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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Thomaidis T, Maderer A, Al-Batran SE, Kany J, Pauligk C, Steinmetz K, Schad A, Hofheinz R, Schmalenberg H, Homann N, Galle PR, Moehler M. VEGFR-3 and CXCR4 as predictive markers for treatment with fluorouracil, leucovorin plus either oxaliplatin or cisplatin in patients with advanced esophagogastric cancer: a comparative study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie (AIO). BMC Cancer 2014; 14:476. [PMID: 24981311 PMCID: PMC4094395 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combination of fluoropyrimidines and a platinum derivative are currently standards for systemic chemotherapy in advanced adenocarcinoma of the stomach and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ). Nevertheless, individual likelihood for response to these therapeutic regimes remains uncertain. Even more, no predictive markers are available to determine which patients may benefit more from oxaliplatin versus cisplatin or vice versa. The new invasion and stem cell markers VEGFR-3 and CXCR4 have been linked prognostically with more aggressive esophagogastric cancer types. Thus, we aimed to assess correlations of VEGFR-3 and CXCR4 expression levels with clinical outcome in a randomized phase III study of patients with oxaliplatin/leucovorin/5-FU (FLO) versus cisplatin/leucovorin/5-FU (FLP). METHODS The patients data examined in this study (n = 72) were from the collective of the FLO vs. FLP phase III AIO trial. Tumour tissues were stained via immunohistochemistry for VEGFR-3 and CXCR4 expression and results were evaluated by two independent, blinded investigators.Outcome parameter: Survival analysis was calculated for patients receiving FLO vs. FLP in relation to VEGFR-3 and CXCR4 expression. RESULTS 54% and 36% of the examined tumour tissues showed strong positive expression of VEGFR-3 and CXCR4 respectively. No superiority of each regime was detected in terms of overall survival (OS) in the whole population. Patients with strong expression of CXCR4 on their tumour tissues profited more in terms of OS under the treatment of FLP (mOS: 28 vs 15 months, p = 0.05 respectively). Patients with negative VEGFR-3 and CXCR4 expression had a trend to live longer when FLO regime was applied (mOS: 22 vs. 9 months, p = 0.099 and 20 vs. 10 months, p = 0.073 respectively). In an exploratory analysis of patients older than 60 years at diagnosis, we observed a significant benefit in overall survival for VEGFR-3 and CXCR4-positive patients when treated with FLP (p = 0.002, p = 0.021 respectively). CONCLUSIONS CXCR4 positive patients profited in terms of OS from FLP, whereas FLO proved to be more effective in CXCR4 and VEGFR-3 negative patients. Our results suggest, despite the limited size of the study, a predictive value of these biomarkers concerning chemotherapy with FLP or FLO in advanced esophagogastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Markus Moehler
- I, Medical Department, Johannes-Gutenberg University of Mainz, Langenbeckstr,1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-VEGF receptor (VEGFR) system has been shown to play central roles not only in physiological angiogenesis, but also in pathological angiogenesis in diseases such as cancer. Based on these findings, a variety of anti-angiogenic drugs, including anti-VEGF antibodies and VEGFR/multi-receptor kinase inhibitors have been developed and approved for the clinical use. While the clinical efficacy of these drugs has been clearly demonstrated in cancer patients, they have not been shown to be effective in curing cancer, suggesting that further improvement in their design is necessary. Abnormal expression of an endogenous VEGF-inhibitor sFlt-1 has been shown to be involved in a variety of diseases, such as preeclampsia and aged macular degeneration. In addition, various factors modulating angiogenic processes have been recently isolated. Given this complexity then, extensive studies on the interrelationship between VEGF signals and other angiogenesis-regulatory systems will be important for developing future strategies to suppress diseases with an angiogenic component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masabumi Shibuya
- Jobu University, Director, Institute of Physiology and Medicine, Gunma 372-8588 ; Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Molecular Oncology, Tokyo 113-8519 ; University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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Jeltsch M, Jha SK, Tvorogov D, Anisimov A, Leppänen VM, Holopainen T, Kivelä R, Ortega S, Kärpanen T, Alitalo K. CCBE1Enhances Lymphangiogenesis via A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease With Thrombospondin Motifs-3–Mediated Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C Activation. Circulation 2014; 129:1962-71. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.002779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jeltsch
- From the Wihuri Research Institute (M.J., A.A., V.-M.L., R.K., K.A.), Translational Cancer Biology Program (M.J., S.K.J., D.T., A.A., T.H., K.A.), and Department of Biomedicine (M.J.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain (S.O.); Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (T.K.); and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Sawan Kumar Jha
- From the Wihuri Research Institute (M.J., A.A., V.-M.L., R.K., K.A.), Translational Cancer Biology Program (M.J., S.K.J., D.T., A.A., T.H., K.A.), and Department of Biomedicine (M.J.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain (S.O.); Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (T.K.); and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Denis Tvorogov
- From the Wihuri Research Institute (M.J., A.A., V.-M.L., R.K., K.A.), Translational Cancer Biology Program (M.J., S.K.J., D.T., A.A., T.H., K.A.), and Department of Biomedicine (M.J.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain (S.O.); Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (T.K.); and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Andrey Anisimov
