301
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Almighty antibodies? A new wave of antibody-based approaches aims to combat HIV. Nat Med 2015; 21:657-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nm0715-657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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302
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Guo N, Duan H, Kachko A, Krause BW, Major ME, Krause PR. Reverse Engineering of Vaccine Antigens Using High Throughput Sequencing-enhanced mRNA Display. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:859-67. [PMID: 26425692 PMCID: PMC4563141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine reverse engineering is emerging as an important approach to vaccine antigen identification, recently focusing mainly on structural characterization of interactions between neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antigens. Using mAbs that bind unknown antigen structures, we sought to probe the intrinsic features of antibody antigen-binding sites with a high complexity peptide library, aiming to identify conformationally optimized mimotope antigens that capture mAb-specific epitopes. Using a high throughput sequencing-enhanced messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) display approach, we identified high affinity binding peptides for a hepatitis C virus neutralizing mAb. Immunization with the selected peptides induced neutralizing activity similar to that of the original mAb. Antibodies elicited by the most commonly selected peptides were predominantly against specific epitopes. Thus, using mRNA display to interrogate mAbs permits high resolution identification of functional peptide antigens that direct targeted immune responses, supporting its use in vaccine reverse engineering for pathogens against which potent neutralizing mAbs are available. Research in Context We used a large number of randomly produced small proteins (“peptides”) to identify peptides containing specific protein sequences that bind efficiently to an antibody that can prevent hepatitis C virus infection in cell culture. After the identified peptides were injected into mice, the mice produced their own antibodies with characteristics similar to the original antibody. This approach can provide previously unavailable information about antibody binding and could also be useful in developing new vaccines. mRNA-display/high throughput sequencing identified high affinity peptide binders to monoclonal antibody (mAb). The profile of selected peptides characterized the binding specificity of the selection mAb. Immune responses induced by selected peptides were neutralizing and epitope-focused, mimicking the selection mAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nini Guo
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Hongying Duan
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Alla Kachko
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Benjamin W Krause
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Marian E Major
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Philip R Krause
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
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303
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Zak DE, Aderem A. Systems integration of innate and adaptive immunity. Vaccine 2015; 33:5241-8. [PMID: 26102534 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The pathogens causing AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis have proven too complex to be overcome by classical approaches to vaccination. The complexities of human immunology and pathogen-induced modulation of the immune system mandate new approaches to vaccine discovery and design. A new field, systems vaccinology, weds holistic analysis of innate and adaptive immunity within a quantitative framework to enable rational design of new vaccines that elicit tailored protective immune responses. A key step in the approach is to discover relationships between the earliest innate inflammatory responses to vaccination and the subsequent vaccine-induced adaptive immune responses and efficacy. Analysis of these responses in clinical studies is complicated by the inaccessibility of relevant tissue compartments (such as the lymph node), necessitating reliance upon peripheral blood responses as surrogates. Blood transcriptomes, although indirect to vaccine mechanisms, have proven very informative in systems vaccinology studies. The approach is most powerful when innate and adaptive immune responses are integrated with vaccine efficacy, which is possible for malaria with the advent of a robust human challenge model. This is more difficult for AIDS and tuberculosis, given that human challenge models are lacking and efficacy observed in clinical trials has been low or highly variable. This challenge can be met by appropriate clinical trial design for partially efficacious vaccines and by analysis of natural infection cohorts. Ultimately, systems vaccinology is an iterative approach in which mechanistic hypotheses-derived from analysis of clinical studies-are evaluated in model systems, and then used to guide the development of new vaccine strategies. In this review, we will illustrate the above facets of the systems vaccinology approach with case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Zak
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave N, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alan Aderem
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave N, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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304
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Excler JL, Robb ML, Kim JH. Prospects for a globally effective HIV-1 vaccine. Vaccine 2015; 33 Suppl 4:D4-12. [PMID: 26100921 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A globally effective vaccine strategy must cope with the broad genetic diversity of HIV and contend with multiple transmission modalities. Understanding correlates of protection and the role of diversity in limiting protective vaccines with those correlates is key. RV144 was the first HIV-1 vaccine trial to demonstrate efficacy against HIV-1 infection. A correlates analysis compared vaccine-induced immune responses in vaccinated-infected and vaccinated-uninfected volunteers suggested that IgG specific for the V1V2 region of gp120 was associated with reduced risk of HIV-1 infection and that plasma Env IgA was directly correlated with infection risk. RV144 and recent NHP challenge studies suggest that Env is essential and perhaps sufficient to induce protective antibody responses against mucosally acquired HIV-1. Whether RV144 immune correlates can apply to different HIV vaccines, to populations with different modes and intensity of transmission, or to divergent HIV-1 subtypes remains unknown. Newer prime-boost mosaic and conserved sequence immunization strategies aiming at inducing immune responses of greater breadth and depth as well as the development of immunogens inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies should be actively pursued. Efficacy trials are now planned in heterosexual populations in southern Africa and MSM in Thailand. Although NHP challenge studies may guide vaccine development, human efficacy trials remain key to answer the critical questions leading to the development of a global HIV-1 vaccine for licensure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Excler
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Bethesda, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Merlin L Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Bethesda, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jerome H Kim
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
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305
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Nicely NI, Wiehe K, Kepler TB, Jaeger FH, Dennison SM, Rerks-Ngarm S, Nitayaphan S, Pitisuttithum P, Kaewkungwal J, Robb ML, O'Connell RJ, Michael NL, Kim JH, Liao HX, Munir Alam S, Hwang KK, Bonsignori M, Haynes BF. Structural analysis of the unmutated ancestor of the HIV-1 envelope V2 region antibody CH58 isolated from an RV144 vaccine efficacy trial vaccinee. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:713-22. [PMID: 26288844 PMCID: PMC4534707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human monoclonal antibody CH58 isolated from an RV144 vaccinee binds at Lys169 of the HIV-1 Env gp120 V2 region, a site of vaccine-induced immune pressure. CH58 neutralizes HIV-1 CRF_01 AE strain 92TH023 and mediates ADCC against CD4 + T cell targets infected with CRF_01 AE tier 2 virus. CH58 and other antibodies that bind to a gp120 V2 epitope have a second light chain complementarity determining region (LCDR2) bearing a glutamic acid, aspartic acid (ED) motif involved in forming salt bridges with polar, basic side amino acid side chains in V2. In an effort to learn how V2 responses develop, we determined the crystal structures of the CH58-UA antibody unliganded and bound to V2 peptide. The structures showed an LCDR2 structurally pre-conformed from germline to interact with V2 residue Lys169. LCDR3 was subject to conformational selection through the affinity maturation process. Kinetic analyses demonstrate that only a few contacts were responsible for a 2000-fold increase in KD through maturation, and this effect was predominantly due to an improvement in off-rate. This study shows that preconformation and preconfiguration can work in concert to produce antibodies with desired immunogenic properties. With only 2-3% mutation from germline, the HIV-1 antibody CH58 developed neutralizing and ADCC capabilities. The LCDR2 Glu–Asp motif of the RV144 antibody CH58 is pre-conformed from germline to interact with the gp120 V2 loop. Affinity and neutralization gains resulted from tuning local interactions rather than gross sequence or structure changes. Structural analyses show the second light chain complementarity determining region Glu–Asp motif of the CH58 antibody isolated from an RV144 vaccinee is optimally pre-conformed from germline to interact with the gp120 V2 loop. The increased binding affinity and neutralization capacity of the mature antibody compared to its germline precursor were achieved with only 2–3% mutation from germline, and the fact that these gains appeared to be a result of the tuning of local interactions rather than gross sequential or conformational changes provides hope that a rational immunogen design for HIV-1 treatment may become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan I Nicely
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Thomas B Kepler
- Boston University Department of Microbiology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frederick H Jaeger
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - S Moses Dennison
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Merlin L Robb
- Henry Jackson Foundation HIV Program, US Military HIV Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Nelson L Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jerome H Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kwan-Ki Hwang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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306
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Jardine JG, Ota T, Sok D, Pauthner M, Kulp DW, Kalyuzhniy O, Skog PD, Thinnes TC, Bhullar D, Briney B, Menis S, Jones M, Kubitz M, Spencer S, Adachi Y, Burton DR, Schief WR, Nemazee D. HIV-1 VACCINES. Priming a broadly neutralizing antibody response to HIV-1 using a germline-targeting immunogen. Science 2015; 349:156-61. [PMID: 26089355 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac5894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A major goal of HIV-1 vaccine research is the design of immunogens capable of inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) that bind to the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env). Poor binding of Env to unmutated precursors of bnAbs, including those of the VRC01 class, appears to be a major problem for bnAb induction. We engineered an immunogen that binds to VRC01-class bnAb precursors and immunized knock-in mice expressing germline-reverted VRC01 heavy chains. Induced antibodies showed characteristics of VRC01-class bnAbs, including a short CDRL3 (light-chain complementarity-determining region 3) and mutations that favored binding to near-native HIV-1 gp120 constructs. In contrast, native-like immunogens failed to activate VRC01-class precursors. The results suggest that rational epitope design can prime rare B cell precursors for affinity maturation to desired targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Jardine
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Takayuki Ota
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Devin Sok
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthias Pauthner
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniel W Kulp
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Patrick D Skog
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Theresa C Thinnes
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Deepika Bhullar
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bryan Briney
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Meaghan Jones
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mike Kubitz
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Skye Spencer
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yumiko Adachi
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02129, USA.
| | - William R Schief
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02129, USA.
| | - David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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307
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Immunoglobulin gene insertions and deletions in the affinity maturation of HIV-1 broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 16:304-13. [PMID: 25211073 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Induction of HIV-1 broad neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is a goal of HIV-1 vaccine development but has remained challenging partially due to unusual traits of bnAbs, including high somatic hypermutation (SHM) frequencies and in-frame insertions and deletions (indels). Here we examined the propensity and functional requirement for indels within HIV-1 bnAbs. High-throughput sequencing of the immunoglobulin (Ig) VHDJH genes in HIV-1 infected and uninfected individuals revealed that the indel frequency was elevated among HIV-1-infected subjects, with no unique properties attributable to bnAb-producing individuals. This increased indel occurrence depended only on the frequency of SHM point mutations. Indel-encoded regions were generally proximal to antigen binding sites. Additionally, reconstruction of a HIV-1 CD4-binding site bnAb clonal lineage revealed that a large compound VHDJH indel was required for bnAb activity. Thus, vaccine development should focus on designing regimens targeted at sustained activation of bnAb lineages to achieve the required SHM and indel events.
