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Cross-reactive multifunctional CD4+ T cell responses against Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi, Paratyphi A and Paratyphi B in humans following immunization with live oral typhoid vaccine Ty21a. Clin Immunol 2016; 173:87-95. [PMID: 27634430 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The live oral typhoid vaccine Ty21a elicits predominantly CD8+, as well as CD4+ T cells mediated immune responses. Clinical field studies showed that Ty21a is moderately effective against S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi B, but not S. Paratyphi A infections. In this study we describe the in depth characterization of S. Typhi, S. Paratyphi A and S. Paratyphi B cross-reactive CD4+ T cell responses elicited following immunization with Ty21a. PBMC samples were collected from 16 healthy volunteers before and 42/84days after Ty21a immunization and stimulated ex-vivo with Salmonella-infected targets. Multiparametric flow cytometry was used to detect the vaccine elicited Salmonella-specific responses in T effector/memory (TEM) and CD45RA+ T effector/memory (TEMRA) CD4+ cell subsets, by measuring CD4+ multifunctional (MF) cells that concomitantly produced IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, MIP-1β, IL-17A and/or expressed CD107a. Post-vaccination increases in S. Typhi-specific MF cells were observed in CD4+ TEM and TEMRA subsets which predominantly produced IFN-γ and/or TNF-α, while IL-2 was produced by a smaller cell subset. A small proportion of those MF cells also produced MIP-1β, IL-17A and expressed CD107a (a marker associated with cytotoxicity). Approximately one third of these specific MF cells have the potential to migrate to the gut mucosa, as evidenced by co-expression of the gut-homing molecule integrin α4β7. In contrast to our previous observations with CD8+ T cells, MF CD4+ T cell responses to the different Salmonella serovars evaluated were similar in magnitude and characteristics. We conclude that although induction of cross-reactive CD4+ MF effector T cells suggest a possible role in Salmonella-immunity, these responses are unlikely to provide an immunological basis for the observed efficacy of Ty21a against S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi B, but not to S. Paratyphi A.
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302
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Divyashree S, Nabarro LEB, Veeraraghavan B, Rupali P. Enteric fever in India: current scenario and future directions. Trop Med Int Health 2016; 21:1255-1262. [DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Divyashree
- Department of Infectious Disease; Christian Medical College; Vellore India
| | - L. E. B. Nabarro
- Department of Infectious Disease; Christian Medical College; Vellore India
- Public Health England; London UK
| | - B. Veeraraghavan
- Department of Microbiology; Christian Medical College; Vellore India
| | - P. Rupali
- Department of Infectious Disease; Christian Medical College; Vellore India
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303
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Park KS, Chung HJ, Khanam F, Lee H, Rashu R, Bhuiyan MT, Berger A, Harris JB, Calderwood SB, Ryan ET, Qadri F, Weissleder R, Charles RC. A magneto-DNA nanoparticle system for the rapid and sensitive diagnosis of enteric fever. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32878. [PMID: 27605393 PMCID: PMC5015101 DOI: 10.1038/srep32878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no widely available optimal assay for diagnosing patients with enteric fever. Here we present a novel assay designed to detect amplified Salmonella nucleic acid (mRNA) using magneto-DNA probes and a miniaturized nuclear magnetic resonance device. We designed primers for genes specific to S. Typhi, S. Paratyphi A, and genes conserved among Salmonella enterica spp. and utilized strongly magnetized nanoparticles to enhance the detection signal. Blood samples spiked with in vitro grown S. Typhi, S. Paratyphi A, S. Typhimurium, and E. coli were used to confirm the specificity of each probe-set, and serial 10-fold dilutions were used to determine the limit of the detection of the assay, 0.01-1.0 CFU/ml. For proof of principle, we applied our assay to 0.5 mL blood samples from 5 patients with culture-confirmed enteric fever from Bangladesh in comparison to 3 healthy controls. We were able to detect amplified target cDNA in all 5 cases of enteric fever; no detectable signal was seen in the healthy controls. Our results suggest that a magneto-DNA nanoparticle system, with an assay time from blood collection of 3.5 hours, may be a promising platform for the rapid and culture-free diagnosis of enteric fever and non-typhoidal Salmonella bacteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Soo Park
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, US
| | - Hyun Jung Chung
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Farhana Khanam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hakho Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, US
| | - Rasheduzzaman Rashu
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Taufiqur Bhuiyan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Amanda Berger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason B Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen B Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward T Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, US.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richelle C Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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304
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The contribution of travellers visiting friends and relatives to notified infectious diseases in Australia: state-based enhanced surveillance. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:3554-3563. [PMID: 27574034 PMCID: PMC5111124 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816001734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Immigrants and their children who return to their country of origin to visit friends and relatives (VFR) are at increased risk of acquiring infectious diseases compared to other travellers. VFR travel is an important disease control issue, as one quarter of Australia's population are foreign-born and one quarter of departing Australian international travellers are visiting friends and relatives. We conducted a 1-year prospective enhanced surveillance study in New South Wales and Victoria, Australia to determine the contribution of VFR travel to notifiable diseases associated with travel, including typhoid, paratyphoid, measles, hepatitis A, hepatitis E, malaria and chikungunya. Additional data on characteristics of international travel were collected. Recent international travel was reported by 180/222 (81%) enhanced surveillance cases, including all malaria, chikungunya and paratyphoid cases. The majority of cases who acquired infections during travel were immigrant Australians (96, 53%) or their Australian-born children (43, 24%). VFR travel was reported by 117 (65%) travel-associated cases, highest for typhoid (31/32, 97%). Cases of children (aged <18 years) (86%) were more frequently VFR travellers compared to adult travellers (57%, P < 0·001). VFR travel is an important contributor to imported disease in Australia. Communicable disease control strategies targeting these travellers, such as targeted health promotion, are likely to impact importation of these travel-related infections.
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305
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Typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in Africa. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 35:1913-1922. [PMID: 27562406 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2760-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella infections in humans can range from self-limiting gastroenteritis typically associated with non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) to typhoidal fever, which can be life-threatening. Salmonellosis causes considerable morbidity and mortality in both humans and animals, and has a significant socioeconomic impact worldwide. In Africa, it is difficult to evaluate the situation of salmonellosis due to the non-availability of facilities capable of performing the tests essential for the diagnosis of typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella infections. This article reviews important work in the literature, including the epidemiology, disease burden, pathogenesis, genomics, diagnosis, treatment, emergence and tracking of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella infections and intercontinental transmission of Salmonella to Africa. Searches of PubMed and Google Scholar were completed and the retrieved list of relevant publications were further screened. The literature revealed that the most common form of the disease in Africa is gastroenteritis, with bacterial multiplication in intestinal submucosa and diarrhoea caused by the inflammatory response and, perhaps, also by toxins. In addition to the high burden of Salmonella infection in Africa, MDR Salmonella species is on the rise in the continent, which might pose difficulties in the treatment of the disease.
