1
|
Mekawy DM, Sabry D, Sabry RM, Abozeid NF. Silymarin and MSC-exosomes ameliorate thioacetamide-evoked renal fibrosis by inhibiting TGF-β/SMAD pathway in rats. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:529. [PMID: 38637422 PMCID: PMC11026270 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09343-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TGF-β1 and SMAD3 are particularly pathogenic in the progression of renal fibrosis. AIM This study aimed to evaluate the kidney protective potentials of silymarin (SM) and exosomes of mesenchymal stem cells against the nephrotoxin thioacetamide (TAA) in rats. METHODS 32 female rats were randomly assigned into four groups: the control group, the TAA group, the TAA + SM group, and the TAA + Exosomes group. The kidney homogenates from all groups were examined for expression levels of TGF-β receptors I and II using real-time PCR, expression levels of collagen type I and CTGF proteins using ELISA, and the expression levels of nuclear SMAD2/3/4, cytoplasmic SMAD2/3, and cytoplasmic SMAD4 proteins using the western blot technique. RESULTS Compared to the control group, the injection of TAA resulted in a significant increase in serum levels of urea and creatinine, gene expression levels of TβRI and TβRII, protein expression levels of both collagen I and CTGF proteins, cytoplasmic SMAD2/3 complex, and nuclear SMAD2/3/4 (p-value < 0.0001), with significantly decreased levels of the co-SMAD partner, SMAD4 (p-value < 0.0001). Those effects were reversed considerably in both treatment groups, with the superiority of the exosomal treatment regarding the SMAD proteins and the expression levels of the TβRI gene, collagen I, and CTGF proteins returning to near-control values (p-value > 0.05). CONCLUSION Using in vitro and in vivo experimental approaches, the research discovered a reno-protective role of silymarin and exosomes of BM-MSCs after thioacetamide-induced renal fibrosis in rats, with the advantage of exosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Mohamed Mekawy
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 11956, Egypt
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Egypt
| | - Dina Sabry
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 11956, Egypt
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Egypt
| | - Rania Mohamed Sabry
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 11956, Egypt
| | - Naglaa F Abozeid
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 11956, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Karam HM, Lotfy DM, M Ibrahim A, Mosallam FM, Abdelrahman SS, Abd-ElRaouf A. A new approach of nano-metformin as a protector against radiation-induced cardiac fibrosis and inflammation via CXCL1/ TGF-Β pathway. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03052-4. [PMID: 38592438 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The present work investigates the potential role of metformin nanoparticles (MTF-NPs) as a radio-protector against cardiac fibrosis and inflammation induced by gamma radiation via CXCL1/TGF-β pathway. Lethal dose fifty of nano-metformin was determined in mice, then 21 rats (male albino) were equally divided into three groups: normal control (G1), irradiated control (G2), and MTF-NPs + IRR (G3). The possible protective effect of MTF-NPs is illustrated via decreasing cardiac contents of troponin, C-X-C motif Ligand 1 (CXCL1), tumor growth factor β (TGF-β), protein kinase B (AKT), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Also, the positive effect of MTF-NPs on insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in heart tissues using immunohistochemical technique is illustrated in the present study. Histopathological examination emphasizes the biochemical findings. The current investigation suggests that MTF-NPs might be considered as a potent novel treatment for the management of cardiac fibrosis and inflammation in patients who receive radiotherapy or workers who may be exposed to gamma radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heba M Karam
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Dina M Lotfy
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ayman M Ibrahim
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Farag M Mosallam
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Sahar S Abdelrahman
- Anatomic Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira Abd-ElRaouf
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fullard N, Wordsworth J, Welsh C, Maltman V, Bascom C, Tasseff R, Isfort R, Costello L, Scanlan RL, Przyborski S, Shanley D. Cell Senescence-Independent Changes of Human Skin Fibroblasts with Age. Cells 2024; 13:659. [PMID: 38667274 PMCID: PMC11048776 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin ageing is defined, in part, by collagen depletion and fragmentation that leads to a loss of mechanical tension. This is currently believed to reflect, in part, the accumulation of senescent cells. We compared the expression of genes and proteins for components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) as well as their regulators and found that in vitro senescent cells produced more matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) than proliferating cells from adult and neonatal donors. This was consistent with previous reports of senescent cells contributing to increased matrix degradation with age; however, cells from adult donors proved significantly less capable of producing new collagen than neonatal or senescent cells, and they showed significantly lower myofibroblast activation as determined by the marker α-SMA. Functionally, adult cells also showed slower migration than neonatal cells. We concluded that the increased collagen degradation of aged fibroblasts might reflect senescence, the reduced collagen production likely reflects senescence-independent processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Fullard
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - James Wordsworth
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (J.W.); (C.W.)
