301
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Okumura T, Seto Y, Fuse A. Countermeasures against chemical terrorism in Japan. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 227:2-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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302
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Fahim MA, Shehab S, Nemmar A, Adem A, Dhanasekaran S, Hasan MY. Daily subacute paraquat exposure decreases muscle function and substantia nigra dopamine level. Physiol Res 2013; 62:313-21. [PMID: 23489189 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of the herbicide paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium dichloride; PQ) which is widely used in agriculture is known to cause dopaminergic neurotoxicity. However, the mechanisms underlying this effect are not fully understood. This present study investigated the behavioral manifestations, motor coordination, and dopaminergic neurodegeneration following exposure to PQ. Male rats were injected with PQ (10 mg/kg i.p.) daily for three weeks. Rotarod systems were used for measuring locomotor activity and motor coordination. The effects of PQ on dorsiflexor, electrophysiologically-induced muscle contraction were studied. Dopamine concentrations in the ventral mesencephalon were measured by high performance liquid chromatography and the number of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta was estimated by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. PQ induced difficulty in movement and significant reduction in motor activity and twitch tension at the dorsiflexor skeletal muscle. The number of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons was significantly less in the substantia nigra pars compacta and nigral dopamine level was significantly reduced in PQ treated animals (20.4+/-3.4 pg/mg) when compared with control animals (55.0+/-2.4 pg/mg wet tissue). Daily treatment of PQ for three weeks induces selective dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra and significant behavioral and peripheral motor deficit effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Fahim
- Faculty of Medicine, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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303
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Liu HL, Chen WL, Yang MC, Lin HM, Chou CC, Chang CF, Lin TJ, Liu KT, Lin YR. Prediction of early mortality in patients with paraquat intoxication. J Acute Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacme.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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304
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Wu B, Song B, Yang H, Huang B, Chi B, Guo Y, Liu H. Central nervous system damage due to acute paraquat poisoning: An experimental study with rat model. Neurotoxicology 2013; 35:62-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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305
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Chien WC, Chung CH, Jaakkola JJK, Chu CM, Kao S, Su SL, Lai CH. Risk and prognostic factors of inpatient mortality associated with unintentional insecticide and herbicide poisonings: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45627. [PMID: 23029146 PMCID: PMC3448651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pesticide poisoning is an important public health problem worldwide. The study aimed to determine the risk of all-cause and cause-specific inpatient mortality and to identify prognostic factors for inpatient mortality associated with unintentional insecticide and herbicide pesticide poisonings. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of 3,986 inpatients recruited at hospitalization between 1999 and 2008 in Taiwan. We used the International Classification of Disease, 9th ed., Clinical Modification external causes of injury codes to classify poisoning agents into accidental poisoning by insecticides and herbicides. Comparisons in mortality rates were made between insecticide poisoning patients and herbicide poisoning patients by using the Cox proportional hazards models to estimate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results There were 168 deaths during 21,583 person-days of follow-up evaluation (7.8 per 1,000 person-days). The major causes of mortality for insecticide poisonings were the toxic effect of organophosphate and coma, and the major causes of mortality for herbicide poisonings were the toxic effect of other pesticides and the toxic effect of organophosphate. The mortality for herbicide exposure was fourfold higher than that for insecticide exposure. The factors associated with inpatient mortality were herbicide poisonings (HR = 4.58, 95% CI 3.29 to 6.37) and receiving mechanical ventilation treatment (HR = 3.85, 95% CI 2.73 to 5.42). Conclusions We demonstrated that herbicides stand out as the dominant agent for poisoning-related fatalities. The control of and limiting access to herbicide agents and developing appropriate therapeutic regimens, including emergency care, should be priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Chien Chien
- Department of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chi-Hsiang Chung
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jouni J. K. Jaakkola
- Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Chi-Ming Chu
- Department of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Senyeong Kao
- Department of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sui-Lung Su
- Department of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ching-Huang Lai
- Department of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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306
