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Kobayashi M, Kuroki S, Kurita S, Miyamoto R, Tani H, Tamura K, Bonkobara M. A decrease in ubiquitination and resulting prolonged life-span of KIT underlies the KIT overexpression-mediated imatinib resistance of KIT mutation-driven canine mast cell tumor cells. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2543-2550. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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302
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Hernández-Ramírez LC, Gam R, Valdés N, Lodish MB, Pankratz N, Balsalobre A, Gauthier Y, Faucz FR, Trivellin G, Chittiboina P, Lane J, Kay DM, Dimopoulos A, Gaillard S, Neou M, Bertherat J, Assié G, Villa C, Mills JL, Drouin J, Stratakis CA. Loss-of-function mutations in the CABLES1 gene are a novel cause of Cushing's disease. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:379-392. [PMID: 28533356 PMCID: PMC5510591 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The CABLES1 cell cycle regulator participates in the adrenal-pituitary negative feedback, and its expression is reduced in corticotropinomas, pituitary tumors with a largely unexplained genetic basis. We investigated the presence of CABLES1 mutations/copy number variations (CNVs) and their associated clinical, histopathological and molecular features in patients with Cushing's disease (CD). Samples from 146 pediatric (118 germline DNA only/28 germline and tumor DNA) and 35 adult (tumor DNA) CD patients were screened for CABLES1 mutations. CNVs were assessed in 116 pediatric CD patients (87 germline DNA only/29 germline and tumor DNA). Four potentially pathogenic missense variants in CABLES1 were identified, two in young adults (c.532G > A, p.E178K and c.718C > T, p.L240F) and two in children (c.935G > A, p.G312D and c.1388A > G, and p.D463G) with CD; no CNVs were found. The four variants affected residues within or close to the predicted cyclin-dependent kinase-3 (CDK3)-binding region of the CABLES1 protein and impaired its ability to block cell growth in a mouse corticotropinoma cell line (AtT20/D16v-F2). The four patients had macroadenomas. We provide evidence for a role of CABLES1 as a novel pituitary tumor-predisposing gene. Its function might link two of the main molecular mechanisms altered in corticotropinomas: the cyclin-dependent kinase/cyclin group of cell cycle regulators and the epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway. Further studies are needed to assess the prevalence of CABLES1 mutations among patients with other types of pituitary adenomas and to elucidate the pituitary-specific functions of this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Hernández-Ramírez
- Section on Endocrinology and GeneticsEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ryhem Gam
- Laboratoire de Génétique MoléculaireInstitut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nuria Valdés
- Section on Endocrinology and GeneticsEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Service of Endocrinology and NutritionHospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Maya B Lodish
- Section on Endocrinology and GeneticsEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nathan Pankratz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aurelio Balsalobre
- Laboratoire de Génétique MoléculaireInstitut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yves Gauthier
- Laboratoire de Génétique MoléculaireInstitut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Fabio R Faucz
- Section on Endocrinology and GeneticsEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Giampaolo Trivellin
- Section on Endocrinology and GeneticsEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Prashant Chittiboina
- Surgical Neurology BranchNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John Lane
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Denise M Kay
- Newborn Screening ProgramWadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Aggeliki Dimopoulos
- Division of Intramural Population Health ResearchEpidemiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephan Gaillard
- Institut CochinINSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Department of NeurosurgeryHôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | - Mario Neou
- Institut CochinINSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- Institut CochinINSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Service d'EndocrinologieCochin Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Assié
- Institut CochinINSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Service d'EndocrinologieCochin Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Chiara Villa
- Institut CochinINSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Department of Pathological Cytology and AnatomyHôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
- Department of EndocrinologyCHU de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - James L Mills
- Division of Intramural Population Health ResearchEpidemiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacques Drouin
- Laboratoire de Génétique MoléculaireInstitut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and GeneticsEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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303
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Bi WL, Greenwald NF, Ramkissoon SH, Abedalthagafi M, Coy SM, Ligon KL, Mei Y, MacConaill L, Ducar M, Min L, Santagata S, Kaiser UB, Beroukhim R, Laws ER, Dunn IF. Clinical Identification of Oncogenic Drivers and Copy-Number Alterations in Pituitary Tumors. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2284-2291. [PMID: 28486603 PMCID: PMC5505210 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary tumors are the second most common adult primary brain tumor, with a variable clinical course. Recent work has identified a number of genetic determinants of pituitary tumor subtypes, which may augment traditional histopathologic classification schemes. We sought to determine whether pituitary tumors could be stratified based on objective molecular characteristics using a clinical genomics assay. We performed a retrospective analysis of patients operated on at the Brigham and Women's Hospital from 2012 to 2016 whose pituitary tumors were profiled using multiplexed next-generation sequencing. We analyzed 127 pituitary tumors, including 114 adenomas, 5 craniopharyngiomas, and 8 tumors of other histologies. We observed recurrent BRAFV600E mutations in papillary craniopharyngiomas, CTNNB1 mutations in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas, and activating GNAS mutations in growth hormone-secreting adenomas. Furthermore, we validated the presence of two distinct genomic subclasses in adenomas (i.e., those with disrupted or quiet copy-number profiles) and the significant association of disruption with functional hormone status (P < 0.05). We report the clinical implementation of next-generation sequencing of pituitary tumors. We confirmed previously identified molecular subclasses for these tumors and show that routine screening as part of clinical practice is both feasible and informative. This large-scale proof-of-principle study may help to guide future institutional efforts for pituitary tumor classification as well as the incorporation of such techniques into prospective analysis as part of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Linda Bi
- Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Noah F. Greenwald
- Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Shakti H. Ramkissoon
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Malak Abedalthagafi
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Saudi Human Genome Laboratory, King Fahad Medical City and King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shannon M. Coy
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Keith L. Ligon
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Yu Mei
- Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Laura MacConaill
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Matt Ducar
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Le Min
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Sandro Santagata
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Ursula B. Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Edward R. Laws
- Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Ian F. Dunn
- Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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304
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Affiliation(s)
- Tycho E.T. Mevissen
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - David Komander
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
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305
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Haston S, Pozzi S, Carreno G, Manshaei S, Panousopoulos L, Gonzalez-Meljem JM, Apps JR, Virasami A, Thavaraj S, Gutteridge A, Forshew T, Marais R, Brandner S, Jacques TS, Andoniadou CL, Martinez-Barbera JP. MAPK pathway control of stem cell proliferation and differentiation in the embryonic pituitary provides insights into the pathogenesis of papillary craniopharyngioma. Development 2017; 144:2141-2152. [PMID: 28506993 PMCID: PMC5482995 DOI: 10.1242/dev.150490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of the RAS-RAF-MAPK pathway in normal physiology and disease of numerous organs, its role during pituitary development and tumourigenesis remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the over-activation of the MAPK pathway, through conditional expression of the gain-of-function alleles BrafV600E and KrasG12D in the developing mouse pituitary, results in severe hyperplasia and abnormal morphogenesis of the gland by the end of gestation. Cell-lineage commitment and terminal differentiation are disrupted, leading to a significant reduction in numbers of most of the hormone-producing cells before birth, with the exception of corticotrophs. Of note, Sox2+ stem cells and clonogenic potential are drastically increased in the mutant pituitaries. Finally, we reveal that papillary craniopharyngioma (PCP), a benign human pituitary tumour harbouring BRAF p.V600E also contains Sox2+ cells with sustained proliferative capacity and disrupted pituitary differentiation. Together, our data demonstrate a crucial function of the MAPK pathway in controlling the balance between proliferation and differentiation of Sox2+ cells and suggest that persistent proliferative capacity of Sox2+ cells may underlie the pathogenesis of PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Haston
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Sara Pozzi
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Gabriela Carreno
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Saba Manshaei
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Leonidas Panousopoulos
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Jose Mario Gonzalez-Meljem
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - John R Apps
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Alex Virasami
- Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3NN, UK
| | - Selvam Thavaraj
- Head and Neck Pathology, Dental Institute, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Alice Gutteridge
- Department of Pathology, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Tim Forshew
- Department of Pathology, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Richard Marais
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Division of Neuropathology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Thomas S Jacques
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3NN, UK
| | - Cynthia L Andoniadou
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Juan Pedro Martinez-Barbera
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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306
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Deubiquitylating enzymes in receptor endocytosis and trafficking. Biochem J 2017; 473:4507-4525. [PMID: 27941029 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent times, our knowledge of the roles ubiquitin plays in multiple cellular processes has expanded exponentially, with one example being the role of ubiquitin in receptor endocytosis and trafficking. This has prompted a multitude of studies examining how the different machinery involved in the addition and removal of ubiquitin can influence this process. Multiple deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) have been implicated either in facilitating receptor endocytosis and lysosomal degradation or in rescuing receptor levels by preventing endocytosis and/or promoting recycling to the plasma membrane. In this review, we will discuss in detail what is currently known about the role of DUBs in regulating the endocytosis of various transmembrane receptors and ion channels. We will also expand upon the role DUBs play in receptor sorting at the multivesicular body to determine whether a receptor is recycled or trafficked to the lysosome for degradation. Finally, we will briefly discuss how the DUBs implicated in these processes may contribute to the pathogenesis of a range of diseases, and thus the potential these have as therapeutic targets.
