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Cappato S, Tonachini L, Giacopelli F, Tirone M, Galietta LJV, Sormani M, Giovenzana A, Spinelli AE, Canciani B, Brunelli S, Ravazzolo R, Bocciardi R. High-throughput screening for modulators of ACVR1 transcription: discovery of potential therapeutics for fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:685-96. [PMID: 27125279 PMCID: PMC4920148 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.023929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The ACVR1 gene encodes a type I receptor of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Activating mutations in ACVR1 are responsible for fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), a rare disease characterized by congenital toe malformation and progressive heterotopic endochondral ossification leading to severe and cumulative disability. Until now, no therapy has been available to prevent soft-tissue swelling (flare-ups) that trigger the ossification process. With the aim of finding a new therapeutic strategy for FOP, we developed a high-throughput screening (HTS) assay to identify inhibitors of ACVR1 gene expression among drugs already approved for the therapy of other diseases. The screening, based on an ACVR1 promoter assay, was followed by an in vitro and in vivo test to validate and characterize candidate molecules. Among compounds that modulate the ACVR1 promoter activity, we selected the one showing the highest inhibitory effect, dipyridamole, a drug that is currently used as a platelet anti-aggregant. The inhibitory effect was detectable on ACVR1 gene expression, on the whole Smad-dependent BMP signaling pathway, and on chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation processes by in vitro cellular assays. Moreover, dipyridamole reduced the process of heterotopic bone formation in vivo. Our drug repositioning strategy has led to the identification of dipyridamole as a possible therapeutic tool for the treatment of FOP. Furthermore, our study has also defined a pipeline of assays that will be useful for the evaluation of other pharmacological inhibitors of heterotopic ossification. Summary: We describe the identification of dipyridamole as a potential therapeutic tool for FOP, through a series of in vitro and in vivo assays to screen and validate FDA-approved compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Cappato
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health and CEBR, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Laura Tonachini
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health and CEBR, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Francesca Giacopelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health and CEBR, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Mario Tirone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano 20132, Italy School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Luis J V Galietta
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova 16147, Italy
| | - Martina Sormani
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Anna Giovenzana
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Antonello E Spinelli
- Medical Physics Department and Centre for Experimental Imaging, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano 20132, Italy
| | - Barbara Canciani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Genova & IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Brunelli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Roberto Ravazzolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health and CEBR, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova 16132, Italy Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova 16147, Italy
| | - Renata Bocciardi
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health and CEBR, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova 16132, Italy Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova 16147, Italy
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302
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Abstract
Since the identification in 1988 of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) as a potent inducer of bone and cartilage formation, BMP superfamily signalling has become one of the most heavily investigated topics in vertebrate skeletal biology. Whereas a large part of this research has focused on the roles of BMP2, BMP4 and BMP7 in the formation and repair of endochondral bone, a large number of BMP superfamily molecules have now been implicated in almost all aspects of bone, cartilage and joint biology. As modulating BMP signalling is currently a major therapeutic target, our rapidly expanding knowledge of how BMP superfamily signalling affects most tissue types of the skeletal system creates enormous potential to translate basic research findings into successful clinical therapies that improve bone mass or quality, ameliorate diseases of skeletal overgrowth, and repair damage to bone and joints. This Review examines the genetic evidence implicating BMP superfamily signalling in vertebrate bone and joint development, discusses a selection of human skeletal disorders associated with altered BMP signalling and summarizes the status of modulating the BMP pathway as a therapeutic target for skeletal trauma and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie S Salazar
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Laura W Gamer
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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303