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306
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Tennant SM, Toema D, Qamar F, Iqbal N, Boyd MA, Marshall JM, Blackwelder WC, Wu Y, Quadri F, Khan A, Aziz F, Ahmad K, Kalam A, Asif E, Qureshi S, Khan E, Zaidi AK, Levine MM. Detection of Typhoidal and Paratyphoidal Salmonella in Blood by Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 61 Suppl 4:S241-50. [PMID: 26449938 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gold standard for diagnosis of enteric fever caused by Salmonella Typhi or Salmonella Paratyphi A or B is bone marrow culture. However, because bone marrow aspiration is highly invasive, many hospitals and large health centers perform blood culture instead. As blood culture has several limitations, there is a need for novel typhoid diagnostics with improved sensitivity and more rapid time to detection. METHODS We developed a clyA-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method to detect Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A simultaneously in blood. The sensitivity and specificity of this probeset was first evaluated in vitro in the laboratory and then in a typhoid-endemic population, in Karachi, Pakistan, and in healthy US volunteers. RESULTS We optimized a DNA extraction and real-time PCR-based method that could reliably detect 1 colony-forming unit/mL of Salmonella Typhi. The probe set was able to detect clinical Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A strains and also diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, but not invasive E. coli or other invasive bacteria. In the field, the clyA qPCR diagnostic was 40% as sensitive as blood culture. However, when qPCR-positive specimens were considered to be true positives, blood culture only exhibited 28.57% sensitivity. Specificity was ≥90% for all comparisons and in the healthy US volunteers. qPCR was significantly faster than blood culture in terms of detection of typhoid and paratyphoid. CONCLUSIONS Based on lessons learned, we recommend that future field trials of this and other novel diagnostics that detect typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella employ multiple methodologies to define a "positive" sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Tennant
- Center for Vaccine Development Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Deanna Toema
- Center for Vaccine Development Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | | | - Najeeha Iqbal
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mary Adetinuke Boyd
- Center for Vaccine Development Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Joanna M Marshall
- Center for Vaccine Development Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - William C Blackwelder
- Center for Vaccine Development Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Yukun Wu
- Center for Vaccine Development Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | | | - Asia Khan
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health
| | | | | | - Adil Kalam
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health
| | | | | | - Erum Khan
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Myron M Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland, Baltimore
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307
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Martiny D, Dediste A, Anglade C, Vlaes L, Moens C, Mohamed S, Vandenberg O. Performance of the chromID Salmonella Elite chromogenic agar in comparison with CHROMagar™ Salmonella, Oxoid™ Brilliance™ Salmonella and Hektoen agars for the isolation of Salmonella from stool specimens. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 86:128-30. [PMID: 27534258 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
chromID™ Salmonella Elite is compared with 3 culture media commonly used for Salmonella isolation from stool specimens. As results were equivalent to other chromogenic media (100% sensitivity, 98% specificity), only financial arguments should guide the choice for a medium with respect to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Martiny
- Department of Microbiology, iris-Lab, Iris-Brussels Public Hospital Network, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Anne Dediste
- Department of Microbiology, iris-Lab, Iris-Brussels Public Hospital Network, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claire Anglade
- Department of Clinical Affairs, bioMérieux, Craponne, France
| | - Linda Vlaes
- Department of Microbiology, iris-Lab, Iris-Brussels Public Hospital Network, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Moens
- Department of Microbiology, iris-Lab, Iris-Brussels Public Hospital Network, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Souad Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology, iris-Lab, Iris-Brussels Public Hospital Network, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Vandenberg
- Department of Microbiology, iris-Lab, Iris-Brussels Public Hospital Network, Brussels, Belgium; Infectious Diseases Epidemiological Unit, Public Health School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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308
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Azmatullah A, Qamar FN, Thaver D, Zaidi AK, Bhutta ZA. Systematic review of the global epidemiology, clinical and laboratory profile of enteric fever. J Glob Health 2016; 5:020407. [PMID: 26649174 PMCID: PMC4672836 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.05.020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Children suffer the highest burden of enteric fever among populations in South Asian countries. The clinical features are non–specific, vary in populations, and are often difficult to distinguish clinically from other febrile illnesses, leading to delayed or inappropriate diagnosis and treatment. We undertook a systematic review to assess the clinical profile and laboratory features of enteric fever across age groups, economic regions, level of care and antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Methods We searched PubMed (January 1964–December 2013) for studies describing clinical features in defined cohorts of patients over varying time periods. Studies with all culture–confirmed cases or those with at least 50% culture–confirmed cases were included. 242 reports were screened out of 4398 relevant articles and 180 reports were included for final review. Results 96% of studies were from an urban location, 96% were hospital–based studies, with 41% of studies were from South Asia. Common clinical features in hospitalized children include high–grade fever, coated tongue, anaemia, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly neutrophilia, abdominal distension and GI bleeding. In adults’ nausea/vomiting, thrombocytopenia and GI perforation predominate. The case–fatality rate in children under 5 years is higher than school aged children and adolescents, and is highest in Sub Saharan Africa and North Africa/Middle East regions. Multi–drug resistant enteric fever has higher rates of complications than drug sensitive enteric fever, but case fatality rates were comparable in both. Conclusions Our findings indicate variability in disease presentation in adults compared to children, in different regions and in resistant vs sensitive cases. Majority of studies are from hospitalized cases, and are not disaggregated by age. Despite higher complications in MDR enteric fever, case fatality rate is comparable to sensitive cases, with an overall hospital based CFR of 2%, which is similar to recent global estimates. This review underscores the importance of further epidemiological studies in community settings among children and adults, and the need for further preventable measures to curtail the burden of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Azmatullah
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Farah Naz Qamar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Durrane Thaver
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Anita Km Zaidi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Centre for Global Child Health, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada ; Centre of Excellence in Women & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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309
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Carreño JM, Perez-Shibayama C, Gil-Cruz C, Printz A, Pastelin R, Isibasi A, Chariatte D, Tanoue Y, Lopez-Macias C, Gander B, Ludewig B. PLGA-microencapsulation protects Salmonella typhi outer membrane proteins from acidic degradation and increases their mucosal immunogenicity. Vaccine 2016; 34:4263-4269. [PMID: 27372155 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella (S.) enterica infections are an important global health problem with more than 20 million individuals suffering from enteric fever annually and more than 200,000 lethal cases per year. Although enteric fever can be treated appropriately with antibiotics, an increasing number of antibiotic resistant Salmonella strains is detected. While two vaccines against typhoid fever are currently on the market, their availability in subtropical endemic areas is limited because these products need to be kept in uninterrupted cold chains. Hence, the development of a thermally stable vaccine that induces mucosal immune responses would greatly improve human health in endemic areas. Here, we have combined the high structural stability of Salmonella typhi outer membrane proteins (porins) with their microencapsulation into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) to generate an orally applicable vaccine. Encapsulated porins were protected from acidic degradation and exhibited enhanced immunogenicity following oral administration. In particular, the vaccine elicited strong S. typhi-specific B cell responses in Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes. In sum, PLGA microencapsulation substantially improved the efficacy of oral vaccination against S. typhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Carreño
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Cristina Gil-Cruz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Printz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Rodolfo Pastelin
- Facultad de Quimica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Armando Isibasi
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry (UIMIQ), Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dominic Chariatte
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yutaka Tanoue
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, CMC Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Constantino Lopez-Macias
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry (UIMIQ), Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Bruno Gander
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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310
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Katanami Y, Kutsuna S, Morita M, Izumiya H, Ohnishi M, Yamamoto K, Takeshita N, Hayakawa K, Kanagawa S, Kato Y, Ohmagari N. Six Cases of Paratyphoid Fever Due to Salmonella Paratyphi A in Travelers Returning from Myanmar Between July 2014 and August 2015. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:571-3. [PMID: 27352874 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We report six cases of Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A infections in travelers returning from Myanmar. In 2015, 31 cases of paratyphoid fever were reported in Japan, and 54.8% of those traveled to Myanmar. Among them, six patients presented to our hospital. They had traveled to Myanmar from July 2014 to August 2015 for business purposes. All six isolates were phage type 1, and they were resistant to nalidixic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Katanami
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Kutsuna
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatomo Morita
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Izumiya
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Yamamoto
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomi Takeshita
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kayoko Hayakawa
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuzo Kanagawa
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kato
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Ohmagari
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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311
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Yan M, Li X, Liao Q, Li F, Zhang J, Kan B. The emergence and outbreak of multidrug-resistant typhoid fever in China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e62. [PMID: 27329848 PMCID: PMC4932652 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Typhoid fever remains a severe public health problem in developing countries. The emergence of resistant typhoid, particularly multidrug-resistant typhoid infections, highlights the necessity of monitoring the resistance characteristics of this invasive pathogen. In this study, we report a typhoid fever outbreak caused by multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains with an ACSSxtT pattern. Resistance genes conferring these phenotypes were harbored by a large conjugative plasmid, which increases the threat of Salmonella Typhi and thus requires close surveillance for dissemination of strains containing such genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiying Yan
- Department of Diarrheal Disease, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.,Department of Diarrheal Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Xinlan Li
- Department of Diarrheal Disease, Xinjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - Qiaohong Liao
- Department of Diarrheal Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Diarrheal Disease, Xinjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Diarrheal Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Biao Kan
- Department of Diarrheal Disease, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.,Department of Diarrheal Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
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312
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The Molecular and Spatial Epidemiology of Typhoid Fever in Rural Cambodia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004785. [PMID: 27331909 PMCID: PMC4917249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever, caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi, is an endemic cause of febrile disease in Cambodia. The aim of this study was to better understand the epidemiology of pediatric typhoid fever in Cambodia. We accessed routine blood culture data from Angkor Hospital for Children (AHC) in Siem Reap province between 2007 and 2014, and performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) on the isolated bacteria to characterize the S. Typhi population. The resulting phylogenetic information was combined with conventional epidemiological approaches to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of S. Typhi and population-level risk factors for reported disease. During the study period, there were 262 cases of typhoid within a 100 km radius of AHC, with a median patient age of 8.2 years (IQR: 5.1-11.5 years). The majority of infections occurred during the rainy season, and commune incidences as high as 11.36/1,000 in children aged <15 years were observed over the study period. A population-based risk factor analysis found that access to water within households and increasing distance from Tonle Sap Lake were protective. Spatial mapping and WGS provided additional resolution for these findings, and confirmed that proximity to the lake was associated with discrete spatiotemporal disease clusters. We confirmed the dominance of MDR H58 S. Typhi in this population, and found substantial evidence of diversification (at least seven sublineages) within this single lineage. We conclude that there is a substantial burden of pediatric typhoid fever in rural communes in Cambodia. Our data provide a platform for additional population-based typhoid fever studies in this location, and suggest that this would be a suitable setting in which to introduce a school-based vaccination programme with Vi conjugate vaccines.