| | - Ciaran Welsh
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (J.W.); (C.W.)
| | - Victoria Maltman
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | | | - Ryan Tasseff
- Proctor & Gamble, Cincinnati, OH 45201, USA (R.I.)
| | | | - Lydia Costello
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Rebekah-Louise Scanlan
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (J.W.); (C.W.)
| | | | - Daryl Shanley
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (J.W.); (C.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
da Silva JC, Silva LHP, de Souza MV, Coelho PGB, de Castro Nunes CL, da Silva W, Assis DEF, da Silva Martins T, Chizzotti ML, Guimarães SEF. Characteristics of intramuscular collagen in calf-fed Nellore bulls and steers throughout the finishing phase. Meat Sci 2023; 206:109347. [PMID: 37757505 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated collagen solubility and gene expression of biomarkers for intramuscular collagen (IMCT) deposition and remodeling in the Longissimus muscle of bulls and steers through the finishing phase. Thirty-six Nellore calves were used (18 bulls and 18 steers), and six of each sexual condition were randomly assigned to be harvested at 0, 100, or 200 days on feed (DOF) to evaluate collagen characteristics in different time points throughout the finishing phase. Bulls showed a greater collagen solubility than steers (P = 0.03). The gene expression of fibrogenic markers (TGFβ1, COL1A1, and COL3A1) and IMCT remodeling mediators (MMPII, TIMPII, and LOX) were not affected by sexual condition or DOF (P > 0.05). Our data indicate that young Nellore bulls have a higher percentage of soluble intramuscular collagen, possibly due to higher collagen remodeling associated with a faster growth rate and muscle hypertrophy. Moreover, castration and DOF did not modify mRNA levels of fibrogenic and collagen remodeling markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Walmir da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mario Luiz Chizzotti
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Simone Eliza Facioni Guimarães
- Department of Veterinary, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil; Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Papaetis G. SGLT2 Inhibitors and Diabetic Kidney Disease: Targeting Multiple and Interrelated Signaling Pathways for Renal Protection. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2023; 17:CMP-EPUB-135496. [PMID: 37904562 DOI: 10.2174/0118761429261105231011101200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Almost 20-40% of all patients suffering from diabetes mellitus experience chronic kidney disease, which is related to higher mortality (cardiovascular and all-cause). The implication of several pathophysiological mechanisms (hemodynamic, tubular, metabolic and inflammatory) in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease generates an urgent need to develop multitarget therapeutic strategies to face its development and progression. SGLT2 inhibitors are undoubtedly a practice-changing drug class for individuals who experience type 2 diabetes and diabetic kidney disease. In vitro studies, exploratory research, sub-analyses of large randomized controlled trials, and investigation of several biomarkers have demonstrated that SGLT2 inhibitors achieved multiple beneficial activities, targeting several renal cellular and molecular pathways independent of their antihyperglycemic activity. These mainly include the reduction in intraglomerular pressure through the restoration of TGF, impacts on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, improvement of renal hypoxia, adaptive metabolic alterations in substrate use/energy expenditure, improvement of mitochondrial dysfunction, and reduction of inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis. This manuscript thoroughly investigates the possible mechanisms that underlie their salutary renal effects in patients with diabetes, focusing on several pathways involved and the interplay between them. It also explores their upcoming role in ameliorating the evolution of chronic kidney disease in patients with diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Papaetis
- K.M.P THERAPIS Paphos Medical Center, Internal Medicine and Diabetes Clinic, 14 Vasileos Georgiou B Street, Office 201, 8010, Paphos, Cyprus
- CDA College, 73 Democratias Avenue, Paphos, Cyprus
