301
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Jun SH, Lathi RB. Pelvic pain after gonadotropin administration as a potential sign of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2007; 88:986-7. [PMID: 17428478 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 12/27/2006] [Accepted: 12/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We describe five patients who developed significant pelvic pain, requiring narcotics, during a controlled ovarian hyperstimulation cycle and who were surgically diagnosed with significant endometriosis. Severe pain, especially if it requires narcotics, is unusual for patients undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and may be an indicator of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Hee Jun
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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302
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Tranguch S, Wang H, Daikoku T, Xie H, Smith DF, Dey SK. FKBP52 deficiency-conferred uterine progesterone resistance is genetic background and pregnancy stage specific. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:1824-34. [PMID: 17571166 PMCID: PMC1888571 DOI: 10.1172/jci31622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunophilin FKBP52 serves as a cochaperone to govern normal progesterone (P(4)) receptor (PR) function. Using Fkbp52(-/-) mice, we show intriguing aspects of uterine P(4)/PR signaling during pregnancy. Implantation failure is the major phenotype found in these null females, which is conserved on both C57BL6/129 and CD1 backgrounds. However, P(4) supplementation rescued implantation and subsequent decidualization in CD1, but not C57BL6/129, null females. Surprisingly, experimentally induced decidualization in the absence of blastocysts failed in Fkbp52(-/-) mice on either background even with P(4) supplementation, suggesting that embryonic signals complement uterine signaling for this event. Another interesting finding was that while P(4) at higher than normal pregnancy levels conferred PR signaling sufficient for implantation in CD1 null females, these levels were inefficient in maintaining pregnancy to full term. However, elevating P(4) levels further restored PR signaling to a level optimal for successful term pregnancy with normal litter size. Collectively, the results show that the indispensability of FKBP52 in uterine P(4)/PR signaling is a function of genetic disparity and is pregnancy stage specific. Since there is evidence for a correlation between P(4) supplementation and reduced risks of P(4)-resistant recurrent miscarriages and remission of endometriosis, these findings have clinical implications for genetically diverse populations of women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Tranguch
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Pharmacology, and Division of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Haibin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Pharmacology, and Division of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Takiko Daikoku
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Pharmacology, and Division of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Huirong Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Pharmacology, and Division of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - David F. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Pharmacology, and Division of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Sudhansu K. Dey
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Pharmacology, and Division of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
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303
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Malykhina AP. Neural mechanisms of pelvic organ cross-sensitization. Neuroscience 2007; 149:660-72. [PMID: 17920206 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clinical observations of viscerovisceral referred pain in patients with gastrointestinal and genitourinary disorders suggest an overlap of neurohumoral mechanisms underlying both bowel and urinary bladder dysfunctions. Close proximity of visceral organs within the abdominal cavity complicates identification of the exact source of chronic pelvic pain, where it originates, and how it relocates with time. Cross-sensitization among pelvic structures may contribute to chronic pelvic pain of unknown etiology and involves convergent neural pathways of noxious stimulus transmission from two or more organs. Convergence of sensory information from discrete pelvic structures occurs at different levels of nervous system hierarchy including dorsal root ganglia, the spinal cord and the brain. The cell bodies of sensory neurons projecting to the colon, urinary bladder and male/female reproductive organs express a wide range of membrane receptors and synthesize many neurotransmitters and regulatory peptides. These substances are released from nerve terminals following enhanced neuronal excitability and may lead to the occurrence of neurogenic inflammation in the pelvis. Multiple factors including inflammation, nerve injury, ischemia, peripheral hyperalgesia, metabolic disorders and other pathological conditions dramatically alter the function of directly affected pelvic structures as well as organs located next to a damaged domain. Defining precise mechanisms of viscerovisceral cross-sensitization would have implications for the development of effective pharmacological therapies for the treatment of functional disorders with chronic pelvic pain such as irritable bowel syndrome and painful bladder syndrome. The complexity of overlapping neural pathways and possible mechanisms underlying pelvic organ crosstalk are analyzed in this review at both systemic and cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Malykhina
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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304
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Villa G, Mabrouk M, Guerrini M, Mignemi G, Montanari G, Fabbri E, Venturoli S, Seracchioli R. Relationship between site and size of bladder endometriotic nodules and severity of dysuria. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2007; 14:628-32. [PMID: 17848326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2007.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between frequency/severity of dysuria with anatomic location and diameter of bladder endometriotic lesions. DESIGN Retrospective analysis (Canadian Task Force classification II-3). SETTING Tertiary care university hospital. PATIENTS Forty-one patients with bladder endometriosis (endometrial glands and stroma microscopically diagnosed to infiltrate the muscularis propria). INTERVENTIONS Laparoscopic partial cystectomy, preoperative scoring of dysuria using 10-point verbal analog scale (VAS). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Records of all patients with bladder endometriosis were assessed for frequency/severity of preoperative dysuria, anatomic location (base or dome), and diameter of bladder endometriotic nodule. Basal bladder lesions were observed in 18 (43.9%) of 41 patients versus 23 (56.1%) of 41 in the dome. Of the patients with basal lesions, 14 (77.8%) of 18 had preoperative dysuria versus 8 (34.8%) of 23 with dome lesions. Mean VAS score was 8.5 +/- 2.37 and 5.75 +/- 1.91 for base and dome lesions, respectively. Preoperative dysuria was found in 22 (53.7%) of 41 patients. Mean lesion diameter in patients with dysuria was 25.0 +/- 12.6 mm versus 16.3 +/- 6.8 mm in patients without dysuria. CONCLUSION Frequency and severity of preoperative dysuria were significantly higher in patients with basal endometriotic nodules. There was a positive correlation between severity of dysuria and lesion diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioia Villa
- Center of Reconstructive Pelvic Endo-surgery, Reproductive Medicine Unit, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy.