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308
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Haynes BF. New approaches to HIV vaccine development. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 35:39-47. [PMID: 26056742 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Development of a safe and effective vaccine for HIV is a major global priority. However, to date, efforts to design an HIV vaccine with methods used for development of other successful viral vaccines have not succeeded due to HIV diversity, HIV integration into the host genome, and ability of HIV to consistently evade anti-viral immune responses. Recent success in isolation of potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), in discovery of mechanisms of bnAb induction, and in discovery of atypical mechanisms of CD8T cell killing of HIV-infected cells, have opened new avenues for strategies for HIV vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
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309
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Qin Y, Banerjee S, Agrawal A, Shi H, Banasik M, Lin F, Rohl K, LaBranche C, Montefiori DC, Cho MW. Characterization of a Large Panel of Rabbit Monoclonal Antibodies against HIV-1 gp120 and Isolation of Novel Neutralizing Antibodies against the V3 Loop. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128823. [PMID: 26039641 PMCID: PMC4454676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported the induction of potent, cross-clade neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) in rabbits using gp120 based on an M-group consensus sequence. To better characterize these antibodies, 93 hybridomas were generated, which represent the largest panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) ever generated from a vaccinated rabbit. The single most frequently recognized epitope of the isolated mAbs was at the very C-terminal end of the protein (APTKAKRRVVEREKR), followed by the V3 loop. A total of seven anti-V3 loop mAbs were isolated, two of which (10A3 and 10A37) exhibited neutralizing activity. In contrast to 10A3 and most other anti-V3 loop nAbs, 10A37 was atypical with its epitope positioned more towards the C-terminal half of the loop. To our knowledge, 10A37 is the most potent and broadly neutralizing anti-V3 loop mAb induced by vaccination. Interestingly, all seven anti-V3 loop mAbs competed with PGT121, suggesting a possibility that early induction of potent anti-V3 loop antibodies could prevent induction of more broadly neutralizing PGT121-like antibodies that target the conserved base of the V3 loop stem.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/isolation & purification
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Conserved Sequence
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- HIV Antibodies/biosynthesis
- HIV Antibodies/chemistry
- HIV Antibodies/isolation & purification
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/administration & dosage
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/chemistry
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/immunology
- HIV-1/chemistry
- HIV-1/immunology
- Hybridomas/immunology
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neutralization Tests
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Rabbits
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Qin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
| | - Saikat Banerjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
| | - Aditi Agrawal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
| | - Heliang Shi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
| | - Marisa Banasik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
| | - Kari Rohl
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
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310
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Russ DE, Ho KY, Longo NS. HTJoinSolver: Human immunoglobulin VDJ partitioning using approximate dynamic programming constrained by conserved motifs. BMC Bioinformatics 2015; 16:170. [PMID: 26001675 PMCID: PMC4492005 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-015-0589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Partitioning the human immunoglobulin variable region into variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) segments is a common sequence analysis step. We introduce a novel approximate dynamic programming method that uses conserved immunoglobulin gene motifs to improve performance of aligning V-segments of rearranged immunoglobulin (Ig) genes. Our new algorithm enhances the former JOINSOLVER algorithm by processing sequences with insertions and/or deletions (indels) and improves the efficiency for large datasets provided by high throughput sequencing. Results In our simulations, which include rearrangements with indels, the V-matching success rate improved from 61% for partial alignments of sequences with indels in the original algorithm to over 99% in the approximate algorithm. An improvement in the alignment of human VDJ rearrangements over the initial JOINSOLVER algorithm was also seen when compared to the Stanford.S22 human Ig dataset with an online VDJ partitioning software evaluation tool. Conclusions HTJoinSolver can rapidly identify V- and J-segments with indels to high accuracy for mutated sequences when the mutation probability is around 30% and 20% respectively. The D-segment is much harder to fit even at 20% mutation probability. For all segments, the probability of correctly matching V, D, and J increases with our alignment score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Russ
- Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for Information Technology, NIH, 12 South Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Kwan-Yuet Ho
- Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for Information Technology, NIH, 12 South Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Nancy S Longo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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311
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Schmidt AG, Therkelsen MD, Stewart S, Kepler TB, Liao HX, Moody MA, Haynes BF, Harrison SC. Viral receptor-binding site antibodies with diverse germline origins. Cell 2015; 161:1026-1034. [PMID: 25959776 PMCID: PMC4441819 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines for rapidly evolving pathogens will confer lasting immunity if they elicit antibodies recognizing conserved epitopes, such as a receptor-binding site (RBS). From characteristics of an influenza-virus RBS-directed antibody, we devised a signature motif to search for similar antibodies. We identified, from three vaccinees, over 100 candidates encoded by 11 different VH genes. Crystal structures show that antibodies in this class engage the hemagglutinin RBS and mimic binding of the receptor, sialic acid, by supplying a critical dipeptide on their projecting, heavy-chain third complementarity determining region. They share contacts with conserved, receptor-binding residues but contact different residues on the RBS periphery, limiting the likelihood of viral escape when several such antibodies are present. These data show that related modes of RBS recognition can arise from different germline origins and mature through diverse affinity maturation pathways. Immunogens focused on an RBS-directed response will thus have a broad range of B cell targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron G. Schmidt
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew D. Therkelsen
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shaun Stewart
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge MA, USA
| | - Thomas B. Kepler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - M. Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stephen C. Harrison
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Correspondence to:
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312
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Lewis GK. Honing a harder-hitting hammerhead improves broadly neutralizing antibody breadth and potency. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2271-4. [PMID: 25985269 DOI: 10.1172/jci82057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
While current HIV-1 therapies have greatly improved the quality and duration of life for infected individuals, a vaccine to prevent transmission of the virus is lacking. Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bnmAbs) with the capacity to neutralize multiple HIV-1 variants have been isolated from HIV-1-infected individuals, and there has been a great effort to investigate how these bnmAbs arise, due their potential for HIV-1 vaccination. In this issue of the JCI, Willis and colleagues apply a computational approach to design variants of the bnmAb PG9 in an attempt to enhance potency and neutralization breadth. One of these variants was able to target multiple PG9-resistant strains, as the result of stabilization of the long heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 (HCDR3). The results of this study provide important insight and a unique approach to optimizing HIV-1 bnmABs.
