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Dodd IC, Pérez-Alfocea F. Microbial amelioration of crop salinity stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3415-28. [PMID: 22403432 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of soil and irrigation water with a high content of soluble salts is a major limiting factor for crop productivity in the semi-arid areas of the world. While important physiological insights about the mechanisms of salt tolerance in plants have been gained, the transfer of such knowledge into crop improvement has been limited. The identification and exploitation of soil microorganisms (especially rhizosphere bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi) that interact with plants by alleviating stress opens new alternatives for a pyramiding strategy against salinity, as well as new approaches to discover new mechanisms involved in stress tolerance. Although these mechanisms are not always well understood, beneficial physiological effects include improved nutrient and water uptake, growth promotion, and alteration of plant hormonal status and metabolism. This review aims to evaluate the beneficial effects of soil biota on the plant response to saline stress, with special reference to phytohormonal signalling mechanisms that interact with key physiological processes to improve plant tolerance to the osmotic and toxic components of salinity. Improved plant nutrition is a quite general beneficial effect and may contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis of toxic ions under saline stress. Furthermore, alteration of crop hormonal status to decrease evolution of the growth-retarding and senescence-inducing hormone ethylene (or its precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid), or to maintain source-sink relations, photosynthesis, and biomass production and allocation (by altering indole-3-acetic acid and cytokinin biosynthesis) seem to be promising target processes for soil biota-improved crop salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Dodd
- Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, UK.
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Characterization of rhizobacterial strain Rs-2 with ACC deaminase activity and its performance in promoting cotton growth under salinity stress. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 28:2383-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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303
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Evelin H, Giri B, Kapoor R. Contribution of Glomus intraradices inoculation to nutrient acquisition and mitigation of ionic imbalance in NaCl-stressed Trigonella foenum-graecum. MYCORRHIZA 2012; 22:203-17. [PMID: 21695577 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-011-0392-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effects of an AM fungus (Glomus intraradices Schenck and Smith) on mineral acquisition in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) plants under different levels of salinity. Mycorrhizal (M) and non-mycorrhizal (NM) fenugreek plants were subjected to four levels of NaCl salinity (0, 50, 100, and 200 mM NaCl). Plant tissues were analyzed for different mineral nutrients. Leaf senescence (chlorophyll concentration and membrane permeability) and lipid peroxidation were also assessed. Under salt stress, M plants showed better growth, lower leaf senescence, and decreased lipid peroxidation as compared to NM plants. Salt stress adversely affected root nodulation and uptake of NPK. This effect was attenuated in mycorrhizal plants. Presence of the AM fungus prevented excess uptake of Na(+) with increase in NaCl in the soil. It also imparted a regulatory effect on the translocation of Na(+) ions to shoots thereby maintaining lower Na(+) shoot:root ratios as compared to NM plants. Mycorrhizal colonization helped the host plant to overcome Na(+)-induced Ca(2+) and K(+) deficiencies. M plants maintained favorable K(+):Na(+), Ca(2+):Na(+), and Ca(2+):Mg(2+) ratios in their tissues. Concentrations of Cu, Fe, and Zn(2+) decreased with increase in intensity of salinity stress. However, at each NaCl level, M plants had higher concentration of Cu, Fe, Mn(2+), and Zn(2+) as compared to NM plants. M plants showed reduced electrolyte leakage in leaves as compared to NM plants. The study suggests that AM fungi contribute to alleviation of salt stress by mitigation of NaCl-induced ionic imbalance thus maintaining a favorable nutrient profile and integrity of the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heikham Evelin
- Applied Mycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India.