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313
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Sanhueza Palma NC, Farías Molina S, Calzadilla Riveras J, Hermoso A. Typhoid fever: case report and literature review. Medwave 2016; 16:e6474. [DOI: 10.5867/medwave.2016.05.6474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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314
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Alba S, Bakker MI, Hatta M, Scheelbeek PFD, Dwiyanti R, Usman R, Sultan AR, Sabir M, Tandirogang N, Amir M, Yasir Y, Pastoor R, van Beers S, Smits HL. Risk Factors of Typhoid Infection in the Indonesian Archipelago. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155286. [PMID: 27281311 PMCID: PMC4900629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of risk factors and their relative importance in different settings is essential to develop effective health education material for the prevention of typhoid. In this study, we examine the effect of household level and individual behavioural risk factors on the risk of typhoid in three Indonesian islands (Sulawesi, Kalimantan and Papua) in the Eastern Indonesian archipelago encompassing rural, peri-urban and urban areas. METHODS We enrolled 933 patients above 10 years of age in a health facility-based case-control study between June 2010 and June 2011. Individuals suspected of typhoid were tested using the typhoid IgM lateral flow assay for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever followed by blood culture testing. Cases and controls were defined post-recruitment: cases were individuals with a culture or serology positive result (n = 449); controls were individuals negative to both serology and culture, with or without a diagnosis other than typhoid (n = 484). Logistic regression was used to examine the effect of household level and individual level behavioural risk factors and we calculated the population attributable fraction (PAF) of removing each risk significant independent behavioural risk factor. RESULTS Washing hands at critical moments of the day and washing hands with soap were strong independent protective factors for typhoid (OR = 0.38 95% CI 0.25 to 0.58 for each unit increase in hand washing frequency score with values between 0 = Never and 3 = Always; OR = 3.16 95% CI = 2.09 to 4.79 comparing washing hands with soap sometimes/never vs. often). These effects were independent of levels of access to water and sanitation. Up to two thirds of cases could be prevented by compliance to these practices (hand washing PAF = 66.8 95% CI 61.4 to 71.5; use of soap PAF = 61.9 95%CI 56.7 to 66.5). Eating food out in food stalls or restaurant was an important risk factor (OR = 6.9 95%CI 4.41 to 10.8 for every unit increase in frequency score). CONCLUSIONS Major gains could potentially be achieved in reducing the incidence of typhoid by ensuring adherence to adequate hand-washing practices alone. This confirms that there is a pivotal role for 'software' related interventions to encourage behavior change and create demand for goods and services, alongside development of water and sanitation infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Alba
- KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Mirjam I. Bakker
- KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mochammad Hatta
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Biology and Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South-Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | | | - Ressy Dwiyanti
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Biology and Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South-Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Romi Usman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Biology and Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South-Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Andi R. Sultan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Biology and Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South-Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Sabir
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Biology and Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South-Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Nataniel Tandirogang
- Department Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, East-Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Masyhudi Amir
- Department Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, East-Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Yadi Yasir
- Department Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, East-Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Rob Pastoor
- KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stella van Beers
- KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk L. Smits
- KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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315
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Expression and secretion pattern of FljB of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in different culture conditions. Microb Pathog 2016; 95:142-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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316
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Typhoid toxin provides a window into typhoid fever and the biology of Salmonella Typhi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:6338-44. [PMID: 27222578 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606335113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhi is the cause of typhoid fever, a disease that has challenged humans throughout history and continues to be a major public health concern. Unlike infections with most other Salmonellae, which result in self-limiting gastroenteritis, typhoid fever is a life-threatening systemic disease. Furthermore, in contrast to most Salmonellae, which can infect a broad range of hosts, S. Typhi is a strict human pathogen. The unique features of S. Typhi pathogenesis and its stringent host specificity have been a long-standing puzzle. The discovery of typhoid toxin not only has provided major insight into these questions but also has offered unique opportunities to develop novel therapeutic and prevention strategies to combat typhoid fever.
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317
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Davies DH, Jain A, Nakajima R, Liang L, Jasinskis A, Supnet M, Felgner PL, Teng A, Pablo J, Molina DM, Obaro SK. Serodiagnosis of Acute Typhoid Fever in Nigerian Pediatric Cases by Detection of Serum IgA and IgG Against Hemolysin E and Lipopolysaccharide. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:431-9. [PMID: 27215295 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inexpensive, easy-to-use, and highly sensitive diagnostic tests are currently unavailable for typhoid fever. To identify candidate serodiagnostic markers, we have probed microarrays displaying the full Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) proteome of 4,352 different proteins + lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), with sera from Nigerian pediatric typhoid and other febrile cases, Nigerian healthy controls, and healthy U.S. adults. Nigerian antibody profiles were broad (∼500 seropositive antigens) and mainly low level, with a small number of stronger "hits," whereas the profile in U.S. adults was < 1/5 as broad, consistent with endemic exposure in Nigeria. Nigerian profiles were largely unaffected by clinical diagnosis, although the response against t1477 (hemolysin E) consistently emerged as stronger in typhoid cases. The response to LPS was also a strong discriminator of healthy controls and typhoid, although LPS did not discriminate between typhoid and nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) disease. As a first step toward the development of a point-of-care diagnostic, t1477 and LPS were evaluated on immunostrips. Both provided good discrimination between healthy controls and typhoid/NTS disease. Such a test could provide a useful screen for salmonellosis (typhoid and NTS disease) in suspected pediatric cases that present with undefined febrile disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Huw Davies
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, California.
| | - Aarti Jain
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, California
| | - Rie Nakajima
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, California
| | - Li Liang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, California
| | - Algis Jasinskis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, California
| | - Medalyn Supnet
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, California
| | - Philip L Felgner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, California
| | - Andy Teng
- Antigen Discovery, Inc., Irvine, California
| | | | | | - Stephen K Obaro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska. International Foundation Against Infectious Diseases in Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria. Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Nigeria
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318
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Zhu C, Xiong K, Chen Z, Hu X, Li J, Wang Y, Rao X, Cong Y. Construction of an attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A vaccine strain harboring defined mutations in htrA and yncD. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 59:443-51. [PMID: 26084199 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The global epidemic features of enteric fever have changed greatly in recent years. The incidence of enteric fever caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A has progressively increased. In some areas of Asia, infections with S. Paratyphi A have exceeded those with S. Typhi, resulting in S. Paratyphi A becoming the main causative agent of enteric fever. However, two currently licensed typhoid vaccines do not confer adequate cross-protection against S. Paratyphi A infection. Therefore, development of specific vaccines against enteric fever caused by S. Paratyphi A is urgently needed. In the present study, an attenuated strain was constructed by double deletion of the htrA and yncD genes in a wild-type strain of S. Paratyphi A and its safety and immunogenicity assessed. In a mouse model, the 50% lethal dose of the double deletion mutant and the wild-type strain were 3.0 × 10(8) CFU and 1.9 × 10(3) CFU, respectively, suggesting that the double deletion resulted in remarkably decreased bacterial virulence. Bacterial colonization of the double deletion mutant in the livers and spleens of infected mice was strikingly less than that of the wild-type strain. A single nasal administration of the attenuated vaccine candidate elicited high concentrations of anti-LPS and anti-flagellin IgG in a mouse model and protected immunized mice against lethal challenge with the wild-type strain. Thus, our findings suggest that the attenuated vaccine strain is a promising candidate worthy of further evaluation both as a human enteric fever vaccine and as a vaccine delivery vector for heterologous antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyue Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhijin Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiaomei Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yiran Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiancai Rao
- Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yanguang Cong
- Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
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319
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Development of a Simple, Peripheral-Blood-Based Lateral-Flow Dipstick Assay for Accurate Detection of Patients with Enteric Fever. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:403-409. [PMID: 26961857 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00690-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Enteric fever is a systemic infection caused by typhoidal strains of Salmonella enterica and is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in many parts of the world, especially in resource-limited areas. Unfortunately, currently available diagnostic tests for enteric fever lack sensitivity and/or specificity. No true clinically practical gold standard for diagnosing patients with enteric fever exists. Unfortunately, microbiologic culturing of blood is only 30 to 70% sensitive although 100% specific. Here, we report the development of a lateral-flow immunochromatographic dipstick assay based on the detection of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S Typhi) lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-specific IgG in lymphocyte culture secretion. We tested the assay using samples from 142 clinically suspected enteric fever patients, 28 healthy individuals residing in a zone where enteric fever is endemic, and 35 patients with other febrile illnesses. In our analysis, the dipstick detected all blood culture-confirmed S Typhi cases (48/48) and 5 of 6 Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A blood cultured-confirmed cases. The test was negative in all 35 individuals febrile with other illnesses and all 28 healthy controls from the zone of endemicity. The test was positive in 19 of 88 individuals with suspected enteric fever but with negative blood cultures. Thus, the dipstick had a sensitivity of 98% compared to blood culture results and a specificity that ranged from 78 to 100% (95% confidence interval [CI], 70 to 100%), depending on the definition of a true negative. These results suggest that this dipstick assay can be very useful for the detection of enteric fever patients especially in regions of endemicity.