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313
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Van Regenmortel MHV. Why Does the Molecular Structure of Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Isolated from Individuals Infected with HIV-1 not Inform the Rational Design of an HIV-1 Vaccine? AIMS Public Health 2015; 2:183-193. [PMID: 29546103 PMCID: PMC5690275 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2015.2.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It is commonly assumed that neutralizing Mabs that bind to the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein are more specific reagents than anti-HIV-1 polyclonal antisera and that knowledge of the structure of these Mabs facilitates the rational design of effective HIV-1 vaccine immunogens. However, after more than ten years of unsuccessful experimentation using the structure-based reverse vaccinology approach, it is now evident that it is not possible to infer from the structure of neutralizing Mabs which HIV immunogens induced their formation nor which vaccine immunogens will elicit similar Abs in an immunized host. The use of Mabs for developing an HIV-1 vaccine was counterproductive because it overlooked the fact that the apparent specificity of a Mab very much depends on the selection procedure used to obtain it and also did not take into account that an antibody is never monospecific for a single epitope but is always polyspecific for many epitopes. When the rationale of the proponents of the unsuccessful rational design strategy is analyzed, it appears that investigators who claim they are designing a vaccine immunogen are only improving the binding reactivity of a single epitope-paratope pair and are not actually designing an immunogen able to generate protective antibodies. The task of a designer consists in imagining what type of immunogen is likely to elicit a protective immune response but in the absence of knowledge regarding which features of the immune system are responsible for producing a functional neutralizing activity in antibodies, it is not feasible to intentionally optimize a potential immunogen candidate in order to obtain the desired outcome. The only available option is actually to test possible solutions by trial-and-error experiments until the preset goal is perhaps attained. Rational design and empirical approaches in HIV vaccine research should thus not be opposed as alternative options since empirical testing is an integral part of a so-called design strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc H V Van Regenmortel
- CNRS, UMR7242 - Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg (IREBS), Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67400, France ; Tel: +27-793376766
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314
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Doria-Rose NA, Joyce MG. Strategies to guide the antibody affinity maturation process. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 11:137-47. [PMID: 25913818 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies with protective activity are critical for vaccine efficacy. Affinity maturation increases antibody activity through multiple rounds of somatic hypermutation and selection in the germinal center. Identification of HIV-1 specific and influenza-specific antibody developmental pathways, as well as characterization of B cell and virus co-evolution in patients, has informed our understanding of antibody development. In order to counteract HIV-1 and influenza viral diversity, broadly neutralizing antibodies precisely target specific sites of vulnerability and require high levels of affinity maturation. We present immunization strategies that attempt to recapitulate these natural processes and guide the affinity maturation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M Gordon Joyce
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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315
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Francica JR, Sheng Z, Zhang Z, Nishimura Y, Shingai M, Ramesh A, Keele BF, Schmidt SD, Flynn BJ, Darko S, Lynch RM, Yamamoto T, Matus-Nicodemos R, Wolinsky D, Nason M, Valiante NM, Malyala P, De Gregorio E, Barnett SW, Singh M, O'Hagan DT, Koup RA, Mascola JR, Martin MA, Kepler TB, Douek DC, Shapiro L, Seder RA. Analysis of immunoglobulin transcripts and hypermutation following SHIV(AD8) infection and protein-plus-adjuvant immunization. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6565. [PMID: 25858157 PMCID: PMC4403371 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing predictive animal models to assess how candidate vaccines and infection influence the ontogenies of Envelope (Env)-specific antibodies is critical for the development of an HIV vaccine. Here we use two nonhuman primate models to compare the roles of antigen persistence, diversity and innate immunity. We perform longitudinal analyses of HIV Env-specific B-cell receptor responses to SHIV(AD8) infection and Env protein vaccination with eight different adjuvants. A subset of the SHIV(AD8)-infected animals with higher viral loads and greater Env diversity show increased neutralization associated with increasing somatic hypermutation (SHM) levels over time. The use of adjuvants results in increased ELISA titres but does not affect the mean SHM levels or CDR H3 lengths. Our study shows how the ontogeny of Env-specific B cells can be tracked, and provides insights into the requirements for developing neutralizing antibodies that should facilitate translation to human vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Francica
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Zhenhai Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research and National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yoshiaki Nishimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Masashi Shingai
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Akshaya Ramesh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Stephen D. Schmidt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Barbara J. Flynn
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Sam Darko
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Lynch
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Rodrigo Matus-Nicodemos
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - David Wolinsky
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Martha Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | - Padma Malyala
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ennio De Gregorio
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Susan W. Barnett
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Manmohan Singh
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Derek T. O'Hagan
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Malcolm A. Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Thomas B. Kepler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Robert A. Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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316
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Wu X, Zhang Z, Schramm CA, Joyce MG, Kwon YD, Zhou T, Sheng Z, Zhang B, O'Dell S, McKee K, Georgiev IS, Chuang GY, Longo NS, Lynch RM, Saunders KO, Soto C, Srivatsan S, Yang Y, Bailer RT, Louder MK, Mullikin JC, Connors M, Kwong PD, Mascola JR, Shapiro L. Maturation and Diversity of the VRC01-Antibody Lineage over 15 Years of Chronic HIV-1 Infection. Cell 2015; 161:470-485. [PMID: 25865483 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies develop in most HIV-1-infected individuals, although highly effective antibodies are generally observed only after years of chronic infection. Here, we characterize the rate of maturation and extent of diversity for the lineage that produced the broadly neutralizing antibody VRC01 through longitudinal sampling of peripheral B cell transcripts over 15 years and co-crystal structures of lineage members. Next-generation sequencing identified VRC01-lineage transcripts, which encompassed diverse antibodies organized into distinct phylogenetic clades. Prevalent clades maintained characteristic features of antigen recognition, though each evolved binding loops and disulfides that formed distinct recognition surfaces. Over the course of the study period, VRC01-lineage clades showed continuous evolution, with rates of ∼2 substitutions per 100 nucleotides per year, comparable to that of HIV-1 evolution. This high rate of antibody evolution provides a mechanism by which antibody lineages can achieve extraordinary diversity and, over years of chronic infection, develop effective HIV-1 neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Wu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Zhenhai Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Chaim A Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - M Gordon Joyce
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Young Do Kwon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sijy O'Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Krisha McKee
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ivelin S Georgiev
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nancy S Longo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rebecca M Lynch
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cinque Soto
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sanjay Srivatsan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yongping Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert T Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark K Louder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | -
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James C Mullikin
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark Connors
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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317
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Brown J, Excler JL, Kim JH. New prospects for a preventive HIV-1 vaccine. J Virus Erad 2015; 1:78-88. [PMID: 26523292 PMCID: PMC4625840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune correlates of risk analysis and recent non-human primate (NHP) challenge studies have generated hypotheses that suggest HIV-1 envelope may be essential and, perhaps, sufficient to induce protective antibody responses against HIV-1 acquisition at the mucosal entry. New prime-boost mosaic and conserved-sequence, together with replicating vector immunisation strategies aiming at inducing immune responses or greater breadth, as well as the development of immunogens inducing broadly neutralising antibodies and mucosal responses, should be actively pursued and tested in humans. Whether the immune correlates of risk identified in RV144 can be extended to other vaccines, other populations, or different modes and intensity of transmission, and against increasing HIV-1 genetic diversity, remains to be demonstrated. Although NHP challenge studies may guide vaccine development, human efficacy trials remain key for answering the critical questions leading to the development of a global HIV-1 vaccine for licensure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Louis Excler
- US Military HIV Research Program,
Bethesda,
MD,
USA,The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine,
Bethesda,
MD,
USA,Corresponding author: Jean-Louis Excler,
US Military HIV Research Program,
6720-A Rockledge Drive, Suite 400Bethesda,
MD20817,
USA
| | - Jerome H Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program,
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research,
Silver Spring,
MD,
USA
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318
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Moore PL, Williamson C, Morris L. Virological features associated with the development of broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:204-11. [PMID: 25572881 PMCID: PMC4380704 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of a preventative HIV-1 vaccine remains a global public health priority. This will likely require the elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) able to block infection by diverse viral strains from across the world. Understanding the pathway to neutralization breadth in HIV-1 infected humans will provide insights into how bNAb lineages arise, a process that probably involves a combination of host and viral factors. Here, we focus on the role of viral characteristics and evolution in shaping bNAbs during HIV-1 infection, and describe how these findings may be translated into novel vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny L Moore
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town & National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
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319
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Abstract
Despite three decades of intensive research efforts, the development of an effective prophylactic vaccine against HIV remains an unrealized goal in the global campaign to contain the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Recent characterization of novel epitopes for inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies has fueled research in the design and synthesis of new, well-defined antigenic constructs for the development of HIV envelope-directed vaccines. The present review will cover previous and recent efforts toward the design of synthetic vaccines based on the HIV viral envelope glycoproteins, with special emphasis on examples from our own laboratories. The biological evaluation of some of the most representative vaccine candidates, in terms of their antigenicity and immunogenicity, will also be discussed to illustrate the current state-of-the-art toward the development of fully synthetic HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Fernández-Tejada
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, NY 10065, USA
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320
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Esparza J. A New Scientific Paradigm may be Needed to Finally Develop an HIV Vaccine. Front Immunol 2015; 6:124. [PMID: 25852692 PMCID: PMC4364287 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bulk of current HIV vaccine research is conducted within the infectious disease paradigm that has been very successful in developing vaccines against many other viral diseases. Different HIV vaccine concepts, based on the induction of neutralizing antibodies and/or cell mediated immunity, have been developed and clinically tested over the last 30 years, resulting in a few small successes and many disappointments. As new scientific knowledge is obtained, HIV vaccine concepts are constantly modified with the hope that the newly introduced tweaks (or paradigm drifts) will provide the solution to one of the most difficult challenges that modern biomedical research is confronting. Efficacy trials have been critical in guiding HIV vaccine development. However, from the five phase III efficacy trials conducted to date, only one (RV144) resulted in modest efficacy. The results from RV144 were surprising in many ways, including the identified putative correlates of protection (or risk), which did not include neutralizing antibodies or cytotoxic T-cells. The solution to the HIV vaccine challenge may very well come from approaches based on the current paradigm. However, at the same time, out-of-the-paradigm ideas should be systematically explored to complement the current efforts. New mechanisms are needed to identify and support the innovative research that will hopefully accelerate the development of an urgently needed HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Esparza