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304
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Sędzielewska KA, Vetter K, Bode R, Baronian K, Watzke R, Kunze G. GiFRD encodes a protein involved in anaerobic growth in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. Fungal Genet Biol 2012; 49:313-21. [PMID: 22343635 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fumarate reductase is a protein involved in the maintenance of redox balance during oxygen deficiency. This enzyme irreversibly catalyzes the reduction of fumarate to succinate and requires flavin cofactors as electron donors. Two examples are the soluble mitochondrial and the cytosolic fumarate reductases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encoded by the OSM1 and FRDS1 genes, respectively. This work reports the identification and characterization of the gene encoding cytosolic fumarate reductase enzyme in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus intraradices and the establishment of its physiological role. Using a yeast expression system, we demonstrate that G. intraradices GiFRD encodes a protein that has fumarate reductase activity which can functionally substitute for the S. cerevisiae fumarate reductases. Additionally, we showed that GiFRD transformants are not affected by presence of salt in medium, indicating that the presence of this gene has no effect on yeast behavior under osmotic stress. The fact that GiFRD expression and enzymatic activity was present only in asymbiotic stage confirmed existence of at least one anaerobic metabolic pathway in this phase of fungus life cycle. This suggests that the AMF behave as facultative anaerobes in the asymbiotic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga A Sędzielewska
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstr. 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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305
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Schroeder V, Gange AC, Stead AD. Underground networking: the potential for improving yield and quality of pot-grown herbs with mycorrhizas. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:203-206. [PMID: 21987369 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
With constant pressure on herb growers to perform to a continuous high standard, finding new ways to improve herb quality and or quantity are gaining importance, with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) presenting one possible solution. Viviane Schroeder, Alan Gange and Anthony Stead discuss the introduction of AMF to the herb growth cycle and discuss the benefits and costs that their symbiosis with plants bring to modern agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Schroeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
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306
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Xiang W, Zhao L, Xu X, Qin Y, Yu G. Mutual Information Flow between Beneficial Microorganisms and the Roots of Host Plants Determined the Bio-Functions of Biofertilizers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2012.38134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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307
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Escaray FJ, Menendez AB, Gárriz A, Pieckenstain FL, Estrella MJ, Castagno LN, Carrasco P, Sanjuán J, Ruiz OA. Ecological and agronomic importance of the plant genus Lotus. Its application in grassland sustainability and the amelioration of constrained and contaminated soils. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 182:121-33. [PMID: 22118623 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The genus Lotus comprises around 100 annual and perennial species with worldwide distribution. The relevance of Lotus japonicus as a model plant has been recently demonstrated in numerous studies. In addition, some of the Lotus species show a great potential for adaptation to a number of abiotic stresses. Therefore, they are relevant components of grassland ecosystems in environmentally constrained areas of several South American countries and Australia, where they are used for livestock production. Also, the fact that the roots of these species form rhizobial and mycorrhizal associations makes the annual L. japonicus a suitable model plant for legumes, particularly in studies directed to recognize the mechanisms intervening in the tolerance to abiotic factors in the field, where these interactions occur. These properties justify the increased utilization of some Lotus species as a strategy for dunes revegetation and reclamation of heavy metal-contaminated or burned soils in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Escaray
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús UNSAM/CONICET, 7130, Camino circunvalación laguna km 6, Chascomús, Argentina
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308
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Sędzielewska KA, Fuchs J, Temsch EM, Baronian K, Watzke R, Kunze G. Estimation of the Glomus intraradices nuclear DNA content. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 192:794-797. [PMID: 21988748 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga A Sędzielewska
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstr.3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
- AMykor GmbH, Kühlturmstr. 25.34.00, D-06766 Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany
| | - Jörg Fuchs
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstr.3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Eva M Temsch
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Keith Baronian
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Roland Watzke