- From the Wihuri Research Institute (M.J., A.A., V.-M.L., R.K., K.A.), Translational Cancer Biology Program (M.J., S.K.J., D.T., A.A., T.H., K.A.), and Department of Biomedicine (M.J.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain (S.O.); Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (T.K.); and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Veli-Matti Leppänen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute (M.J., A.A., V.-M.L., R.K., K.A.), Translational Cancer Biology Program (M.J., S.K.J., D.T., A.A., T.H., K.A.), and Department of Biomedicine (M.J.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain (S.O.); Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (T.K.); and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Tanja Holopainen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute (M.J., A.A., V.-M.L., R.K., K.A.), Translational Cancer Biology Program (M.J., S.K.J., D.T., A.A., T.H., K.A.), and Department of Biomedicine (M.J.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain (S.O.); Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (T.K.); and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Riikka Kivelä
- From the Wihuri Research Institute (M.J., A.A., V.-M.L., R.K., K.A.), Translational Cancer Biology Program (M.J., S.K.J., D.T., A.A., T.H., K.A.), and Department of Biomedicine (M.J.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain (S.O.); Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (T.K.); and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Sagrario Ortega
- From the Wihuri Research Institute (M.J., A.A., V.-M.L., R.K., K.A.), Translational Cancer Biology Program (M.J., S.K.J., D.T., A.A., T.H., K.A.), and Department of Biomedicine (M.J.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain (S.O.); Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (T.K.); and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Terhi Kärpanen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute (M.J., A.A., V.-M.L., R.K., K.A.), Translational Cancer Biology Program (M.J., S.K.J., D.T., A.A., T.H., K.A.), and Department of Biomedicine (M.J.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain (S.O.); Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (T.K.); and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Kari Alitalo
- From the Wihuri Research Institute (M.J., A.A., V.-M.L., R.K., K.A.), Translational Cancer Biology Program (M.J., S.K.J., D.T., A.A., T.H., K.A.), and Department of Biomedicine (M.J.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain (S.O.); Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands (T.K.); and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
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Pronto-Laborinho AC, Pinto S, de Carvalho M. Roles of vascular endothelial growth factor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:947513. [PMID: 24987705 PMCID: PMC4022172 DOI: 10.1155/2014/947513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal devastating neurodegenerative disorder, involving progressive degeneration of motor neurons in spinal cord, brainstem, and motor cortex. Riluzole is the only drug approved in ALS but it only confers a modest improvement in survival. In spite of a high number of clinical trials no other drug has proved effectiveness. Recent studies support that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), originally described as a key angiogenic factor, also plays a key role in the nervous system, including neurogenesis, neuronal survival, neuronal migration, and axon guidance. VEGF has been used in exploratory clinical studies with promising results in ALS and other neurological disorders. Although VEGF is a very promising compound, translating the basic science breakthroughs into clinical practice is the major challenge ahead. VEGF-B, presenting a single safety profile, protects motor neurons from degeneration in ALS animal models and, therefore, it will be particularly interesting to test its effects in ALS patients. In the present paper the authors make a brief description of the molecular properties of VEGF and its receptors and review its different features and therapeutic potential in the nervous system/neurodegenerative disease, particularly in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Pronto-Laborinho
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular (IMM), Translational Clinical Physiology Unit, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Pinto
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular (IMM), Translational Clinical Physiology Unit, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mamede de Carvalho
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular (IMM), Translational Clinical Physiology Unit, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
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Schmieder R, Hoffmann J, Becker M, Bhargava A, Müller T, Kahmann N, Ellinghaus P, Adams R, Rosenthal A, Thierauch KH, Scholz A, Wilhelm SM, Zopf D. Regorafenib (BAY 73-4506): antitumor and antimetastatic activities in preclinical models of colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:1487-96. [PMID: 24347491 PMCID: PMC4277327 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Regorafenib, a novel multikinase inhibitor, has recently demonstrated overall survival benefits in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Our study aimed to gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms of regorafenib and to assess its potential in combination therapy. Regorafenib was tested alone and in combination with irinotecan in patient-derived (PD) CRC models and a murine CRC liver metastasis model. Mechanism of action was investigated using in vitro functional assays, immunohistochemistry and correlation with CRC-related oncogenes. Regorafenib demonstrated significant inhibition of growth-factor-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) 2 and VEGFR3 autophosphorylation, and intracellular VEGFR3 signaling in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HuVECs) and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), and also blocked migration of LECs. Furthermore, regorafenib inhibited proliferation in 19 of 25 human CRC cell lines and markedly slowed tumor growth in five of seven PD xenograft models. Combination of regorafenib with irinotecan significantly delayed tumor growth after extended treatment in four xenograft models. Reduced CD31 staining indicates that the antiangiogenic effects of regorafenib contribute to its antitumor activity. Finally, regorafenib significantly delayed disease progression in a murine CRC liver metastasis model by inhibiting the growth of established liver metastases and preventing the formation of new metastases in other organs. In addition, our results suggest that regorafenib displays antimetastatic activity, which may contribute to its efficacy in patients with metastatic CRC. Combination of regorafenib and irinotecan demonstrated an increased antitumor effect and could provide a future treatment option for CRC patients.