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307
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Angelousi A, Dimitriadis GK, Zografos G, Nölting S, Kaltsas G, Grossman A. Molecular targeted therapies in adrenal, pituitary and parathyroid malignancies. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:R239-R259. [PMID: 28400402 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumourigenesis is a relatively common event in endocrine tissues. Currently, specific guidelines have been developed for common malignant endocrine tumours, which also incorporate advances in molecular targeted therapies (MTT), as in thyroid cancer and in gastrointestinal neuroendocrine malignancies. However, there is little information regarding the role and efficacy of MTT in the relatively rare malignant endocrine tumours mainly involving the adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex, pituitary, and parathyroid glands. Due to the rarity of these tumours and the lack of prospective studies, current guidelines are mostly based on retrospective data derived from surgical, locoregional and ablative therapies, and studies with systemic chemotherapy. In addition, in many of these malignancies the prognosis remains poor with individual patients responding differently to currently available treatments, necessitating the development of new personalised therapeutic strategies. Recently, major advances in the molecular understanding of endocrine tumours based on genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptome analysis have emerged, resulting in new insights into their pathogenesis and molecular pathology. This in turn has led to the use of novel MTTs in increasing numbers of patients. In this review, we aim to present currently existing and evolving data using MTT in the treatment of adrenal, pituitary and malignant parathyroid tumours, and explore the current utility and effectiveness of such therapies and their future evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Angelousi
- Department of PathophysiologySector of Endocrinology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios K Dimitriadis
- Division of Translational and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Warwick Medical School, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Coventry, UK
| | - Georgios Zografos
- Third Department of SurgeryAthens General Hospital "Georgios Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | - Svenja Nölting
- Department of Internal Medicine IICampus Grosshadern, University-Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gregory Kaltsas
- Department of PathophysiologySector of Endocrinology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Division of Translational and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Warwick Medical School, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Coventry, UK
- Department of EndocrinologyOxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ashley Grossman
- Department of EndocrinologyOxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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308
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Abstract
Although most of pituitary adenomas are benign, they may cause significant burden to patients. Sporadic adenomas represent the vast majority of the cases, where recognized somatic mutations (eg, GNAS or USP8), as well as altered gene-expression profile often affecting cell cycle proteins have been identified. More rarely, germline mutations predisposing to pituitary adenomas -as part of a syndrome (eg, MEN1 or Carney complex), or isolated to the pituitary (AIP or GPR101) can be identified. These alterations influence the biological behavior, clinical presentations and therapeutic responses, and their full understanding helps to provide appropriate care for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marques
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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309
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Leznicki P, Kulathu Y. Mechanisms of regulation and diversification of deubiquitylating enzyme function. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1997-2006. [PMID: 28476940 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.201855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deubiquitylating (or deubiquitinating) enzymes (DUBs) are proteases that reverse protein ubiquitylation and therefore modulate the outcome of this post-translational modification. DUBs regulate a variety of intracellular processes, including protein turnover, signalling pathways and the DNA damage response. They have also been linked to a number of human diseases, such as cancer, and inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. Although we are beginning to better appreciate the role of DUBs in basic cell biology and their importance for human health, there are still many unknowns. Central among these is the conundrum of how the small number of ∼100 DUBs encoded in the human genome is capable of regulating the thousands of ubiquitin modification sites detected in human cells. This Commentary addresses the biological mechanisms employed to modulate and expand the functions of DUBs, and sets directions for future research aimed at elucidating the details of these fascinating processes.This article is part of a Minifocus on Ubiquitin Regulation and Function. For further reading, please see related articles: 'Exploitation of the host cell ubiquitin machinery by microbial effector proteins' by Yi-Han Lin and Matthias P. Machner (J. Cell Sci.130, 1985-1996). 'Cell scientist to watch - Mads Gyrd-Hansen' (J. Cell Sci.130, 1981-1983).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Leznicki
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Yogesh Kulathu
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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310
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Daniel E, Newell-Price J. Recent advances in understanding Cushing disease: resistance to glucocorticoid negative feedback and somatic USP8 mutations. F1000Res 2017; 6:613. [PMID: 28529722 PMCID: PMC5414817 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10968.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cushing’s disease is a rare disease with a characteristic phenotype due to significant hypercortisolism driven by over-secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone and to high morbidity and mortality if untreated. It is caused by a corticotroph adenoma of the pituitary, but the exact mechanisms leading to tumorigenesis are not clear. Recent advances in molecular biology such as the discovery of somatic mutations of the ubiquitin-specific peptidase 8 (
USP8) gene allow new insights into the pathogenesis, which could be translated into exciting and much-needed therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Daniel
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
| | - John Newell-Price
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
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311
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Regazzo D, Losa M, Albiger NM, Terreni MR, Vazza G, Ceccato F, Emanuelli E, Denaro L, Scaroni C, Occhi G. The GIP/GIPR axis is functionally linked to GH-secretion increase in a significant proportion of gsp- somatotropinomas. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 176:543-553. [PMID: 28179449 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-0831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) overexpression has been recently described in a proportion of gsp- somatotropinomas and suggested to be associated with the paradoxical increase of GH (GH-PI) during an oral glucose load. DESIGN AND METHODS This study was aimed at linking the GIP/GIPR pathway to GH secretion in 25 somatotropinomas-derived primary cultures and correlating molecular with clinical features in acromegalic patients. Given the impairment of the GIP/GIPR axis in acromegaly, an additional aim was to assess the effect of GH/IGF-1 stimulation on GIP expression in the enteroendocrine cell line STC-1. RESULTS Nearly 80% of GIPR-expressing somatotropinomas, all of them negative for gsp mutations, show increased GH secretion upon GIP stimulation, higher sensitivity to Forskolin but not to somatostatin analogs. Besides increased frequency of GH-PI, GIPR overexpression does not appear to affect acromegalic patients' clinical features. In STC-1 cells transfected with GIP promoter-driven luciferase vector, IGF-1 but not GH induced dose-dependent increase in luciferase activity. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that GIPR mediates the GH-PI in a significant proportion of gsp- acromegalic patients. In these cases, the stimulatory effect of IGF-1 on GIP promoter support the hypothesis of a functional GH/IGF-1/GIP axis. Further studies based on larger cohorts and the development of a stable transgenic model with inducible GIPR overexpression targeted to pituitary somatotroph lineage will be mandatory to establish the real role of GIPR in the pathogenesis of somatotropinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Regazzo
- Endocrinology DivisionDepartment of Medicine, Hospital/University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - M Losa
- Pituitary UnitDepartment of Neurosurgery
| | - N M Albiger
- Endocrinology DivisionDepartment of Medicine, Hospital/University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - M R Terreni
- Pathology UnitIstituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute, Milano, Italy
| | - G Vazza
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - F Ceccato
- Endocrinology DivisionDepartment of Medicine, Hospital/University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - L Denaro
- Department of NeuroscienceHospital/University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - C Scaroni
- Endocrinology DivisionDepartment of Medicine, Hospital/University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - G Occhi
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Padova, Padova, Italy
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312
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Uzilov AV, Cheesman KC, Fink MY, Newman LC, Pandya C, Lalazar Y, Hefti M, Fowkes M, Deikus G, Lau CY, Moe AS, Kinoshita Y, Kasai Y, Zweig M, Gupta A, Starcevic D, Mahajan M, Schadt EE, Post KD, Donovan MJ, Sebra R, Chen R, Geer EB. Identification of a novel RASD1 somatic mutation in a USP8-mutated corticotroph adenoma. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2017; 3:a001602. [PMID: 28487882 PMCID: PMC5411693 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a001602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cushing's disease (CD) is caused by pituitary corticotroph adenomas that secrete excess adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). In these tumors, somatic mutations in the gene USP8 have been identified as recurrent and pathogenic and are the sole known molecular driver for CD. Although other somatic mutations were reported in these studies, their contribution to the pathogenesis of CD remains unexplored. No molecular drivers have been established for a large proportion of CD cases and tumor heterogeneity has not yet been investigated using genomics methods. Also, even in USP8-mutant tumors, a possibility may exist of additional contributing mutations, following a paradigm from other neoplasm types where multiple somatic alterations contribute to neoplastic transformation. The current study utilizes whole-exome discovery sequencing on the Illumina platform, followed by targeted amplicon-validation sequencing on the Pacific Biosciences platform, to interrogate the somatic mutation landscape in a corticotroph adenoma resected from a CD patient. In this USP8-mutated tumor, we identified an interesting somatic mutation in the gene RASD1, which is a component of the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor signaling system. This finding may provide insight into a novel mechanism involving loss of feedback control to the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor and subsequent deregulation of ACTH production in corticotroph tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Uzilov
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Khadeen C Cheesman
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Marc Y Fink
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Leah C Newman
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Chetanya Pandya
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Yelena Lalazar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Marco Hefti
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Mary Fowkes
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Gintaras Deikus
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Chun Yee Lau
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Aye S Moe
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Yayoi Kinoshita
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Yumi Kasai
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Micol Zweig
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Arpeta Gupta
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Daniela Starcevic
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Milind Mahajan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Kalmon D Post
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Michael J Donovan
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Robert Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Eliza B Geer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Multidisciplinary Pituitary and Skull Base Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, New York 10065, USA
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313
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Sapochnik M, Fuertes M, Arzt E. Programmed cell senescence: role of IL-6 in the pituitary. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 58:R241-R253. [PMID: 28381401 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine with multiple pathophysiological functions. As a key factor of the senescence secretome, it can not only promote tumorigenesis and cell proliferation but also exert tumor suppressive functions, depending on the cellular context. IL-6, as do other cytokines, plays important roles in the function, growth and neuroendocrine responses of the anterior pituitary gland. The multiple actions of IL-6 on normal and adenomatous pituitary function, cell proliferation, angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling indicate its importance in the regulation of the anterior pituitary. Pituitary tumors are mostly benign adenomas with low mitotic index and rarely became malignant. Premature senescence occurs in slow-growing benign tumors, like pituitary adenomas. The dual role of IL-6 in senescence and tumorigenesis is well represented in pituitary tumor development, as it has been demonstrated that effects of paracrine IL-6 may allow initial pituitary cell growth, whereas autocrine IL-6 in the same tumor triggers senescence and restrains aggressive growth and malignant transformation. IL-6 is instrumental in promotion and maintenance of the senescence program in pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Sapochnik
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Fuertes
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Arzt
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y CelularFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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314