- AMykor GmbH, Kühlturmstr. 25.34.00, D-06766 Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany
| | - Gotthard Kunze
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstr.3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
- (Author for correspondence: tel +49 39482 5247; email )
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309
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Biswas S, Koul M, Bhatnagar AK. Effect of Salt, Drought and Metal Stress on Essential Oil Yield and Quality in Plants. Nat Prod Commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1100601036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oil extracted from plants is of high commercial value in medicine, cosmetics and perfumery. Enhancing yield and maintaining the quality of oil is of significant commercial importance. Production of oil in plants is dependent on various biotic and abiotic factors to which the plants are subjected during their growth. Plants are exposed to various degrees of stress on account of natural and human-induced factors. Salinization, drought and presence of heavy metals in the substratum cause substantial effect on the yield and quality of bioactive constituents in the oil. In many plants, the level and kind of stress have detrimental effects on the growth and development. This review provides an account of the studies on some common abiotic stresses to which essential oil plants are exposed during their growth period and their influence on quality and quantity of oil. The yield and quality vary in different plants and so is the response. Enhancing essential oil productivity is an important challenge, and understanding the role played by stress may offer significant advantages to the essential oil farmers and processing industry. Scientific evaluation of the data on many important but unexplored essential oil plants will also help in mitigating, ameliorating and minimizing the harmful effects caused by stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyasee Biswas
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi – 110 007, India
| | - Monika Koul
- Department of Botany, Hans Raj College, University of Delhi, Delhi – 110 007, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Bhatnagar
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi – 110 007, India
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310
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Ramasamy K, Joe MM, Kim KY, Lee SM, Shagol C, Rangasamy A, Chung JB, Islam MR, Sa TM. Synergistic Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria for Sustainable Agricultural Production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.7745/kjssf.2011.44.4.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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311
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Khan AL, Hamayun M, Kim YH, Kang SM, Lee IJ. Ameliorative symbiosis of endophyte (Penicillium funiculosum LHL06) under salt stress elevated plant growth of Glycine max L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2011; 49:852-61. [PMID: 21458283 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Experiments were conducted to investigate the role of a newly isolated endophytic fungus GMC-2A on physiology of host plant (Glycine max. L cv. Hwangkeum-kong) growing under salinity stress. GMC-2A was identified as a new strain of Penicillium funiculosum on the basis of sequence homology and phylogenetic analysis of D1/D2 regions of 28S rDNA. Preliminary screening experiment showed that the culture filtrate (CF) of GMC-2A promoted the growth of Waito-C, a dwarf gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis mutant rice cultivar. Analysis of fungal CF revealed the presence of GAs (GA₁ 1.53 ng/ml; GA₄ 9.34 ng/ml; GA₈ 1.21 ng/ml; GA₉ 37.87 ng/ml) and indole acetic acid (14.85 μg/ml). GMC-2A also showed high phosphate solubilization of tricalcium phosphate. Besides that, GMC-2A application enhanced soybean seed germination as compared to control. Under salinity stress (70 and 140 mM), GMC-2A significantly promoted the soybean growth attributes (shoot length, shoot fresh/dry biomass, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate and leaf area) in comparison to control treatments. We also observed low endogenous abscisic acid and elevated jasmonic acid contents in GMC-2A treated plants under salt stress. GMC-2A treatment significantly enhanced levels of isoflavones (34.22% and 75.37%) under salinity stress as compared to control. In conclusion, P. funiculosum LHL06 has significantly ameliorated the adverse effects of salinity induced abiotic stress, and re-programmed soybean to higher growth and isoflavone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Latif Khan
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangyuk-Dong, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, South Korea
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313