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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321
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Chikaev AN, Bakulina AY, Burdick RC, Karpenko LI, Pathak VK, Ilyichev AA. Selection of peptide mimics of HIV-1 epitope recognized by neutralizing antibody VRC01. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120847. [PMID: 25785734 PMCID: PMC4364665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to induce anti-HIV-1 antibodies that can neutralize a broad spectrum of viral isolates from different subtypes seems to be a key requirement for development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine. The epitopes recognized by the most potent broadly neutralizing antibodies that have been characterized are largely discontinuous. Mimetics of such conformational epitopes could be potentially used as components of a synthetic immunogen that can elicit neutralizing antibodies. Here we used phage display technology to identify peptide motifs that mimic the epitope recognized by monoclonal antibody VRC01, which is able to neutralize up to 91% of circulating primary isolates. Three rounds of biopanning were performed against 2 different phage peptide libraries for this purpose. The binding specificity of selected phage clones to monoclonal antibody VRC01 was estimated using dot blot analysis. The putative peptide mimics exposed on the surface of selected phages were analyzed for conformational and linear homology to the surface of HIV-1 gp120 fragment using computational analysis. Corresponding peptides were synthesized and checked for their ability to interfere with neutralization activity of VRC01 in a competitive inhibition assay. One of the most common peptides selected from 12-mer phage library was found to partially mimic a CD4-binding loop fragment, whereas none of the circular C7C-mer peptides was able to mimic any HIV-1 domains. However, peptides identified from both the 12-mer and C7C-mer peptide libraries showed rescue of HIV-1 infectivity in the competitive inhibition assay. The identification of epitope mimics may lead to novel immunogens capable of inducing broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton N. Chikaev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, 630559, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Anastasiya Yu. Bakulina
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, 630559, Russia
| | - Ryan C. Burdick
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Viral Mutation Section, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, United States of America
| | - Larisa I. Karpenko
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, 630559, Russia
| | - Vinay K. Pathak
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Viral Mutation Section, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, United States of America
| | - Alexander A. Ilyichev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, 630559, Russia
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322
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Montezuma-Rusca JM, Moir S, Kardava L, Buckner CM, Louie A, Kim LJY, Santich BH, Wang W, Fankuchen OR, Diaz G, Daub JR, Rosenzweig SD, Chun TW, Li Y, Braylan RC, Calvo KR, Fauci AS. Bone marrow plasma cells are a primary source of serum HIV-1-specific antibodies in chronically infected individuals. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 194:2561-8. [PMID: 25681347 PMCID: PMC4355319 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Several potent and broadly neutralizing Abs to HIV-1 have been isolated recently from peripheral blood B cells of infected individuals, based on prescreening of Ab activity in the serum. However, little is known regarding the cells that make the Abs that circulate in the blood. Accordingly, we investigated the most likely source, the bone marrow, of chronically HIV-1-infected individuals who were not receiving antiretroviral therapy. Increased frequencies of plasma cells, as well as B cell precursors, namely preB-I and preB-II, and decreased frequencies of mature B cells were observed in bone marrow aspirates of these individuals compared with HIV-negative counterparts. Increased frequencies of bone marrow plasma cells are consistent with known hallmarks of HIV-1 infection, namely hypergammaglobulinemia and increased frequencies of peripheral blood plasmablasts. Levels of HIV-1 envelope (Env)-binding and HIV-1-neutralizing Abs were measured in serum, and corresponding frequencies of Ab-secreting or Env-binding cells were measured in the blood (plasmablasts and memory B cells) and in the bone marrow (plasma cells). A strong correlation was observed between serum HIV-1-specific Abs and Env-specific bone marrow-derived plasma cells, but not circulating plasmablasts or memory B cells. These findings demonstrate that, despite HIV-1-induced phenotypic and functional B cell dysregulation in the peripheral blood and secondary lymphoid tissues, bone marrow plasma cells remain a primary source for circulating HIV-1-specific Abs in HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo M Montezuma-Rusca
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
| | - Lela Kardava
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Clarisa M Buckner
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Aaron Louie
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Leo J Y Kim
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Brian H Santich
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Olivia R Fankuchen
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Gabriella Diaz
- Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Janine R Daub
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sergio D Rosenzweig
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yuxing Li
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Raul C Braylan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Katherine R Calvo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Gianvincenzo PD, Calvo J, Perez S, Álvarez A, Bedoya LM, Alcamí J, Penadés S. Negatively charged glyconanoparticles modulate and stabilize the secondary structures of a gp120 V3 loop peptide: toward fully synthetic HIV vaccine candidates. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:755-65. [PMID: 25734507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The third variable region (V3 peptide) of the HIV-1 gp120 is a major immunogenic domain of HIV-1. Controlling the formation of the immunologically active conformation is a crucial step to the rational design of fully synthetic candidate vaccines. Herein, we present the modulation and stabilization of either the α-helix or β-strand conformation of the V3 peptide by conjugation to negatively charged gold glyconanoparticles (GNPs). The formation of the secondary structure can be triggered by the variation of the buffer concentration and/or pH as indicated by circular dichoism. The peptide on the GNPs shows increased stability toward peptidase degradation as compared to the free peptide. Moreover, only the V3β-GNPs bind to the anti-V3 human broadly neutralizing mAb 447-52D as demonstrated by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The strong binding of V3β-GNPs to the 447-52D mAb was the starting point to address its study as immunogen. V3β-GNPs elicit antibodies in rabbits that recognize a recombinant gp120 and the serum displayed low but consistent neutralizing activity. These results open up the way for the design of new fully synthetic HIV vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Serge Perez
- ∥Département de Pharmacochimie, UMR 5063 CNRS-Université Grenoble Alpes, BP53, 38041, Grenoble cédex 09, France
| | - Amparo Álvarez
- ⊥Aids Immunopathology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra Pozuelo Km. 2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Bedoya
- ⊥Aids Immunopathology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra Pozuelo Km. 2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.,#Pharmacology Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Pz. Ramón Y Cajal, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alcamí
- ⊥Aids Immunopathology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra Pozuelo Km. 2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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324
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Girard MP, Picot V, Longuet C, Nabel GJ. Report of the 2014 Cent Gardes HIV Vaccine Conference - Part 1: Neutralizing Antibodies; Fondation Mérieux Conference Center, Veyrier du Lac, France, 5-7 October 2014. Vaccine 2015; 33:3605-8. [PMID: 25769208 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The 2014 Cent Gardes Conference took place on October 5-7 at the Fondation Mérieux Conference Center, on the shores of the Annecy Lake. The aim of the meeting was to review progress in the field of HIV vaccines during the last two years and to explore the promising avenues of future research. The identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) able to neutralize a majority of circulating HIV strains has encouraged hopes for a highly effective "universal" HIV vaccine. Analysis of B-cell maturation that leads to the production of bNAbs, however, appears extremely complex, and not easily reproduced by classical active immunization. The use of bNAbs for passive immunization is thus being explored as an alternative, either for immunotherapy or prophylaxis. Their delivery by a recombinant adenovirus-associated virus (AAV), also known as vector immunoprophylaxis, has demonstrated proof-of-concept in animal models and is now in early stage clinical trials. Other approaches were discussed at the meeting, such as eliciting long-lasting T cell or mucosal immunity. In spite of remarkable progress, the quest for an efficacious HIV vaccine remains a daunting challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Girard
- French National Academy of Medicine, 16 rue Bonaparte, 75006 Paris, France.
| | | | | | - Gary J Nabel
- Sanofi, 640 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 021139, United States.
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325
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Kijewski SDG, Gummuluru S. A mechanistic overview of dendritic cell-mediated HIV-1 trans infection: the story so far. Future Virol 2015; 10:257-269. [PMID: 26213560 PMCID: PMC4508676 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite progress in antiretroviral therapy, HIV-1 rebound after cessation of antiretroviral therapy suggests that establishment of long-term cellular reservoirs of virus is a significant barrier to functional cure. There is considerable evidence that dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in systemic virus dissemination. Although productive infection of DCs is inefficient, DCs capture HIV-1 and transfer-captured particles to CD4+ T cells, a mechanism of DC-mediated HIV-1 trans infection. Recent findings suggest that DC-mediated trans infection of HIV-1 is dependent on recognition of GM3, a virus-particle-associated host-derived ligand, by CD169 expressed on DCs. In this review, we describe mechanisms of DC-mediated HIV-1 trans infection and discuss specifically the role of CD169 in establishing infection in CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne DG Kijewski
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Suryaram Gummuluru
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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326
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Anti-V3/Glycan and Anti-MPER Neutralizing Antibodies, but Not Anti-V2/Glycan Site Antibodies, Are Strongly Associated with Greater Anti-HIV-1 Neutralization Breadth and Potency. J Virol 2015; 89:5264-75. [PMID: 25673728 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00129-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The membrane-proximal external region (MPER), the V2/glycan site (initially defined by PG9 and PG16 antibodies), and the V3/glycans (initially defined by PGT121-128 antibodies) are targets of broadly neutralizing antibodies and potential targets for anti-HIV-1 antibody-based vaccines. Recent evidence shows that antibodies with moderate neutralization breadth are frequently attainable, with 50% of sera from chronically infected individuals neutralizing ≥ 50% of a large, diverse set of viruses. Nonetheless, there is little systematic information addressing which specificities are preferentially targeted among such commonly found, moderately broadly neutralizing sera. We explored associations between neutralization breadth and potency and the presence of neutralizing antibodies targeting the MPER, V2/glycan site, and V3/glycans in sera from 177 antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected (>1 year) individuals. Recognition of both MPER and V3/glycans was associated with increased breadth and potency. MPER-recognizing sera neutralized 4.62 more panel viruses than MPER-negative sera (95% prediction interval [95% PI], 4.41 to 5.20), and V3/glycan-recognizing sera neutralized 3.24 more panel viruses than V3/glycan-negative sera (95% PI, 3.15 to 3.52). In contrast, V2/glycan site-recognizing sera neutralized only 0.38 more panel viruses (95% PI, 0.20 to 0.45) than V2/glycan site-negative sera and no association between V2/glycan site recognition and breadth or potency was observed. Despite autoreactivity of many neutralizing antibodies recognizing MPER and V3/glycans, antibodies to these sites are major contributors to neutralization breadth and potency in this cohort. It may therefore be appropriate to focus on developing immunogens based upon the MPER and V3/glycans. IMPORTANCE Previous candidate HIV vaccines have failed either to induce wide-coverage neutralizing antibodies or to substantially protect vaccinees. Therefore, current efforts focus on novel approaches never before successfully used in vaccine design, including modeling epitopes. Candidate immunogen models identified by broadly neutralizing antibodies include the membrane-proximal external region (MPER), V3/glycans, and the V2/glycan site. Autoreactivity and polyreactivity of anti-MPER and anti-V3/glycan antibodies are thought to pose both direct and indirect barriers to achieving neutralization breadth. We found that antibodies to the MPER and the V3/glycans contribute substantially to neutralization breadth and potency. In contrast, antibodies to the V2/glycan site were not associated with neutralization breadth/potency. This suggests that the autoreactivity effect is not critical and that the MPER and the V3/glycans should remain high-priority vaccine candidates. The V2/glycan site result is surprising because broadly neutralizing antibodies to this site have been repeatedly observed. Vaccine design priorities should shift toward the MPER and V3/glycans.