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321
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Li S, Li Q. Cancer stem cells and tumor metastasis (Review). Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1806-12. [PMID: 24691919 PMCID: PMC4063536 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that tumors can induce angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, which plays an important role in promoting hematogenous and lymphogenous spread. In recent years, the cancer stem cell (CSC) theory has emerged as an attractive hypothesis for tumor development and progression. The theory proposes that one small subset of cancer cells has the characteristics of stem cells. These CSCs have the capability of both self-renewal and differentiation into diverse cancer cells, which play a decisive role in maintaining capacity for malignant proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and tumor recurrence. CSCs are involved in tumor metastasis, however, the details, and the possible relationship of CSCs, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and tumor metastasis is still ambiguous. The aim of this report is to summarize current studies of CSCs and tumor metastasis at the cellular level, with the goal of bringing new insights into understanding the role of CSCs in tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- The Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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322
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Lenoir B, Wagner DR, Blacher S, Sala-Newby GB, Newby AC, Noel A, Devaux Y. Effects of adenosine on lymphangiogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92715. [PMID: 24651845 PMCID: PMC3961410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The lymphatic system controls tissue homeostasis by draining protein-rich lymph to the vascular system. Lymphangiogenesis, the formation of lymphatic vessels, is a normal event in childhood but promotes tumor spread and metastasis during adulthood. Blocking lymphangiogenesis may therefore be of therapeutic interest. Production of adenosine is enhanced in the tumor environment and contributes to tumor progression through stimulation of angiogenesis. In this study, we determined whether adenosine affects lymphangiogenesis. Methods Lymphatic endothelial cells (HMVEC-dLy) were cultured in presence of adenosine and their proliferation, migration and tube formation was assessed. Gelatin sponges embedded with the stable analogue of adenosine 2-chloro adenosine were implanted in mice ear and lymphangiogenesis was quantified. Mice were intravenously injected with adenoviruses containing expression vector for 5′-endonucleotidase, which plays a major role in the formation of adenosine. Results In vitro, we observed that adenosine decreased the proliferation of lymphatic endothelial cells, their migration and tube formation. However, in vivo, gelatin sponges containing 2-chloro adenosine and implanted in mice ear displayed an elevated level of lymphangiogenesis (2.5-fold, p<0.001). Adenovirus-mediated over-expression of cytosolic 5′-nucleotidase IA stimulated lymphangiogenesis and the recruitment of macrophages in mouse liver. Proliferation of lymphatic endothelial cells was enhanced (2-fold, p<0.001) when incubated in the presence of conditioned medium from murine macrophages. Conclusion We have shown that adenosine stimulates lymphangiogenesis in vivo, presumably through a macrophage-mediated mechanism. This observation suggests that blockade of adenosine receptors may help in anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Lenoir
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé (CRP – Santé), Luxembourg
| | - Daniel R. Wagner
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé (CRP – Santé), Luxembourg
- Division of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Silvia Blacher
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée - Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Graciela B. Sala-Newby
- Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C. Newby
- Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Agnès Noel
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée - Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Yvan Devaux
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé (CRP – Santé), Luxembourg
- * E-mail:
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Adomako-Ankomah A, Ettensohn CA. Growth factors and early mesoderm morphogenesis: insights from the sea urchin embryo. Genesis 2014; 52:158-72. [PMID: 24515750 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The early morphogenesis of the mesoderm is critically important in establishing the body plan of the embryo. Recent research has led to a better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie this process, and growth factor signaling pathways have emerged as key regulators of the directional movements of mesoderm cells during gastrulation. In this review, we undertake a comparative analysis of the various essential functions of growth factor signaling pathways in regulating early mesoderm morphogenesis, with an emphasis on recent advances in the sea urchin embryo. We focus on the roles of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathways in the migration of primary mesenchyme cells and the formation of the embryonic endoskeleton. We compare the functions of VEGF and FGF in sea urchins with the roles that these and other growth factors play in regulating mesoderm migration during gastrulation in Drosophila and vertebrates.
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Riabov V, Gudima A, Wang N, Mickley A, Orekhov A, Kzhyshkowska J. Role of tumor associated macrophages in tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Front Physiol 2014; 5:75. [PMID: 24634660 PMCID: PMC3942647 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis is an essential process for supplying rapidly growing malignant tissues with essential nutrients and oxygen. An angiogenic switch allows tumor cells to survive and grow, and provides them access to vasculature resulting in metastatic disease. Monocyte-derived macrophages recruited and reprogrammed by tumor cells serve as a major source of angiogenic factors boosting the angiogenic switch. Tumor endothelium releases angiopoietin-2 and further facilitates recruitment of TIE2 receptor expressing monocytes (TEM) into tumor sites. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) sense hypoxia in avascular areas of tumors, and react by production of angiogenic factors such as VEGFA. VEGFA stimulates chemotaxis of endothelial cells (EC) and macrophages. In some tumors, TAM appeared to be a major source of MMP9. Elevated expression of MMP9 by TAM mediates extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and the release of bioactive VEGFA. Other angiogenic factors released by TAM include basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), thymidine phosphorylase (TP), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), and adrenomedullin (ADM). The same factors used by macrophages for the induction of angiogenesis [like vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and MMP9] support lymphangiogenesis. TAM can express LYVE-1, one of the established markers of lymphatic endothelium. TAM support tumor lymphangiogenesis not only by secretion of pro-lymphangiogenic factors but also by trans-differentiation into lymphatic EC. New pro-angiogenic factor YKL-40 belongs to a family of mammalian chitinase-like proteins (CLP) that act as cytokines or growth factors. Human CLP family comprises YKL-40, YKL-39, and SI-CLP. Production of all three CLP in macrophages is antagonistically regulated by cytokines. It was recently established that YKL-40 induces angiogenesis in vitro and in animal tumor models. YKL-40-neutralizing monoclonal antibody blocks tumor angiogenesis and progression. The role of YKL-39 and SI-CLP in tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Riabov
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany ; Department of Nanopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandru Gudima
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany ; Department of Innate Immunity and Tolerance, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
| | - Amanda Mickley
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany ; Department of Innate Immunity and Tolerance, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Orekhov
- Department of Nanopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Moscow, Russia
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany ; Department of Nanopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Moscow, Russia ; Department of Innate Immunity and Tolerance, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
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Abstract
Malignant tumors release growth factors such as VEGF-C to induce lymphatic vessel expansion (lymphangiogenesis) in primary tumors and in draining sentinel LNs, thereby promoting LN metastasis. Surprising recent evidence suggests that lymphatic vessels do not merely represent passive channels for tumor spread, but that they may actively promote tumor cell recruitment to LNs, cancer stem cell survival, and immune modulation. New imaging approaches allow the sensitive visualization of the earliest LN metastases and the quantitative, noninvasive measurement of the function of tumor-draining lymphatic vessels, with potential applications in the development of biomarkers for prognosis and measurement of therapeutic response.