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Håvik AL, Bruland O, Myrseth E, Miletic H, Aarhus M, Knappskog PM, Lund-Johansen M. Genetic landscape of sporadic vestibular schwannoma. J Neurosurg 2017; 128:911-922. [PMID: 28409725 DOI: 10.3171/2016.10.jns161384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vestibular schwannoma (VS) is a benign tumor with associated morbidities and reduced quality of life. Except for mutations in NF2, the genetic landscape of VS remains to be elucidated. Little is known about the effect of Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) on the VS genome. The aim of this study was to characterize mutations occurring in this tumor to identify new genes and signaling pathways important for the development of VS. In addition, the authors sought to evaluate whether GKRS resulted in an increase in the number of mutations. METHODS Forty-six sporadic VSs, including 8 GKRS-treated tumors and corresponding blood samples, were subjected to whole-exome sequencing and tumor-specific DNA variants were called. Pathway analysis was performed using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. In addition, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification was performed to characterize copy number variations in the NF2 gene, and microsatellite instability testing was done to investigate for DNA replication error. RESULTS With the exception of a single sample with an aggressive phenotype that harbored a large number of mutations, most samples showed a relatively low number of mutations. A median of 14 tumor-specific mutations in each sample were identified. The GKRS-treated tumors harbored no more mutations than the rest of the group. A clustering of mutations in the cancer-related axonal guidance pathway was identified (25 patients), as well as mutations in the CDC27 (5 patients) and USP8 (3 patients) genes. Thirty-five tumors harbored mutations in NF2 and 16 tumors had 2 mutational hits. The samples without detectable NF2 mutations harbored mutations in genes that could be linked to NF2 or to NF2-related functions. None of the tumors showed microsatellite instability. CONCLUSIONS The genetic landscape of VS seems to be quite heterogeneous; however, most samples had mutations in NF2 or in genes that could be linked to NF2. The results of this study do not link GKRS to an increased number of mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aril Løge Håvik
- Departments of1Clinical Medicine.,2Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, and.,3Clinical Science, and
| | - Ove Bruland
- 2Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, and
| | | | - Hrvoje Miletic
- 5Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen; and.,6K.G. Jebsen Brain Tumor Research Center, University of Bergen.,7Biomedicine, and
| | - Mads Aarhus
- 8Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospitals, Ullevål Sykehus, Oslo,Norway
| | - Per-Morten Knappskog
- 2Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, and.,3Clinical Science, and
| | - Morten Lund-Johansen
- Departments of1Clinical Medicine.,Departments of4Neurosurgery and.,6K.G. Jebsen Brain Tumor Research Center, University of Bergen
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315
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Brioude F, Nicolas C, Marey I, Gaillard S, Bernier M, Das Neves C, Le Bouc Y, Touraine P, Netchine I. Hypercortisolism due to a Pituitary Adenoma Associated with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome. Horm Res Paediatr 2017; 86:206-211. [PMID: 27255538 DOI: 10.1159/000446435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an overgrowth syndrome with an increased risk of cancer. Most BWS patients show a molecular defect in the 11p15 region that contains imprinted genes. BWS has been associated with malignant neoplasms during infancy. Descriptions of benign tumors, especially in adult patients, are rarer. METHODS/RESULTS We report the case of a BWS patient with pituitary adenoma caused by loss of methylation (LOM) at ICR2 (locus CDKN1C/KCNQ1OT1). The patient was referred to an endocrinology unit for suspicion of Cushing's disease due to a history of macroglossia and hemihyperplasia. Biological tests led to the diagnosis of ACTH-dependent hypercortisolism. MRI showed a microadenoma of the pituitary gland, confirming the diagnosis of Cushing's disease. DNA methylation analysis revealed LOM at ICR2 that was in a mosaic state in the patient's leukocytes, but was present in nearly all cells of the pituitary adenoma. The epigenetic defect was associated with a somatic USP8 mutation in the adenoma. CONCLUSION Pituitary adenoma rarely occurs in patients with BWS. However, BWS should be considered in cases of pituitary adenoma with minor and/or major signs of BWS. The association between ICR2 LOM and USP8 mutation in the adenoma is questionable. © 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel.
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316
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Abstract
Untargeted, next generation sequencing approaches have provided deep insights into genetic events that result in unopposed steroidogenesis from the adrenal cortex. In particular, somatic mutations in the gene encoding the catalytic subunit α of protein kinase A (PKA) (PRKACA) were identified independently by several groups as the most frequently altered gene in cortisol-producing adenomas. Detailed functional studies could explore the molecular consequences of these hot-spot mutations and large international cohorts have provided the basis to explore the clinical characteristics associated with this mutation. Thereby, PRKACA mutations are highly specific for cortisol over-secretion, while they are absent or very rare in the context of other adrenal diseases. Patients carrying these somatic mutations are affected by a more severe phenotype and are identified at a younger age. Thus, these genotype/phenotype correlations provide further evidence for the importance of PKA-dependent pathways for adrenal physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Dalmazi
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, München, Germany
| | - F Beuschlein
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, München, Germany
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317
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Jian FF, Li YF, Chen YF, Jiang H, Chen X, Zheng LL, Zhao Y, Wang WQ, Ning G, Bian LG, Sun QF. Inhibition of Ubiquitin-specific Peptidase 8 Suppresses Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Production and Tumorous Corticotroph Cell Growth in AtT20 Cells. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 129:2102-8. [PMID: 27569239 PMCID: PMC5009596 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.189047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two recent whole-exome sequencing researches identifying somatic mutations in the ubiquitin-specific protease 8 (USP8) gene in pituitary corticotroph adenomas provide exciting advances in this field. These mutations drive increased epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and promote adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production. This study was to investigate whether the inhibition of USP8 activity could be a strategy for the treatment of Cushing's disease (CD). METHODS The anticancer effect of USP8 inhibitor was determined by testing cell viability, colony formation, apoptosis, and ACTH secretion. The immunoblotting and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were conducted to explore the signaling pathway by USP8 inhibition. RESULTS Inhibition of USP8-induced degradation of receptor tyrosine kinases including EGFR, EGFR-2 (ERBB2), and Met leading to a suppression of AtT20 cell growth and ACTH secretion. Moreover, treatment with USP8 inhibitor markedly induced AtT20 cells apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of USP8 activity could be an effective strategy for CD. It might provide a novel pharmacological approach for the treatment of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yun-Feng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yu-Fan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Li-Li Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Pituitary Tumor Center, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Wei-Qing Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Liu-Guan Bian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qing-Fang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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318
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Asa SL, Kucharczyk W, Ezzat S. Pituitary acromegaly: not one disease. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:C1-C4. [PMID: 28122798 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acromegaly has traditionally been regarded as a monomorphous disorder resulting from a benign pituitary adenoma. Increasing evidence, however, is highlighting that this disorder is associated with a spectrum of morphologically distinct pituitary tumors with variable clinical, biochemical and radiologic features and differing therapeutic outcomes that are attributed to different genetic and epigenetic changes. These data underscore the need for developing a more refined clinicopathological risk stratification system and implementing personalized targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia L Asa
- Department of PathologyThe Endocrine Oncology Site Group, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Walter Kucharczyk
- Department of Medical ImagingThe Endocrine Oncology Site Group, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shereen Ezzat
- Department of MedicineThe Endocrine Oncology Site Group, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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319
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Araki T, Liu X, Kameda H, Tone Y, Fukuoka H, Tone M, Melmed S. EGFR Induces E2F1-Mediated Corticotroph Tumorigenesis. J Endocr Soc 2017; 1:127-143. [PMID: 29264472 PMCID: PMC5686559 DOI: 10.1210/js.2016-1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), expressed in adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenomas causing Cushing disease, regulates ACTH production and corticotroph proliferation. To elucidate the utility of EGFR as a therapeutic target for Cushing disease, we generated transgenic (Tg) mice with corticotroph-specific human EGFR expression (corti-EGFR-Tg) using a newly constructed corticotroph-specific promoter. Pituitary-specific EGFR expression was observed by 2.5 months, and aggressive ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas with features of Crooke's cells developed by 8 months with 65% penetrance observed. Features consistent with the Cushing phenotype included elevated plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels, increased body weight, glucose intolerance, and enlarged adrenal cortex. Gefitinib, an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, suppressed tumor POMC expression and downstream EGFR tumor signaling, and ACTH and corticosterone levels were attenuated by 80% and 78%, respectively. Both E2F1 and phosphorylated Ser-337 E2F1 were increased in corti-EGFR-Tg mice and also colocalized with human POMC (hPOMC) in human pituitary corticotroph tumor samples. EGFR inhibition reversed E2F1 activity in vivo, whereas E2F1 inhibition suppressed POMC and ACTH in cultured human pituitary tumor cells. The corti-EGFR-Tg phenotype recapitulates ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas and Cushing disease, validating the relevance of EGFR to corticotroph tumorigenesis. E2F1 is identified as a promising corticotroph-specific target for ACTH-dependent Cushing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaohai Liu
- Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine and
| | | | - Yukiko Tone
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | | | - Masahide Tone
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
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320
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Grossman AB. The Molecular Pathology of Cushing Disease: Are We Nearly There? J Endocr Soc 2017; 1:144-148. [PMID: 29264473 PMCID: PMC5689147 DOI: 10.1210/js.2017-00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular pathology of corticotroph tumors is surveyed in the light of recent work showing the induction of aggressive corticotroph tumors by the transgenic expression of epidermal growth factor receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley B Grossman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
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321
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Clague MJ, Urbé S. Integration of cellular ubiquitin and membrane traffic systems: focus on deubiquitylases. FEBS J 2017; 284:1753-1766. [PMID: 28064438 PMCID: PMC5484354 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cell is comprised of integrated multilevel protein networks or systems. The ubiquitin, protein homeostasis and membrane trafficking systems are highly integrated. Here, we look at the influence of reversible ubiquitylation on membrane trafficking and organelle dynamics. We review the regulation of endocytic sorting, selective autophagy and the secretory pathway by ubiquitin signals, with a particular focus on detailing the contribution of deubiquitylating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Clague
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Sylvie Urbé
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
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322
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de Araújo LJT, Lerario AM, de Castro M, Martins CS, Bronstein MD, Machado MC, Trarbach EB, Villares Fragoso MCB. Transcriptome Analysis Showed a Differential Signature between Invasive and Non-invasive Corticotrophinomas. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:55. [PMID: 28382019 PMCID: PMC5360720 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ACTH-dependent hypercortisolism caused by a pituitary adenoma [Cushing's disease (CD)] is the most common cause of endogenous Cushing's syndrome. CD is often associated with several morbidities, including hypertension, diabetes, osteoporosis/bone fractures, secondary infections, and increased cardiovascular mortality. While the majority (≈80%) of the corticotrophinomas visible on pituitary magnetic resonance imaging are microadenomas (MICs, <10 mm of diameter), some tumors are macroadenomas (MACs, ≥10 mm) with increased growth potential and invasiveness, exceptionally exhibiting malignant demeanor. In addition, larger and invasive MACs are associated with a significant increased risk of local complications, such as hypopituitarism and visual defects. Given the clinical and molecular heterogeneity of corticotrophinomas, the aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of genetic differential expression between MIC and MAC, including the invasiveness grade as a criterion for categorizing these tumors. In this study, were included tumor samples from patients with clinical, laboratorial, radiological, and histopathological diagnosis of hypercortisolism due to an ACTH-producing pituitary adenoma. Differential gene expression was studied using an Affymetrix microarray platform in 12 corticotrophinomas, classified as non-invasive MIC (n = 4) and MAC (n = 5), and invasive MAC (n = 3), according to modified Hardy criteria. Somatic mutations in USP8 were also investigated, but none of the patients exhibited USP8 variants. Differential expression analysis demonstrated that non-invasive MIC and MAC have a similar genetic signature, while invasive MACs exhibited a differential expression profile. Among the genes differentially expressed, we highlighted CCND2, ZNF676, DAPK1, and TIMP2, and their differential expression was validated through quantitative real-time PCR in another cohort of 15 non-invasive and 3 invasive cortocotrophinomas. We also identified potential biological pathways associated with growth and invasiveness, TGF-β and G protein signaling pathways, DNA damage response pathway, and pathways associated with focal adhesion. Our study revealed a differential pattern of genetic signature in a subgroup of MAC, supporting a genetic influence on corticotrophinomas in patients with CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Jose Tadeu de Araújo
- Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics LIM-42, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Quantitative Pathology, Center of Pathology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Marcondes Lerario
- Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics LIM-42, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Margaret de Castro
- Internal Medicine Department, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Silva Martins
- Internal Medicine Department, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcello Delano Bronstein
- Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics LIM-42, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio Carlos Machado
- Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics LIM-42, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Endocrinology Service, AC Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ericka Barbosa Trarbach
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology LIM-25, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Candida Barisson Villares Fragoso
- Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics LIM-42, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Endocrinology Service, AC Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Maria Candida Barisson Villares Fragoso,
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323
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Lack of Ubiquitin Specific Protease 8 (USP8) Mutations in Canine Corticotroph Pituitary Adenomas. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0169009. [PMID: 28005997 PMCID: PMC5179081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cushing’s disease (CD), also known as pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism, is caused by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary tumours. Affected humans and dogs have similar clinical manifestations, however, the incidence of the canine disease is thousand-fold higher. This makes the dog an obvious model for studying the pathogenesis of pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Despite certain similarities identified at the molecular level, the question still remains whether the two species have a shared oncogenetic background. Recently, hotspot recurrent mutations in the gene encoding for ubiquitin specific protease 8 (USP8) have been identified as the main driver behind the formation of ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas in humans. In this study, we aimed to verify whether USP8 mutations also play a role in the development of such tumours in dogs. Methods Presence of USP8 mutations was analysed by Sanger and PCR-cloning sequencing in 38 canine ACTH-secreting adenomas. Furthermore, the role of USP8 and EGFR protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in a subset of 25 adenomas. Results None of the analysed canine ACTH-secreting adenomas presented mutations in the USP8 gene. In a subset of these adenomas, however, we observed an increased nuclear expression of USP8, a phenotype characteristic for the USP8 mutated human tumours, that correlated with smaller tumour size but elevated ACTH production in those tumours. Conclusions Canine ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas lack mutations in the USP8 gene suggesting a different genetic background of pituitary tumourigenesis in dogs. However, elevated nuclear USP8 protein expression in a subset of tumours was associated with a similar phenotype as in their human counterparts, indicating a possible end-point convergence of the different genetic backgrounds in the two species. In order to establish the dog as a useful animal model for the study of CD, further comprehensive studies are needed.
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He M, Zhou Z, Shah AA, Zou H, Tao J, Chen Q, Wan Y. The emerging role of deubiquitinating enzymes in genomic integrity, diseases, and therapeutics. Cell Biosci 2016; 6:62. [PMID: 28031783 PMCID: PMC5168870 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-016-0127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The addition of mono-ubiquitin or poly-ubiquitin chain to signaling proteins in response to DNA damage signal is thought to be a critical event that facilitates the recognition of DNA damage lesion site, the activation of checkpoint function, termination and checkpoint response and the recruitment of DNA repair proteins. Despite the ubiquitin modifiers, removal of ubiquitin from the functional proteins by the deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) plays an important role in orchestrating DNA damage response as well as DNA repair processes. Deregulated ubiquitination and deubiquitination could lead to genome instability that in turn causes tumorigenesis. Recent TCGA study has further revealed the connection between mutations in alteration of DUBs and various types of tumors. In addition, emerging drug design based on DUBs provides a new avenue for anti-cancer therapy. In this review, we will summarize the role of deubiquitination and specificity of DUBs, and highlight the recent discoveries of DUBs in the modulation of ubiquitin-mediated DNA damage response and DNA damage repair. We will furthermore discuss the DUBs involved in the tumorigenesis as well as interception of deubiquitination as a novel strategy for anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjing He
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Hillman Cancer Center, HCC2.6c, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuan Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Hillman Cancer Center, HCC2.6c, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Anil A Shah
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Hillman Cancer Center, HCC2.6c, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Haojing Zou
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Hillman Cancer Center, HCC2.6c, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Jin Tao
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Hillman Cancer Center, HCC2.6c, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Wan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Hillman Cancer Center, HCC2.6c, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
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325
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Ciato D, Mumbach AG, Paez-Pereda M, Stalla GK. Currently used and investigational drugs for Cushing´s disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 26:75-84. [PMID: 27894193 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1266338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cushing's disease (CD) is caused by a corticotroph adenoma of the pituitary gland that secretes excess adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) causing increased morbidity and mortality. Surgery is the treatment of choice, but is not always successful. Alternatives include radiotherapy, adrenal surgery, and pharmaceutical therapy. The latter is increasingly gaining momentum due to the recent development of compounds that reduce hypercortisolaemia or its symptoms, acting through different mechanisms. Areas covered: In this article, the authors provide a complete overview of the treatment options for Cushing´s disease, including adrenal-directed, tumor-targeted, and peripheral therapies that are currently used or in development, and discuss their potential advantages and limitations. Expert opinion: Considering the lack of long-term remission in up to half of the patients after surgery, and the delayed response to radiotherapy along with potential side effects, there is a strong need for an effective pharmaceutical treatment. Pasireotide, mifepristone, ketoconazole and metyrapone have been approved by regulatory authorities but their use remains limited due to considerable costs and side effects. Research in this field has focused recently on the improvement of pre-existing drugs and the development of safe new ones. However, few approaches aim at targeting the source of the disease, the ACTH-secreting adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Ciato
- a Clinical Neuroendocrinology , Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry , Munich , Germany.,b Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine , University-Hospital of Padua , Padua , Italy
| | - Aizhar G Mumbach
- c Endocrinology Division , Carlos G. Durand Hospital , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Marcelo Paez-Pereda
- a Clinical Neuroendocrinology , Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry , Munich , Germany
| | - Günter K Stalla
- a Clinical Neuroendocrinology , Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry , Munich , Germany
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326
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Jedidi H, Rostomyan L, Potorac L, Depierreux-Lahaye F, Petrossians P, Beckers A. Advances in diagnosis and management of familial pituitary adenomas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/ije-2016-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial pituitary adenomas account for approximately 5–8% of all pituitary adenomas. Besides the adenomas occurring as part of syndromic entities that group several endocrine or nonendocrine disorders (multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or 4, Carney complex and McCune–Albright syndrome), 2–3% of familial pituitary adenomas fit into the familial isolated pituitary adenomas (FIPA) syndrome, an autosomal dominant condition with incomplete penetrance. About 20% of FIPA cases are due to mutations in the AIP gene and have distinct clinical characteristics. Recent findings have isolated a new non-AIP FIPA syndrome called X-linked acrogigantism, resulting from a microduplication that always includes the GPR101 gene. These new advances in the field of pituitary disease are opening up a new challenging domain to both clinicians and researchers. This review will focus on these recent findings and their contribution to the diagnosis and the management of familial pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroun Jedidi
- Neurology Department, CHU of Liège, 1 Avenue de l'hopital, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Liliya Rostomyan
- Endocrinology Department, CHU of Liège, 1 Avenue de l'hopital, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - lulia Potorac
- Endocrinology Department, CHU of Liège, 1 Avenue de l'hopital, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Patrick Petrossians
- Endocrinology Department, CHU of Liège, 1 Avenue de l'hopital, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Albert Beckers
- Endocrinology Department, CHU of Liège, 1 Avenue de l'hopital, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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327
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Caimari F, Korbonits M. Novel Genetic Causes of Pituitary Adenomas. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:5030-5042. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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328
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Bi WL, Horowitz P, Greenwald NF, Abedalthagafi M, Agarwalla PK, Gibson WJ, Mei Y, Schumacher SE, Ben-David U, Chevalier A, Carter S, Tiao G, Brastianos PK, Ligon AH, Ducar M, MacConaill L, Laws ER, Santagata S, Beroukhim R, Dunn IF. Landscape of Genomic Alterations in Pituitary Adenomas. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:1841-1851. [PMID: 27707790 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Pituitary adenomas are the second most common primary brain tumor, yet their genetic profiles are incompletely understood.Experimental Design: We performed whole-exome sequencing of 42 pituitary macroadenomas and matched normal DNA. These adenomas included hormonally active and inactive tumors, ones with typical or atypical histology, and ones that were primary or recurrent.Results: We identified mutations, insertions/deletions, and copy-number alterations. Nearly one-third of samples (29%) had chromosome arm-level copy-number alterations across large fractions of the genome. Despite such widespread genomic disruption, these tumors had few focal events, which is unusual among highly disrupted cancers. The other 71% of tumors formed a distinct molecular class, with somatic copy number alterations involving less than 6% of the genome. Among the highly disrupted group, 75% were functional adenomas or atypical null-cell adenomas, whereas 87% of the less-disrupted group were nonfunctional adenomas. We confirmed this association between functional subtype and disruption in a validation dataset of 87 pituitary adenomas. Analysis of previously published expression data from an additional 50 adenomas showed that arm-level alterations significantly impacted transcript levels, and that the disrupted samples were characterized by expression changes associated with poor outcome in other cancers. Arm-level losses of chromosomes 1, 2, 11, and 18 were significantly recurrent. No significantly recurrent mutations were identified, suggesting no genes are altered by exonic mutations across large fractions of pituitary macroadenomas.Conclusions: These data indicate that sporadic pituitary adenomas have distinct copy-number profiles that associate with hormonal and histologic subtypes and influence gene expression. Clin Cancer Res; 23(7); 1841-51. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Linda Bi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Peleg Horowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Noah F Greenwald
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Malak Abedalthagafi
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Research Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- The Saudi Human Genome Project, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pankaj K Agarwalla
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wiliam J Gibson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yu Mei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Uri Ben-David
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Aaron Chevalier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Scott Carter
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Joint Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Grace Tiao
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Priscilla K Brastianos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Azra H Ligon
- Clinical Cytogenetics Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew Ducar
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura MacConaill
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edward R Laws
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sandro Santagata