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li G, Liao G, Xie J, Liu B, Li X, Qiu M. Overexpression of SMAD7 improves the function of EGFR-targeted human CAR-T cells against non-small-cell lung cancer. Respirology 2023; 28:869-880. [PMID: 37376985 DOI: 10.1111/resp.14541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Recent advancements in immunotherapy led to the development of Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. CAR-T cell therapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is hindered by overexpression of transforming growth factor (TGFβ) in the cancer cells that have a negative regulatory role on T-cells activity. This study characterized CAR-T with overexpression of mothers against decapentaplegic homologue 7 (SMAD), a negative regulator of TGFβ downstream signalling. METHODS We have generated three types of CAR-T: epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-CAR-T, EGFR-dominant-negative TGFbeta receptor 2 (DNR)-CAR-T, and EGFR-SMAD7-CAR-T by transducing human T-cells with the lentivirus constructs. We characterized the proliferation, expression of proinflammatory cytokines, activation profile, and lysis capacity in co-cultures with A549 lung carcinoma cells with and without TGFβ neutralizing antibodies. We also tested the therapeutic potential of EGFR-SMAD7-CAR-T in the A549 cells tumour-bearing mice model. RESULTS Both EGFR-DNR-CAR-T and EGFR-SMAD7-CAR-T demonstrated a higher proliferation rate and lysis capacity to A549 than traditional EGFR-CAR-T. Neutralization of TGFβ by the antibodies resulted in increased performance of EGFR-CAR-T. In vivo, both EGFR-DNR-CAR-T and EGFR-SMAD7-CAR-T resulted in complete tumour resorption by day 20, whereas conventional CAR-T only has a partial effect. CONCLUSION We demonstrated the high efficacy and resistance to negative TGFβ regulation of EGFR-SMAD7-CAR-T comparable with EGFR-DNR-CAR-T and without the systemic effect of TGFβ inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Guoliang Liao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jinbao Xie
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Minglian Qiu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Simons M. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition: advances and controversies. Curr Opin Physiol 2023; 34:100678. [PMID: 37305156 PMCID: PMC10249652 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2023.100678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is a physiological process that is equally important during development and under certain pathological conditions in adult tissues. The last decade has witnessed a remarkable explosion of information about EndMT from molecular mechanisms responsible for its development to its role in various disease processes. The emerging picture is that of a complex set of interactions that underly pathophysiological basis of some of the most deadly and intractable diseases. This mini review brings together recent advances and attempts to present a unified view of this complex field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Simons
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Baird L, Cannon P, Kandel M, Nguyen TV, Nguyen A, Wong G, Murphy C, Brownfoot FC, Kadife E, Hannan NJ, Tong S, Bartho LA, Kaitu'u-Lino TJ. Paternal Expressed Gene 10 (PEG10) is decreased in early-onset preeclampsia. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2023; 21:65. [PMID: 37464405 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-023-01116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia is a severe complication of pregnancy which is attributed to placental dysfunction. The retrotransposon, Paternal Expressed Gene 10 (PEG10) harbours critical placental functions pertaining to placental trophoblast cells. Limited evidence exists on whether PEG10 is involved in preeclampsia pathogenesis. This study characterised the expression and regulation of PEG10 in placentas from patients with early-onset preeclampsia compared to gestation-matched controls. METHODS PEG10 expression was measured in plasma and placentas collected from patients with early-onset preeclampsia (< 34 weeks') and gestation-matched controls using ELISA (protein) and RT-qPCR (mRNA). First-trimester human trophoblast stem cells (hTSCs) were used for in vitro studies. PEG10 expression was measured during hTSC differentiation and hTSC exposure to hypoxia (1% O2) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNFα) using RT-qPCR. Functional studies used PEG10 siRNA to measure the effect of reduced PEG10 on canonical TGF-[Formula: see text] signalling and proliferation using luciferase and xCELLigence assays, respectively. RESULTS PEG10 mRNA expression was significantly reduced in placentas from patients with early-onset preeclampsia (< 34 weeks' gestation) relative to controls (p = 0.04, n = 78 vs n = 18 controls). PEG10 protein expression was also reduced in preeclamptic placentas (p = 0.03, n = 5 vs n = 5 controls, blinded assessment of immunohistochemical staining), but neither PEG10 mRNA nor protein could be detected in maternal circulation. PEG10 was most highly expressed in hTSCs, and its expression was reduced as hTSCs differentiated into syncytiotrophoblasts (p < 0.0001) and extravillous trophoblasts (p < 0.001). Trophoblast differentiation was not altered when hTSCs were treated with PEG10 siRNA (n = 5 vs n = 5 controls). PEG10 was significantly reduced in hTSCs exposed to hypoxia (p < 0.01). PEG10 was also reduced in hTSCs treated with the inflammatory cytokine TNF [Formula: see text] (p < 0.01), but not IL-6. PEG10 knocked down (siRNA) in hTSCs showed reduced activation of the canonical TGF-β signalling effector, the SMAD binding element (p < 0.05) relative to controls. PEG10 knockdown in hTSCs however was not associated with any significant alterations in proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Placental PEG10 is reduced in patients with early-onset preeclampsia. In vitro studies suggest that hypoxia and inflammation may contribute to PEG10 downregulation. Reduced PEG10 alters canonical TGF-[Formula: see text] signalling, and thus may be involved in trophoblast dysfunction associated with this pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Baird