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305
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Rudick CN, Chen MC, Mongiu AK, Klumpp DJ. Organ cross talk modulates pelvic pain. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 293:R1191-8. [PMID: 17626130 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00411.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic bladder inflammatory disease of unknown etiology that is often regarded as a neurogenic cystitis. IC is associated with urothelial lesions, voiding dysfunction, and pain in the pelvic/perineal area, and diet can exacerbate IC symptoms. In this study, we used a murine neurogenic cystitis model to investigate the development of pelvic pain behavior. Neurogenic cystitis was induced by the injection of Bartha's strain of pseudorabies virus (PRV) into the abductor caudalis dorsalis tail base muscle of female C57BL/6J mice. Infectious PRV virions were isolated only from the spinal cord, confirming the centrally mediated nature of this neurogenic cystitis model. Pelvic pain was assessed using von Frey filament stimulation to the pelvic region, and mice infected with PRV developed progressive pelvic pain. Pelvic pain was alleviated by 2% lidocaine instillation into either the bladder or the colon but not following lidocaine instillation into the uterus. The bladders of PRV-infected mice showed markers of inflammation and increased vascular permeability compared with controls. In contrast, colon histology was normal and vascular permeability was unchanged, suggesting that development of pelvic pain was due only to bladder inflammation. Bladder-induced pelvic pain was also exacerbated by colonic administration of a subthreshold dose of capsaicin. These data indicate organ cross talk in pelvic pain and modulation of pain responses by visceral inputs distinct from the inflamed site. Furthermore, these data suggest a mechanism by which dietary modification benefits pelvic pain symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Rudick
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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306
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Mechsner S, Schwarz J, Thode J, Loddenkemper C, Salomon DS, Ebert AD. Growth-associated protein 43–positive sensory nerve fibers accompanied by immature vessels are located in or near peritoneal endometriotic lesions. Fertil Steril 2007; 88:581-7. [PMID: 17412328 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 12/27/2006] [Accepted: 12/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the topographical relationship between nerve fibers and peritoneal endometriotic lesions and to determine the origin of endometriosis-associated nerve fibers. DESIGN Retrospective nonrandomized study. SETTING University hospital endometriosis research center. PATIENT(S) Premenopausal women with histologically confirmed endometriosis were selected (n = 73). Peritoneal endometriotic lesions (n = 106) and unaffected peritoneal biopsies from patients without endometriosis (n = 9) were obtained. INTERVENTION(S) Immunohistochemistry was used to study the expression of neurofilament, substance P, smooth muscle actin, von Willebrand factor, growth-associated protein 43, nerve growth factor, and neutrophin-3 in peritoneal endometriotic lesion samples from women with symptomatic endometriosis and in peritoneal samples from women without endometriosis. RESULT(S) Pain-conducting substance-P-positive nerve fibers were found to be directly colocalized with human peritoneal endometriotic lesions in 74.5% of all cases. The endometriosis-associated nerve fibers are accompanied by immature blood vessels within the stroma. Nerve growth factor and neutrophin-3 are expressed by endometriotic cells. Growth-associated protein 43, a marker of neural outgrowth and regeneration, is expressed in endometriosis-associated nerve fibers but not in existing peritoneal nerves. CONCLUSION(S) The data provide the first evidence of direct contact between sensory nerve fibers and peritoneal endometriotic lesions. This implies that the fibers play an important role in the etiology of endometriosis-associated pelvic pain. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that peritoneal endometriotic cells exhibit neurotrophic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Mechsner
- Endometriosis Research Center Berlin, Department of Gynecology, Berlin, Germany
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307
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Becker CM, D'Amato RJ. Angiogenesis and antiangiogenic therapy in endometriosis. Microvasc Res 2007; 74:121-30. [PMID: 17574280 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis, the presence of endometrium-like tissue outside of the uterine cavity, is a common disease among women of reproductive age. Typical symptoms include abdominal pain and painful menstruation. In addition, endometriosis is associated with reduced fertility. Current treatment modalities, the surgical removal of endometriotic lesions and the hormonal suppression of estrogen are associated with significant morbidity, side-effects and recurrence rates. Despite uncertainties about the pathophysiology of the disease it has recently become apparent that angiogenesis plays a pivotal role in endometriosis. This review focuses on a multitude of factors involved in the angiogenic phenotype of endometriosis demonstrating that many biological systems such as the immune system and steroid hormones are closely connected to angiogenic pathways in this disease. In addition, experimental and clinical data are discussed that concentrate on the inhibition of angiogenesis as a novel therapeutic approach for endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Becker