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327
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Gummuluru S, Pina Ramirez NG, Akiyama H. CD169-dependent cell-associated HIV-1 transmission: a driver of virus dissemination. J Infect Dis 2015; 210 Suppl 3:S641-7. [PMID: 25414418 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) occurs across mucosal surfaces of the genital and gastrointestinal tracts and accounts for the vast majority of newly acquired infections worldwide. In the absence of an effective vaccine, interventional strategies such as microbicides that target viral attachment and entry into mucosa-resident target cells are particularly attractive and might have the greatest impact on reducing the HIV-1 pandemic. Rational development of microbicides would be greatly aided with a better understanding of several key questions of mucosal HIV-1 transmission, including the molecular mechanism(s) of how HIV-1 traverses mucosal barriers, the type of cells that it initially infects to gain a foothold in the naive host, and how it is disseminated from local sites of infection to draining lymph nodes. In this review, we discuss the role of myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) in cell-associated HIV-1 transmission and in facilitating systemic HIV-1 dissemination. We will evaluate the role of CD169 as a DC-associated HIV-1 attachment factor, investigate the molecular mechanisms by which HIV-1 particles are transferred from DCs to CD4(+) T cells across virological synapses, and provide arguments for inclusion of molecules in microbicides that can effectively target HIV-1 attachment to DCs and DC-mediated virus transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryaram Gummuluru
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts
| | | | - Hisashi Akiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts
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328
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Wang S, Mata-Fink J, Kriegsman B, Hanson M, Irvine DJ, Eisen HN, Burton DR, Wittrup KD, Kardar M, Chakraborty AK. Manipulating the selection forces during affinity maturation to generate cross-reactive HIV antibodies. Cell 2015; 160:785-797. [PMID: 25662010 PMCID: PMC4357364 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Generation of potent antibodies by a mutation-selection process called affinity maturation is a key component of effective immune responses. Antibodies that protect against highly mutable pathogens must neutralize diverse strains. Developing effective immunization strategies to drive their evolution requires understanding how affinity maturation happens in an environment where variants of the same antigen are present. We present an in silico model of affinity maturation driven by antigen variants which reveals that induction of cross-reactive antibodies often occurs with low probability because conflicting selection forces, imposed by different antigen variants, can frustrate affinity maturation. We describe how variables such as temporal pattern of antigen administration influence the outcome of this frustrated evolutionary process. Our calculations predict, and experiments in mice with variant gp120 constructs of the HIV envelope protein confirm, that sequential immunization with antigen variants is preferred over a cocktail for induction of cross-reactive antibodies focused on the shared CD4 binding site epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenshen Wang
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Jordi Mata-Fink
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Barry Kriegsman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Melissa Hanson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Herman N Eisen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - K Dane Wittrup
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Mehran Kardar
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Arup K Chakraborty
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.
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329
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Guttman M, Cupo A, Julien JP, Sanders RW, Wilson IA, Moore JP, Lee KK. Antibody potency relates to the ability to recognize the closed, pre-fusion form of HIV Env. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6144. [PMID: 25652336 PMCID: PMC4338595 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV’s envelope glycoprotein (Env) is the sole target for neutralizing antibodies. The structures of many broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) in complex with truncated Env subunits or components have been reported. However, their interaction with the intact Env trimer, and the structural determinants that underlie neutralization resistance in this more native context are less well understood. Here we use hydrogen/deuterium-exchange to examine the interactions between a panel of bNAbs and native-like Env trimers (SOSIP.664 trimers). Highly potent bNAbs cause only localized effects at their binding interface, while the binding of less potent antibodies is associated with elaborate changes throughout the trimer. In conjunction with binding kinetics, our results suggest that poorly neutralizing antibodies can only bind when the trimer transiently samples an open state. We propose that the kinetics of such opening motions varies among isolates, with Env from neutralization-sensitive viruses opening more frequently than Env from resistant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Albert Cupo
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- 1] Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA [2] Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - John P Moore
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Kelly K Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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330
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Voronin Y, Zinszner H, Karg C, Brooks K, Coombs R, Hural J, Holt R, Fast P, Allen M. HIV vaccine-induced sero-reactivity: a challenge for trial participants, researchers, and physicians. Vaccine 2015; 33:1243-9. [PMID: 25649349 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-inducing vaccines are a major focus in the preventive HIV vaccine field. Because the most common tests for HIV infection rely on detecting antibodies to HIV, they may also detect antibodies induced by a candidate HIV vaccine. The detection of vaccine-induced antibodies to HIV by serological tests is most commonly referred to as vaccine-induced sero-reactivity (VISR). VISR can be misinterpreted as a sign of HIV infection in a healthy study participant. In a participant who has developed vaccine-induced antibodies, accurate diagnosis of HIV infection (or lack thereof) may require specialized tests and algorithms (differential testing) that are usually not available in community settings. Organizations sponsoring clinical testing of preventive HIV vaccine candidates have an ethical obligation not only to inform healthy volunteers about the potential problems associated with participating in a clinical trial but also to help manage any resulting issues. This article explores the scope of VISR-related issues that become increasingly prevalent as the search for an effective HIV vaccine continues and will be paramount once a preventive vaccine is deployed. We also describe ways in which organizations conducting HIV vaccine trials have addressed these issues and outline areas where more work is needed.
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331
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Different infectivity of HIV-1 strains is linked to number of envelope trimers required for entry. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004595. [PMID: 25569556 PMCID: PMC4287578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 enters target cells by virtue of envelope glycoprotein trimers that are incorporated at low density in the viral membrane. How many trimers are required to interact with target cell receptors to mediate virus entry, the HIV entry stoichiometry, still awaits clarification. Here, we provide estimates of the HIV entry stoichiometry utilizing a combined approach of experimental analyses and mathematical modeling. We demonstrate that divergent HIV strains differ in their stoichiometry of entry and require between 1 to 7 trimers, with most strains depending on 2 to 3 trimers to complete infection. Envelope modifications that perturb trimer structure lead to an increase in the entry stoichiometry, as did naturally occurring antibody or entry inhibitor escape mutations. Highlighting the physiological relevance of our findings, a high entry stoichiometry correlated with low virus infectivity and slow virus entry kinetics. The entry stoichiometry therefore directly influences HIV transmission, as trimer number requirements will dictate the infectivity of virus populations and efficacy of neutralizing antibodies. Thereby our results render consideration of stoichiometric concepts relevant for developing antibody-based vaccines and therapeutics against HIV. Our estimates of the HIV-1 entry stoichiometry, that is the number of envelope glycoprotein trimers needed to mediate fusion of viral and target cell membrane, close an important gap in our understanding of the HIV entry process. As we show, stoichiometric requirements for envelope trimers differ between HIV strains and steer virus entry efficacy and virus entry kinetics. Thus, the entry stoichiometry has important implications for HIV transmission, as demands on trimer numbers will dictate the infectivity of virus populations, target cell preferences and virus inactivation by trimer-targeting inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies. Beyond this, our data contribute to the general understanding of mechanisms and energetic requirements of protein-mediated membrane fusion, as HIV entry proved to follow similar stoichiometries as described for Influenza virus HA and SNARE protein mediated membrane fusion. In summary, our findings provide a relevant contribution towards a refined understanding of HIV-1 entry and pathogenesis with particular importance for ongoing efforts to generate neutralizing antibody based therapeutics and vaccines targeting the HIV-1 envelope trimer.
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332
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Costantini LM, Irvin SC, Kennedy SC, Guo F, Goldstein H, Herold BC, Snapp EL. Engineering and exploitation of a fluorescent HIV-1 gp120 for live cell CD4 binding assays. Virology 2014; 476:240-248. [PMID: 25555152 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein, gp120, binds the host cell receptor, CD4, in the initial step of HIV viral entry and infection. This process is an appealing target for the development of inhibitory drugs and neutralizing antibodies. To study gp120 binding and intracellular trafficking, we engineered a fluorescent fusion of the humanized gp120 JRFL HIV-1 variant and GFP. Gp120-sfGFP is glycosylated with human sugars, robustly expressed, and secreted from cultured human cells. Protein dynamics, quality control, and trafficking can be visualized in live cells. The fusion protein can be readily modified with different gp120 variants or fluorescent proteins. Finally, secreted gp120-sfGFP enables a sensitive and easy binding assay that can quantitatively screen potential inhibitors of gp120-CD4 binding on live cells via fluorescence imaging or laser scanning cytometry. This adaptable research tool should aid in studies of gp120 cell biology and the development of novel anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey M Costantini
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Susan C Irvin
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Steven C Kennedy
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Harris Goldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Betsy C Herold
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Erik L Snapp
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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333
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A multivalent clade C HIV-1 Env trimer cocktail elicits a higher magnitude of neutralizing antibodies than any individual component. J Virol 2014; 89:2507-19. [PMID: 25540368 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03331-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The sequence diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) presents a formidable challenge to the generation of an HIV-1 vaccine. One strategy to address such sequence diversity and to improve the magnitude of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) is to utilize multivalent mixtures of HIV-1 envelope (Env) immunogens. Here we report the generation and characterization of three novel, acute clade C HIV-1 Env gp140 trimers (459C, 405C, and 939C), each with unique antigenic properties. Among the single trimers tested, 459C elicited the most potent NAb responses in vaccinated guinea pigs. We evaluated the immunogenicity of various mixtures of clade C Env trimers and found that a quadrivalent cocktail of clade C trimers elicited a greater magnitude of NAbs against a panel of tier 1A and 1B viruses than any single clade C trimer alone, demonstrating that the mixture had an advantage over all individual components of the cocktail. These data suggest that vaccination with a mixture of clade C Env trimers represents a promising strategy to augment vaccine-elicited NAb responses. IMPORTANCE It is currently not known how to generate potent NAbs to the diverse circulating HIV-1 Envs by vaccination. One strategy to address this diversity is to utilize mixtures of different soluble HIV-1 envelope proteins. In this study, we generated and characterized three distinct, novel, acute clade C soluble trimers. We vaccinated guinea pigs with single trimers as well as mixtures of trimers, and we found that a mixture of four trimers elicited a greater magnitude of NAbs than any single trimer within the mixture. The results of this study suggest that further development of Env trimer cocktails is warranted.