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326
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Stacker SA, Williams SP, Karnezis T, Shayan R, Fox SB, Achen MG. Lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic vessel remodelling in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2014; 14:159-72. [PMID: 24561443 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 555] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The generation of new lymphatic vessels through lymphangiogenesis and the remodelling of existing lymphatics are thought to be important steps in cancer metastasis. The past decade has been exciting in terms of research into the molecular and cellular biology of lymphatic vessels in cancer, and it has been shown that the molecular control of tumour lymphangiogenesis has similarities to that of tumour angiogenesis. Nevertheless, there are significant mechanistic differences between these biological processes. We are now developing a greater understanding of the specific roles of distinct lymphatic vessel subtypes in cancer, and this provides opportunities to improve diagnostic and therapeutic approaches that aim to restrict the progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Stacker
- 1] Tumour Angiogenesis Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia. [2] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. [3] Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Steven P Williams
- Tumour Angiogenesis Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Tara Karnezis
- 1] Tumour Angiogenesis Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia. [2] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ramin Shayan
- 1] Tumour Angiogenesis Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia. [2] Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia. [3] Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia. [4] O'Brien Institute, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Stephen B Fox
- 1] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. [2] Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Marc G Achen
- 1] Tumour Angiogenesis Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia. [2] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. [3] Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
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327
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Evans CE, Grover SP, Humphries J, Saha P, Patel AP, Patel AS, Lyons OT, Waltham M, Modarai B, Smith A. Antiangiogenic Therapy Inhibits Venous Thrombus Resolution. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:565-70. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin E. Evans
- From the Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven P. Grover
- From the Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Humphries
- From the Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Prakash Saha
- From the Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anant P. Patel
- From the Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashish S. Patel
- From the Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver T. Lyons
- From the Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Waltham
- From the Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bijan Modarai
- From the Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Smith
- From the Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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328
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Beierle EA, Ma X, Stewart JE, Megison M, Cance WG, Kurenova EV. Inhibition of the focal adhesion kinase and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 interaction leads to decreased survival in human neuroblastoma cell lines. Mol Carcinog 2014; 53:230-42. [PMID: 23065847 PMCID: PMC3809027 DOI: 10.1002/mc.21969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma continues to be a devastating childhood solid tumor and is responsible for over 15% of all childhood cancer-related deaths. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) are protein tyrosine kinases that are overexpressed in a number of human cancers, including neuroblastoma. These two kinases can directly interact and provide survival signals to cancer cells. In this study, we utilized siRNA to VEGFR-3 to demonstrate the biologic importance of this kinase in neuroblastoma cell survival. We also used confocal microscopy and immunoprecipitation to show that FAK and VEGFR-3 bind in neuroblastoma. Finally, employing a 12-amino-acid peptide (AV3) specific to VEGFR-3, we showed that the colocalization between FAK and VEGFR-3 could be disrupted, and that disruption resulted in decreased neuroblastoma cell survival. These studies provide insight to the FAK-VEGFR-3 interaction in neuroblastoma and demonstrate its importance in this tumor type. Focusing upon the FAK-VEGFR-3 interaction may provide a novel therapeutic target for the development of new strategies for treatment of neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Beierle
- University of Alabama, Birmingham, 1600 7 Ave. S., ACC Room 300, Birmingham, AL 35233
| | - Xiaojie Ma
- University of Florida, 1600 Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Jerry E. Stewart
- University of Alabama, Birmingham, 1600 7 Ave. S., ACC Room 300, Birmingham, AL 35233
| | - Michael Megison
- University of Alabama, Birmingham, 1600 7 Ave. S., ACC Room 300, Birmingham, AL 35233
| | - William G. Cance
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Elena V. Kurenova
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263
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329
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Dalton HJ, Armaiz-Pena GN, Gonzalez-Villasana V, Lopez-Berestein G, Bar-Eli M, Sood AK. Monocyte subpopulations in angiogenesis. Cancer Res 2014; 74:1287-93. [PMID: 24556724 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Growing understanding of the role of the tumor microenvironment in angiogenesis has brought monocyte-derived cells into focus. Monocyte subpopulations are an increasingly attractive therapeutic target in many pathologic states, including cancer. Before monocyte-directed therapies can be fully harnessed for clinical use, understanding of monocyte-driven angiogenesis in tissue development and homeostasis, as well as malignancy, is required. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms by which monocytic subpopulations contribute to angiogenesis in tissue and tumor development, highlight gaps in our existing knowledge, and discuss opportunities to exploit these cells for clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Dalton
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Experimental Therapeutics, and Cancer Biology; and Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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330
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Deng GH, Liu J, Zhang J, Wang Y, Peng XC, Wei YQ, Jiang Y. Exogenous norepinephrine attenuates the efficacy of sunitinib in a mouse cancer model. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2014; 33:21. [PMID: 24555849 PMCID: PMC3940302 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-33-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sunitinib alone exhibits satisfactory efficacy in several mouse homografts and xenografts but unsatisfactory efficacy in many kinds of solid tumors in clinic. Different from animals, receiving a diagnosis of cancer impacts chronic stress on patients. Here, we examine whether norepinephrine (NE), one of the most potent stress related hormones, leads to the difference in the efficacy of sunitinib between clinical and preclinical trials. Methods The influence of NE on mouse melanoma B16F1 cells under sunitinib was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The β-AR/cAMP/PKA (β-adrenoceptor/cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A) signaling pathway was also evaluated in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Results We found that NE upregulated the expression of VEGF, IL-8 and IL-6 in vitro and stimulated tumor growth in vivo, which was mediated by β-AR/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway and could be inhibited by propranolol, a β-blocker for hypertension for decades. Conclusions This research indicates exogenous norepinephrine attenuates the efficacy of sunitinib, and a combination of sunitinib and propranolol might be suggested as a new strategy in solid tumor in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yu Jiang
- Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China.