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, University of Melbourne, 163 Studley Road, Heidelberg Victoria, 3084, Australia
- Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ping Cannon
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, University of Melbourne, 163 Studley Road, Heidelberg Victoria, 3084, Australia
- Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia
| | - Manju Kandel
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, University of Melbourne, 163 Studley Road, Heidelberg Victoria, 3084, Australia
- Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tuong-Vi Nguyen
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, University of Melbourne, 163 Studley Road, Heidelberg Victoria, 3084, Australia
- Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Nguyen
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, University of Melbourne, 163 Studley Road, Heidelberg Victoria, 3084, Australia
- Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georgia Wong
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, University of Melbourne, 163 Studley Road, Heidelberg Victoria, 3084, Australia
- Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cíara Murphy
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, University of Melbourne, 163 Studley Road, Heidelberg Victoria, 3084, Australia
- Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona C Brownfoot
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, University of Melbourne, 163 Studley Road, Heidelberg Victoria, 3084, Australia
- Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elif Kadife
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, University of Melbourne, 163 Studley Road, Heidelberg Victoria, 3084, Australia
- Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie J Hannan
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, University of Melbourne, 163 Studley Road, Heidelberg Victoria, 3084, Australia
- Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen Tong
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, University of Melbourne, 163 Studley Road, Heidelberg Victoria, 3084, Australia
- Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucy A Bartho
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, University of Melbourne, 163 Studley Road, Heidelberg Victoria, 3084, Australia
- Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tu'uhevaha J Kaitu'u-Lino
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, University of Melbourne, 163 Studley Road, Heidelberg Victoria, 3084, Australia.
- Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Balta C, Herman H, Ciceu A, Mladin B, Rosu M, Sasu A, Peteu VE, Voicu SN, Balas M, Gherghiceanu M, Dinischiotu A, Olah NK, Hermenean A. Phytochemical Profiling and Anti-Fibrotic Activities of the Gemmotherapy Bud Extract of Corylus avellana in a Model of Liver Fibrosis on Diabetic Mice. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1771. [PMID: 37371866 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to explore the hepatoprotective effects of the gemmotherapy bud extract of Corylus avellana in a model of liver fibrosis on diabetic mice. An evaluation of total flavonoids and polyphenols contents and LC/MS analyses were performed. Experimental fibrosis was induced with CCl4 (2 mL/kg by i.p. injections twice a week for 7 weeks) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Our results showed a content of 6-7% flavonoids, while hyperoside and chlorogenic acids were highlighted in the bud extract. Toxic administration of CCl4 increased oxidative stress, mRNA expression of the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and Smad 2/3, and reduced Smad 7 expression. Furthermore, up-regulation of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) revealed an activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), while collagen I (Col I) up-regulation and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) unbalance led to an altered extracellular matrix enriched in collagen, confirmed as well by a trichrome stain and electron microscopy analysis. Treatment with gemmotherapy extract significantly restored the liver architecture and the antioxidant balance, and significantly decreased collagen deposits in the liver and improved the liver function. Our results suggest that Corylus avellana gemmotherapy extract may have anti-fibrotic effects and could be useful in the prevention and treatment of liver fibrosis. The hepatoprotective mechanism is based on HSC inhibition, a reduction in oxidative stress and liver damage, a downregulation of the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway and a MMPs/TIMP rebalance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornel Balta