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK
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308
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Evans S, Moalem-Taylor G, Tracey DJ. Pain and endometriosis. Pain 2007; 132 Suppl 1:S22-S25. [PMID: 17761388 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Evans
- Endometriosis Care Centres Australia, Adelaide, SA 5067, Australia School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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309
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Hever A, Roth RB, Hevezi P, Marin ME, Acosta JA, Acosta H, Rojas J, Herrera R, Grigoriadis D, White E, Conlon PJ, Maki RA, Zlotnik A. Human endometriosis is associated with plasma cells and overexpression of B lymphocyte stimulator. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:12451-6. [PMID: 17640886 PMCID: PMC1941489 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703451104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis affects 10-20% of women of reproductive age and is associated with pelvic pain and infertility, and its pathogenesis is not well understood. We used genomewide transcriptional profiling to characterize endometriosis and found that it exhibits a gene expression signature consistent with an underlying autoimmune mechanism. Endometriosis lesions are characterized by the presence of abundant plasma cells, many of which produce IgM, and macrophages that produce BLyS/BAFF/TNFSF13B, a member of the TNF superfamily implicated in other autoimmune diseases. B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) protein was found elevated in the serum of endometriosis patients. These observations suggest a model for the pathology of endometriosis where BLyS-responsive plasma cells interact with retrograde menstrual tissues to give rise to endometriosis lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniko Hever
- *Neurocrine Biosciences, Department of Discovery Biology, San Diego, CA 92130; and
| | - Richard B. Roth
- *Neurocrine Biosciences, Department of Discovery Biology, San Diego, CA 92130; and
| | - Peter Hevezi
- *Neurocrine Biosciences, Department of Discovery Biology, San Diego, CA 92130; and
| | - Maria E. Marin
- School of Medicine, University of Baja California, 21100 Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Jose A. Acosta
- School of Medicine, University of Baja California, 21100 Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Hector Acosta
- School of Medicine, University of Baja California, 21100 Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Jose Rojas
- School of Medicine, University of Baja California, 21100 Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Rosa Herrera
- School of Medicine, University of Baja California, 21100 Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Dimitri Grigoriadis
- *Neurocrine Biosciences, Department of Discovery Biology, San Diego, CA 92130; and
| | - Evan White
- *Neurocrine Biosciences, Department of Discovery Biology, San Diego, CA 92130; and
| | - Paul J. Conlon
- *Neurocrine Biosciences, Department of Discovery Biology, San Diego, CA 92130; and
| | - Richard A. Maki
- *Neurocrine Biosciences, Department of Discovery Biology, San Diego, CA 92130; and
| | - Albert Zlotnik
- *Neurocrine Biosciences, Department of Discovery Biology, San Diego, CA 92130; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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310
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Tietjen GE, Bushnell CD, Herial NA, Utley C, White L, Hafeez F. Endometriosis Is Associated With Prevalence of Comorbid Conditions in Migraine. Headache 2007; 47:1069-78. [PMID: 17635599 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2007.00784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the headache characteristics of women with migraine and endometriosis (EM), and differences in the prevalence of comorbid conditions between female migraineurs with EM, without EM and nonheadache controls. BACKGROUND Migraine and EM are common conditions in women of reproductive age, and both are influenced by ovarian hormones. The comorbidity of migraine and EM is newly recognized, but reasons for the association are uncertain. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study of female headache outpatients and healthy controls conducted at University of Toledo and Duke University in 2005 and 2006. After a headache specialist determined headache frequency and diagnosis (based on criteria of the second International Classification of Headache Disorders), patients completed a self-administered electronic survey with information on demographics, headache-related disability, menstrual disorders, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), vascular event risk, and comorbid conditions, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), fibromyalgia (FM), chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), interstitial cystitis (IC), depression, and anxiety. RESULTS Study enrolled 171 women with migraine and 104 controls. EM was reported more commonly in migraineurs than in controls (22% vs 9.6%, P < .01). Frequency of chronic headache was higher in migraineurs with EM compared to without EM (P= .002) and median headache-related disability scores were also higher in the EM group (P= .025). Symptoms of PMDD were more common in migraineurs, but frequency did not differ by EM status. Migraineurs with EM reported more menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, and infertility compared to the migraine cohort without EM and to controls. Depression, anxiety, IBS, FM, CFS, and IC were more common in migraine with EM group than in controls. Anxiety (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.0-4.7), IC (OR = 10.6, 95% CI 1.9-56.5), and CFS (OR = 3.6, 95% CI 1.1-11.5) were more common in migraine with EM group, than in the cohort with migraine without EM. CONCLUSION Prevalence of EM is higher in women with migraine than in nonheadache controls. Migraineurs with EM have more frequent and disabling headaches, and are more likely to have other comorbid conditions affecting mood and pain, compared to migraineurs without EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen E Tietjen