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320
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Miller R, Wiedmann M. Dynamic Duo-The Salmonella Cytolethal Distending Toxin Combines ADP-Ribosyltransferase and Nuclease Activities in a Novel Form of the Cytolethal Distending Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E121. [PMID: 27120620 PMCID: PMC4885037 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8050121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is a well characterized bacterial genotoxin encoded by several Gram-negative bacteria, including Salmonella enterica (S. enterica). The CDT produced by Salmonella (S-CDT) differs from the CDT produced by other bacteria, as it utilizes subunits with homology to the pertussis and subtilase toxins, in place of the traditional CdtA and CdtC subunits. Previously, S-CDT was thought to be a unique virulence factor of S. enterica subspecies enterica serotype Typhi, lending to its classification as the "typhoid toxin." Recently, this important virulence factor has been identified and characterized in multiple nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) serotypes as well. The significance of S-CDT in salmonellosis with regards to the: (i) distribution of S-CDT encoding genes among NTS serotypes, (ii) contributions to pathogenicity, (iii) regulation of S-CDT expression, and (iv) the public health implication of S-CDT as it relates to disease severity, are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Miller
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA.
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA.
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321
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Date KA, Newton AE, Medalla F, Blackstock A, Richardson L, McCullough A, Mintz ED, Mahon BE. Changing Patterns in Enteric Fever Incidence and Increasing Antibiotic Resistance of Enteric Fever Isolates in the United States, 2008-2012. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63:322-9. [PMID: 27090993 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric fever in the United States has been primarily associated with travel and with worrisome changes in global patterns of antimicrobial resistance. We present the first comprehensive report of National Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever Surveillance System (NTPFS) data for a 5-year period (2008-2012). METHODS We reviewed data on laboratory-confirmed cases reported to NTPFS, and related antimicrobial susceptibility results of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A isolates sent for testing by participating public health laboratories to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System laboratory. RESULTS During 2008-2012, 2341 enteric fever cases were reported, 80% typhoid and 20% paratyphoid A. The proportion caused by paratyphoid A increased from 16% (2008) to 22% (2012). Foreign travel within 30 days preceding illness onset was reported by 1961 (86%) patients (86% typhoid and 92% paratyphoid A). Travel to southern Asia was common (82% for typhoid, 97% for paratyphoid A). Among 1091 (58%) typhoid and 262 (56%) paratyphoid A isolates tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, the proportion resistant to nalidixic acid (NAL-R) increased from 2008 to 2012 (Typhi, 60% to 68%; Paratyphi A, 91% to 94%). Almost all NAL-R isolates were resistant or showed decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Resistance to at least ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (multidrug resistant [MDR]) was limited to Typhi isolates, primarily acquired in southern Asia (13%). Most MDR isolates were also NAL-R. CONCLUSIONS Enteric fever in the United States is primarily associated with travel to southern Asia, and increasing resistance is adding to treatment challenges. A bivalent typhoid and paratyphoid vaccine is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashmira A Date
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Office of Workforce and Career Development Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Anna E Newton
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Felicita Medalla
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Anna Blackstock
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - LaTonia Richardson
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Andre McCullough
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eric D Mintz
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Barbara E Mahon
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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322
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Anuforom O, Wallace GR, Buckner MMC, Piddock LJV. Ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone alter cytokine responses, but not Toll-like receptors, to Salmonella infection in vitro. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:1826-33. [PMID: 27076102 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antibiotics that enhance host natural defences to infection offer an alternative approach to treating infections. However, mechanisms underlying such processes are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of clinically relevant concentrations of two antibiotics on bacterial interactions with murine macrophages. METHODS Adhesion of Salmonella Typhimurium SL1344 to and invasion by Salmonella Typhimurium SL1344 of antibiotic-treated or untreated J774 murine macrophages were measured using a tissue culture infection model. Expression of genes central to the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling pathway of macrophages infected with Salmonella was analysed using the RT(2) Profiler PCR Array. Cytokine production was measured by ELISA. RESULTS Adhesion of Salmonella Typhimurium SL1344 to J774 macrophage monolayers was increased when macrophages were exposed to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone, while invasion was decreased by ciprofloxacin. Expression of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA was greater in SL1344-infected macrophages that had been treated with ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone than in macrophages exposed to antibiotics alone or SL1344 alone. TLR mRNA was down-regulated by SL1344 infection, a response that was not altered by antibiotic pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS Clinically relevant concentrations of two antibiotics differentially enhanced the response of immune cells and their interaction with bacteria, increasing bacterial adhesion to macrophages and increasing cytokine production. As increased expression of IL-1β fosters apoptosis of Salmonella-infected macrophages and clearance by neutrophils, the immunomodulatory potential of these antibiotics may explain, in part, why these two drugs continue to be used to treat salmonellosis successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olachi Anuforom
- Antimicrobials Research Group, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Graham R Wallace
- Centre for Translational Inflammation, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Michelle M C Buckner
- Antimicrobials Research Group, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Laura J V Piddock
- Antimicrobials Research Group, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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323
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Martin LB, Simon R, MacLennan CA, Tennant SM, Sahastrabuddhe S, Khan MI. Status of paratyphoid fever vaccine research and development. Vaccine 2016; 34:2900-2902. [PMID: 27083427 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi (S. Paratyphi) A and B cause enteric fever in humans. Of the paratyphoid group, S. Paratyphi A is the most common serovar. In 2000, there were an estimated 5.4 million cases of S. Paratyphi A worldwide. More recently paratyphoid fever has accounted for an increasing fraction of all cases of enteric fever. Although vaccines for typhoid fever have been developed and in use for decades, vaccines for paratyphoid fever have not yet been licensed. Several S. Paratyphi A vaccines, however, are in development and based on either whole cell live-attenuated strains or repeating units of the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen (O:2) conjugated to different protein carriers. An O-specific polysaccharide (O:2) of S. Paratyphi A conjugated to tetanus toxoid (O:2-TT), for example, has been determined to be safe and immunogenic after one dose in Phase I and Phase II trials. Two other conjugated vaccine candidates linked to diphtheria toxin and a live-attenuated oral vaccine candidate are currently in preclinical development. As promising vaccine candidates are advanced along the development pipeline, an adequate supply of vaccines will need to be ensured to meet growing demand, particularly in the most affected countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Martin
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Raphael Simon
- Center for Vaccine Development and Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Calman A MacLennan
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genomes Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon M Tennant
- Center for Vaccine Development and Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - M Imran Khan
- Center of Excellence for Women and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi 74800, Pakistan.
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324
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Behera P, Kutty M, Sharma B, Kumar A, Saxena M. Cloning and sequencing of hfq (host factor required for synthesis of bacteriophage Q beta RNA) gene of Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from poultry. Vet World 2016; 8:610-4. [PMID: 27047143 PMCID: PMC4774721 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.610-614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim was to clone and sequence hfq gene of Salmonella Typhimurium strain PM-45 and compare its sequence with hfq gene of other serovar of Salmonella. MATERIALS AND METHODS Salmonella Typhimurium strain PM-45 was procured from the G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India. The genomic DNA was isolated from Salmonella Typhimurium. Hfq gene was polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified from the DNA using specific primers, which was subsequently cloned into pET32a vector and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 pLys cells. The recombinant plasmid was isolated and subjected to restriction enzyme digestion as well as PCR. The clone was then sequenced. The sequence was analyzed and submitted in GenBank. RESULTS PCR produced an amplicon of 309 bp. Restriction digestion of the recombinant plasmid released the desired insert. The hfq sequence shows 100% homology with similar sequences from other Salmonella Typhimurium isolates. Both nucleotide and amino acid sequences are highly conserved. The submitted sequence is having Genbank accession no KM998764. CONCLUSION Hfq, the hexameric RNA binding protein is one of the most important post-transcriptional regulator of bacteria. The sequence of hfq gene of Salmonella Typhimurium is highly conserved within and between Salmonella enterica serovars. This gene sequence is probably under heavy selection pressure to maintain the conformational integrity of its product in spite of its being not a survival gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathi Behera
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Muhammed Kutty
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhaskar Sharma
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Meeta Saxena
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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325
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Liang D, Lu J, Wu Q, Ke B, Jiang C, Long J, Fang Y, Lin L, Zeng N, Fu L, Jiang L. Comparing the ability of luminex xMAP®
salmonella serotyping assay and traditional serotyping method for serotyping salmonella isolated from southern Chinese population. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1668-76. [PMID: 26914944 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D.W. Liang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory; Zhujiang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - J.H. Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; The First People's Hospital of Shunde District; Foshan China
| | - Q. Wu
- Haizhu district Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou China
| | - B.X. Ke
- Institute of Microbiology; Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou China
| | - C.H. Jiang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory; Zhujiang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - J. Long
- Center of Clinical Laboratory; Zhujiang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Y.P. Fang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory; Zhujiang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - L.J. Lin
- Center of Clinical Laboratory; Zhujiang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - N.Y. Zeng
- Center of Clinical Laboratory; Zhujiang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - L. Fu
- Center of Clinical Laboratory; Zhujiang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - L.X. Jiang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory; Zhujiang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
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326