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Hassapis KA, Stylianou DC, Kostrikis LG. Architectural insight into inovirus-associated vectors (IAVs) and development of IAV-based vaccines inducing humoral and cellular responses: implications in HIV-1 vaccines. Viruses 2014; 6:5047-76. [PMID: 25525909 PMCID: PMC4276942 DOI: 10.3390/v6125047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inovirus-associated vectors (IAVs) are engineered, non-lytic, filamentous bacteriophages that are assembled primarily from thousands of copies of the major coat protein gp8 and just five copies of each of the four minor coat proteins gp3, gp6, gp7 and gp9. Inovirus display studies have shown that the architecture of inoviruses makes all coat proteins of the inoviral particle accessible to the outside. This particular feature of IAVs allows foreign antigenic peptides to be displayed on the outer surface of the virion fused to its coat proteins and for more than two decades has been exploited in many applications including antibody or peptide display libraries, drug design, and vaccine development against infectious and non-infectious diseases. As vaccine carriers, IAVs have been shown to elicit both a cellular and humoral response against various pathogens through the display of antibody epitopes on their coat proteins. Despite their high immunogenicity, the goal of developing an effective vaccine against HIV-1 has not yet materialized. One possible limitation of previous efforts was the use of broadly neutralizing antibodies, which exhibited autoreactivity properties. In the past five years, however, new, more potent broadly neutralizing antibodies that do not exhibit autoreactivity properties have been isolated from HIV-1 infected individuals, suggesting that vaccination strategies aimed at producing such broadly neutralizing antibodies may confer protection against infection. The utilization of these new, broadly neutralizing antibodies in combination with the architectural traits of IAVs have driven the current developments in the design of an inovirus-based vaccine against HIV-1. This article reviews the applications of IAVs in vaccine development, with particular emphasis on the design of inoviral-based vaccines against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos A Hassapis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 75 Kallipoleos Avenue, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Dora C Stylianou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 75 Kallipoleos Avenue, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Leondios G Kostrikis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 75 Kallipoleos Avenue, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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335
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Improving neutralization potency and breadth by combining broadly reactive HIV-1 antibodies targeting major neutralization epitopes. J Virol 2014; 89:2659-71. [PMID: 25520506 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03136-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The isolation of broadly neutralizing HIV-1 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to distinct epitopes on the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) provides the potential to use combinations of MAbs for prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection. Since many of these MAbs have been isolated in the last few years, the potency and breadth of MAb combinations have not been well characterized. In two parallel experiments, we examined the in vitro neutralizing activities of double-, triple-, and quadruple-MAb combinations targeting four distinct epitopes, including the CD4-binding site, the V1V2-glycan region, the V3-glycan supersite, and the gp41 membrane-proximal external region (MPER), using a panel of 125 Env-pseudotyped viruses. All MAb combinations showed substantially improved neutralization breadth compared to the corresponding single MAbs, while the neutralization potency of individual MAbs was maintained. At a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) cutoff of 1 μg/ml per antibody, double-MAb combinations neutralized 89 to 98% of viruses, and triple combinations neutralized 98 to 100%. Overall, the improvement of neutralization breadth was closely predicted by an additive-effect model and explained by complementary neutralization profiles of antibodies recognizing distinct epitopes. Subtle but consistent favorable interactions were observed in some MAb combinations, whereas less favorable interactions were observed on a small subset of viruses that are highly sensitive to V3-glycan MAbs. These data demonstrate favorable in vitro combinations of broadly neutralizing HIV-1 MAbs and suggest that such combinations could have utility for HIV-1 prevention and treatment. IMPORTANCE Over the last 5 years, numerous broadly reactive HIV-1-neutralizing MAbs have been isolated from B cells of HIV-1-infected donors. Each of these MAbs binds to one of the major vulnerable sites (epitopes) on the surface of the viral envelope glycoprotein. Since antibodies to distinct viral epitopes could theoretically act together to provide greater potency and breadth of virus neutralization, we tested physical mixtures of double, triple, and quadruple combinations of neutralizing MAbs targeting four major epitopes on HIV-1 Env. When tested together, antibody combinations showed substantially improved neutralization breadth compared to single MAbs. This improvement could be explained by the complementary neutralization profiles of individual MAbs. We further demonstrated that each antibody maintained its full neutralization potency when used in combination with other MAbs. These data provide a rationale for clinical use of antibody-based combinations for HIV-1 prevention and therapy.
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336
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Autoreactivity in HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies: implications for their function and induction by vaccination. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2014; 9:224-34. [PMID: 24714565 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review discusses progress in understanding the impact of immune tolerance on inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), and how such knowledge can be incorporated into novel immunization approaches. RECENT FINDINGS Over 120 bnAbs have now been isolated, all of which bear unusual features associated with host tolerance controls, but paradoxically may also be required for their function. Evidence that poly/autoreactivity of membrane proximal external region bnAbs can invoke such controls has been demonstrated by knock-in technology, highlighting its potential for studying the impact of tolerance in the generation of bnAb lineages to distinct HIV-1 envelope targets. The requirement for extensive affinity maturation in developing neutralization breadth/potency during infection is being examined, and similar studies in the setting of immunization will be aided by testing novel vaccine approaches in knock-in models that either selectively express reverted V(D)J rearrangements, or unrearranged germline segments, from which bnAb lineages originate. SUMMARY It is increasingly apparent that immune tolerance, sometimes invoked by self-reactivity that overlaps with bnAb epitope specificity, adds to a formidable set of roadblocks impeding bnAb induction. The path to an effective HIV-1 vaccine may thus benefit from a deeper understanding of host controls, including categorizing those that are unique or common at distinct bnAb targets, and ranking those most feasible to overcome by immunization. Ultimately, such emerging information will be critical to incorporate into new vaccine approaches that can be tested in human trials.
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337
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Ying T, Li H, Lu L, Dimitrov DS, Jiang S. Development of human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for prevention and therapy of MERS-CoV infections. Microbes Infect 2014; 17:142-8. [PMID: 25456101 PMCID: PMC4308519 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The recent Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak poses a serious threat to public health. Here, we summarize recent advances in identifying human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against MERS-CoV, describe their mechanisms of action, and analyze their potential for treatment of MERS-CoV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlei Ying
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Rd., Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Haoyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Rd., Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Rd., Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Rd., Shanghai 200032, China; Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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338
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HIV-1 neutralizing antibody response and viral genetic diversity characterized with next generation sequencing. Virology 2014; 474:34-40. [PMID: 25463602 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the dynamics of HIV-specific neutralizing antibody (NAb), we examined associations between viral genetic diversity and the NAb response against a multi-subtype panel of heterologous viruses in a well-characterized, therapy-naïve primary infection cohort. Using next generation sequencing (NGS), we computed sequence-based measures of diversity within HIV-1 env, gag and pol, and compared them to NAb breadth and potency as calculated by a neutralization score. Contemporaneous env diversity and the neutralization score were positively correlated (p=0.0033), as were the neutralization score and estimated duration of infection (EDI) (p=0.0038), and env diversity and EDI (p=0.0005). Neither early env diversity nor baseline viral load correlated with future NAb breadth and potency (p>0.05). Taken together, it is unlikely that neutralizing capability in our cohort was conditioned on viral diversity, but rather that env evolution was driven by the level of NAb selective pressure.
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339
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Two classes of broadly neutralizing antibodies within a single lineage directed to the high-mannose patch of HIV envelope. J Virol 2014; 89:1105-18. [PMID: 25378488 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02905-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The high-mannose patch of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope (Env) elicits broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) during natural infection relatively frequently, and consequently, this region has become a major target of vaccine design. However, it has also become clear that antibody recognition of the region is complex due, at least in part, to variability in neighboring loops and glycans critical to the epitopes. bnAbs against this region have some shared features and some distinguishing features that are crucial to understand in order to design optimal immunogens that can induce different classes of bnAbs against this region. Here, we compare two branches of a single antibody lineage, in which all members recognize the high-mannose patch. One branch (prototype bnAb PGT128) has a 6-amino-acid insertion in CDRH2 that is crucial for broad neutralization. Antibodies in this branch appear to favor a glycan site at N332 on gp120, and somatic hypermutation is required to accommodate the neighboring V1 loop glycans and glycan heterogeneity. The other branch (prototype bnAb PGT130) lacks the CDRH2 insertion. Antibodies in this branch are noticeably effective at neutralizing viruses with an alternate N334 glycan site but are less able to accommodate glycan heterogeneity. We identify a new somatic variant within this branch that is predominantly dependent on N334. The crystal structure of PGT130 offers insight into differences from PGT128. We conclude that different immunogens may be required to elicit bnAbs that have the optimal characteristics of the two branches of the lineage described. IMPORTANCE Development of an HIV vaccine is of vital importance for prevention of new infections, and it is thought that elicitation of HIV bnAbs will be an important component of an effective vaccine. Increasingly, bnAbs that bind to the cluster of high-mannose glycans on the HIV envelope glycoprotein, gp120, are being highlighted as important templates for vaccine design. In particular, bnAbs from IAVI donor 36 (PGT125 to PGT131) have been shown to be extremely broad and potent. Combination of these bnAbs enhanced neutralization breadth considerably, suggesting that an optimal immunogen should elicit several antibodies from this family. Here we study the evolution of this antibody family to inform immunogen design. We identify two classes of bnAbs that differ in their recognition of the high-mannose patch and show that different immunogens may be required to elicit these different classes.