- Department of Neurology, University of Toledo Medical Center, Health Science Campus, 3120 Glendale Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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311
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Wieser F, Cohen M, Gaeddert A, Yu J, Burks-Wicks C, Berga SL, Taylor RN. Evolution of medical treatment for endometriosis: back to the roots? Hum Reprod Update 2007; 13:487-99. [PMID: 17575287 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmm015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental evidence is accumulating to suggest that medicinal botanicals have anti-inflammatory and pain-alleviating properties and hold promise for treatment of endometriosis. Herein, we present a systematic review of clinical and experimental data on the use of medicinal herbs in the treatment of endometriosis. Although there is a general lack of evidence from clinical studies on the potential efficacy of medicinal herbs for the treatment of endometriosis-associated symptoms, our review highlights the anti-inflammatory and pain-alleviating mechanisms of action of herbal remedies. Medicinal herbs and their active components exhibit cytokine-suppressive, COX-2-inhibiting, antioxidant, sedative and pain-alleviating properties. Each of these mechanisms of action would be predicted to have salutary effects in endometriosis. Better understanding of the mechanisms of action, toxicity and herb-herb and herb-drug interactions permits the optimization of design and execution of complementary alternative medicine trials for endometriosis-associated pain. A potential benefit of herbal therapy is the likelihood of synergistic interactions within individual or combinations of plants. In this sense, phytotherapies may be analogous to nutraceuticals or whole food nutrition. We encourage the development of herbal analogues and establishment of special, simplified registration procedures for certain medicinal products, particularly herbal derivates with a long tradition of safe use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Wieser
- Division of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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312
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Nagabukuro H, Berkley KJ. Influence of endometriosis on visceromotor and cardiovascular responses induced by vaginal distention in the rat. Pain 2007; 132 Suppl 1:S96-S103. [PMID: 17544211 PMCID: PMC2323582 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2007.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined pseudoaffective responses elicited by vaginal distention in urethane-anesthetized rats, and tested hypotheses that responses would be increased by endometriosis (ENDO) and vary with the estrous cycle. Three groups were studied: ENDO, shamENDO, and Naive. ENDO was induced by autotransplanting small pieces of uterine horn (or, for shamENDO, fat) on mesenteric arteries. Ten weeks later, rats in proestrus or metestrus were anesthetized with urethane. Distendable latex balloons were inserted into the vaginal canal. While an increasing series of vaginal distentions was delivered, changes in electromyographic activity of the external oblique musculature (visceromotor response, VMR) and mean arterial pressure (pressor) responses were simultaneously measured. Vaginal distention produced VMR and pressor responses in all groups. These responses were significantly greater in ENDO than in the other groups, and greater in proestrus than metestrus. Although the overall amount of cystic tissue was greater in proestrous than metestrous rats, there was no correlation between these amounts and VMR or pressor responses. Acute spinalization (T8-T9) and bilateral pelvic, but not hypogastric, neurectomy attenuated both VMR and pressor responses, supporting the hypothesis that vaginal nociception involves suprathoracic spinal processing of information conveyed by the pelvic nerve. These effects on VMR and pressor responses to vaginal distention parallel behavioral escape responses to the same stimuli reported previously. The findings encourage continued use of VMR and pressor responses for further investigation of mechanisms underlying pain associated with ENDO and its potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nagabukuro
- Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1270, USA
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313
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Abstract
Chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) is a common condition that is encountered by a variety of healthcare professionals. Unfortunately, physicians often misdiagnose this problem or recommend inappropriate and sometimes dangerous treatments that offer little hope of successful outcome. In addition, CPPS is typically a multifaceted disorder, simultaneously compromising psychological, peripheral nerve, autonomic, central nervous, visceral, connective tissue, hormonal and other systems. Thus, solo practitioners who may correctly diagnose CPSS are often ill-equipped to provide adequate comprehensive, multidisciplinary treatment. This article is intended as an overview of the most recent literature in support of various treatment modalities for chronic pelvic pain in men and women. We advocate a team-oriented approach in the treatment of CPPS, which employs the coordinated efforts of multiple practitioners, ideally in a subspecialty care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetan Moise