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John J, Van Aart CJC, Grassly NC. The Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid in India: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004616. [PMID: 27082958 PMCID: PMC4833325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhoid is an important public health challenge for India, especially with the spread of antimicrobial resistance. The decision about whether to introduce a public vaccination programme needs to be based on an understanding of disease burden and the age-groups and geographic areas at risk. METHODS We searched Medline and Web of Science databases for studies reporting the incidence or prevalence of typhoid and paratyphoid fever confirmed by culture and/or serology, conducted in India and published between 1950 and 2015. We used binomial and Poisson mixed-effects meta-regression models to estimate prevalence and incidence from hospital and community studies, and to identify risk-factors. RESULTS We identified 791 titles and abstracts, and included 37 studies of typhoid and 18 studies of paratyphoid in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The estimated prevalence of laboratory-confirmed typhoid and paratyphoid among individuals with fever across all hospital studies was 9.7% (95% CI: 5.7-16.0%) and 0.9% (0.5-1.7%) respectively. There was significant heterogeneity among studies (p-values<0.001). Typhoid was more likely to be detected among clinically suspected cases or during outbreaks and showed a significant decline in prevalence over time (odds ratio for each yearly increase in study date was 0.96 (0.92-0.99) in the multivariate meta-regression model). Paratyphoid did not show any trend over time and there was no clear association with risk-factors. Incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid was reported in 3 and 2 community cohort studies respectively (in Kolkata and Delhi, or Kolkata alone). Pooled estimates of incidence were 377 (178-801) and 105 (74-148) per 100,000 person years respectively, with significant heterogeneity between locations for typhoid (p<0.001). Children 2-4 years old had the highest incidence. CONCLUSIONS Typhoid remains a significant burden in India, particularly among young children, despite apparent declines in prevalence. Infant immunisation with newly-licensed conjugate vaccines could address this challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob John
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Carola J. C. Van Aart
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas C. Grassly
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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327
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Genes Required for the Fitness of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium during Infection of Immunodeficient gp91-/- phox Mice. Infect Immun 2016; 84:989-997. [PMID: 26787719 PMCID: PMC4807482 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01423-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica causes systemic diseases (typhoid and paratyphoid fever), nontyphoidal septicemia (NTS), and gastroenteritis in humans and other animals worldwide. An important but underrecognized emerging infectious disease problem in sub-Saharan Africa is NTS in children and immunocompromised adults. A current goal is to identify Salmonella mutants that are not pathogenic in the absence of key components of the immune system such as might be found in immunocompromised hosts. Such attenuated strains have the potential to be used as live vaccines. We have used transposon-directed insertion site sequencing (TraDIS) to screen mutants of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium for their ability to infect and grow in the tissues of wild-type and immunodeficient mice. This was to identify bacterial genes that might be deleted for the development of live attenuated vaccines that would be safer to use in situations and/or geographical areas where immunodeficiencies are prevalent. The relative fitness of each of 9,356 transposon mutants, representing mutations in 3,139 different genes, was determined in gp91−/−phox mice. Mutations in certain genes led to reduced fitness in both wild-type and mutant mice. To validate these results, these genes were mutated by allelic replacement, and resultant mutants were retested for fitness in the mice. A defined deletion mutant of cysE was attenuated in C57BL/6 wild-type mice and immunodeficient gp91−/−phox mice and was effective as a live vaccine in wild-type mice.
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328
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Pham Thanh D, Karkey A, Dongol S, Ho Thi N, Thompson CN, Rabaa MA, Arjyal A, Holt KE, Wong V, Tran Vu Thieu N, Voong Vinh P, Ha Thanh T, Pradhan A, Shrestha SK, Gajurel D, Pickard D, Parry CM, Dougan G, Wolbers M, Dolecek C, Thwaites GE, Basnyat B, Baker S. A novel ciprofloxacin-resistant subclade of H58 Salmonella Typhi is associated with fluoroquinolone treatment failure. eLife 2016; 5:e14003. [PMID: 26974227 PMCID: PMC4805543 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between bacterial antimicrobial susceptibility, phylogenetics and patient outcome is poorly understood. During a typhoid clinical treatment trial in Nepal, we observed several treatment failures and isolated highly fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi). Seventy-eight S. Typhi isolates were genome sequenced and clinical observations, treatment failures and fever clearance times (FCTs) were stratified by lineage. Most fluoroquinolone-resistant S. Typhi belonged to a specific H58 subclade. Treatment failure with S. Typhi-H58 was significantly less frequent with ceftriaxone (3/31; 9.7%) than gatifloxacin (15/34; 44.1%)(Hazard Ratio 0.19, p=0.002). Further, for gatifloxacin-treated patients, those infected with fluoroquinolone-resistant organisms had significantly higher median FCTs (8.2 days) than those infected with susceptible (2.96) or intermediately resistant organisms (4.01)(p<0.001). H58 is the dominant S. Typhi clade internationally, but there are no data regarding disease outcome with this organism. We report an emergent new subclade of S. Typhi-H58 that is associated with fluoroquinolone treatment failure. Clinical trial registration: ISRCTN63006567. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14003.001 People who ingest a type of bacteria called Salmonella Typhi can develop the symptoms of typhoid fever. This disease is common in low-income settings in Asia and Africa, and causes a high rate of death in people who are not treated with antimicrobial drugs. During a study in Nepal, Thanh et al. tried to evaluate which of two antimicrobials was better for treating typhoid fever. One of the drugs – called gatifloxacin – did not work in some of the patients. To understand why this treatment failed, Thanh et al. decoded the entire DNA sequences of all the Salmonella Typhi bacteria isolated during the study. Comparing this genetic data to the clinical data of the patients identified a new variant of Salmonella Typhi. These bacteria have a specific combination of genetic mutations that render them resistant to the family of drugs that gatifloxacin belongs to – the fluoroquinolones. Patients infected with the variant bacteria and treated with gatifloxacin were highly likely to completely fail treatment and have longer-lasting fevers. On further investigation Thanh et al. found these organisms were likely recently introduced into Nepal from India. Fluoroquinolones are amongst the most effective and common antimicrobials used to treat typhoid fever and other bacterial infections. However, the presence of bacteria that are resistant to these compounds in South Asia means that they should no longer be the first choice of drug to treat typhoid fever in this location. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14003.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Pham Thanh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Abhilasha Karkey
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sabina Dongol
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Nhan Ho Thi
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Corinne N Thompson
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.,The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maia A Rabaa
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amit Arjyal
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vanessa Wong
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nga Tran Vu Thieu
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phat Voong Vinh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tuyen Ha Thanh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | - Derek Pickard
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Parry
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Department of Clinical Research, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Gordon Dougan
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marcel Wolbers
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christiane Dolecek
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Guy E Thwaites
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Buddha Basnyat
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Stephen Baker
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.,The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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329
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Yap KP, Ho WS, Gan HM, Chai LC, Thong KL. Global MLST of Salmonella Typhi Revisited in Post-genomic Era: Genetic Conservation, Population Structure, and Comparative Genomics of Rare Sequence Types. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:270. [PMID: 26973639 PMCID: PMC4774407 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, remains an important public health burden in Southeast Asia and other endemic countries. Various genotyping methods have been applied to study the genetic variations of this human-restricted pathogen. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is one of the widely accepted methods, and recently, there is a growing interest in the re-application of MLST in the post-genomic era. In this study, we provide the global MLST distribution of S. Typhi utilizing both publicly available 1,826 S. Typhi genome sequences in addition to performing conventional MLST on S. Typhi strains isolated from various endemic regions spanning over a century. Our global MLST analysis confirms the predominance of two sequence types (ST1 and ST2) co-existing in the endemic regions. Interestingly, S. Typhi strains with ST8 are currently confined within the African continent. Comparative genomic analyses of ST8 and other rare STs with genomes of ST1/ST2 revealed unique mutations in important virulence genes such as flhB, sipC, and tviD that may explain the variations that differentiate between seemingly successful (widespread) and unsuccessful (poor dissemination) S. Typhi populations. Large scale whole-genome phylogeny demonstrated evidence of phylogeographical structuring and showed that ST8 may have diverged from the earlier ancestral population of ST1 and ST2, which later lost some of its fitness advantages, leading to poor worldwide dissemination. In response to the unprecedented increase in genomic data, this study demonstrates and highlights the utility of large-scale genome-based MLST as a quick and effective approach to narrow the scope of in-depth comparative genomic analysis and consequently provide new insights into the fine scale of pathogen evolution and population structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kien-Pong Yap
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wing S Ho
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Han M Gan
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Lay C Chai
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kwai L Thong
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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330
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Fresnay S, McArthur MA, Magder L, Darton TC, Jones C, Waddington CS, Blohmke CJ, Angus B, Levine MM, Pollard AJ, Sztein MB. Salmonella Typhi-specific multifunctional CD8+ T cells play a dominant role in protection from typhoid fever in humans. J Transl Med 2016; 14:62. [PMID: 26928826 PMCID: PMC4772330 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0819-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhoid fever, caused by the human-restricted organism Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi), is a major public health problem worldwide. Development of novel vaccines remains imperative, but is hampered by an incomplete understanding of the immune responses that correlate with protection. METHODS Recently, a controlled human infection model was re-established in which volunteers received ~10(3) cfu wild-type S. Typhi (Quailes strain) orally. Twenty-one volunteers were evaluated for their cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses. Ex vivo PBMC isolated before and up to 1 year after challenge were exposed to three S. Typhi-infected targets, i.e., autologous B lymphoblastoid cell-lines (B-LCL), autologous blasts and HLA-E restricted AEH B-LCL cells. CMI responses were evaluated using 14-color multiparametric flow cytometry to detect simultaneously five intracellular cytokines/chemokines (i.e., IL-17A, IL-2, IFN-g, TNF-a and MIP-1b) and a marker of degranulation/cytotoxic activity (CD107a). RESULTS Herein we provide the first evidence that S. Typhi-specific CD8+ responses correlate with clinical outcome in humans challenged with wild-type S. Typhi. Higher multifunctional S. Typhi-specific CD8+ baseline responses were associated with protection against typhoid and delayed disease onset. Moreover, following challenge, development of typhoid fever was accompanied by decreases in circulating S. Typhi-specific CD8+ T effector/memory (TEM) with gut homing potential, suggesting migration to the site(s) of infection. In contrast, protection against disease was associated with low or no changes in circulating S. Typhi-specific TEM. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide novel insights into the protective immune responses against typhoid disease that will aid in selection and development of new vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Fresnay