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331
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Dll4-containing exosomes induce capillary sprout retraction in a 3D microenvironment. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4031. [PMID: 24504253 PMCID: PMC3916896 DOI: 10.1038/srep04031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Delta-like 4 (Dll4), a membrane-bound Notch ligand, plays a fundamental role in vascular development and angiogenesis. Dll4 is highly expressed in capillary endothelial tip cells and is involved in suppressing neighboring stalk cells to become tip cells during angiogenesis. Dll4-Notch signaling is mediated either by direct cell-cell contact or by Dll4-containing exosomes from a distance. However, whether Dll4-containing exosomes influence tip cells of existing capillaries is unknown. Using a 3D microfluidic device and time-lapse confocal microscopy, we show here for the first time that Dll4-containing exosomes causes tip cells to lose their filopodia and trigger capillary sprout retraction in collagen matrix. We demonstrate that Dll4 exosomes can freely travel through 3D collagen matrix and transfer Dll4 protein to distant tip cells. Upon reaching endothelial sprout, it causes filopodia and tip cell retraction. Continuous application of Dll4 exosomes from a distance lead to significant reduction of sprout formation. This effect correlates with Notch signaling activation upon Dll4-containing exosome interaction with recipient endothelial cells. Furthermore, we show that Dll4-containing exosomes increase endothelial cell motility while suppressing their proliferation. These data revealed novel functions of Dll4 in angiogenesis through exosomes.
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332
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Hsieh MC, Hsu HT, Hsiao PC, Yang SF, Yeh CB, Bien MY, Lin CH, Chien MH. Role of VEGF-C gene polymorphisms in susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma and its pathological development. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 28:237-44. [PMID: 24478168 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C), an angiogenic/lymphangiogenic factor with high expression levels in tumor tissues, plays important roles in the development of several malignancies including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The purpose of this study was to examine whether VEGF-C gene polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to HCC and its clinicopathological development. METHODS Genetic polymorphisms of VEGF-C of 135 patients with HCC and 520 noncancer controls were analyzed by a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS We found that a significantly (P = 0.021) higher risk for HCC was shown in individuals with the VEGF-C rs1485766 A/A genotype compared to those with wild-type homozygotes; a high frequency of an advanced stage and a low frequency of being positive for cirrhosis were respectively shown in HCC patients with the VEGF-C rs7664413 CT/TT and rs3775194 GC/CC genotypes. Moreover, we found that the GGACA, GACTG, CGATG, and GGCTG haplotypes of five VEGF-C single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) combined were also related to the risk of HCC. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the VEGF-C rs1485766 SNP and either of five haplotypes combined might contribute to a prediction of susceptibility to HCC. The genetic polymorphism of VEGF-C rs7664413 might be a predictive factor for advanced-stage HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chang Hsieh
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Hu J, Popp R, Frömel T, Ehling M, Awwad K, Adams RH, Hammes HP, Fleming I. Müller glia cells regulate Notch signaling and retinal angiogenesis via the generation of 19,20-dihydroxydocosapentaenoic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:281-95. [PMID: 24446488 PMCID: PMC3920554 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases generate bioactive lipid epoxides which can be further metabolized to supposedly less active diols by the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). As the role of epoxides and diols in angiogenesis is unclear, we compared retinal vasculature development in wild-type and sEH(-/-) mice. Deletion of the sEH significantly delayed angiogenesis, tip cell, and filopodia formation, a phenomenon associated with activation of the Notch signaling pathway. In the retina, sEH was localized in Müller glia cells, and Müller cell-specific sEH deletion reproduced the sEH(-/-) retinal phenotype. Lipid profiling revealed that sEH deletion decreased retinal and Müller cell levels of 19,20-dihydroxydocosapentaenoic acid (DHDP), a diol of docosahexenoic acid (DHA). 19,20-DHDP suppressed endothelial Notch signaling in vitro via inhibition of the γ-secretase and the redistribution of presenilin 1 from lipid rafts. Moreover, 19,20-DHDP, but not the parent epoxide, was able to rescue the defective angiogenesis in sEH(-/-) mice as well as in animals lacking the Fbxw7 ubiquitin ligase, which demonstrate strong basal activity of the Notch signaling cascade. These studies demonstrate that retinal angiogenesis is regulated by a novel form of neuroretina-vascular interaction involving the sEH-dependent generation of a diol of DHA in Müller cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Hu
- Institute for Vascular Signaling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner site Rhine-Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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334
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Ping W, Sun W, Zu Y, Chen W, Fu X. Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:4401-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1579-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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335
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Soltau J, Drevs J. Mode of action and clinical impact of VEGF signaling inhibitors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 9:649-62. [DOI: 10.1586/era.09.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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336
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Zhou HJ, Chen X, Huang Q, Liu R, Zhang H, Wang Y, Jin Y, Liang X, Lu L, Xu Z, Min W. AIP1 mediates vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor-3-dependent angiogenic and lymphangiogenic responses. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:603-15. [PMID: 24407031 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.303053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the novel function of ASK1-interacting protein-1 (AIP1) in vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-3 signaling, and VEGFR-3-dependent angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. APPROACH AND RESULTS AIP1, a signaling scaffold protein, is highly expressed in the vascular endothelium. We have previously reported that AIP1 functions as an endogenous inhibitor in pathological angiogenesis by blocking VEGFR-2 activity. Surprisingly, here we observe that mice with a global deletion of AIP1-knockout mice (AIP1-KO) exhibit reduced retinal angiogenesis with less sprouting and fewer branches. Vascular endothelial cell (but not neuronal)-specific deletion of AIP1 causes similar defects in retinal angiogenesis. The reduced retinal angiogenesis correlates with reduced expression in VEGFR-3 despite increased VEGFR-2 levels in AIP1-KO retinas. Consistent with the reduced expression of VEGFR-3, AIP1-KO show delayed developmental lymphangiogenesis in neonatal skin and mesentery, and mount weaker VEGF-C-induced cornea lymphangiogenesis. In vitro, human lymphatic endothelial cells with AIP1 small interfering RNA knockdown, retinal endothelial cells, and lymphatic endothelial cells isolated from AIP1-KO all show attenuated VEGF-C-induced VEGFR-3 signaling. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that AIP1 via vegfr-3-specific miR-1236 increases VEGFR-3 protein expression and that, by directly binding to VEGFR-3, it enhances VEGFR-3 endocytosis and stability. CONCLUSION Our in vivo and in vitro results provide the first insight into the mechanism by which AIP1 mediates VEGFR-3-dependent angiogenic and lymphangiogenic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjiao Jenny Zhou
- From the Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (H.J.Z., X.C., Q.H., H.Z., Y.W., Y.J., W.M.); State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (H.J.Z., X.C., X.L., L.L.); Diseases of the Aorta Lab, Center for the Endothelium, Vascular Biology Program, Centenary Institute and University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); Department of Ophthalmology, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, China (Z.X.)