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Aykul S, Martinez-Hackert E. Transforming Growth Factor-β Family Ligands Can Function as Antagonists by Competing for Type II Receptor Binding. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:10792-804. [PMID: 26961869 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.713487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family ligands are pleiotropic cytokines. Their physiological activities are not determined by a simple coupling of stimulus and response, but depend critically on context, i.e. the interplay of receptors, ligands, and regulators that form the TGF-β signal transduction system of a cell or tissue. How these different components combine to regulate signaling activities remains poorly understood. Here, we describe a ligand-mediated mechanism of signaling regulation. Based on the observation that the type II TGF-β family receptors ActRIIA, ActRIIB, and BMPRII interact with a large group of overlapping ligands at overlapping epitopes, we hypothesized high affinity ligands compete with low affinity ligands for receptor binding and signaling. We show activin A and other high affinity ligands directly inhibited signaling by the low affinity ligands BMP-2, BMP-7, and BMP-9. We demonstrate activin A functions as a competitive inhibitor that blocks the ligand binding epitope on type II receptors. We propose binding competition and signaling antagonism are integral functions of the TGF-β signal transduction system. These functions could help explain how activin A modulates physiological signaling during extraordinary cellular responses, such as injury and wound healing, and how activin A could elicit disease phenotypes such as cancer-related muscle wasting and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senem Aykul
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Erik Martinez-Hackert
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
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304
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Micha D, Voermans E, Eekhoff MEW, van Essen HW, Zandieh-Doulabi B, Netelenbos C, Rustemeyer T, Sistermans EA, Pals G, Bravenboer N. Inhibition of TGFβ signaling decreases osteogenic differentiation of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva fibroblasts in a novel in vitro model of the disease. Bone 2016; 84:169-180. [PMID: 26769004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva is a rare genetic disorder characterized by progressive heterotopic ossification. FOP patients develop soft tissue lumps as a result of inflammation-induced flare-ups which leads to the irreversible replacement of skeletal muscle tissue with bone tissue. Classical FOP patients possess a mutation (c.617G>A; R206H) in the ACVR1-encoding gene which leads to dysregulated BMP signaling. Nonetheless, not all FOP patients with this mutation exhibit equal severity in symptom presentation or disease progression which indicates a strong contribution by environmental factors. Given the pro-inflammatory role of TGFβ, we studied the role of TGFβ in the progression of osteogenic differentiation in primary dermal fibroblasts from five classical FOP patients based on a novel method of platelet lysate-based osteogenic transdifferentiation. During the course of transdifferentiation the osteogenic properties of the cells were evaluated by the mRNA expression of Sp7/Osterix, Runx2, Alp, OC and the presence of mineralization. During transdifferentiation the expression of osteoblast markers Runx2 (p<0.05) and Alp were higher in patient cells compared to healthy controls. All cell lines exhibited increase in mineralisation. FOP fibroblasts also expressed higher baseline Sp7/Osterix levels (p<0.05) confirming their higher osteogenic potential. The pharmacological inhibition of TGFβ signaling during osteogenic transdifferentiation resulted in the attenuation of osteogenic transdifferentiation in all cell lines as shown by the decrease in the expression of Runx2 (p<0.05), Alp and mineralization. We suggest that blocking of TGFβ signaling can decrease the osteogenic transdifferentiation of FOP fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Micha
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Elise Voermans
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marelise E W Eekhoff
- Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Huib W van Essen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, MOVE Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Behrouz Zandieh-Doulabi
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, MOVE Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Coen Netelenbos
- Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - E A Sistermans
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Gerard Pals
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, MOVE Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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305
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Matthews BG, Torreggiani E, Roeder E, Matic I, Grcevic D, Kalajzic I. Osteogenic potential of alpha smooth muscle actin expressing muscle resident progenitor cells. Bone 2016; 84:69-77. [PMID: 26721734 PMCID: PMC4755912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a pathological process where bone forms in connective tissues such as skeletal muscle. Previous studies have suggested that muscle-resident non-myogenic mesenchymal progenitors are the likely source of osteoblasts and chondrocytes in HO. However, the previously identified markers of muscle-resident osteoprogenitors label up to half the osteoblasts within heterotopic lesions, suggesting other cell populations are involved. We have identified alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) as a marker of osteoprogenitor cells in bone and periodontium, and of osteo-chondro progenitors in the periosteum during fracture healing. We therefore utilized a lineage tracing approach to evaluate whether αSMACreERT2 identifies osteoprogenitors in the muscle. We show that in the muscle, αSMACreERT2 labels both perivascular cells, and satellite cells. αSMACre-labeled cells undergo osteogenic differentiation in vitro and form osteoblasts and chondrocytes in BMP2-induced HO in vivo. In contrast, Pax7CreERT2-labeled muscle satellite cells were restricted to myogenic differentiation in vitro, and rarely contributed to HO in vivo. Our data indicate that αSMACreERT2 labels a large proportion of osteoprogenitors in skeletal muscle, and therefore represents another marker of muscle-resident cells with osteogenic potential under HO-inducing stimulus. In contrast, muscle satellite cells make minimal contribution to bone formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brya G Matthews
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Elena Torreggiani
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Emilie Roeder
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Igor Matic
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Danka Grcevic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivo Kalajzic
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.