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Cardenas-Flores A, Cranenbrouck S, Draye X, Guillet A, Govaerts B, Declerck S. The sterol biosynthesis inhibitor molecule fenhexamid impacts the vegetative compatibility of Glomus clarum. MYCORRHIZA 2011; 21:443-449. [PMID: 21553021 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-011-0385-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The vegetative compatibility of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus clarum MUCL 46238 was evaluated after continuous exposure to fenhexamid, a sterol biosynthesis inhibitor (SBI). Three lineages of this AMF were cultured in vitro for five generations in association with Ri T-DNA transformed carrot roots in the presence of 0, 5 or 10 mg l(-1) of fenhexamid. Whatever the AMF generation, fenhexamid at 5 and 10 mg l(-1) had no significant impact on the number of spores produced. However, vegetative compatibility tests (VCT) conducted with spores from the three lineages, in the presence of 10 mg l(-1) of fenhexamid, impacted the anastomosis process. At this concentration, the morphology of the germ tubes was modified. In addition, nitrotetrazolium-trypan blue staining revealed that 10 mg l(-l) of fenhexamid significantly reduced the probability of fusion between the germ tubes regardless of the culture conditions (i.e. absence or presence of fenhexamid) preceding the VCT. Our results demonstrated that spore production was not affected by fenhexamid, while anastomosis between germ tubes was decreased. This suggested that high concentrations, accumulation or repeated application of this SBI fungicide may impact the community structure of AMF in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cardenas-Flores
- Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain, Place croix du Sud 3, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Department of Plasticulture, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Enrique Reyna Hermosillo No. 140, 25250, Saltillo, Mexico
| | - Sylvie Cranenbrouck
- Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Mycothèque de l'Université catholique de Louvain (MUCL), Place croix du Sud 3, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Xavier Draye
- Earth and Life Institute, Agronomy, Université catholique de Louvain, Place croix du Sud 2-11, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alain Guillet
- Institut de Statistiques, Université catholique de Louvain, voie du Roman Pays 20, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Bernadette Govaerts
- Institut de Statistiques, Université catholique de Louvain, voie du Roman Pays 20, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain, Place croix du Sud 3, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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314
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Stevens KJ, Wall CB, Janssen JA. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on seedling growth and development of two wetland plants, Bidens frondosa L., and Eclipta prostrata (L.) L., grown under three levels of water availability. MYCORRHIZA 2011; 21:279-88. [PMID: 20668891 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-010-0334-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
To identify the importance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonizing wetland seedlings following flooding, we assessed the effects of AMF on seedling establishment of two pioneer species, Bidens frondosa and Eclipta prostrata grown under three levels of water availability and ask: (1) Do inoculated seedlings differ in growth and development from non-inoculated plants? (2) Are the effects of inoculation and degree of colonization dependent on water availability? (3) Do plant responses to inoculation differ between two closely related species? Inoculation had no detectable effects on shoot height, or plant biomass but did affect biomass partitioning and root morphology in a species-specific manner. Shoot/root ratios were significantly lower in non-inoculated E. prostrata plants compared with inoculated plants (0.381 ± 0.066 vs. 0.683 ± 0.132). Root length and surface area were greater in non-inoculated E. prostrata (259.55 ± 33.78 cm vs. 194.64 ± 27.45 cm and 54.91 ± 7.628 cm(2) vs. 46.26 ± 6.8 cm(2), respectively). Inoculation had no detectable effect on B. frondosa root length, volume, or surface area. AMF associations formed at all levels of water availability. Hyphal, arbuscular, and vesicular colonization levels were greater in dry compared with intermediate and flooded treatments. Measures of mycorrhizal responsiveness were significantly depressed in E. prostrata compared with B. frondosa for total fresh weight (-0.3 ± 0.18 g vs. 0.06 ± 0.06 g), root length (-0.78 ± 0.28 cm vs.-0.11 ± 0.07 cm), root volume (-0.49 ± 0.22 cm(3) vs. 0.06 ± 0.07 cm(3)), and surface area (-0.59 ± 0.23 cm(2) vs.-0.03 ± 0.08 cm(2)). Given the disparity in species response to AMF inoculation, events that alter AMF prevalence in wetlands could significantly alter plant community structure by directly affecting seedling growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Stevens
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Applied Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, USA.
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315
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Transcriptome analysis reveals salt-stress-regulated biological processes and key pathways in roots of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Genomics 2011; 98:47-55. [PMID: 21569837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
High salinity is one of the main factors limiting cotton growth and productivity. The genes that regulate salt stress in TM-1 upland cotton were monitored using microarray and real-time PCR (RT-PCR) with samples taken from roots. Microarray analysis showed that 1503 probe sets were up-regulated and 1490 probe sets were down-regulated in plants exposed for 3h to 100mM NaCl, and RT-PCR analysis validated 42 relevant/related genes. The distribution of enriched gene ontology terms showed such important processes as the response to water stress and pathways of hormone metabolism and signal transduction were induced by the NaCl treatment. Some key regulatory gene families involved in abiotic and biotic sources of stress such as WRKY, ERF, and JAZ were differentially expressed. Our transcriptome analysis might provide some useful insights into salt-mediated signal transduction pathways in cotton and offer a number of candidate genes as potential markers of tolerance to salt stress.