- Department of Neurological Surgery, NY 10032, USA
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314
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Klasser GD, de Leeuw R. Medication use in a female orofacial pain population. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 2007; 103:487-96. [PMID: 17145188 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Revised: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study compared, both quantitatively and qualitatively, the self-reported medication usage between an adult female orofacial pain population and a comparison group. STUDY DESIGN Eighty-seven subjects from both an orofacial pain center (OPC) and undergraduate dental clinic (UDC) completed a standardized medical history questionnaire. Both groups had a similar distribution with regard to age. The number of medications and medication categories were compared between the two groups. Statistical analysis used the Student t-test, Fisher's exact tests, Pearson's chi2 tests, and calculated odds ratios. RESULTS The number of pain and non-pain medications, and the number of medication categories endorsed by OPC subjects was significantly higher compared with the UDC group. CONCLUSION Adult female orofacial pain subjects report greater overall and higher rate of medication use, which was not limited to only the analgesic/narcotic categories, than the comparison group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Klasser
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Services, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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315
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish guidelines for the medical and surgical management of painful endometriosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS An exhaustive review on Medline and Cochrane Database between 1980 and 2006 was performed. RESULTS GnRH agonists, progestins, continuous monophasic oral contraceptives and danazol have a suppressive effect on dysmenorrhoea, nonmenstrual pain and dyspareunia (grade A). Surgical treatment is effective in painful endometriosis (grade B). Complete surgical excision of deep endometriotic lesions with conservation of uterus and ovaries has a limited term efficacy on pain relief (grade C). A multidisciplinary approach is recommended (grade C). The use of the psychotherapy improves the management of chronic pain (grade A). There is a lack of information concerning the therapeutic strategy able to prevent recurrences. Whether endometriosis recurrences occur, medical treatment should be the first line approach (expert opinion). A hysterectomy with salpingo-oophorectomy and complete excision of the lesions is efficient in women with pain recurrence who no longer desire pregnancy (grade C). CONCLUSION Medical and surgical treatments have a limited term efficacy on painful endometriosis (grade A). The benefit/risk relationship, depending on secondary effect therapy, should be assessed on a case to case basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Roman
- Clinique Gynécologique et Obstétricale, CHU Charles-Nicolle, 1, rue de Germont, 76031 Rouen cedex, France.
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316
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Victory R, Diamond MP, Johns DA. Villar's nodule: a case report and systematic literature review of endometriosis externa of the umbilicus. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2007; 14:23-32. [PMID: 17218225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2006.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2006] [Revised: 07/22/2006] [Accepted: 07/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of umbilical endometriosis externa and systematically review the literature regarding this finding. In our case report, a 47-year-old woman with cyclic umbilical bleeding, pelvic pain, and no previous umbilical surgery developed a spontaneous umbilical endometrioma, cured by surgical resection and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. In our review, 122 patients with documented umbilical endometriomas from 1966 to the present and 109 cases reported before 1953 were analyzed. Procedures used for diagnosis and/or therapeutic intervention included umbilical biopsy or resection, abdominal wall repair, diagnostic and/or operative laparoscopy, adhesiolysis, hysterectomy, and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Variables included patient age; race; medical and surgical history; past use of oral contraceptives; history of umbilical pain, bleeding, or swelling; duration of signs and symptoms; size and color of the lesion; diagnostic evaluations; and medical or surgical management. Mean age of the study population was 37.7 +/- 0.98 years. Up to 40% of patients with extrapelvic endometriosis present with umbilical endometriomas, with symptoms occurring an average of 17.8 +/- 3.9 months before presentation. Lesions averaged 2.3 +/- 0.2 cm in diameter; were predominantly brown (19.1%), blue (13.2%), or purple (10.3%); and patients frequently had with pain (77.93%), cyclical bleeding (47.1%), and swelling (88.2%). Most patients had no history of endometriosis (73.1%), and laparoscopic, umbilical trocar-related seeding was identified in only 5 patients. Three patients received medical management, and surgical management was invariably curative, though 1 patient required repeat surgical therapy. Umbilical endometriosis is a common manifestation of external endometriosis, representing primary or secondary endometriosis, with a typical presentation that has little variation. Laparoscopic endometrioid tissue excision can result in iatrogenic seeding to the umbilicus. Historical and physical findings are pathognomonic, thus justifying a formal name--Villar's nodule, after the initial reporting physician. Surgical intervention is recommended, but medical therapy may result in long-term symptom control with minimal malignancy risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahi Victory