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Liu CL, Kwok HF, Cheng L, Ko CH, Wong CW, Ho TWF, Leung PC, Fung KP, Lau CBS. Molecular mechanisms of angiogenesis effect of active sub-fraction from root of Rehmannia glutinosa by zebrafish sprout angiogenesis-guided fractionation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 151:565-75. [PMID: 24247081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE The root of Rehmannia glutinosa (Rehmanniae Radix (RR)) is clinically used as a wound-healing agent in traditional Chinese medicine. Angiogenesis acts crucially in the pathogenesis of chronic wound healing. The present study investigated the angiogenesis effect and its underlying mechanism of RR through zebrafish sprout angiogenesis guided-fractionation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The in vivo angiogenesis effect was studied by analyzing the number of ectopic sprouts formed upon sub-intestinal vessel of transgenic TG(fli1:EGFP)(y1)/+(AB) zebrafish embryos by fluorescence microscopy. Quantitative real-time PCR gene expression of the zebrafish embryos was further performed using a panel of 30 angiogenesis-associated genes designed for zebrafish sprout angiogenesis. Classical in vitro angiogenesis assays using human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) was accompanied. RESULTS We demonstrated that among all RR sub-fractions tested, C1-1 treated-zebrafish embryos possessed the most potent angiogenesis activities (from 190 to 780 ng/ml, p<0.001) in sprout formation in the zebrafish model. Quantitative gene expression of the treated embryos demonstrated significant up-regulation in MMP-9 (p<0.05), ANGPT1 (p<0.05), EGFR (p<0.05), EPHB4 (p<0.01), and significant down-regulation in Ephrin B2 (p<0.05), Flt-1 (p<0.05) and Ets-1 (p<0.05). C1-1 treatment could also significantly (p<0.001-0.05) stimulate HMEC-1 cell migration in scratch assay. Significant increase (p<0.05) in mean tubule length was observed in the C1-1-treated HMEC-1 cells in the tubule formation assay. CONCLUSIONS Our zebrafish sprout angiogenesis model-guided fractionation revealed that C1-1 possessed the most potent angiogenesis effect in RR. The design of the panel with 30 tailor-made angiogenesis-associated genes exhibited in zebrafish gene expression analysis showed that C1-1 could trigger differential expression of various angiogenesis-associated genes, such as VEGFR3 and MMP9, which played key role in angiogenesis. The pro-angiogenic activity of C1-1 was further confirmed in the translated study in motogenic and tubule-inducing effect using HMEC-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk-Lun Liu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hin-Fai Kwok
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ling Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chun-Hay Ko
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chun-Wai Wong
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tina Wai Fong Ho
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ping-Chung Leung
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok-Pui Fung
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Clara Bik-San Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Harmon CS, DePrimo SE, Figlin RA, Hudes GR, Hutson TE, Michaelson MD, Négrier S, Kim ST, Huang X, Williams JA, Eisen T, Motzer RJ. Circulating proteins as potential biomarkers of sunitinib and interferon-α efficacy in treatment-naïve patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014; 73:151-61. [PMID: 24220935 PMCID: PMC3889677 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-013-2333-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated potential biomarkers of efficacy in a phase III trial of sunitinib versus interferon-alpha (IFN-α), first-line in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), by analyzing plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, VEGF-C, soluble VEGF receptor-3 (sVEGFR-3) and interleukin (IL)-8. METHODS Seven hundred and fifty mRCC patients were randomized to oral sunitinib 50 mg/day in repeated cycles of a 4-week on/2-week off schedule or IFN-α 9 million units subcutaneously thrice weekly. Plasma samples collected from a subset of 63 patients on days 1 and 28 of cycles 1-4 and at end of treatment were analyzed by ELISA. RESULTS Baseline characteristics of biomarker-evaluated patients in sunitinib (N = 33) and IFN-α (N = 30) arms were comparable to their respective intent-to-treat populations. By univariate Cox regression analysis, low baseline soluble protein levels were associated with lower risk of progression/death (all P < 0.05): in both treatment arms, baseline VEGF-A and IL-8 were associated with overall survival (OS) and baseline VEGF-C with progression-free survival (PFS); in the sunitinib arm, baseline VEGF-A was associated with PFS and baseline sVEGFR-3 with PFS and OS; in the IFN-α arm, baseline IL-8 was associated with PFS. In multivariate analysis, baseline sVEGFR-3 and IL-8 remained independent predictors of OS in the sunitinib arm, while no independent predictors of outcome remained in the IFN-α arm. Pharmacodynamic changes were not associated with PFS or OS for any plasma protein investigated. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that, in mRCC, baseline VEGF-A and IL-8 may have prognostic value, while baseline sVEGFR-3 may predict sunitinib efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S. Harmon
- Pfizer Oncology, 10646 Science Center Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
- Present Address: Independent Consultant, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Samuel E. DePrimo
- Pfizer Oncology, 10646 Science Center Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
- Present Address: Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Robert A. Figlin
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | | | - Thomas E. Hutson
- Baylor Sammons Cancer Center-Texas Oncology, P.A., Dallas, TX USA
| | | | | | - Sindy T. Kim
- Pfizer Oncology, 10646 Science Center Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Xin Huang
- Pfizer Oncology, 10646 Science Center Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - J. Andrew Williams
- Pfizer Oncology, 10646 Science Center Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Tim Eisen
- Cambridge University Health Partners, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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339