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Suite 480, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Monica A McArthur
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Suite 480, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Laurence Magder
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Thomas C Darton
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
| | - Claire Jones
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
| | - Claire S Waddington
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
| | - Christoph J Blohmke
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
| | - Brian Angus
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Myron M Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Suite 480, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Suite 480, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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331
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Eibach D, Al-Emran HM, Dekker DM, Krumkamp R, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Cruz Espinoza LM, Ehmen C, Boahen K, Heisig P, Im J, Jaeger A, von Kalckreuth V, Pak GD, Panzner U, Park SE, Reinhardt A, Sarpong N, Schütt-Gerowitt H, Wierzba TF, Marks F, May J. The Emergence of Reduced Ciprofloxacin Susceptibility inSalmonella entericaCausing Bloodstream Infections in Rural Ghana. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62 Suppl 1:S32-6. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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332
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Song J, Wilhelm CL, Wangdi T, Maira-Litran T, Lee SJ, Raetz M, Sturge CR, Mirpuri J, Pei J, Grishin NV, McSorley SJ, Gewirtz AT, Bäumler AJ, Pier GB, Galán JE, Yarovinsky F. Absence of TLR11 in Mice Does Not Confer Susceptibility to Salmonella Typhi. Cell 2016; 164:827-8. [PMID: 26919416 PMCID: PMC4963816 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Song
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Cara L Wilhelm
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tamding Wangdi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tomas Maira-Litran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Seung-Joo Lee
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Megan Raetz
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX 75390, USA
| | - Carolyn R Sturge
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX 75390, USA
| | - Julie Mirpuri
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jimin Pei
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX 75390, USA; Departments of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX 75390, USA
| | - Nick V Grishin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX 75390, USA; Departments of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX 75390, USA
| | - Stephen J McSorley
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Andreas J Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gerald B Pier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jorge E Galán
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA.
| | - Felix Yarovinsky
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX 75390, USA; David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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333
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Zhao Y, Wang H, Zhang P, Sun C, Wang X, Wang X, Yang R, Wang C, Zhou L. Rapid multiplex detection of 10 foodborne pathogens with an up-converting phosphor technology-based 10-channel lateral flow assay. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21342. [PMID: 26884128 PMCID: PMC4756364 DOI: 10.1038/srep21342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid high-throughput detection of foodborne pathogens is essential in controlling food safety. In this study, a 10-channel up-converting phosphor technology-based lateral flow (TC-UPT-LF) assay was established for the rapid and simultaneous detection of 10 epidemic foodborne pathogens. Ten different single-target UPT-LF strips were developed and integrated into one TC-UPT-LF disc with optimization. Without enrichment the TC-UPT-LF assay had a detection sensitivity of 10(4) CFU mL(-1) or 10(5) CFU mL(-1) for each pathogen, and after sample enrichment it was 10 CFU/0.6 mg. The assay also showed good linearity, allowing quantitative detection, with a linear fitting coefficient of determination (R(2)) of 0.916-0.998. The 10 detection channels did not cross-react, so multiple targets could be specifically detected. When 279 real food samples were tested, the assay was highly consistent (100%) with culture-based methods. The results for 110 food samples artificially contaminated with single or multiple targets showed a high detection rate (≥ 80%) for most target bacteria. Overall, the TC-UPT-LF assay allows the rapid, quantitative, and simultaneous detection of 10 kinds of foodborne pathogens within 20 min, and is especially suitable for the rapid detection and surveillance of foodborne pathogens in food and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhao
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of POCT for Bioemergency and Clinic (No. BZ0329), Beijing 100071, P. R. China
| | - Haoran Wang
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
- School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Pingping Zhang
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of POCT for Bioemergency and Clinic (No. BZ0329), Beijing 100071, P. R. China
| | - Chongyun Sun
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of POCT for Bioemergency and Clinic (No. BZ0329), Beijing 100071, P. R. China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of POCT for Bioemergency and Clinic (No. BZ0329), Beijing 100071, P. R. China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Xinrui Wang
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of POCT for Bioemergency and Clinic (No. BZ0329), Beijing 100071, P. R. China
- Institute for Plague Prevention and Control of Hebei Province, Zhangjiakou 075000, P. R. China
| | - Ruifu Yang
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of POCT for Bioemergency and Clinic (No. BZ0329), Beijing 100071, P. R. China
| | - Chengbin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of POCT for Bioemergency and Clinic (No. BZ0329), Beijing 100071, P. R. China
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Clasen T. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage to Prevent Diarrheal Disease in Developing Countries. Curr Environ Health Rep 2016; 2:69-74. [PMID: 26231243 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-014-0033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS), such as boiling, filtering, or chlorinating water at home, have been shown to be effective in improving the microbiological quality of drinking water. However, estimates of their protective effect against diarrhea, a major killer, have varied widely. While results may be exaggerated because of reporting bias, this heterogeneity is consistent with other environmental interventions that are implemented with varying levels of coverage and uptake in settings where the source of exposure represents one of many transmission pathways. Evidence suggests that the effectiveness of HWTS can be optimized by ensuring that the method is microbiologically effective; (2) making it accessible to an exposed population; and (3) securing their consistent and long-term use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Clasen
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA,
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335
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Mechanisms of Salmonella Typhi Host Restriction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 915:283-94. [PMID: 27193549 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32189-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is the cause of typhoid fever, a life-threatening bacterial infection that is very common in the developing world. Recent spread of antimicrobial resistant isolates of S. Typhi makes typhoid fever, a global public health risk. Despite being a common disease, still very little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying typhoid fever and S. Typhi pathogenesis. In contrast to other Salmonellae, S. Typhi can only infect humans. The molecular bases of this human restriction are mostly unknown. Recent studies identified a novel pathway that contributes to S. Typhi human restriction and is required for killing S. Typhi in macrophages of nonsusceptible species. The small Rab GTPase Rab32 and its guanine nucleotide exchange factor BLOC-3 are the critical components of this pathway. These proteins were already well known as important regulators of intracellular membrane transport. In particular, they are central for the transport of enzymes that synthetize melanin in pigment cells. The recent findings that Rab32 and BLOC-3 are required for S. Typhi host restriction point out to a novel mechanism restricting the growth of bacterial pathogen, dependent on the transport of still unknown molecule(s) to the S. Typhi vacuole. The identification of this novel antimicrobial pathway constitutes a critical starting point to study molecular mechanisms killing bacterial pathogens and possibly identify novel antimicrobial molecules.
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Achouri S, Wright JA, Evans L, Macleod C, Fraser G, Cicuta P, Bryant CE. The frequency and duration of Salmonella-macrophage adhesion events determines infection efficiency. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140033. [PMID: 25533091 PMCID: PMC4275903 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica causes a range of important diseases in humans and a in a variety of animal species. The ability of bacteria to adhere to, invade and survive within host cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Salmonella infections. In systemic salmonellosis, macrophages constitute a niche for the proliferation of bacteria within the host organism. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is flagellated and the frequency with which this bacterium collides with a cell is important for infection efficiency. We investigated how bacterial motility affects infection efficiency, using a combination of population-level macrophage infection experiments and direct imaging of single-cell infection events, comparing wild-type and motility mutants. Non-motile and aflagellate bacterial strains, in contrast to wild-type bacteria, collide less frequently with macrophages, are in contact with the cell for less time and infect less frequently. Run-biased Salmonella also collide less frequently with macrophages but maintain contact with macrophages for a longer period of time than wild-type strains and infect the cells more readily. Our results suggest that uptake of S. Typhimurium by macrophages is dependent upon the duration of contact time of the bacterium with the cell, in addition to the frequency with which the bacteria collide with the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Achouri
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - John A Wright
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Lewis Evans
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Charlotte Macleod
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Gillian Fraser
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Pietro Cicuta
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Clare E Bryant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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337
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Siddiqui TR, Bibi S, Mustufa MA, Ayaz SM, Khan A. High prevalence of typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars excreting food handlers in Karachi-Pakistan: a probable factor for regional typhoid endemicity. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2015; 33:27. [PMID: 26825058 PMCID: PMC5025978 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-015-0037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhoid fever is the persistent cause of morbidity worldwide. Salmonella enterica serovar's carriers among food handlers have the potential to disseminate this infection on large scale in the community. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of typhoidal S. enterica serovars among food handlers of Karachi. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in Karachi metropolis. A total of 220 food handlers were recruited on the basis of inclusion criteria from famous food streets of randomly selected five towns of Karachi. Three consecutive stool samples were collected from each food handler in Carry Blair transport media. Culture, biochemical identification, serotyping, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests for S. enterica serovars were done. RESULTS Out of 220 food handlers, 209 consented to participate, and among them, 19 (9.1%) were positive for S. enterica serovars. Serotyping of these isolates showed that 9 (4.3%) were typhoidal S. serovars while 10 (4.7%) were non-typhoidal S. serovars. Of the typhoidal S. serovars, 7 were S. enterica serovar Typhi and 1 each of S. enterica serovar Paratyphi A and B. The resistance pattern of these isolates showed that 77.7% were resistant to ampicillin and 11.1% to cotrimoxazole. All typhoidal S. enterica serovar isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, cefixime, nalidixic acid, and ofloxacin. CONCLUSIONS Carrier rate of typhoidal S. enterica serovars in food handlers working in different food streets of Karachi is very high. These food handlers might be contributing to the high endemicity of typhoid fever in Karachi, Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taranum Ruba Siddiqui
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology unit, Pakistan Medical Research Council, Research Center, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Refiquee Shaheed Road, Karachi, 75510, Pakistan.