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ian F Dunn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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329
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Song ZJ, Reitman ZJ, Ma ZY, Chen JH, Zhang QL, Shou XF, Huang CX, Wang YF, Li SQ, Mao Y, Zhou LF, Lian BF, Yan H, Shi YY, Zhao Y. The genome-wide mutational landscape of pituitary adenomas. Cell Res 2016; 26:1255-1259. [PMID: 27670697 PMCID: PMC5099864 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2016.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jian Song
- Bio-X Institutes, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Institute of Social Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zachary J Reitman
- Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115, USA
| | - Zeng-Yi Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.,Shanghai Pituitary Tumor Center, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jian-Hua Chen
- Bio-X Institutes, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Institute of Social Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Qi-Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.,Shanghai Pituitary Tumor Center, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xue-Fei Shou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.,Shanghai Pituitary Tumor Center, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Chuan-Xin Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology & Department of Immunobiology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yong-Fei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.,Shanghai Pituitary Tumor Center, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Shi-Qi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.,Shanghai Pituitary Tumor Center, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.,Institute of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Liang-Fu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.,Shanghai Pituitary Tumor Center, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Bao-Feng Lian
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology (SCBIT), Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hai Yan
- Department of Pathology, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yong-Yong Shi
- Bio-X Institutes, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Institute of Social Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.,Shanghai Pituitary Tumor Center, Shanghai 200040, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.,Institute of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
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330
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Cuevas-Ramos D, Lim DST, Fleseriu M. Update on medical treatment for Cushing's disease. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol 2016; 2:16. [PMID: 28702250 PMCID: PMC5471955 DOI: 10.1186/s40842-016-0033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cushing's disease (CD) is the most common cause of endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS). The goal of treatment is to rapidly control cortisol excess and achieve long-term remission, to reverse the clinical features and reduce long-term complications associated with increased mortality. While pituitary surgery remains first line therapy, pituitary radiotherapy and bilateral adrenalectomy have traditionally been seen as second-line therapies for persistent hypercortisolism. Medical therapy is now recognized to play a key role in the control of cortisol excess. In this review, all currently available medical therapies are summarized, and novel medical therapies in phase 3 clinical trials, such as osilodrostat and levoketoconazole are discussed, with an emphasis on indications, efficacy and safety. Emerging data suggests increased efficacy and better tolerability with these novel therapies and combination treatment strategies, and potentially increases the therapeutic options for treatment of CD. New insights into the pathophysiology of CD are highlighted, along with potential therapeutic applications. Future treatments on the horizon such as R-roscovitine, retinoic acid, epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors and somatostatin-dopamine chimeric compounds are also described, with a focus on potential clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cuevas-Ramos
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Neuroendocrinology Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14030 Mexico
| | - Dawn Shao Ting Lim
- Departments of Medicine (Endocrinology) and Neurological Surgery, and Northwest Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Mail Code CH8N, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Maria Fleseriu
- Departments of Medicine (Endocrinology) and Neurological Surgery, and Northwest Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Mail Code CH8N, Portland, OR 97239 USA
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331
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Xiong Q, Ge W. Gene mutations in Cushing's disease. Biomed Rep 2016; 5:277-282. [PMID: 27588171 PMCID: PMC4998087 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cushing's disease (CD) is a severe (and potentially fatal) disease caused by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting adenomas of the pituitary gland (often termed pituitary adenomas). The majority of ACTH-secreting corticotroph tumors are sporadic and CD rarely appears as a familial disorder, thus, the genetic mechanisms underlying CD are poorly understood. Studies have reported that various mutated genes are associated with CD, such as those in menin 1, aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein and the nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1. Recently it was identified that ubiquitin-specific protease 8 mutations contribute to CD, which was significant towards elucidating the genetic mechanisms of CD. The present study reviews the associated gene mutations in CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology and Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Wei Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology and Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
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332
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Calebiro D, Grassi ES, Eszlinger M, Ronchi CL, Godbole A, Bathon K, Guizzardi F, de Filippis T, Krohn K, Jaeschke H, Schwarzmayr T, Bircan R, Gozu HI, Sancak S, Niedziela M, Strom TM, Fassnacht M, Persani L, Paschke R. Recurrent EZH1 mutations are a second hit in autonomous thyroid adenomas. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3383-8. [PMID: 27500488 DOI: 10.1172/jci84894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autonomous thyroid adenomas (ATAs) are a frequent cause of hyperthyroidism. Mutations in the genes encoding the TSH receptor (TSHR) or the Gs protein α subunit (GNAS) are found in approximately 70% of ATAs. The involvement of other genes and the pathogenesis of the remaining cases are presently unknown. Here, we performed whole-exome sequencing in 19 ATAs that were paired with normal DNA samples and identified a recurrent hot-spot mutation (c.1712A>G; p.Gln571Arg) in the enhancer of zeste homolog 1 (EZH1) gene, which codes for a catalytic subunit of the polycomb complex. Targeted screening in an independent cohort confirmed that this mutation occurs with high frequency (27%) in ATAs. EZH1 mutations were strongly associated with known (TSHR, GNAS) or presumed (adenylate cyclase 9 [ADCY9]) alterations in cAMP pathway genes. Furthermore, functional studies revealed that the p.Gln571Arg EZH1 mutation caused increased histone H3 trimethylation and increased proliferation of thyroid cells. In summary, this study revealed that a hot-spot mutation in EZH1 is the second most frequent genetic alteration in ATAs. The association between EZH1 and TSHR mutations suggests a 2-hit model for the pathogenesis of these tumors, whereby constitutive activation of the cAMP pathway and EZH1 mutations cooperate to induce the hyperproliferation of thyroid cells.
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333
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes our current understanding of the mechanisms and factors involved in pituitary tumorigenesis. It provides a comprehensive review on the role of genetic mutations, epigenetics, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cell cycle deregulation, and highlights recent findings of altered micro-RNA and long noncoding RNA expression in pituitary tumors. RECENT FINDINGS This article provides a concise summary of our knowledge regarding oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and cell cycle deregulation in pituitary tumors. Additionally, it highlights new findings in epigenetics and altered micro-RNA and long noncoding RNA expression in pituitary tumors. SUMMARY Improved understanding of the mechanism(s) and candidates implicated in pituitary tumorigenesis may result in the identification of new therapeutic targets in pituitary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha M Robertson
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, California, USA
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334
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Peculis R, Balcere I, Rovite V, Megnis K, Valtere A, Stukens J, Arnicane L, Nikitina-Zake L, Lejnieks A, Pirags V, Klovins J. Polymorphisms in MEN1 and DRD2 genes are associated with the occurrence and characteristics of pituitary adenomas. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 175:145-53. [PMID: 27185868 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although pituitary adenomas (PAs) affect a significant proportion of the population, only a fraction have the potential to become clinically relevant during an individual's lifetime, causing hormonal imbalance or complications due to mass effect. The overwhelming majority of cases are sporadic and without a clear familial history, and the genotype-phenotype correlation in PA patients is poorly understood. Our aim was to investigate the involvement of genes known for their role in familial cases on drug response and tumor suppression in the development and pathology of PAs in a patient group from Latvia. DESIGN The study included 143 cases and 354 controls, we investigated the role of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in seven genes (SSTR2, SSTR5, DRD2, MEN1, AIP, GNAS, and PRKAR1A) associated with pituitary tumor occurrence, phenotype, and clinical symptoms. METHODS Genotyping of 96 tag and nonsynonymous SNPs was performed in the genomic regions of interest. RESULTS We discovered a significant association (OR=17.8, CI 0.95=2.18-145.5, P=0.0002) between a rare MEN1 mutation (rs2959656) and clinically active adenoma in our patients. Additionally, rs7131056 at DRD2 was associated with a higher occurrence of extrasellar growth in patients with prolactinoma and somatotropinoma (OR=2.79, CI 0.95=1.58-4.95, P=0.0004). CONCLUSIONS rs2959656, a nonsynonymous variant in MEN1, is associated with the development of clinically active PA. Furthermore, rs7131056 in DRD2 contributes to either faster growth of the adenoma or reduced symptomatic presentation, allowing PAs to become larger before detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raitis Peculis
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study CentreRiga, Latvia
| | - Inga Balcere
- Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University HospitalRiga, Latvia Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Vita Rovite
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study CentreRiga, Latvia
| | - Kaspars Megnis
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study CentreRiga, Latvia
| | - Andra Valtere
- Riga Eastern Clinical University HospitalRiga, Latvia
| | - Janis Stukens
- Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University HospitalRiga, Latvia
| | | | | | | | - Valdis Pirags
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study CentreRiga, Latvia Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University HospitalRiga, Latvia Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Janis Klovins
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study CentreRiga, Latvia
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335
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Hernández-Ramírez LC, Martucci F, Morgan RML, Trivellin G, Tilley D, Ramos-Guajardo N, Iacovazzo D, D'Acquisto F, Prodromou C, Korbonits M. Rapid Proteasomal Degradation of Mutant Proteins Is the Primary Mechanism Leading to Tumorigenesis in Patients With Missense AIP Mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:3144-54. [PMID: 27253664 PMCID: PMC4971335 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The pathogenic effect of mutations in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein (AIP) gene (AIPmuts) in pituitary adenomas is incompletely understood. We have identified the primary mechanism of loss of function for missense AIPmuts. OBJECTIVE This study sought to analyze the mechanism/speed of protein turnover of wild-type and missense AIP variants, correlating protein half-life with clinical parameters. DESIGN AND SETTING Half-life and protein-protein interaction experiments and cross-sectional analysis of AIPmut positive patients' data were performed in a clinical academic research institution. PATIENTS Data were obtained from our cohort of pituitary adenoma patients and literature-reported cases. INTERVENTIONS Protein turnover of endogenous AIP in two cell lines and fifteen AIP variants overexpressed in HEK293 cells was analyzed via cycloheximide chase and proteasome inhibition. Glutathione-S-transferase pull-down and quantitative mass spectrometry identified proteins involved in AIP degradation; results were confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation and gene knockdown. Relevant clinical data was collected. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Half-life of wild-type and mutant AIP proteins and its correlation with clinical parameters. RESULTS Endogenous AIP half-life was similar in HEK293 and lymphoblastoid cells (43.5 and 32.7 h). AIP variants were divided into stable proteins (median, 77.7 h; interquartile range [IQR], 60.7-92.9 h), and those with short (median, 27 h; IQR, 21.6-28.7 h) or very short (median, 7.7 h; IQR, 5.6-10.5 h) half-life; proteasomal inhibition rescued the rapid degradation of mutant proteins. The experimental half-life significantly correlated with age at diagnosis of acromegaly/gigantism (r = 0.411; P = .002). The FBXO3-containing SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein complex was identified as the E3 ubiquitin-ligase recognizing AIP. CONCLUSIONS AIP is a stable protein, driven to ubiquitination by the SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein complex. Enhanced proteasomal degradation is a novel pathogenic mechanism for AIPmuts, with direct implications for the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Hernández-Ramírez
- Centre for Endocrinology (L.C.H.-R., F.M., G.T., D.T., N.R.-G., D.I., M.K.), and Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology (F.D.), William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; Genome Damage and Stability Centre (R.M.L.M., C.P.), University of Sussex, Brighton, Falmer, BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Martucci
- Centre for Endocrinology (L.C.H.-R., F.M., G.T., D.T., N.R.-G., D.I., M.K.), and Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology (F.D.), William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; Genome Damage and Stability Centre (R.M.L.M., C.P.), University of Sussex, Brighton, Falmer, BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rhodri M L Morgan