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316
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Chaer GM, Resende AS, Campello EFC, de Faria SM, Boddey RM. Nitrogen-fixing legume tree species for the reclamation of severely degraded lands in Brazil. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 31:139-149. [PMID: 21378065 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpq116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The main challenges faced in the reclamation of severely degraded lands are in the management of the systems and finding plant species that will grow under the harsh conditions common in degraded soils. This is especially important in extremely adverse situations found in some substrates from mining activities or soils that have lost their upper horizons. Under these conditions, recolonization of the area by native vegetation through natural succession processes may be extremely limited. Once the main physical and chemical factors restrictive to plant growth are corrected or attenuated, the introduction of leguminous trees able to form symbioses with nodulating N₂-fixing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi constitutes an efficient strategy to accelerate soil reclamation and initiate natural succession. These symbioses give the legume species a superior capacity to grow quickly in poor substrates and to withstand the harsh conditions presented in degraded soils. In this article we describe several successful results in Brazil using N₂-fixing legume tree species for reclamation of areas degraded by soil erosion, construction and mining activities, emphasizing the potential of the technique to recover soil organic matter levels and restore ecosystem biodiversity and other environmental functions.
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317
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Khan AL, Hamayun M, Kim YH, Kang SM, Lee JH, Lee IJ. Gibberellins producing endophytic Aspergillus fumigatus sp. LH02 influenced endogenous phytohormonal levels, isoflavonoids production and plant growth in salinity stress. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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318
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Hammer EC, Nasr H, Pallon J, Olsson PA, Wallander H. Elemental composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at high salinity. MYCORRHIZA 2011; 21:117-29. [PMID: 20499112 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-010-0316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the elemental composition of spores and hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) collected from two saline sites at the desert border in Tunisia, and of Glomus intraradices grown in vitro with or without addition of NaCl to the medium, by proton-induced X-ray emission. We compared the elemental composition of the field AMF to those of the soil and the associated plants. The spores and hyphae from the saline soils showed strongly elevated levels of Ca, Cl, Mg, Fe, Si, and K compared to their growth environment. In contrast, the spores of both the field-derived AMF and the in vitro grown G. intraradices contained lower or not elevated Na levels compared to their growth environment. This resulted in higher K:Na and Ca:Na ratios in spores than in soil, but lower than in the associated plants for the field AMF. The K:Na and Ca:Na ratios of G. intraradices grown in monoxenic cultures were also in the same range as those of the field AMF and did not change even when those ratios in the growth medium were lowered several orders of magnitude by adding NaCl. These results indicate that AMF can selectively take up elements such as K and Ca, which act as osmotic equivalents while they avoid uptake of toxic Na. This could make them important in the alleviation of salinity stress in their plant hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith C Hammer
- Microbial Ecology, Department of Ecology, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
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319
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Gianinazzi S, Gollotte A, Binet MN, van Tuinen D, Redecker D, Wipf D. Agroecology: the key role of arbuscular mycorrhizas in ecosystem services. MYCORRHIZA 2010; 20:519-30. [PMID: 20697748 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-010-0333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on plant performance and soil health are essential for the sustainable management of agricultural ecosystems. Nevertheless, since the 'first green revolution', less attention has been given to beneficial soil microorganisms in general and to AM fungi in particular. Human society benefits from a multitude of resources and processes from natural and managed ecosystems, to which AM make a crucial contribution. These resources and processes, which are called ecosystem services, include products like food and processes like nutrient transfer. Many people have been under the illusion that these ecosystem services are free, invulnerable and infinitely available; taken for granted as public benefits, they lack a formal market and are traditionally absent from society's balance sheet. In 1997, a team of researchers from the USA, Argentina and the Netherlands put an average price tag of US $33 trillion a year on these fundamental ecosystem services. The present review highlights the key role that the AM symbiosis can play as an ecosystem service provider to guarantee plant productivity and quality in emerging systems of sustainable agriculture. The appropriate management of ecosystem services rendered by AM will impact on natural resource conservation and utilisation with an obvious net gain for human society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Gianinazzi
- UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/Université Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, INRA-CMSE, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
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Bothe H, Turnau K, Regvar M. The potential role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in protecting endangered plants and habitats. MYCORRHIZA 2010; 20:445-57. [PMID: 20652364 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-010-0332-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystems worldwide are threatened with the extinction of plants and, at the same time, invasion by new species. Plant invasiveness and loss of species can be caused by similar but opposing pressures on the community structures. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can have multiple positive effects on plant growth, productivity, health, and stress relief. Many endangered species live in symbiosis with AMF. However, the list of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) indicates that the mycorrhizal status of most of the threatened species has not been assessed. Rare plants often occur in specialized and also endangered habitats and might utilize specialized or unique AMF. The specificity of any endangered plant to its AMF population has not been investigated. Because most of the current AMF isolates that are available colonize a broad range of plant species, selected inocula could be used to promote growth of endangered plants before the proper and more effective indigenous AMF are characterized. Application of AMF in field sites to protect endangered plants is hardly feasible due to the complexity of plant community structures and the large amount of fungal inocula needed. Endangered plants could, however, be grown as greenhouse cultures together with appropriate fungi, and, at the relevant developmental stage, they could be re-planted into native sites to prevent extinction and to preserve plant community ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Bothe
- Biology Department, Botany, The University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany.
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322
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Raviv M. The use of mycorrhiza in organically-grown crops under semi arid conditions: a review of benefits, constraints and future challenges. Symbiosis 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-010-0089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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323
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Abstract
Mangrove forests dominate the world's tropical and subtropical coastlines. Similar to other plant communities, nutrient availability is one of the major factors influencing mangrove forest structure and productivity. Many mangrove soils have extremely low nutrient availability, although nutrient availability can vary greatly among and within mangrove forests. Nutrient-conserving processes in mangroves are well developed and include evergreeness, resorption of nutrients prior to leaf fall, the immobilization of nutrients in leaf litter during decomposition, high root/shoot ratios and the repeated use of old root channels. Both nitrogen-use efficiency and nutrient resorption efficiencies in mangroves are amongst the highest recorded for angiosperms. A complex range of interacting abiotic and biotic factors controls the availability of nutrients to mangrove trees, and mangroves are characteristically plastic in their ability to opportunistically utilize nutrients when these become available. Nitrogen and phosphorus have been implicated as the nutrients most likely to limit growth in mangroves. Ammonium is the primary form of nitrogen in mangrove soils, in part as a result of anoxic soil conditions, and tree growth is supported mainly by ammonium uptake. Nutrient enrichment is a major threat to marine ecosystems. Although mangroves have been proposed to protect the marine environment from land-derived nutrient pollution, nutrient enrichment can have negative consequences for mangrove forests and their capacity for retention of nutrients may be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Reef
- The Centre for Marine Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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324
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Miransari M. Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis to plant growth under different types of soil stress. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2010; 12:563-9. [PMID: 20636898 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of symbioses between soil fungi, arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM), and most terrestrial plants can be very beneficial to both partners and hence to the ecosystem. Among such beneficial effects, the alleviation of soil stresses by AM is of especial significance. It has been found that AM fungi can alleviate the unfavourable effects on plant growth of stresses such as heavy metals, soil compaction, salinity and drought. In this article, such mechanisms are reviewed, in the hope that this may result in more efficient use of AM under different stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miransari
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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325
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Hata S, Kobae Y, Banba M. Interactions Between Plants and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 281:1-48. [DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(10)81001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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