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Kim YS, Jung H, Gil HW, Hong SY, Song HY. Proteomic analysis of changes in protein expression in serum from animals exposed to paraquat. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:1521-7. [PMID: 23023206 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) poisoning remains a major public health concern in many countries. Extensive research has focused on finding early diagnostic biomarkers of acute PQ poisoning. In order to investigate the characterization of diagnostic biomarkers in PQ poisoning, we utilized proteomic analysis using serum from rats exposed to PQ, and we identified 8 differentially expressed proteins from over 500 protein spots. The expression of apolipoprotein E (ApoE), preprohaptoglobin (Pphg), a precursor of haptoglobin (Hp), and complement component 3 (C3) proteins was greatly induced by PQ exposure while the expression of fibrinogen γ-chain (FGG) and Ac-158 was dramatically reduced. To further investigate the possibility of ApoE, Pphg and FGG as useful diagnostic biomarkers of PQ poisoning, western blot and qRT-PCR analyses were conducted using cell lines as well as rat and human sera. The expression levels of ApoE, Hp and FGG were significantly altered in the presence of PQ in both rat and human serum suggesting that these proteins may be appropriate candidate molecular biomarkers for the early diagnosis of acute PQ intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sik Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soon Chun Hyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-090, Republic of Korea
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307
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Zhang Q, Wu WZ, Lu YQ, Wang JZ, Shang AD, Yao F, Chen Y. Successful treatment of patients with paraquat intoxication: three case reports and review of the literature. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2012; 13:413-8. [PMID: 22556181 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report on three patients with paraquat (PQ) intoxication surviving after combined therapy with hemoperfusion (HP), cyclophosphamide (CTX), and glucocorticoid. METHODS Three patients suffered acute renal failure in a few days after ingesting a lethal amount of PQ. Chest computed tomography (CT) scans revealed obvious pulmonary inflammation, pleural effusion, and fibrous lesions several days after ingestion. HP was performed immediately, followed by large doses of glucocorticoid (methylprednisolone, 500 g/d) and CTX (approximately 4 g). RESULTS After 50 d of treatments, all three patients were discharged in healthy condition, with chest CT showing small fibrous lesions, exudation, and both lungs clear of auscultation. CONCLUSIONS The protective effect of the lungs may have been due to timely treatment at adequate doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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308
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Seok S, Kim YH, Gil HW, Song HY, Hong SY. The time between paraquat ingestion and a negative dithionite urine test in an independent risk factor for death and organ failure in acute paraquat intoxication. J Korean Med Sci 2012; 27:993-8. [PMID: 22969243 PMCID: PMC3429840 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2012.27.9.993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify a prognostic marker that is less sensitive to variations in the elapsed time since paraquat ingestion, we assessed the time between paraquat ingestion and a negative dithionite urine test as a prognostic parameter in patients with acute paraquat intoxication. Forty-one patients with acute paraquat intoxication were enrolled in this study and analyzed to verify significant determinants of mortality and organ dysfunction. The amount of paraquat ingested, paraquat plasma levels, and the time to a negative urine dithionite test were significant independent risk factors predicting mortality. The amount of paraquat ingestion, and the time to a negative urine dithionite test were independent risk factors predicting organ dysfunction. With a cut-off value of 34.5 hr for the time to negative conversion of the urine dithionite test, the sensitivity and specificity for mortality were 71.4% and 75.0%, respectively. The incidence of acute kidney injury and respiratory failure above 34.5 hr were 100% and 85.0%, respectively. In conclusion, the time to a negative urine dithionite test is the reliable marker for predicting mortality and/or essential organ failure in patients with acute paraquat intoxication, who survive 72 hr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Seok
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Young-hee Kim
- Department of Immunology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Hyo-wook Gil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Ho-yeon Song
- Department of Immunology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sae-yong Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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309
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Podder B, Kim YS, Zerin T, Song HY. Antioxidant effect of silymarin on paraquat-induced human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3206-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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310
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[Paraquat poisoning. Case report and overview]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2012; 107:270-4. [PMID: 22349538 DOI: 10.1007/s00063-011-0074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat poisoning in Germany is rare. Because plasma levels do not necessarily match the ingested amount of paraquat, repeated measurement of plasma levels is imperative. There is a large potential in the prehospital phase to improve prognosis: further resorption must be terminated by rigorous charcoal administration and early tracheal intubation if necessary. Because paraquat can be resorbed by dermal contact, steps to ensure sufficient protection of emergency medical personnel must be taken.As soon as further resorption has been prevented sufficiently, forced diuresis, renal replacement therapy, and hemoperfusion can be of help, but still remain controversial. To reduce pulmonary fibrosis, inspiratory oxygen concentrations must be adjusted to the minimal amount needed to ensure satisfactory tissue oxygenation. Data supporting the advantageous use of cyclophosphamide combined with methylprednisolone for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis were recently published. Since the toxic mechanism implies a mismatch of oxidants and anti-oxidants, co-administration of ascorbic acid and N-acetylcysteine are simple treatments with few side effects.
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