- Centre for Endocrinology (L.C.H.-R., F.M., G.T., D.T., N.R.-G., D.I., M.K.), and Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology (F.D.), William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; Genome Damage and Stability Centre (R.M.L.M., C.P.), University of Sussex, Brighton, Falmer, BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Giampaolo Trivellin
- Centre for Endocrinology (L.C.H.-R., F.M., G.T., D.T., N.R.-G., D.I., M.K.), and Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology (F.D.), William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; Genome Damage and Stability Centre (R.M.L.M., C.P.), University of Sussex, Brighton, Falmer, BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Tilley
- Centre for Endocrinology (L.C.H.-R., F.M., G.T., D.T., N.R.-G., D.I., M.K.), and Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology (F.D.), William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; Genome Damage and Stability Centre (R.M.L.M., C.P.), University of Sussex, Brighton, Falmer, BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy Ramos-Guajardo
- Centre for Endocrinology (L.C.H.-R., F.M., G.T., D.T., N.R.-G., D.I., M.K.), and Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology (F.D.), William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; Genome Damage and Stability Centre (R.M.L.M., C.P.), University of Sussex, Brighton, Falmer, BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Donato Iacovazzo
- Centre for Endocrinology (L.C.H.-R., F.M., G.T., D.T., N.R.-G., D.I., M.K.), and Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology (F.D.), William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; Genome Damage and Stability Centre (R.M.L.M., C.P.), University of Sussex, Brighton, Falmer, BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Fulvio D'Acquisto
- Centre for Endocrinology (L.C.H.-R., F.M., G.T., D.T., N.R.-G., D.I., M.K.), and Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology (F.D.), William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; Genome Damage and Stability Centre (R.M.L.M., C.P.), University of Sussex, Brighton, Falmer, BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Chrisostomos Prodromou
- Centre for Endocrinology (L.C.H.-R., F.M., G.T., D.T., N.R.-G., D.I., M.K.), and Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology (F.D.), William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; Genome Damage and Stability Centre (R.M.L.M., C.P.), University of Sussex, Brighton, Falmer, BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology (L.C.H.-R., F.M., G.T., D.T., N.R.-G., D.I., M.K.), and Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology (F.D.), William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; Genome Damage and Stability Centre (R.M.L.M., C.P.), University of Sussex, Brighton, Falmer, BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
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336
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Deubiquitinase Usp8 regulates α-synuclein clearance and modifies its toxicity in Lewy body disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E4688-97. [PMID: 27444016 PMCID: PMC4987833 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523597113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease, misfolded α-synuclein accumulates, often in a ubiquitinated form, in neuronal inclusions termed Lewy bodies. An important outstanding question is whether ubiquitination in Lewy bodies is directly relevant to α-synuclein trafficking or turnover and Parkinson's pathogenesis. By comparative analysis in human postmortem brains, we found that ubiquitin immunoreactivity in Lewy bodies is largely due to K63-linked ubiquitin chains and markedly reduced in the substantia nigra compared with the neocortex. The ubiquitin staining in cells with Lewy bodies inversely correlated with the content and pathological localization of the deubiquitinase Usp8. Usp8 interacted and partly colocalized with α-synuclein in endosomal membranes and, both in cells and after purification, it deubiquitinated K63-linked chains on α-synuclein. Knockdown of Usp8 in the Drosophila eye reduced α-synuclein levels and α-synuclein-induced eye toxicity. Accordingly, in human cells, Usp8 knockdown increased the lysosomal degradation of α-synuclein. In the dopaminergic neurons of the Drosophila model, unlike knockdown of other deubiquitinases, Usp8 protected from α-synuclein-induced locomotor deficits and cell loss. These findings strongly suggest that removal of K63-linked ubiquitin chains on α-synuclein by Usp8 is a critical mechanism that reduces its lysosomal degradation in dopaminergic neurons and may contribute to α-synuclein accumulation in Lewy body disease.
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337
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Tabuchi Y, Kitamura T, Fukuhara A, Mukai K, Onodera T, Miyata Y, Hamasaki T, Oshino S, Saitoh Y, Morii E, Otsuki M, Shimomura I. Nur77 gene expression levels were involved in different ACTH-secretion autonomy between Cushing's disease and subclinical Cushing's disease. Endocr J 2016; 63:545-54. [PMID: 27025408 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej15-0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cushing's disease (CD) and subclinical Cushing's disease (subCD) are both diseases caused by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenomas. However, ACTH autonomy in subCD is weaker than in CD and there are no Cushingoid features in subCD. The differences of molecular mechanisms in ACTH autonomy between CD and subCD have not yet been reported. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the differences in molecular mechanisms of ACTH-secretion autonomy between CD and subCD. The study included 23 patients [7 CD, 6 subCD, and 10 non-functioning pituitary tumors (NFTs)] who underwent transsphenoidal surgery at the Osaka University Hospital between December 2009 and October 2013. Using quantitative real-time PCR, various ACTH-related gene expressions in tumor tissues from CD, subCD, and NFT were measured such as pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), POMC transcription factor (Tpit, Pitx1, NeuroD1, and Nur77), POMC peptide processing enzymes (prohormone convertase: PC1/3 and PC2), and ACTH secretion-related factors (corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1: CRHR1 and glucocorticoid receptor α: GRα). Only Nur77 mRNA levels were significantly higher in CD than in subCD. Furthermore, we stained 6 CD and 6 subCD with anti-Nur77 antibody. All tumor samples from CD had Nur77 protein positive cells. On the other hand, Nur77 protein was expressed in only one tumor sample from subCD. This sample showed high expression of Nur77 mRNA. Nur77 is an important to regulate POMC transcription and negative-feedback by glucocorticoids. Nur77 gene expression levels might involve different autonomy of ACTH production between CD and subCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Tabuchi
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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338
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Bertagna X. Therapeutic innovations in endocrine diseases – Part 1: New medical treatments for chronic excess of endogenous cortisol (Cushing's syndrome). Presse Med 2016; 45:e201-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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339
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Trivellin G, Correa RR, Batsis M, Faucz FR, Chittiboina P, Bjelobaba I, Larco DO, Quezado M, Daly AF, Stojilkovic SS, Wu TJ, Beckers A, Lodish M, Stratakis CA. Screening for GPR101 defects in pediatric pituitary corticotropinomas. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:357-365. [PMID: 26962002 PMCID: PMC5017905 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cushing disease (CD) in children is caused by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenomas. Germline or somatic mutations in genes such as MEN1, CDKIs, AIP, and USP8 have been identified in pediatric CD, but the genetic defects in a significant percentage of cases are still unknown. We investigated the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR101, a gene known to be involved in somatotropinomas, for its possible involvement in corticotropinomas. We performed GPR101 sequencing, expression analyses by RT-qPCR and immunostaining, and functional studies (cell proliferation, pituitary hormones secretion, and cAMP measurement) in a series of patients with sporadic CD secondary to ACTH-secreting adenomas in whom we had peripheral and tumor DNA (N=36). No increased GPR101 expression was observed in tumors compared to normal pituitary (NP) tissues, nor did we find a correlation between GPR101 and ACTH expression levels. Sequence analysis revealed a very rare germline heterozygous GPR101 variant (p.G31S) in one patient with CD. Overexpression of the p.G31S variant did not lead to increased growth and proliferation, although modest effects on cAMP signaling were seen. GPR101 is not overexpressed in ACTH-secreting tumors compared to NPs. A rare germline GPR101 variant was found in one patient with CD but in vitro studies did not support a consistent pathogenic effect. GPR101 is unlikely to be involved in the pathogenesis of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampaolo Trivellin
- G Trivellin, Section Endocrinology and Genetics, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, United States
| | - Ricardo R Correa
- R Correa, Section Endocrinology and Genetics, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Maria Batsis
- M Batsis, Section Endocrinology and Genetics, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Fabio R Faucz
- F Faucz, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, United States
| | - Prashant Chittiboina
- P Chittiboina, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute for Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, United States
| | - Ivana Bjelobaba
- I Bjelobaba, Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Darwin O Larco
- D Larco, Department of Obstretics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, United States
| | - Martha Quezado
- M Quezado, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, 20892, United States
| | - Adrian F Daly
- A Daly, Department of Endocrinology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Stanko S Stojilkovic
- S Stojilkovic, Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development , National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - T John Wu
- T Wu, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, United States
| | - Albert Beckers
- A Beckers, Department of Endocrinology, CHU de Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Maya Lodish
- M Lodish, Pediatric Endocrinology, NIH, Bethesda, 20892, United States
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- C Stratakis, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
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340
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Saeger W, Petersenn S, Schöfl C, Knappe UJ, Theodoropoulou M, Buslei R, Honegger J. Emerging Histopathological and Genetic Parameters of Pituitary Adenomas: Clinical Impact and Recommendation for Future WHO Classification. Endocr Pathol 2016; 27:115-22. [PMID: 26874696 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-016-9419-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The review assesses immunohistochemical findings of somatostatin receptors and of metalloproteinases in different pituitary adenoma types and the significance of molecular genetic data. Current evidence does not support routine immunohistochemical assessment of somatostatin or dopamine receptor subtype expression on hormone-secreting or nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Further prospective studies are needed to define its role for clinical decision making. Until then we suggest to restrict membrane receptor profiling to individual cases or for study purposes. The problems of adenoma expansion and invasion are discussed. Despite partially contradictory publications, proteases clearly play a major role in permission of infiltrative growth of pituitary adenomas. Therefore, detection of at least MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-2, and uPA seems to be justified. Molecular characterization is important for familial adenomas, adenomas in MEN, Carney complex, and McCune-Albright syndrome and can gain insight into pathogenesis of sporadic adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Saeger
- Institutes of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Hamburg, UKE, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - S Petersenn
- ENDOC Center for Endocrinology, 22587 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Schöfl
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - U J Knappe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johannes-Wesling-Klinikum Minden, 32429, Minden, Germany
| | - M Theodoropoulou
- Department of Endocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - R Buslei
- Department of Neuropathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Honegger
- Clinic of Neurosurgery, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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341
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongyong Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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342
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Drouin J. 60 YEARS OF POMC: Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of POMC gene expression. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 56:T99-T112. [PMID: 26792828 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene integrates numerous inputs that reflect the developmental history of POMC-expressing cells of the pituitary and hypothalamus, as well as their critical role in the endocrine system. These inputs are integrated at specific regulatory sequences within the promoter and pituitary or hypothalamic enhancers of the POMC locus. Investigations of developmental mechanisms and transcription factors (TFs) responsible for pituitary activation of POMC transcription led to the discovery of the Pitx factors that have critical roles in pituitary development and striking patterning functions in embryonic development. Terminal differentiation of the two pituitary POMC lineages, the corticotrophs and melanotrophs, is controlled by Tpit; mutations of the human TPIT gene cause isolated adrenocorticotrophic hormone deficiency. Intermediate lobe and melanotroph identity is provided by the pioneer TF Pax7 that remodels chromatin to reveal a new repertoire of enhancers for Tpit action. Many signaling pathways regulate POMC transcription including activation by hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing hormone acting through the orphan nuclear receptors of the Nur family and feedback repression by glucocorticoids and their glucocorticoid receptor. TFs of the basic helix-loop-helix, Smad, Stat, Etv, and nuclear factor-B families also mediate signals for control of POMC transcription. Whereas most of these regulatory processes are conserved in different species, there are also notable differences between specific targets for regulation of the human compared with mouse POMC genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Drouin