| | - Safia Bibi
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology unit, Pakistan Medical Research Council, Research Center, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Refiquee Shaheed Road, Karachi, 75510, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ayaz Mustufa
- Pakistan Medical Research Council, Research Center, National Institute of Child Health, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sobiya Mohiuddin Ayaz
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology unit, Pakistan Medical Research Council, Research Center, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Refiquee Shaheed Road, Karachi, 75510, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Khan
- Microbiology Department, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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338
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Fusari M, Fallarini S, Lombardi G, Lay L. Synthesis of di- and tri-saccharide fragments of Salmonella typhi Vi capsular polysaccharide and their zwitterionic analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:7439-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Adhikari A, Rauniyar R, Raut PP, Manandhar KD, Gupta BP. Evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of ELISA against Widal test for typhoid diagnosis in endemic population of Kathmandu. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:523. [PMID: 26573629 PMCID: PMC4647669 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1248-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Widal test, which has poor predictive outcomes in predominant typhoid population, is not standard enough to predict accurate diagnosis. This study aims to compare the diagnostic accuracy of Widal test to ELISA using blood culture as gold standard. METHODS The blood samples were collected in Capital Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal from febrile patients having ≥48 h fever in 3 years study period for blood culture, Widal test and IgG-IgM ELISA. RESULTS Amongst 1371 febrile cases, 237 were Salmonella typhi positive to blood culture and 71.4 % typhoid fever patient were of 46-60 years old with male to female ratio of 2:1. Blood culture confirmed patients had ≥1:40 anti-TH and anti-TO titre in 45.56 % (n = 108) and 43.88 % (n = 104) patients respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of IgG (0.96 and 0.95) and IgM (0.95 and 0.94) at 95 % confidence level were significant compared to Widal anti-TH (0.72 and 0.58) and TO (0.80 and 0.51) test (p value, 0.038) at titre level ≥1:200. Further the PPV of Widal TH and TO (0.38 and 0.23) was low compared to IgG and IgM ELISA (0.78 and 0.77) (p value, 0.045). CONCLUSION Widal test is not sensitive enough for an endemic setting like Nepal and thus should be either replaced with more accurate test like ELISA or follow an alternative diagnostic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Adhikari
- Asian Institute of Technology & Management, Lalitpur, Nepal. .,Everest Institute of Virology and Immunology, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | | | | | - Krishna Das Manandhar
- Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal. .,Everest Institute of Virology and Immunology, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Birendra Prasad Gupta
- Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal. .,Everest Institute of Virology and Immunology, Kathmandu, Nepal.
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340
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Storey HL, Huang Y, Crudder C, Golden A, de los Santos T, Hawkins K. A Meta-Analysis of Typhoid Diagnostic Accuracy Studies: A Recommendation to Adopt a Standardized Composite Reference. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142364. [PMID: 26566275 PMCID: PMC4643909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel typhoid diagnostics currently under development have the potential to improve clinical care, surveillance, and the disease burden estimates that support vaccine introduction. Blood culture is most often used as the reference method to evaluate the accuracy of new typhoid tests; however, it is recognized to be an imperfect gold standard. If no single gold standard test exists, use of a composite reference standard (CRS) can improve estimation of diagnostic accuracy. Numerous studies have used a CRS to evaluate new typhoid diagnostics; however, there is no consensus on an appropriate CRS. In order to evaluate existing tests for use as a reference test or inclusion in a CRS, we performed a systematic review of the typhoid literature to include all index/reference test combinations observed. We described the landscape of comparisons performed, showed results of a meta-analysis on the accuracy of the more common combinations, and evaluated sources of variability based on study quality. This wide-ranging meta-analysis suggests that no single test has sufficiently good performance but some existing diagnostics may be useful as part of a CRS. Additionally, based on findings from the meta-analysis and a constructed numerical example demonstrating the use of CRS, we proposed necessary criteria and potential components of a typhoid CRS to guide future recommendations. Agreement and adoption by all investigators of a standardized CRS is requisite, and would improve comparison of new diagnostics across independent studies, leading to the identification of a better reference test and improved confidence in prevalence estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L. Storey
- Diagnostics Program, PATH, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ying Huang
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Chris Crudder
- Diagnostics Program, PATH, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Allison Golden
- Diagnostics Program, PATH, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tala de los Santos
- Diagnostics Program, PATH, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Hawkins
- Diagnostics Program, PATH, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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341
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Complete Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Typhi Isolate B/SF/13/03/195 Associated with a Typhoid Carrier in Pasir Mas, Kelantan, Malaysia. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/6/e01285-15. [PMID: 26564035 PMCID: PMC4972771 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01285-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We report here the complete genome sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi B/SF/13/03/195 obtained from a typhoid carrier, who is a food handler in Pasir Mas, Kelantan.
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342
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Srikumar S, Kröger C, Hébrard M, Colgan A, Owen SV, Sivasankaran SK, Cameron ADS, Hokamp K, Hinton JCD. RNA-seq Brings New Insights to the Intra-Macrophage Transcriptome of Salmonella Typhimurium. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005262. [PMID: 26561851 PMCID: PMC4643027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is arguably the world’s best-understood bacterial pathogen. However, crucial details about the genetic programs used by the bacterium to survive and replicate in macrophages have remained obscure because of the challenge of studying gene expression of intracellular pathogens during infection. Here, we report the use of deep sequencing (RNA-seq) to reveal the transcriptional architecture and gene activity of Salmonella during infection of murine macrophages, providing new insights into the strategies used by the pathogen to survive in a bactericidal immune cell. We characterized 3583 transcriptional start sites that are active within macrophages, and highlight 11 of these as candidates for the delivery of heterologous antigens from Salmonella vaccine strains. A majority (88%) of the 280 S. Typhimurium sRNAs were expressed inside macrophages, and SPI13 and SPI2 were the most highly expressed pathogenicity islands. We identified 31 S. Typhimurium genes that were strongly up-regulated inside macrophages but expressed at very low levels during in vitro growth. The SalComMac online resource allows the visualisation of every transcript expressed during bacterial replication within mammalian cells. This primary transcriptome of intra-macrophage S.-Typhimurium describes the transcriptional start sites and the transcripts responsible for virulence traits, and catalogues the sRNAs that may play a role in the regulation of gene expression during infection. The burden of Salmonellosis remains unacceptably high throughout the world and control measures have had limited success. Because Salmonella bacteria can be transmitted from the wider environment to animals and humans, the bacteria encounter diverse environments that include food, water, plant surfaces and the extracellular and intracellular phases of infection of eukaryotic hosts. An intricate transcriptional network has evolved to respond to a variety of environmental signals and control the “right time/ right place” expression of virulence genes. To understand how transcription is rewired during intracellular infection, we determined the primary transcriptome of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium within murine macrophages. We report the coding genes, sRNAs and transcriptional start sites that are expressed within macrophages at 8 hours after infection, and use these to infer gene function. We identified gene promoters that are specifically expressed within macrophages and could drive the intracellular delivery of antigens by S. Typhimurium vaccine strains. These data contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms used by Salmonella to regulate virulence gene expression whilst replicating inside mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabarinath Srikumar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Carsten Kröger
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Magali Hébrard
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aoife Colgan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siân V. Owen
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sathesh K. Sivasankaran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Karsten Hokamp
- Department of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jay C. D. Hinton
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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343
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Wahid R, Fresnay S, Levine MM, Sztein MB. Immunization with Ty21a live oral typhoid vaccine elicits crossreactive multifunctional CD8+ T-cell responses against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, S. Paratyphi A, and S. Paratyphi B in humans. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:1349-59. [PMID: 25872480 PMCID: PMC4607552 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Previously we have extensively characterized Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi)-specific cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses in volunteers orally immunized with the licensed Ty21a typhoid vaccine. In this study we measured Salmonella-specific multifunctional (MF) CD8+ T-cell responses to further investigate whether Ty21a elicits crossreactive CMI against S. Paratyphi A and S. Paratyphi B that also cause enteric fever. Ty21a-elicited crossreactive CMI responses against all three Salmonella serotypes were predominantly observed in CD8+ T effector/memory (T(EM)) and, to a lesser extent, in CD8+CD45RA+ T(EM) (T(EMRA)) subsets. These CD8+ T-cell responses were largely mediated by MF cells coproducing interferon-γ and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β and expressing CD107a with or without tumor necrosis factor-α. Significant proportions of Salmonella-specific MF cells expressed the gut-homing molecule integrin α4β7. In most subjects, similar MF responses were observed to S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi B, but not to S. Paratyphi A. These results suggest that Ty21a elicits MF CMI responses against Salmonella that could be critical in clearing the infection. Moreover, because S. Paratyphi A is a major public concern and Ty21a was shown in field studies not to afford cross-protection to S. Paratyphi A, these results will be important in developing a S. Typhi/S. Paratyphi A bivalent vaccine against enteric fevers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezwanul Wahid
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephanie Fresnay
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Myron M. Levine
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marcelo B. Sztein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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344