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McManus MM, Weiss KR, Hughes DPM. Understanding the role of Notch in osteosarcoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 804:67-92. [PMID: 24924169 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-04843-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The Notch pathway has been described as an oncogene in osteosarcoma, but the myriad functions of all the members of this complex signaling pathway, both in malignant cells and nonmalignant components of tumors, make it more difficult to define Notch as simply an oncogene or a tumor suppressor. The cell-autonomous behaviors caused by Notch pathway manipulation may vary between cell lines but can include changes in proliferation, migration, invasiveness, oxidative stress resistance, and expression of markers associated with stemness or tumor-initiating cells. Beyond these roles, Notch signaling also plays a vital role in regulating tumor angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, which are vital aspects of osteosarcoma growth and behavior in vivo. Further, osteosarcoma cells themselves express relatively low levels of Notch ligand, making it likely that nonmalignant cells, especially endothelial cells and pericytes, are the major source of Notch activation in osteosarcoma tumors in vivo and in patients. As a result, Notch pathway expression is not expected to be uniform across a tumor but likely to be highest in those areas immediately adjacent to blood vessels. Therapeutic targeting of the Notch pathway is likewise expected to be complicated. Most pharmacologic approaches thus far have focused on inhibition of gamma secretase, a protease of the presenilin complex. This enzyme, however, has numerous other target proteins that would be expected to affect osteosarcoma behavior, including CD44, the WNT/β-catenin pathway, and Her-4. In addition, Notch plays a vital role in tissue and organ homeostasis in numerous systems, and toxicities, especially GI intolerance, have limited the effectiveness of gamma secretase inhibitors. New approaches are in development, and the downstream targets of Notch pathway signaling also may turn out to be good targets for therapy. In summary, a full understanding of the complex functions of Notch in osteosarcoma is only now unfolding, and this deeper knowledge will help position the field to better utilize novel therapies as they are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madonna M McManus
- The Children's Cancer Hospital at MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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340
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van Impel A, Schulte-Merker S. A Fisheye View on Lymphangiogenesis. DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE LYMPHATIC VASCULAR SYSTEM 2014; 214:153-65. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1646-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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341
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Siegfried G, Khatib AM. Processing of VEGF-C and -D by the Proprotein Convertases: Importance in Angiogenesis, Lymphangiogenesis, and Tumorigenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4199/c00097ed1v01y201310pac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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342
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Abstract
Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis are the major forms of blood vessel formation. Angiogenesis is the process where new vessels grow from pre-existing blood vessels, and is very important in the functional recovery of pathological conditions, such as wound healing and ischemic heart diseases. The development of better animal model and imaging technologies in past decades has greatly enriched our understanding on vasculogenesis and angiogenesis processes. Hypoxia turned out to be an important driving force for angiogenesis in various ischemic conditions. It stimulates expression of many growth factors like vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor, which play critical role in induction of angiogenesis. Other cellular components like monocytes, T cells, neutrophils, and platelets also play significant role in induction and regulation of angiogenesis. Various stem/progenitor cells also being recruited to the ischemic sites play crucial role in the angiogenesis process. Pre-clinical studies showed that stem/progenitor cells with/without combination of growth factors induce neovascularization in the ischemic tissues in various animal models. In this review, we will discuss about the fundamental factors that regulate the angiogenesis process and the use of stem cells as therapeutic regime for the treatment of ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Lu
- Cardiovascular Stem Cell Research Laboratory, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, 460W, 12th Avenue, BRT 382, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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343
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ZHANG LILI, YU SU, DUAN ZHIJUN, WANG QIUMING, TIAN GE, TIAN YAN, ZHAO WEI, WANG HUI, ZHANG CUILING, GUO SHIBIN, LIU QIGUI, HE GAOHONG, BIAN TENGFEI, CHANG JIUYANG, JIN XUE, CUI DONGSHENG. Treatment of liver cancer in mice by the intratumoral injection of an octreotide-based temperature-sensitive gel. Int J Mol Med 2013; 33:117-27. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Targeting tumor micro-environment for design and development of novel anti-angiogenic agents arresting tumor growth. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 113:333-54. [PMID: 24139944 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis: a process of generation of new blood vessels has been proved to be necessary for sustained tumor growth and cancer progression. Inhibiting angiogenesis pathway has long been remained a significant hope for the development of novel, effective and target orientated antitumor agents arresting the tumor proliferation and metastasis. The process of neoangiogenesis as a biological process is regulated by several pro- and anti-angiogenic factors, especially vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, hypoxia inducible factor 1 and transforming growth factor. Every endothelial cell destined for vessel formation is equipped with receptors for these angiogenic peptides. Moreover, numerous other angiogenic cytokines such as platelet derived growth factor (PGDF), placenta growth factor (PGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), stem-cell factor (SCF), and interleukins-2, 4, 6 etc. These molecular players performs critical role in regulating the angiogenic switch. Couple of decade's research in molecular aspects of tumor biology has unraveled numerous structural and functional mysteries of these angiogenic peptides. In present article, a detailed update on the functional and structural peculiarities of the various angiogenic peptides is described focusing on structural opportunities made available that has potential to be used to modulate function of these angiogenic peptides in developing therapeutic agents targeting neoplastic angiogenesis. The data may be useful in the mainstream of developing novel anticancer agents targeting tumor angiogenesis. We also discuss major therapeutic agents that are currently used in angiogenesis associated therapies as well as those are subject of active research or are in clinical trials.