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306
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Tendon mineralization is progressive and associated with deterioration of tendon biomechanical properties, and requires BMP-Smad signaling in the mouse Achilles tendon injury model. Matrix Biol 2016; 52-54:315-324. [PMID: 26825318 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ectopic tendon mineralization can develop following tendon rupture or trauma surgery. The pathogenesis of ectopic tendon mineralization and its clinical impact have not been fully elucidated yet. In this study, we utilized a mouse Achilles tendon injury model to determine whether ectopic tendon mineralization alters the biomechanical properties of the tendon and whether BMP signaling is involved in this condition. A complete transverse incision was made at the midpoint of the right Achilles tendon in 8-week-old CD1 mice and the gap was left open. Ectopic cartilaginous mass formation was found in the injured tendon by 4weeks post-surgery and ectopic mineralization was detected at 8 to 10weeks post-surgery. Ectopic mineralization grew over time and volume of the mineralized materials of 25-weeks samples was about 2.5 fold bigger than that of 10-weeks samples, indicating that injury-induced ectopic tendon mineralization is progressive. In vitro mechanical testing showed that max force, max stress and mid-substance modulus in the 25-weeks samples were significantly lower than the 10-weeks samples. We observed substantial increases in expression of bone morphogenetic protein family genes in injured tendons 1week post-surgery. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that phosphorylation of both Smad1 and Smad3 was highly increased in injured tendons as early as 1week post-injury and remained high in ectopic chondrogenic lesions 4-weeks post-injury. Treatment with the BMP receptor kinase inhibitor (LDN193189) significantly inhibited injury-induced tendon mineralization. These findings indicate that injury-induced ectopic tendon mineralization is progressive, involves BMP signaling and associated with deterioration of tendon biomechanical properties.
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307
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Hiepen C, Yadin D, Rikeit P, Dörpholz G, Knaus P. Actions from head to toe: An update on Bone/Body Morphogenetic Proteins in health and disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 27:1-11. [PMID: 26803465 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The pleiotropic actions of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in many different tissues has led us to the conclusion that they may be viewed as Body Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs). This is supported by a broad range of distinct BMP-related diseases. Here, we summarize highlights from the 10th international BMP conference, which took place from September 16th to 20th 2014 in Berlin. Attendees updated us on recently identified common and context-specific mechanisms of BMP signaling and function. This included for example new insights into BMP pro-domains, BMP receptors, role of BMPs in muscle and novel consequences of ACVRI mutations. Currently, new BMPs are entering clinical trials with the BMP pathway considered as a 'druggable' target. We conclude that various recent and ongoing approaches could indeed help patients in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hiepen
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Yadin
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Rikeit
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gina Dörpholz
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Knaus
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, Berlin, 14195, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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308
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Kaplan FS, Pignolo RJ, Shore EM. Granting immunity to FOP and catching heterotopic ossification in the Act. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 49:30-6. [PMID: 26706149 PMCID: PMC4898187 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The progressive transformation of one organ system into another is a fundamental signature of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), the most catastrophic form of extraskeletal bone formation in humans. In all affected individuals, FOP is caused by heterozygous missense gain-of-function mutations in Activin receptor A type I (ACVR1), a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor. Loss of autoinhibition of the mutant receptor (mACVR1) results in dysregulated BMP pathway signaling, and is necessary for the myriad developmental features of FOP, but does not appear sufficient to induce the episodic flare-ups that lead to disabling post-natal heterotopic endochondral ossification (HEO) and that are a hallmark of the disease. Post-natal FOP flare-ups strongly implicate an underlying immunological trigger involving inflammation and the innate immune system. Recent studies implicate canonical and non-canonical TGFβ/BMP family ligands in the amplification of mACVR1 signaling leading to the formation of FOP lesions and resultant HEO. BMP and Activin ligands that stimulate mACVR1 signaling also have critical regulatory functions in the immune system. Cross-talk between the morphogenetic and immunological pathways that regulate tissue maintenance and wound healing identifies potential robust therapeutic targets for FOP. Here we review current evidence for an immunological trigger for flare-ups and HEO in FOP, propose a working schema for the pathophysiology of observed phenomena, and highlight outstanding questions under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick S Kaplan