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Kinnear CL, Strugnell RA. Vaccination Method Affects Immune Response and Bacterial Growth but Not Protection in the Salmonella Typhimurium Animal Model of Typhoid. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141356. [PMID: 26509599 PMCID: PMC4625024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding immune responses elicited by vaccines, together with immune responses required for protection, is fundamental to designing effective vaccines and immunisation programs. This study examines the effects of the route of administration of a live attenuated vaccine on its interactions with, and stimulation of, the murine immune system as well as its ability to increase survival and provide protection from colonisation by a virulent challenge strain. We assess the effect of administration method using the murine model for typhoid, where animals are infected with S. Typhimurium. Mice were vaccinated either intravenously or orally with the same live attenuated S. Typhimurium strain and data were collected on vaccine strain growth, shedding and stimulation of antibodies and cytokines. Following vaccination, mice were challenged with a virulent strain of S. Typhimurium and the protection conferred by the different vaccination routes was measured in terms of challenge suppression and animal survival. The main difference in immune stimulation found in this study was the development of a secretory IgA response in orally-vaccinated mice, which was absent in IV vaccinated mice. While both strains showed similar protection in terms of challenge suppression in systemic organs (spleen and liver) as well as survival, they differed in terms of challenge suppression of virulent pathogens in gut-associated organs. This difference in gut colonisation presents important questions around the ability of vaccines to prevent shedding and transmission. These findings demonstrate that while protection conferred by two vaccines can appear to be the same, the mechanisms controlling the protection can differ and have important implications for infection dynamics within a population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L. Kinnear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Richard A. Strugnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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345
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Torres A, Luke JD, Kullas AL, Kapilashrami K, Botbol Y, Koller A, Tonge PJ, Chen EI, Macian F, van der Velden AWM. Asparagine deprivation mediated by Salmonella asparaginase causes suppression of activation-induced T cell metabolic reprogramming. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:387-98. [PMID: 26497246 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0615-252r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonellae are pathogenic bacteria that induce immunosuppression by mechanisms that remain largely unknown. Previously, we showed that a putative type II l-asparaginase produced by Salmonella Typhimurium inhibits T cell responses and mediates virulence in a murine model of infection. Here, we report that this putative L-asparaginase exhibits L-asparagine hydrolase activity required for Salmonella Typhimurium to inhibit T cells. We show that L-asparagine is a nutrient important for T cell activation and that L-asparagine deprivation, such as that mediated by the Salmonella Typhimurium L-asparaginase, causes suppression of activation-induced mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, autophagy, Myc expression, and L-lactate secretion. We also show that L-asparagine deprivation mediated by the Salmonella Typhimurium L-asparaginase causes suppression of cellular processes and pathways involved in protein synthesis, metabolism, and immune response. Our results advance knowledge of a mechanism used by Salmonella Typhimurium to inhibit T cell responses and mediate virulence, and provide new insights into the prerequisites of T cell activation. We propose a model in which l-asparagine deprivation inhibits T cell exit from quiescence by causing suppression of activation-induced metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- AnnMarie Torres
- *Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Infectious Diseases, Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Proteomics Center, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; and Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Joanna D Luke
- *Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Infectious Diseases, Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Proteomics Center, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; and Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Amy L Kullas
- *Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Infectious Diseases, Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Proteomics Center, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; and Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Kanishk Kapilashrami
- *Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Infectious Diseases, Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Proteomics Center, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; and Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Yair Botbol
- *Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Infectious Diseases, Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Proteomics Center, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; and Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Antonius Koller
- *Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Infectious Diseases, Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Proteomics Center, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; and Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Peter J Tonge
- *Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Infectious Diseases, Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Proteomics Center, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; and Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Emily I Chen
- *Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Infectious Diseases, Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Proteomics Center, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; and Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Fernando Macian
- *Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Infectious Diseases, Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Proteomics Center, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; and Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Adrianus W M van der Velden
- *Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Infectious Diseases, Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Proteomics Center, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; and Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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346
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O'Donnell H, Pham OH, Benoun JM, Ravesloot-Chávez MM, McSorley SJ. Contaminated water delivery as a simple and effective method of experimental Salmonella infection. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1615-27. [PMID: 26439708 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM In most infectious disease models, it is assumed that gavage needle infection is the most reliable means of pathogen delivery to the GI tract. However, this methodology can cause esophageal tearing and induces stress in experimental animals, both of which have the potential to impact early infection and the subsequent immune response. MATERIALS & METHODS C57BL/6 mice were orally infected with virulent Salmonella Typhimurium SL1344 either by intragastric gavage preceded by sodium bicarbonate, or by contamination of drinking water. RESULTS We demonstrate that water contamination delivery of Salmonella is equivalent to gavage inoculation in providing a consistent model of infection. Furthermore, exposure of mice to contaminated drinking water for as little as 4 h allowed maximal mucosal and systemic infection, suggesting an abbreviated window exists for natural intestinal entry. CONCLUSION Together, these data question the need for gavage delivery for infection with oral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope O'Donnell
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Yersinia Research Unit, Microbiology Department, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Oanh H Pham
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joseph M Benoun
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Marietta M Ravesloot-Chávez
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J McSorley
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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347
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Raoult D. The ignored pandemic of typhoid. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:877. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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348
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Gilchrist JJ, MacLennan CA, Hill AVS. Genetic susceptibility to invasive Salmonella disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:452-63. [PMID: 26109132 DOI: 10.1038/nri3858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Invasive Salmonella disease, in the form of enteric fever and invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease, causes substantial morbidity and mortality in children and adults in the developing world. The study of genetic variations in humans and mice that influence susceptibility of the host to Salmonella infection provides important insights into immunity to Salmonella. In this Review, we discuss data that have helped to elucidate the host genetic determinants of human enteric fever and iNTS disease, alongside data from the mouse model of Salmonella infection. Considered together, these studies provide a detailed picture of the immunobiology of human invasive Salmonella disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Gilchrist
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Calman A MacLennan
- 1] Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK. [2] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK. [2] Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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349
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Preethi B, Ramanathan K. Molecular level understanding of resistance to nalidixic acid in Salmonella enteric serovar typhimurium associates with the S83F sequence type. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2015; 45:35-44. [PMID: 26329667 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-015-1073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nalidixic acid is an antibiotic drug used for treatment of Salmonellosis, a gastrointestinal infection. DNA gyrase subunit A (GyrA) of Salmonella typhimurium is the drug target for nalidixic acid. Resistance of GyrA to nalidixic acid, because of a point mutation in S. typhimurium, was recently reported. Substitution of Phe in place of Ser at locus 83 in GyrA of S. typhimurium has been experimentally associated with nalidixic acid resistance. Despite recent efforts, the mechanism of this resistance is not well understood. In this investigation we used computational techniques to address this shortcoming. Our results showed that contact with residue Arg 91 is certainly important for efficient binding of nalidixic acid to the target protein, and that mutation of this residue results in 180° rotation of the antibiotic in its binding pocket, around its own long axis. It is hoped these findings may enable development of new antibiotics against resistant forms of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Preethi
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Ramanathan
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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350
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Pham OH, McSorley SJ. Protective host immune responses to Salmonella infection. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:101-10. [PMID: 25598340 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi are the causative agents of human typhoid fever. Current typhoid vaccines are ineffective and are not widely used in endemic areas. Greater understanding of host-pathogen interactions during Salmonella infection should facilitate the development of improved vaccines to combat typhoid and nontyphoidal Salmonellosis. This review will focus on our current understanding of Salmonella pathogenesis and the major host immune components that participate in immunity to Salmonella infection. In addition, recent findings regarding host immune mechanisms in response to Salmonella infection will be also discussed, providing a new perspective on the utility of improved tools to study the immune response to Salmonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oanh H Pham
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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