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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317
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Farhi D, Zimmermann U, Chapron C, Dupin N. Umbilical endometriosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007; 21:280-1. [PMID: 17243985 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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318
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Quist RM, Law AV. Cultural competency: Agenda for Cultural Competency Using Literature and Evidence. Res Social Adm Pharm 2007; 2:420-38. [PMID: 17138524 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2006.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cultural competency has been recognized as an important issue relevant to all health professions. A research agenda is needed to establish a systematic approach to developing an understanding of factors relevant to the delivery of culturally competent health care. OBJECTIVE Within the context of existing literature, evidence-based, concrete recommendations are developed as an Agenda for Cultural Competency Using Literature and Evidence (ACCULTURE). METHODS First, key points representing opportunities for intervening in promotion of cultural competent health care are discussed. Following is a review of existing literature with a focus on identifying next steps for future research. Recommendations for licensing, education, and continuing education requirements suggest developing educational research establishing course content and delivery strategies that have measurable impact on improving cultural competency. In addition, existing initiatives need to be evaluated regarding effectiveness in recruiting, retaining, and preparing a diverse workforce. Patient care recommendations focus on further developing an understanding of the factors impacting health outcomes for culturally diverse patients. RESULTS Further work is needed for translating theoretically-based research into concrete curricula maintaining evidence-based outcomes. It is important to continue with promoting policies ensuring that research and clinical trials include diverse samples and a broad range of variables implicated in differential outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Based on connections between cultural competency and workforce diversity established within existing literature, data are needed regarding the effectiveness of existing initiatives promoting scholarships, grants, and incentives for improving workforce diversity and funding research on diversity issues. Finally, additional research is needed to evaluate existing and new policies for funding services and access for health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Quist
- Social and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.
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319
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Zondervan KT, Treloar SA, Lin J, Weeks DE, Nyholt DR, Mangion J, MacKay IJ, Cardon LR, Martin NG, Kennedy SH, Montgomery GW. Significant evidence of one or more susceptibility loci for endometriosis with near-Mendelian inheritance on chromosome 7p13-15. Hum Reprod 2006; 22:717-28. [PMID: 17158817 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/del446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is a common disease with a heritable component. The collaborative International Endogene Study consists of two data sets (Oxford and Australia) comprising 1176 families with multiple affected. The aim was to investigate whether the apparent concentration of cases in a proportion of families could be explained by one or more rare variants with (near-)Mendelian autosomal inheritance. METHODS AND RESULTS Linkage analyses (aimed at finding chromosomal regions harbouring disease-predisposing genes) were conducted in families with three or more affected (Oxford: n = 52; Australia: n = 196). In the Oxford data set, a non-parametric linkage score (Kong & Cox (K&C) Log of ODds (LOD)) of 3.52 was observed on chromosome 7p (genome-wide significance P = 0.011). A parametric MOD score (equal to maximum LOD maximized over 357 possible inheritance models) of 3.89 was found at 65.72 cM (D7S510) for a dominant model with reduced penetrance. After including the Australian data set, the non-parametric K&C LOD of the combined data set was 1.46 at 57.3 cM; the parametric analysis found an MOD score of 3.30 at D7S484 (empirical significance: P = 0.035) for a recessive model with high penetrance. Critical recombinant analysis narrowed the probable region of linkage down to overlapping 6.4 Mb and 11 Mb intervals containing 48 and 96 genes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report to suggest that there may be one or more high-penetrance susceptibility loci for endometriosis with (near-)Mendelian inheritance.