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340
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Zolla-Pazner S, Edlefsen PT, Rolland M, Kong XP, deCamp A, Gottardo R, Williams C, Tovanabutra S, Sharpe-Cohen S, Mullins JI, deSouza MS, Karasavvas N, Nitayaphan S, Rerks-Ngarm S, Pitisuttihum P, Kaewkungwal J, O'Connell RJ, Robb ML, Michael NL, Kim JH, Gilbert P. Vaccine-induced Human Antibodies Specific for the Third Variable Region of HIV-1 gp120 Impose Immune Pressure on Infecting Viruses. EBioMedicine 2014; 1:37-45. [PMID: 25599085 PMCID: PMC4293639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the role of V3-specific IgG antibodies (Abs) in the RV144 clinical HIV vaccine trial, which reduced HIV-1 infection by 31.2%, the anti-V3 Ab response was assessed. Vaccinees' V3 Abs were highly cross-reactive with cyclic V3 peptides (cV3s) from diverse virus subtypes. Sieve analysis of CRF01_AE breakthrough viruses from 43 vaccine- and 66 placebo-recipients demonstrated an estimated vaccine efficacy of 85% against viruses with amino acids mismatching the vaccine at V3 site 317 (p = 0.004) and 52% against viruses matching the vaccine at V3 site 307 (p = 0.004). This analysis was supported by data showing that vaccinees' plasma Abs were less reactive with I307 when replaced with residues found more often in vaccinees' breakthrough viruses. Simultaneously, viruses with mutations at F317 were less infectious, possibly due to the contribution of F317 to optimal formation of the V3 hydrophobic core. These data suggest that RV144-induced V3-specific Abs imposed immune pressure on infecting viruses and inform efforts to design an HIV vaccine. The RV144 vaccine reduced infection by viruses with isoleucine in V3 position 307. Many vaccine-induced antibodies are cross-reactive and target an epitope including I307. There was selection for breakthrough viruses carrying F317 in V3 (p = 0.004). F317 is needed to maintain optimal infectivity. F317 is a poor or non-contact residue for vaccine induced V3 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Zolla-Pazner
- New York Veterans Affairs Harbor Healthcare System, 423 East 23 Street, New York, NY 10010, USA ; New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., M2-C200, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Morgane Rolland
- Department of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Building 503, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Allan deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., M2-C200, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., M2-C200, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Constance Williams
- New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- Department of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Building 503, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Sandra Sharpe-Cohen
- New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - James I Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, 358B Rosen Building, Campus box 358070, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Mark S deSouza
- Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center 104, Tower 2, Rajdumari Rd. Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand, 10330
| | - Nicos Karasavvas
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science (AFRIMS) Department of Retrovirology Humoral Immunology and Assessment Laboratory, 315/6 Rajvithi Rd. Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Sorachai Nitayaphan
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science (AFRIMS) Department of Retrovirology Humoral Immunology and Assessment Laboratory, 315/6 Rajvithi Rd. Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Supachai Rerks-Ngarm
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, 11000, Thailand
| | - Punnee Pitisuttihum
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jaranit Kaewkungwal
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Robert J O'Connell
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science (AFRIMS) Department of Retrovirology Humoral Immunology and Assessment Laboratory, 315/6 Rajvithi Rd. Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Merlin L Robb
- U.S. Army Military HIV Research Program, 6720A Rockledge Dr., Suite 400, Bethesda MD, 20817
| | - Nelson L Michael
- U.S. Army Military HIV Research Program, 6720A Rockledge Dr., Suite 400, Bethesda MD, 20817
| | - Jerome H Kim
- U.S. Army Military HIV Research Program, 6720A Rockledge Dr., Suite 400, Bethesda MD, 20817
| | - Peter Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., M2-C200, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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341
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Abstract
UNLABELLED It is generally acknowledged that human broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) capable of neutralizing multiple HIV-1 clades are often polyreactive or autoreactive. Whereas polyreactivity or autoreactivity has been proposed to be crucial for neutralization breadth, no systematic, quantitative study of self-reactivity among nonneutralizing HIV-1 Abs (nNAbs) has been performed to determine whether poly- or autoreactivity in bNAbs is a consequence of chronic antigen (Ag) exposure and/or inflammation or a fundamental property of neutralization. Here, we use protein microarrays to assess binding to >9,400 human proteins and find that as a class, bNAbs are significantly more poly- and autoreactive than nNAbs. The poly- and autoreactive property is therefore not due to the infection milieu but rather is associated with neutralization. Our observations are consistent with a role of heteroligation for HIV-1 neutralization and/or structural mimicry of host Ags by conserved HIV-1 neutralization sites. Although bNAbs are more mutated than nNAbs as a group, V(D)J mutation per se does not correlate with poly- and autoreactivity. Infrequent poly- or autoreactivity among nNAbs implies that their dominance in humoral responses is due to the absence of negative control by immune regulation. Interestingly, four of nine bNAbs specific for the HIV-1 CD4 binding site (CD4bs) (VRC01, VRC02, CH106, and CH103) bind human ubiquitin ligase E3A (UBE3A), and UBE3A protein competitively inhibits gp120 binding to the VRC01 bNAb. Among these four bNAbs, avidity for UBE3A was correlated with neutralization breadth. Identification of UBE3A as a self-antigen recognized by CD4bs bNAbs offers a mechanism for the rarity of this bNAb class. IMPORTANCE Eliciting bNAbs is key for HIV-1 vaccines; most Abs elicited by HIV-1 infection or immunization, however, are strain specific or nonneutralizing, and unsuited for protection. Here, we compare the specificities of bNAbs and nNAbs to demonstrate that bNAbs are significantly more poly- and autoreactive than nNAbs. The strong association of poly- and autoreactivity with bNAbs, but not nNAbs from infected patients, indicates that the infection milieu, chronic inflammation and Ag exposure, CD4 T-cell depletion, etc., alone does not cause poly- and autoreactivity. Instead, these properties are fundamentally linked to neutralization breadth, either by the requirement for heteroligation or the consequence of host mimicry by HIV-1. Indeed, we show that human UBE3A shares an epitope(s) with HIV-1 envelope recognized by four CD4bs bNAbs. The poly- and autoreactivity of bNAbs surely contribute to the rarity of membrane-proximal external region (MPER) and CD4bs bNAbs and identify a roadblock that must be overcome to induce protective vaccines.
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342
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Abstract
Although some success was achieved in recent years in HIV prevention, an effective vaccine remains the means with the most potential of curtailing HIV-1 infections worldwide. Despite multiple failed attempts, a recent HIV vaccine regimen demonstrated modest protection from infection. Although the protective efficacy in this trial was not sufficient to warrant licensure, it spurred renewed optimism in the field and has provided valuable insights for improving future vaccine designs. This review summarizes the pertinent details of vaccine development and discusses ways the field is moving forward to develop a vaccine to prevent HIV infection and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Goepfert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 908, 20th Street South, CCB 328, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Anju Bansal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845, 19th Street South, BBRB 557, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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343
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Tomaras GD, Haynes BF. Lessons from babies: inducing HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies. Nat Med 2014; 20:583-5. [PMID: 24901564 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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344
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Prabakaran P, Chen W, Dimitrov DS. The Antibody Germline/Maturation Hypothesis, Elicitation of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Against HIV-1 and Cord Blood IgM Repertoires. Front Immunol 2014; 5:398. [PMID: 25221552 PMCID: PMC4147355 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously observed that all known potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against HIV-1 are highly divergent from their putative germline predecessors in contrast to bnAbs against viruses causing acute infections such as henipaviruses and SARS CoV, which are much less divergent from their germline counterparts. Consequently, we have hypothesized that germline antibodies may not bind to the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) because they are so different compared to the highly somatically mutated HIV-1-specific bnAbs. We have further hypothesized that the immunogenicity of highly conserved epitopes on the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Envs) may be reduced or eliminated by their very weak or absent interactions with germline antibodies and immune responses leading to the elicitation of bnAbs may not be initiated and/or sustained. Even if such responses are initiated, the maturation pathways are so extraordinarily complex that prolonged periods of time may be required for elicitation of bnAbs with defined unique sequences. We provided the initial evidence supporting this antibody germline/maturation hypothesis, which prompted a number of studies to design vaccine immunogens that could bind putative germline predecessors of known bnAbs and to explore complex B cell lineages. However, guiding the immune system through the exceptionally complex antibody maturation pathways to elicit known bnAbs remains a major challenge. Here, we discuss studies exploring the antibody germline/maturation hypothesis as related to elicitation of bnAbs against HIV-1 and present our recent data demonstrating the existence of germline-like precursors of VRC01 antibodies in a human cord blood IgM library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponraj Prabakaran
- Protein Interactions Group, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Weizao Chen
- Protein Interactions Group, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Dimiter S. Dimitrov
- Protein Interactions Group, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
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345
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Breadth of HIV-1 Env-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity: relevance to global HIV vaccine design. AIDS 2014; 28:1859-70. [PMID: 24937308 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to determine the breadth of HIV-1 Env-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in HIV controllers and HIV progressors with a view to design globally relevant HIV vaccines. DESIGN The breadth of ADCC towards four major HIV-1 Env subtypes was measured in vitro for 11 HIV controllers and 11 HIV progressors. METHODS Plasma from 11 HIV controllers (including long-term slow progressors, viremic controllers, elite controller and posttreatment controller) and 11 HIV progressors, mostly infected with HIV-1 subtype B, was analysed for ADCC responses. ADCC assays were performed against 10 HIV-1 gp120 and 8 gp140 proteins from four major HIV-1 subtypes (A, B, C and E) and 3 glycosylation-mutant gp140 proteins. RESULTS ADCC-mediated natural killer cell activation was significantly broader (P = 0.02) and of higher magnitude (P < 0.001) in HIV controllers than in HIV progressors. HIV controllers also showed significantly higher magnitude of ADCC-mediated killing of Env-coated target cells than HIV progressors to both HIV-1 subtype B and the heterologous subtype E gp140 (P = 0.001). We found good ADCC reactivity to subtype B and E Envs, less cross-reactivity to subtype A and minimal cross-reactivity to subtype C Envs. Glycosylation-dependent ADCC epitopes comprise a significant proportion of the total Env-specific ADCC response, as evident from the reduction in ADCC to nonglycosylated form of HIV-1 gp140 (P = 0.004). CONCLUSION HIV controllers have robust ADCC responses that recognize a broad range of HIV-1 Env. Glycosylation of Env was found to be important for recognition of ADCC epitopes. Identifying conserved ADCC epitopes will assist in designing globally relevant ADCC-based HIV vaccines.