- The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Perelman School of Medicine of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Department of Medicine, The Perelman School of Medicine of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Center for Research in FOP & Related Disorders, The Perelman School of Medicine of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Robert J Pignolo
- The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Perelman School of Medicine of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Department of Medicine, The Perelman School of Medicine of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Center for Research in FOP & Related Disorders, The Perelman School of Medicine of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Eileen M Shore
- The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Perelman School of Medicine of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Department of Genetics, The Perelman School of Medicine of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Center for Research in FOP & Related Disorders, The Perelman School of Medicine of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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309
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Grgurevic L, Christensen GL, Schulz TJ, Vukicevic S. Bone morphogenetic proteins in inflammation, glucose homeostasis and adipose tissue energy metabolism. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 27:105-18. [PMID: 26762842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bore morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily, a group of secreted proteins that regulate embryonic development. This review summarizes the effects of BMPs on physiological processes not exclusively linked to the musculoskeletal system. Specifically, we focus on the involvement of BMPs in inflammatory disorders, e.g. fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease, anchylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis. Moreover, we discuss the role of BMPs in the context of vascular disorders, and explore the role of these signalling proteins in iron homeostasis (anaemia, hemochromatosis) and oxidative damage. The second and third parts of this review focus on BMPs in the development of metabolic pathologies such as type-2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. The pancreatic beta cells are the sole source of the hormone insulin and BMPs have recently been implicated in pancreas development as well as control of adult glucose homeostasis. Lastly, we review the recently recognized role of BMPs in brown adipose tissue formation and their consequences for energy expenditure and adiposity. In summary, BMPs play a pivotal role in metabolism beyond their role in skeletal homeostasis. However, increased understanding of these pleiotropic functions also highlights the necessity of tissue-specific strategies when harnessing BMP action as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovorka Grgurevic
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Tim J Schulz
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Slobodan Vukicevic
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Zagreb, Croatia.
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310
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Common mutations in ALK2/ACVR1, a multi-faceted receptor, have roles in distinct pediatric musculoskeletal and neural orphan disorders. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 27:93-104. [PMID: 26776312 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Activin receptor-like kinase-2 (ALK2), the product of ACVR1, is a member of the type I bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor family. ALK2 exerts key and non-redundant roles in numerous developmental processes, including the specification, growth and morphogenesis of endochondral skeletal elements. There is also strong evidence that BMP signaling plays important roles in determination, differentiation and function of neural cells and tissues. Here we focus on the intriguing discovery that common activating mutations in ALK2 occur in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP) and Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Gliomas (DIPGs), distinct pediatric disorders of significant severity that are associated with premature death. Pathogenesis and treatment remain elusive for both. We consider recent studies on the nature of the ACVR1 mutations, possible modes of action and targets, and plausible therapeutic measures. Comparisons of the diverse - but genetically interrelated - pathologies of FOP and DIPG will continue to be of major mutual benefit with broad biomedical and clinical relevance.