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320
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Stratton P. The tangled web of reasons for the delay in diagnosis of endometriosis in women with chronic pelvic pain: will the suffering end? Fertil Steril 2006; 86:1302-4; discussion 1317. [PMID: 17070184 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Revised: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the woman's experience with chronic pelvic pain and endometriosis is critical to decreasing her suffering. Further investigation must continue to determine the relation between endometriosis and pain, despite empirical treatment with GnRH agonists becoming routine in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Stratton
- Reproductive Biology and Medicine Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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321
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Schneider A, Touloupidis S, Papatsoris AG, Triantafyllidis A, Kollias A, Schweppe KW. Endometriosis of the urinary tract in women of reproductive age. Int J Urol 2006; 13:902-4. [PMID: 16882052 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2006.01437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM We present our experience with diagnosing and treating 22 cases of urinary tract endometriosis in women of reproductive age. PATIENTS AND METHODS From January 2001 to January 2003, 22 women of reproductive age (mean age 34.8 years) were diagnosed suffering from endometriosis of the urinary tract. We used the Endoscopic Endometriosis Classification (EEC) for assessing the stage of endometriosis. RESULTS Endometriosis was present in the bladder, the lower third of the ureter, and in a postnephrectomy ureteral stump in 15 (68.1%), six (27.2%) and one (4.5%) cases, respectively. The EEC classification revealed stages I, II, III and IV in four (18.1%), one (4.5%), one (4.5%), and 16 (72.7%) patients, respectively. Urinary symptoms were present in 14 (63.6%) patients. For the treatment of bladder endometriosis, 10 patients underwent partial cystectomy, while the remaining five patients were treated with transurethral resection. In four patients ureterolysis was performed, by laparoscopy in two cases and by open surgery in the other two cases. Ureterectomy and re-implantation with bladder psoas hitching took place in six patients. In the case of endometriosis of the ureteral stump, open surgical excision took place. During the mean follow-up period of 20 months (range 16-40) no long-term complication or relapse was diagnosed. CONCLUSIONS Bladder and ureteral endometriosis should be considered in women of reproductive age with non-specific urinary tract or abdominal symptoms, and surgical treatment is recommended.
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322
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Morrison TC, Dmitrieva N, Winnard KP, Berkley KJ. Opposing viscerovisceral effects of surgically induced endometriosis and a control abdominal surgery on the rat bladder. Fertil Steril 2006; 86:1067-73. [PMID: 16962120 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine, in rats, how surgically induced endometriosis and a control surgery (partial hysterectomy; sutures in abdomen) affects micturition thresholds and bladder vascular permeability. DESIGN Two animal studies, each performed in three groups of urethane-anesthetized rats in proestrus. SETTING Academic facility. ANIMAL(S) Seventy-three female, regularly cycling Sprague-Dawley rats studied in proestrus. INTERVENTION(S) Surgical induction of endometriosis (ENDO), surgical control (shamENDO), intact control (NoSURG), and bladder inflammation via intravesicular turpentine in all three groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) [1] Micturition thresholds (MTs; volume voiding thresholds), as measured by repetitive transurethral cystometry before and after bladder inflammation and [2] bladder inflammation, as assessed by extravasation of Evans Blue dye. RESULT(S) In the uninflamed bladder, MTs were significantly lower and dye extravasation significantly higher in ENDO rats than in shamENDO and NoSURG rats. Bladder inflammation increased dye extravasation in all groups and reduced MTs in the NoSURG and ENDO rats, but not in the shamENDO rats. CONCLUSION(S) Endometriosis reduces MTs and produces signs of inflammation in the healthy bladder. Surprisingly, the control surgical procedure (partial hysterectomy; sutures on mesenteric blood vessels) protects bladder reflexes from the influence of bladder inflammation, a condition that is named silent bladder inflammation. Such cross-system inducing and masking effects have important clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor C Morrison
- Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-1270, USA
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323
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Vercellini P, Fedele L, Aimi G, Pietropaolo G, Consonni D, Crosignani PG. Association between endometriosis stage, lesion type, patient characteristics and severity of pelvic pain symptoms: a multivariate analysis of over 1000 patients. Hum Reprod 2006; 22:266-71. [PMID: 16936305 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/del339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between lesion type, disease stage and severity of pain was studied in a large group of women with endometriosis to verify whether endometrial implants at different sites determine specific complaints and to evaluate the validity of the current classification system in women with symptomatic disease. METHODS A total of 1054 consecutive women with endometriosis undergoing first-line conservative or definitive surgery were included. Data on age at surgery, disease stage according to the revised American Fertility Society (AFS) classification, anatomical characteristics of endometriotic lesions, and type and severity of pain symptoms were collected and analysed by multiple logistic regression. RESULTS Minimal endometriosis was present in 319 patients, mild in 139, moderate in 292 and severe in 304. A significant inverse relationship was demonstrated between age at surgery and moderate-to-severe dysmenorrhoea, dyspareunia and non-menstrual pain. A strong association was found between posterior cul-de-sac lesions and pain at intercourse [Wald chi (2) = 17.00, P = 0.0001; odds ratio (OR) = 2.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.68-4.24]. A correlation between endometriosis stage and severity of symptoms was observed only for dysmenorrhoea (Wald chi (2) = 5.14, P = 0.02) and non-menstrual pain (Wald chi (2) = 5.63, P = 0.018). However, the point estimates of ORs were very close to unity (respectively, 1.33, 95% CI = 1.04-1.71, and 1.01, 95% CI = 1.00-1.03). CONCLUSIONS The association between endometriosis stage and severity of pelvic symptoms was marginal and inconsistent and could be demonstrated only with a major increase in study power.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vercellini
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Milano, Italy.