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346
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Lederle A, Su B, Holl V, Penichon J, Schmidt S, Decoville T, Laumond G, Moog C. Neutralizing antibodies inhibit HIV-1 infection of plasmacytoid dendritic cells by an FcγRIIa independent mechanism and do not diminish cytokines production. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5845. [PMID: 25132382 PMCID: PMC4135332 DOI: 10.1038/srep05845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) expressing FcγRIIa are antigen-presenting cells able to link innate and adaptive immunity and producing various cytokines and chemokines. Although highly restricted, they are able to replicate HIV-1. We determined the activity of anti-HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies (NAb) and non-neutralizing inhibitory antibodies (NNIAb) on the infection of primary pDC by HIV-1 primary isolates and analyzed cytokines and chemokines production. Neutralization assay was performed with primary pDC in the presence of serial antibodies (Ab) concentrations. In parallel, we measured the release of cytokines and chemokines by ELISA and CBA Flex assay. We found that NAb, but not NNIAb, inhibit HIV-1 replication in pDC. This inhibitory activity was lower than that detected for myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) infection and independent of FcγRIIa expressed on pDC. Despite the complete protection, IFN-α production was detected in the supernatant of pDC treated with NAb VRC01, 4E10, PGT121, 10-1074, 10E8, or polyclonal IgG44 but not with NAb b12. Production of MIP-1α, MIP-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α by pDC was also maintained in the presence of 4E10, b12 and VRC01. These findings suggest that pDC can be protected from HIV-1 infection by both NAb and IFN-α release triggered by the innate immune response during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Lederle
- 1] INSERM U1109, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France [2]
| | - Bin Su
- INSERM U1109, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Holl
- 1] INSERM U1109, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France [2]
| | - Julien Penichon
- 1] INSERM U1109, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France [2]
| | - Sylvie Schmidt
- INSERM U1109, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas Decoville
- INSERM U1109, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Géraldine Laumond
- INSERM U1109, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christiane Moog
- INSERM U1109, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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347
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Schiller J, Chackerian B. Why HIV virions have low numbers of envelope spikes: implications for vaccine development. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004254. [PMID: 25101974 PMCID: PMC4125284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John Schiller
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bryce Chackerian
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
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348
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Gao F, Bonsignori M, Liao HX, Kumar A, Xia SM, Lu X, Cai F, Hwang KK, Song H, Zhou T, Lynch RM, Alam SM, Moody MA, Ferrari G, Berrong M, Kelsoe G, Shaw GM, Hahn BH, Montefiori DC, Kamanga G, Cohen MS, Hraber P, Kwong PD, Korber BT, Mascola JR, Kepler TB, Haynes BF. Cooperation of B cell lineages in induction of HIV-1-broadly neutralizing antibodies. Cell 2014; 158:481-91. [PMID: 25065977 PMCID: PMC4150607 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Development of strategies for induction of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) by vaccines is a priority. Determining the steps of bnAb induction in HIV-1-infected individuals who make bnAbs is a key strategy for immunogen design. Here, we study the B cell response in a bnAb-producing individual and report cooperation between two B cell lineages to drive bnAb development. We isolated a virus-neutralizing antibody lineage that targeted an envelope region (loop D) and selected virus escape mutants that resulted in both enhanced bnAb lineage envelope binding and escape mutant neutralization-traits associated with increased B cell antigen drive. Thus, in this individual, two B cell lineages cooperated to induce the development of bnAbs. Design of vaccine immunogens that simultaneously drive both helper and broadly neutralizing B cell lineages may be important for vaccine-induced recapitulation of events that transpire during the maturation of neutralizing antibodies in HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27710, USA; The Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology-Immunogen Discovery at Duke University, Durham NC 27710, USA.
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27710, USA; The Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology-Immunogen Discovery at Duke University, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27710, USA; The Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology-Immunogen Discovery at Duke University, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27710, USA; The Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology-Immunogen Discovery at Duke University, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Shi-Mao Xia
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27710, USA; The Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology-Immunogen Discovery at Duke University, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiaozhi Lu
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27710, USA; The Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology-Immunogen Discovery at Duke University, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Fangping Cai
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27710, USA; The Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology-Immunogen Discovery at Duke University, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Kwan-Ki Hwang
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27710, USA; The Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology-Immunogen Discovery at Duke University, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Hongshuo Song
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27710, USA; The Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology-Immunogen Discovery at Duke University, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rebecca M Lynch
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27710, USA; The Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology-Immunogen Discovery at Duke University, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27710, USA; The Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology-Immunogen Discovery at Duke University, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27710, USA; The Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology-Immunogen Discovery at Duke University, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Mark Berrong
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27710, USA; The Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology-Immunogen Discovery at Duke University, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27710, USA; The Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology-Immunogen Discovery at Duke University, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27710, USA; The Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology-Immunogen Discovery at Duke University, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Gift Kamanga
- UNC Project, Lilongwe, Malawi; Departments of Health Policy and Management, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Myron S Cohen
- Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Peter Hraber
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bette T Korber
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas B Kepler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27710, USA; The Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology-Immunogen Discovery at Duke University, Durham NC 27710, USA.
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349
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Morales JF, Morin TJ, Yu B, Tatsuno GP, O'Rourke SM, Theolis R, Mesa KA, Berman PW. HIV-1 envelope proteins and V1/V2 domain scaffolds with mannose-5 to improve the magnitude and quality of protective antibody responses to HIV-1. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:20526-42. [PMID: 24872420 PMCID: PMC4110267 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.554089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Two lines of investigation have highlighted the importance of antibodies to the V1/V2 domain of gp120 in providing protection from HIV-1 infection. First, the recent RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial documented a correlation between non-neutralizing antibodies to the V2 domain and protection. Second, multiple broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to the V1/V2 domain (e.g. PG9) have been isolated from rare infected individuals, termed elite neutralizers. Interestingly, the binding of both types of antibodies appears to depend on the same cluster of amino acids (positions 167–171) adjacent to the junction of the B and C strands of the four-stranded V1/V2 domain β-sheet structure. However, the broadly neutralizing mAb, PG9, additionally depends on mannose-5 glycans at positions 156 and 160 for binding. Because the gp120 vaccine immunogens used in previous HIV-1 vaccine trials were enriched for complex sialic acid-containing glycans, and lacked the high mannose structures required for the binding of PG9-like mAbs, we wondered if these immunogens could be improved by limiting glycosylation to mannose-5 glycans. Here, we describe the PG9 binding activity of monomeric gp120s from multiple strains of HIV-1 produced with mannose-5 glycans. We also describe the properties of glycopeptide scaffolds from the V1/V2 domain also expressed with mannose-5 glycans. The V1/V2 scaffold from the A244 isolate was able to bind the PG9, CH01, and CH03 mAbs with high affinity provided that the proper glycans were present. We further show that immunization with A244 V1/V2 fragments alone, or in a prime/boost regimen with gp120, enhanced the antibody response to sequences in the V1/V2 domain associated with protection in the RV144 trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier F. Morales
- From the Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Trevor J. Morin
- From the Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Bin Yu
- From the Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Gwen P. Tatsuno
- From the Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Sara M. O'Rourke
- From the Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Richard Theolis
- From the Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Kathryn A. Mesa
- From the Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Phillip W. Berman
- From the Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064
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350
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Kim AS, Leaman DP, Zwick MB. Antibody to gp41 MPER alters functional properties of HIV-1 Env without complete neutralization. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004271. [PMID: 25058619 PMCID: PMC4110039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human antibody 10E8 targets the conserved membrane proximal external region (MPER) of envelope glycoprotein (Env) subunit gp41 and neutralizes HIV-1 with exceptional potency. Remarkably, HIV-1 containing mutations that reportedly knockout 10E8 binding to linear MPER peptides are partially neutralized by 10E8, producing a local plateau in the dose response curve. Here, we found that virus partially neutralized by 10E8 becomes significantly less neutralization sensitive to various MPER antibodies and to soluble CD4 while becoming significantly more sensitive to antibodies and fusion inhibitors against the heptad repeats of gp41. Thus, 10E8 modulates sensitivity of Env to ligands both pre- and post-receptor engagement without complete neutralization. Partial neutralization by 10E8 was influenced at least in part by perturbing Env glycosylation. With unliganded Env, 10E8 bound with lower apparent affinity and lower subunit occupancy to MPER mutant compared to wild type trimers. However, 10E8 decreased functional stability of wild type Env while it had an opposite, stabilizing effect on MPER mutant Envs. Clade C isolates with natural MPER polymorphisms also showed partial neutralization by 10E8 with altered sensitivity to various gp41-targeted ligands. Our findings suggest a novel mechanism of virus neutralization by demonstrating how antibody binding to the base of a trimeric spike cross talks with adjacent subunits to modulate Env structure and function. The ability of an antibody to stabilize, destabilize, partially neutralize as well as alter neutralization sensitivity of a virion spike pre- and post-receptor engagement may have implications for immunotherapy and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur S. Kim
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel P. Leaman
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Zwick
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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