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311
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Katagiri T. A Door Opens for Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 41:119-121. [PMID: 26654278 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), characterized by extra bone formation in soft tissues, is caused by a gain-of-function mutation in ACVR1, a transmembrane receptor. Recently, a potential treatment was developed by identifying a novel molecular mechanism underlying bone formation in FOP. These findings have opened the door to beating FOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenobu Katagiri
- Division of Pathophysiology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka-shi, Saitama 350-1241, Japan.
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312
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Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disease characterized by extraskeletal bone formation through endochondral ossification. FOP patients harbor point mutations in ACVR1 (also known as ALK2), a type I receptor for bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). Two mechanisms of mutated ACVR1 (FOP-ACVR1) have been proposed: ligand-independent constitutive activity and ligand-dependent hyperactivity in BMP signaling. Here, by using FOP patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (FOP-iPSCs), we report a third mechanism, where FOP-ACVR1 abnormally transduces BMP signaling in response to Activin-A, a molecule that normally transduces TGF-β signaling but not BMP signaling. Activin-A enhanced the chondrogenesis of induced mesenchymal stromal cells derived from FOP-iPSCs (FOP-iMSCs) via aberrant activation of BMP signaling in addition to the normal activation of TGF-β signaling in vitro, and induced endochondral ossification of FOP-iMSCs in vivo. These results uncover a novel mechanism of extraskeletal bone formation in FOP and provide a potential new therapeutic strategy for FOP.
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313
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Cai J, Orlova VV, Cai X, Eekhoff EMW, Zhang K, Pei D, Pan G, Mummery CL, Ten Dijke P. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Model Human Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:963-970. [PMID: 26626181 PMCID: PMC4682290 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare disease characterized by progressive ossification of soft tissues, for which there is no effective treatment. Mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor activin receptor-like kinase 2 (ACVR1/ALK2) are the main cause of FOP. We generated human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from FOP patients with the ALK2 R206H mutation. The mutant ALK2 gene changed differentiation efficiencies of hiPSCs into FOP bone-forming progenitors: endothelial cells (ECs) and pericytes. ECs from FOP hiPSCs showed reduced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and could transform into mesenchymal cells through endothelial-mesenchymal transition. Increased mineralization of pericytes from FOP hiPSCs could be partly inhibited by the ALK2 kinase inhibitor LDN-212854. Thus, differentiated FOP hiPSCs recapitulate some aspects of the disease phenotype in vitro, and they could be instrumental in further elucidating underlying mechanisms of FOP and development of therapeutic drug candidates. A pluripotent cell model of FOP was established The generation and maintenance of FOP hiPSC-derived ECs were impaired FOP hiPSC-derived pericytes demonstrated increased osteoblast differentiation LDN-212854 partly blocks osteoblast differentiation of pericytes from FOP hiPSCs
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cai
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300, the Netherlands
| | - Valeria V Orlova
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300, the Netherlands
| | - Xiujuan Cai
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Elisabeth M W Eekhoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Section, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, Amsterdam 1007, the Netherlands
| | - Keqin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Duanqing Pei
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Guangjin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300, the Netherlands.
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Akhurst RJ, Padgett RW. Matters of context guide future research in TGFβ superfamily signaling. Sci Signal 2015; 8:re10. [PMID: 26486175 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The highly conserved wiring of the SMAD-dependent transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily signaling pathway has been mapped over the last 20 years after molecular discovery of its component parts. Numerous alternative TGFβ-activated signaling pathways that elicit SMAD-independent biological responses also exist. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the renowned context dependency of TGFβ signaling output remains an active and often confounding area of research, providing a prototype relevant to regulation of other signaling pathways. Highlighting discoveries presented at the 9th FASEB meeting, The TGFβ Superfamily: Signaling in Development and Disease (July 12-17th 2015 in Snowmass, Colorado), this Review outlines research into the rich contextual nature of TGFβ signaling output and offers clues for therapeutic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Akhurst
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Anatomy, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-9001, USA.
| | - Richard W Padgett
- Waksman Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, and Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
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