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346
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Sánchez F, Sáez M, Lunello P, Ponz F. Plant viral elongated nanoparticles modified for log-increases of foreign peptide immunogenicity and specific antibody detection. J Biotechnol 2013; 168:409-15. [PMID: 24055625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Elongated and flexuous recombinant nanoparticles were derived from Turnip mosaic virus to be used as bioscaffolds for increased peptide immunogenicity and peptide-specific antibody sensing. For this purpose, a 20-amino acid peptide derived from human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) was fused to the N-terminal region of Turnip mosaic virus coat protein (CP) by genetic insertion. The insertion was between codons corresponding to the first and second amino acids of the CP in two versions of a previously reported virus-derived vector. Systemic infections of two genetic constructs were achieved in two different plant hosts. The construct proved stable upon successive passages and generated virus nanoparticles identifiable under the electron microscope. The chimeric structures held the VEGFR-3 peptide. Purified VER3 nanoparticles were used to immunize mice, whose sera showed log increases of antibodies against the VEGFR-3 peptide when compared with mice immunized with peptide alone, thus providing the first quantitative data on the potential of elongated flexuous viruses for peptide immunogenicity increases. Purified VER3 nanoparticles also showed log increases in their ability to detect VER3 antibodies in sera, when used as reagents in ELISA assays, an application also used here for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Sánchez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Autovía M40, Km 38, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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347
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Rutkowski JM, Ihm JE, Lee ST, Kilarski WW, Greenwood VI, Pasquier MC, Quazzola A, Trono D, Hubbell JA, Swartz MA. VEGFR-3 neutralization inhibits ovarian lymphangiogenesis, follicle maturation, and murine pregnancy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1596-1607. [PMID: 24036251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels surround follicles within the ovary, but their roles in folliculogenesis and pregnancy, as well as the necessity of lymphangiogenesis in follicle maturation and health, are undefined. We used systemic delivery of mF4-31C1, a specific antagonist vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) antibody to block lymphangiogenesis in mice. VEGFR-3 neutralization for 2 weeks before mating blocked ovarian lymphangiogenesis at all stages of follicle maturation, most notably around corpora lutea, without significantly affecting follicular blood angiogenesis. The numbers of oocytes ovulated, fertilized, and implanted in the uterus were normal in these mice; however, pregnancies were unsuccessful because of retarded fetal growth and miscarriage. Fewer patent secondary follicles were isolated from treated ovaries, and isolated blastocysts exhibited reduced cell densities. Embryos from VEGFR-3-neutralized dams developed normally when transferred to untreated surrogates. Conversely, normal embryos transferred into mF4-31C1-treated dams led to the same fetal deficiencies observed with in situ gestation. Although no significant changes were measured in uterine blood or lymphatic vascular densities, VEGFR-3 neutralization reduced serum and ovarian estradiol concentrations during gestation. VEGFR-3-mediated lymphangiogenesis thus appears to modulate the folliculogenic microenvironment and may be necessary for maintenance of hormone levels during pregnancy; both of these are novel roles for the lymphatic vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Rutkowski
- Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jong Eun Ihm
- Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Seung Tae Lee
- Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Witold W Kilarski
- Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Veronique I Greenwood
- Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Miriella C Pasquier
- Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Quazzola
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Didier Trono
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melody A Swartz
- Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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348
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Engelmann D, Mayoli-Nüssle D, Mayrhofer C, Fürst K, Alla V, Stoll A, Spitschak A, Abshagen K, Vollmar B, Ran S, Pützer BM. E2F1 promotes angiogenesis through the VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 axis in a feedback loop for cooperative induction of PDGF-B. J Mol Cell Biol 2013; 5:391-403. [PMID: 24014887 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjt035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is essential for primary tumor growth and metastatic dissemination. E2F1, frequently upregulated in advanced cancers, was recently shown to drive malignant progression. In an attempt to decipher the molecular events underlying this behavior, we demonstrate that the tumor cell-associated vascular endothelial growth factor-C/receptor-3 (VEGF-C/VEGFR-3) axis is controlled by E2F1. Activation or forced expression of E2F1 in cancer cells leads to the upregulation of VEGFR-3 and its ligand VEGF-C, whereas E2F1 depletion prevents their expression. E2F1-dependent receptor induction is crucial for tumor cells to enhance formation of capillary tubes and neovascularization in mice. We further provide evidence for a positive feedback loop between E2F1 and VEGFR-3 signaling to stimulate pro-angiogenic platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B). E2F1 or VEGFR-3 knockdown results in reduced PDGF-B levels, while the coexpression synergistically upregulates promoter activity and endogenous protein expression of PDGF-B. Our findings delineate an as yet unrecognized function of E2F1 as enhancer of angiogenesis via regulation of VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 signaling in tumors to cooperatively activate PDGF-B expression. Targeting this pathway might be reasonable to complement standard anti-angiogenic treatment of cancers with deregulated E2F1.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Engelmann
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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Clarke JM, Hurwitz HI. Understanding and targeting resistance to anti-angiogenic therapies. J Gastrointest Oncol 2013; 4:253-63. [PMID: 23997938 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2013.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies targeting tumor angiogenesis are used in a variety of malignancies, however not all patients benefit from treatment and impact on tumor control may be transient and modest. Mechanisms of resistance to anti-angiogenic therapies can be broadly categorized into VEGF-axis dependent alterations, non-VEGF pathways, and stromal cell interactions. Complimentary combinations of agents that inhibit alternative mechanisms of blood vessel formation may optimize inhibition of angiogenesis and improve clinical benefit for patients. The purpose of this review is to detail the preclinical evidence for mechanisms of angiogenic resistance and provide an overview of novel therapeutic approaches exploiting these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Clarke
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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350
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Jeltsch M, Leppänen VM, Saharinen P, Alitalo K. Receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated angiogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:5/9/a009183. [PMID: 24003209 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial cell is the essential cell type forming the inner layer of the vasculature. Two families of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are almost completely endothelial cell specific: the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors (VEGFR1-3) and the Tie receptors (Tie1 and Tie2). Both are key players governing the generation of blood and lymphatic vessels during embryonic development. Because the growth of new blood and lymphatic vessels (or the lack thereof) is a central element in many diseases, the VEGF and the Tie receptors provide attractive therapeutic targets in various diseases. Indeed, several drugs directed to these RTK signaling pathways are already on the market, whereas many are in clinical trials. Here we review the VEGFR and Tie families, their involvement in developmental and pathological angiogenesis, and the different possibilities for targeting them to either block or enhance angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jeltsch
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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