- Laboratoire de génétique moléculaireInstitut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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343
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Lin AL, Sum MW, DeAngelis LM. Is there a role for early chemotherapy in the management of pituitary adenomas? Neuro Oncol 2016; 18:1350-6. [PMID: 27106409 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas are benign intracranial neoplasms that are frequently well-controlled with standard treatments that include surgical resection, radiotherapy, and agents that modulate hormonal excess. Unfortunately, a subset of patients remains uncontrolled or develops complications from these interventions. For these patients, chemotherapy is an additional treatment option that could improve outcomes. Temozolomide is an oral chemotherapy with a favorable side-effect profile that has shown activity against pituitary adenomas. Its non-overlapping toxicity and ability to induce rapid tumor regression renders it a potentially important adjunctive treatment. In patients with tumors that cannot be optimally addressed with standard treatments, there may be a role for early initiation of temozolomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Lin
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (A.L.L., L.M.D.A.)
| | - Melissa W Sum
- Division of Endocrinology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (M.W.S.)
| | - Lisa M DeAngelis
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (A.L.L., L.M.D.A.)
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344
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Wit JM, Oostdijk W, Losekoot M, van Duyvenvoorde HA, Ruivenkamp CAL, Kant SG. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Novel genetic causes of short stature. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:R145-73. [PMID: 26578640 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The fast technological development, particularly single nucleotide polymorphism array, array-comparative genomic hybridization, and whole exome sequencing, has led to the discovery of many novel genetic causes of growth failure. In this review we discuss a selection of these, according to a diagnostic classification centred on the epiphyseal growth plate. We successively discuss disorders in hormone signalling, paracrine factors, matrix molecules, intracellular pathways, and fundamental cellular processes, followed by chromosomal aberrations including copy number variants (CNVs) and imprinting disorders associated with short stature. Many novel causes of GH deficiency (GHD) as part of combined pituitary hormone deficiency have been uncovered. The most frequent genetic causes of isolated GHD are GH1 and GHRHR defects, but several novel causes have recently been found, such as GHSR, RNPC3, and IFT172 mutations. Besides well-defined causes of GH insensitivity (GHR, STAT5B, IGFALS, IGF1 defects), disorders of NFκB signalling, STAT3 and IGF2 have recently been discovered. Heterozygous IGF1R defects are a relatively frequent cause of prenatal and postnatal growth retardation. TRHA mutations cause a syndromic form of short stature with elevated T3/T4 ratio. Disorders of signalling of various paracrine factors (FGFs, BMPs, WNTs, PTHrP/IHH, and CNP/NPR2) or genetic defects affecting cartilage extracellular matrix usually cause disproportionate short stature. Heterozygous NPR2 or SHOX defects may be found in ∼3% of short children, and also rasopathies (e.g., Noonan syndrome) can be found in children without clear syndromic appearance. Numerous other syndromes associated with short stature are caused by genetic defects in fundamental cellular processes, chromosomal abnormalities, CNVs, and imprinting disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Wit
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma Oostdijk
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Losekoot
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hermine A van Duyvenvoorde
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia A L Ruivenkamp
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sarina G Kant
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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345
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Schober AS, Berra E. DUBs, New Members in the Hypoxia Signaling clUb. Front Oncol 2016; 6:53. [PMID: 27014628 PMCID: PMC4783435 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular protein homeostasis is tightly regulated by ubiquitination. Responsible for target protein ubiquitination is a class of enzymes, the so-called ubiquitin E3 ligases. They are opposed to a second class of enzymes, called deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), which can remove polyubiquitin chains from their specific target proteins. The coaction of the two sets of enzymes allows the cell to adapt its overall protein content and the abundance of particular proteins to a variety of cellular and environmental stresses, including hypoxia. In recent years, DUBs have been highlighted to play major roles in many diseases, including cancer, both as tumor suppressors and oncogenes. Therefore, DUBs are emerging as promising targets for cancer-cell specific treatment. Here, we will review the current understanding of DUBs implicated in the control of hypoxia-inducible factor, the regulation of DUBs by hypoxia, and the use of DUB-specific drugs to target tumor hypoxia-signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie S Schober
- Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biociencias, CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Spain; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Center for Cell Imaging, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Edurne Berra
- Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biociencias, CIC bioGUNE , Derio , Spain
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346
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Ronchi CL, Peverelli E, Herterich S, Weigand I, Mantovani G, Schwarzmayr T, Sbiera S, Allolio B, Honegger J, Appenzeller S, Lania AG, Reincke M, Calebiro D, Spada A, Buchfelder M, Flitsch J, Strom TM, Fassnacht M. Landscape of somatic mutations in sporadic GH-secreting pituitary adenomas. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:363-72. [PMID: 26701869 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Alterations in the cAMP signaling pathway are common in hormonally active endocrine tumors. Somatic mutations at GNAS are causative in 30-40% of GH-secreting adenomas. Recently, mutations affecting the USP8 and PRKACA gene have been reported in ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas and cortisol-secreting adrenocortical adenomas respectively. However, the pathogenesis of many GH-secreting adenomas remains unclear. AIM Comprehensive genetic characterization of sporadic GH-secreting adenomas and identification of new driver mutations. DESIGN Screening for somatic mutations was performed in 67 GH-secreting adenomas by targeted sequencing for GNAS, PRKACA, and USP8 mutations (n=31) and next-generation exome sequencing (n=36). RESULTS By targeted sequencing, known activating mutations in GNAS were detected in five cases (16.1%), while no somatic mutations were observed in both PRKACA and USP8. Whole-exome sequencing identified 132 protein-altering somatic mutations in 31/36 tumors with a median of three mutations per sample (range: 1-13). The only recurrent mutations have been observed in GNAS (31.4% of cases). However, seven genes involved in cAMP signaling pathway were affected in 14 of 36 samples and eight samples harbored variants in genes involved in the calcium signaling or metabolism. At the enrichment analysis, several altered genes resulted to be associated with developmental processes. No significant correlation between genetic alterations and the clinical data was observed. CONCLUSION This study provides a comprehensive analysis of somatic mutations in a large series of GH-secreting adenomas. No novel recurrent genetic alterations have been observed, but the data suggest that beside cAMP pathway, calcium signaling might be involved in the pathogenesis of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina L Ronchi
- Department of Internal Medicine IEndocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology and Diabetology UnitDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsHelmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyMedizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians University, Munich, GermanyCore Unit Systems MedicineUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology UnitDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, ItalyInstitute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bioimaging CenterUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, GermanyNeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsTechnische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Erika Peverelli
- Department of Internal Medicine IEndocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology and Diabetology UnitDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsHelmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyMedizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians University, Munich, GermanyCore Unit Systems MedicineUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology UnitDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, ItalyInstitute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bioimaging CenterUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, GermanyNeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsTechnische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Herterich
- Department of Internal Medicine IEndocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology and Diabetology UnitDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsHelmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyMedizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians University, Munich, GermanyCore Unit Systems MedicineUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology UnitDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, ItalyInstitute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bioimaging CenterUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, GermanyNeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsTechnische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Isabel Weigand
- Department of Internal Medicine IEndocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology and Diabetology UnitDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsHelmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyMedizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians University, Munich, GermanyCore Unit Systems MedicineUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology UnitDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, ItalyInstitute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bioimaging CenterUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, GermanyNeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsTechnische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Giovanna Mantovani
- Department of Internal Medicine IEndocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology and Diabetology UnitDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsHelmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyMedizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians University, Munich, GermanyCore Unit Systems MedicineUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology UnitDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, ItalyInstitute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bioimaging CenterUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, GermanyNeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsTechnische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Schwarzmayr
- Department of Internal Medicine IEndocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology and Diabetology UnitDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsHelmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyMedizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians University, Munich, GermanyCore Unit Systems MedicineUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology UnitDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, ItalyInstitute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bioimaging CenterUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, GermanyNeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsTechnische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Silviu Sbiera
- Department of Internal Medicine IEndocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology and Diabetology UnitDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsHelmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyMedizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians University, Munich, GermanyCore Unit Systems MedicineUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology UnitDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, ItalyInstitute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bioimaging CenterUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, GermanyNeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsTechnische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Bruno Allolio
- Department of Internal Medicine IEndocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology and Diabetology UnitDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsHelmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyMedizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians University, Munich, GermanyCore Unit Systems MedicineUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology UnitDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, ItalyInstitute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bioimaging CenterUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, GermanyNeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsTechnische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Honegger
- Department of Internal Medicine IEndocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology and Diabetology UnitDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsHelmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyMedizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians University, Munich, GermanyCore Unit Systems MedicineUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology UnitDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, ItalyInstitute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bioimaging CenterUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, GermanyNeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsTechnische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Silke Appenzeller
- Department of Internal Medicine IEndocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology and Diabetology UnitDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsHelmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyMedizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians University, Munich, GermanyCore Unit Systems MedicineUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology UnitDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, ItalyInstitute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bioimaging CenterUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, GermanyNeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsTechnische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany Department of Internal Medicine IEndocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology and Diabetology UnitDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsHelmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyMedizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians University, Munich, GermanyCore Unit Systems MedicineUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology UnitDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, ItalyInstitute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bioimaging CenterUniversity of Wuerzburg, W