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324
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Prowse AH, Manek S, Varma R, Liu J, Godwin AK, Maher ER, Tomlinson IPM, Kennedy SH. Molecular genetic evidence that endometriosis is a precursor of ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:556-62. [PMID: 16506222 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Histopathology and epidemiology studies have consistently demonstrated a strong link between endometriosis and endometriosis-associated ovarian cancers (EAOCs)--in particular, the endometrioid and clear cell subtypes. However, it is still unclear whether endometriosis is a precursor to EAOCs, or whether there is an indirect link because similar factors predispose to both diseases. In order to search for evidence of clonal progression, we analyzed 10 EAOCs (endometrioid=4; clear cell=6) with coexisting endometriosis for common molecular genetic alterations in both the carcinoma and corresponding endometriosis. We used 82 microsatellite markers spanning the genome to examine loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the coexisting carcinoma and endometriosis samples. A total of 63 LOH events were detected in the carcinoma samples; twenty two of these were also detected in the corresponding endometriosis samples. In each case, the same allele was lost in the endometriosis and cancer samples. Interestingly, no marker showed LOH in the endometriosis alone. These data provide evidence that endometriosis is a precursor to EAOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H Prowse
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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325
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Minimally invasive gynecologic procedures. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2006; 18:464-7. [PMID: 16794430 DOI: 10.1097/01.gco.0000233944.74672.e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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326
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Monteiro R, Azevedo I, Calhau C. Modulation of aromatase activity by diet polyphenolic compounds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:3535-3540. [PMID: 19127721 DOI: 10.1021/jf053237t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens are involved in physiological actions related to reproduction, body fat distribution, and maintenance of bone mass and are also related to the pathogenesis of estrogen-dependent cancers. The aim of this work was to study the effect of polyphenols on estrogen synthesis. The effect of polyphenols and polyphenolic-rich beverages on aromatase activity was tested in JAR cells (a choriocarcinoma cell line) through the tritiated water release assay. Some of the tested polyphenols inhibited estrogen production, chrysin being the most potent. Additionally, we observed that red wine, alcohol-free red wine, green tea, and black tea (200 microL/mL) significantly decreased aromatase activity. No effect on aromatase expression, as assessed by western blotting and RT-PCR, has been detected after 24 h of treatment with any of the flavonoids under study. In conclusion, polyphenols are able to modulate aromatase activity and, consequently, estrogen synthesis. The knowledge of such interference may help to clarify some of the biological properties attributed to polyphenols and may be useful in prevention/treatment of estrogen-dependent disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosário Monteiro
- Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
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327
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Huber A, Keck CC, Hefler LA, Schneeberger C, Huber JC, Bentz EK, Tempfer CB. Ten estrogen-related polymorphisms and endometriosis: a study of multiple gene-gene interactions. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 106:1025-31. [PMID: 16260521 DOI: 10.1097/01.aog.0000185259.01648.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genetic as well as hormonal factors are known to influence the development and clinical course of endometriosis. We aimed to investigate the association among 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) involved in the estrogen metabolism and endometriosis and to develop a multiple genetic model. METHODS In a case-control study, we investigated the genotype frequencies of 10 estrogen metabolizing SNPs in 32 patients with endometriosis and 790 healthy controls using sequencing-on-chip-technology with solid-phase polymerase chain reaction on oligonucleotide microarrays: catechol-O-methyltransferase, Val158Met G->A, 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD17), vlV A->C, cytochrome P450 (CYP), 17 A2 allele T->C, CYP1A1 MspI RFLP T->C, CYP1A1 Ile462Val A->G, CYP19 Arg264Cys C->T, CYP19 C1558T C->T, CYP 1B1 Leu432Val, CYP1B1 Asn453Ser, and estrogen receptor alpha IVS1 -401>C. Associations and 2-way interaction models between SNPs were calculated by stepwise logistic regression models. RESULTS In a univariate model, HSD17 vlV A->C was associated with a significantly increased risk of endometriosis (P = .004; odds ratio 3.9, 95% confidence interval 1.6-9.8). When all 2-way interactions of investigated SNPs were ascertained, no significant interactions among SNPs were observed. In a multivariate model, HSD17 vlV A->C was also significantly associated with endometriosis (P = .002). CONCLUSION We present data on multiple SNPs in patients with endometriosis indicating an association between HSD17 gene variation and the disease. Although not able to demonstrate interaction models of SNPs, we provide evidence of HSD17 vlV A->C as a low penetrance genetic marker of endometriosis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambros Huber
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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