| | - Andrea G Lania
- Department of Internal Medicine IEndocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology and Diabetology UnitDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsHelmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyMedizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians University, Munich, GermanyCore Unit Systems MedicineUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology UnitDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, ItalyInstitute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bioimaging CenterUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, GermanyNeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsTechnische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Reincke
- Department of Internal Medicine IEndocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology and Diabetology UnitDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsHelmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyMedizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians University, Munich, GermanyCore Unit Systems MedicineUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology UnitDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, ItalyInstitute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bioimaging CenterUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, GermanyNeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsTechnische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Davide Calebiro
- Department of Internal Medicine IEndocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology and Diabetology UnitDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsHelmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyMedizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians University, Munich, GermanyCore Unit Systems MedicineUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology UnitDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, ItalyInstitute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bioimaging CenterUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, GermanyNeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsTechnische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Spada
- Department of Internal Medicine IEndocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology and Diabetology UnitDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsHelmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyMedizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians University, Munich, GermanyCore Unit Systems MedicineUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology UnitDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, ItalyInstitute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bioimaging CenterUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, GermanyNeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsTechnische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Buchfelder
- Department of Internal Medicine IEndocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology and Diabetology UnitDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsHelmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyMedizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians University, Munich, GermanyCore Unit Systems MedicineUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology UnitDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, ItalyInstitute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bioimaging CenterUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, GermanyNeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsTechnische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Joerg Flitsch
- Department of Internal Medicine IEndocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology and Diabetology UnitDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsHelmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyMedizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians University, Munich, GermanyCore Unit Systems MedicineUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology UnitDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, ItalyInstitute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bioimaging CenterUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, GermanyNeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsTechnische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Tim M Strom
- Department of Internal Medicine IEndocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology and Diabetology UnitDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsHelmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyMedizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians University, Munich, GermanyCore Unit Systems MedicineUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology UnitDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, ItalyInstitute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bioimaging CenterUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, GermanyNeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsTechnische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany Department of Internal Medicine IEndocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology and Diabetology UnitDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsHelmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyMedizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians University, Munich, GermanyCore Unit Systems MedicineUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology UnitDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, ItalyInstitute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bioimaging CenterUniversity of Wuerzburg, W
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Department of Internal Medicine IEndocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology and Diabetology UnitDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsHelmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyMedizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians University, Munich, GermanyCore Unit Systems MedicineUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology UnitDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, ItalyInstitute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bioimaging CenterUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, GermanyNeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsTechnische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany Department of Internal Medicine IEndocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstrasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology and Diabetology UnitDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of Human GeneticsHelmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyMedizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians University, Munich, GermanyCore Unit Systems MedicineUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyEndocrinology UnitDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, ItalyInstitute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bioimaging CenterUniversity of Wuerzburg, W
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347
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Melmed S. Pituitary Medicine From Discovery to Patient-Focused Outcomes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:769-77. [PMID: 26908107 PMCID: PMC4803158 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-3653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT This perspective traces a pipeline of discovery in pituitary medicine over the past 75 years. OBJECTIVE To place in context past advances and predict future changes in understanding pituitary pathophysiology and clinical care. DESIGN Author's perspective on reports of pituitary advances in the published literature. SETTING Clinical and translational Endocrinology. OUTCOMES Discovery of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and mechanisms for pituitary control, have culminated in exquisite understanding of anterior pituitary cell function and dysfunction. Challenges facing the discipline include fundamental understanding of pituitary adenoma pathogenesis leading to more effective treatments of inexorably growing and debilitating hormone secreting pituitary tumors as well as medical management of non-secreting pituitary adenomas. Newly emerging pituitary syndromes include those associated with immune-targeted cancer therapies and head trauma. CONCLUSIONS Novel diagnostic techniques including imaging genomic, proteomic, and biochemical analyses will yield further knowledge to enable diagnosis of heretofore cryptic syndromes, as well as sub classifications of pituitary syndromes for personalized treatment approaches. Cost effective personalized approaches to precision therapy must demonstrate value, and will be empowered by multidisciplinary approaches to integrating complex subcellular information to identify therapeutic targets for enabling maximal outcomes. These goals will be challenging to attain given the rarity of pituitary disorders and the difficulty in conducting appropriately powered prospective trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Melmed
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
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348
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Asa SL, Ezzat S. Aggressive Pituitary Tumors or Localized Pituitary Carcinomas: Defining Pituitary Tumors. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2016; 11:149-162. [PMID: 30058871 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2016.1153422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary tumors are common and exhibit a wide spectrum of hormonal, proliferative and invasive behaviors. Traditional classifications consider them malignant only when they exhibit metastasis. Patients who suffer morbidity and mortality from aggressive tumors classified as "adenomas" are denied support provided to patients with "cancers" and in many jurisdictions, these tumors are considered curiosities that do not warrant reporting in health registries. We propose use of the term "tumor" rather than "adenoma" to align with other neuroendocrine tumors. The features that can serve as diagnostic, prognostic and predictive markers are reviewed. Clinico-pathological and radiographic classifications provide important information and to date, no single biomarker has been able to offer valuable insight to guide the management of patients with pituitary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia L Asa
- a Department of Pathology , University Health Network, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Shereen Ezzat
- c Department of Medicine , University Health Network, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
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349
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Lines KE, Stevenson M, Thakker RV. Animal models of pituitary neoplasia. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 421:68-81. [PMID: 26320859 PMCID: PMC4721536 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary neoplasias can occur as part of a complex inherited disorder, or more commonly as sporadic (non-familial) disease. Studies of the molecular and genetic mechanisms causing such pituitary tumours have identified dysregulation of >35 genes, with many revealed by studies in mice, rats and zebrafish. Strategies used to generate these animal models have included gene knockout, gene knockin and transgenic over-expression, as well as chemical mutagenesis and drug induction. These animal models provide an important resource for investigation of tissue-specific tumourigenic mechanisms, and evaluations of novel therapies, illustrated by studies into multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), a hereditary syndrome in which ∼ 30% of patients develop pituitary adenomas. This review describes animal models of pituitary neoplasia that have been generated, together with some recent advances in gene editing technologies, and an illustration of the use of the Men1 mouse as a pre clinical model for evaluating novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Lines
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - M Stevenson
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - R V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK.
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350
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Gentilin E, Di Pasquale C, Gagliano T, Tagliati F, Benfini K, Ambrosio MR, Bondanelli M, degli Uberti EC, Zatelli MC. Protein Kinase C Delta restrains growth in ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 419:252-8. [PMID: 26522132 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein Kinase C Delta (PRKCD) has been highlighted among disrupted pathways in corticotroph adenomas. PRKCD is expressed at low level in human corticotroph adenomas and controls cell cycle in vitro. Therefore, PRKCD may play an important role in the development/progression of corticotroph adenomas, warranting further studies to understand the role of PRKCD and related pathways in restraining pituitary cell growth. We evaluated PRKCD role in influencing cell behavior in terms of cell viability, hormone expression and protein expression profile, by silencing PRKCD in AtT-20/D16v-F2 cells. PRKCD silencing increases cell viability, enhances hormone expression and induces morphological changes associated with deregulation of adhesion molecules. PRKCD silencing is associated with an increase in Epithelial Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) expression, a marker of tumor aggressive behavior, and sensitivity to anti-EGFR molecules. PRKCD might restrain corticotroph adenoma cells from acquiring an aggressive behavior, candidating PRKCD as a possible molecular target for the treatment of corticotroph adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Gentilin
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy; Laboratorio in rete del Tecnopolo "Tecnologie delle terapie avanzate" (LTTA) of the University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carmelina Di Pasquale
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Teresa Gagliano
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federico Tagliati
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katiuscia Benfini
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Ambrosio
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marta Bondanelli
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ettore C degli Uberti
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy; Laboratorio in rete del Tecnopolo "Tecnologie delle terapie avanzate" (LTTA) of the University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Zatelli
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy; Laboratorio in rete del Tecnopolo "Tecnologie delle terapie avanzate" (LTTA) of the University of Ferrara, Italy.
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