- "Aurel Ardelean" Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University, 86 Rebreanu, 310414 Arad, Romania
| | - Hildegard Herman
- "Aurel Ardelean" Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University, 86 Rebreanu, 310414 Arad, Romania
| | - Alina Ciceu
- "Aurel Ardelean" Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University, 86 Rebreanu, 310414 Arad, Romania
| | - Bianca Mladin
- "Aurel Ardelean" Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University, 86 Rebreanu, 310414 Arad, Romania
| | - Marcel Rosu
- "Aurel Ardelean" Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University, 86 Rebreanu, 310414 Arad, Romania
| | - Alciona Sasu
- "Aurel Ardelean" Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University, 86 Rebreanu, 310414 Arad, Romania
| | | | - Sorina Nicoleta Voicu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Balas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Gherghiceanu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Dinischiotu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Neli Kinga Olah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Vasile Goldis Western University, 86 Rebreanu, 310414 Arad, Romania
| | - Anca Hermenean
- "Aurel Ardelean" Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University, 86 Rebreanu, 310414 Arad, Romania
- Faculty of Medicine, Vasile Goldis Western University, 86 Rebreanu, 310414 Arad, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Poulsen RC, Jain L, Dalbeth N. Re-thinking osteoarthritis pathogenesis: what can we learn (and what do we need to unlearn) from mouse models about the mechanisms involved in disease development. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:59. [PMID: 37046337 PMCID: PMC10100340 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Efforts to develop effective disease-modifying drugs to treat osteoarthritis have so far proved unsuccessful with a number of promising drug candidates from pre-clinical studies failing to show efficacy in clinical trials. It is therefore timely to re-evaluate our current understanding of osteoarthritis pathogenesis and the similarities and differences in disease development between commonly used pre-clinical mouse models and human patients. There is substantial heterogeneity between patients presenting with osteoarthritis and mounting evidence that the pathways involved in osteoarthritis (e.g. Wnt signalling) differ between patient sub-groups. There is also emerging evidence that the pathways involved in osteoarthritis differ between the STR/ort mouse model (the most extensively studied mouse model of spontaneously occurring osteoarthritis) and injury-induced osteoarthritis mouse models. For instance, while canonical Wnt signalling is upregulated in the synovium and cartilage at an early stage of disease in injury-induced osteoarthritis mouse models, this does not appear to be the case in the STR/ort mouse. Such findings may prove insightful for understanding the heterogeneity in mechanisms involved in osteoarthritis pathogenesis in human disease. However, it is important to recognise that there are differences between mice and humans in osteoarthritis pathogenesis. A much more extensive array of pathological changes are evident in osteoarthritic joints in individual mice with osteoarthritis compared to individual patients. There are also specified differences in the pathways involved in disease development. For instance, although increased TGF-β signalling is implicated in osteoarthritis development in both mouse models of osteoarthritis and human disease, in mice, this is mainly mediated through TGF-β3 whereas in humans, it is through TGF-β1. Studies in other tissues have shown TGF-β1 is more potent than TGF-β3 in inducing the switch to SMAD1/5 signalling that occurs in osteoarthritic cartilage and that TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 have opposing effects on fibrosis. It is therefore possible that the relative contribution of TGF-β signalling to joint pathology in osteoarthritis differs between murine models and humans. Understanding the similarities and differences in osteoarthritis pathogenesis between mouse models and humans is critical for understanding the translational potential of findings from pre-clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raewyn C Poulsen
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Lekha Jain
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Dalbeth
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee B, Postnov DD, Sørensen CM, Sosnovtseva O. The assessment of cortical hemodynamic responses induced by tubuloglomerular feedback using in vivo imaging. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15648. [PMID: 36949667 PMCID: PMC10034006 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) mechanism modulates renal hemodynamics and glomerular filtration rate in individual nephrons. Our study aimed to evaluate the TGF-induced vascular responses by inhibiting Na-K-2Cl co-transporters and sodium-glucose co-transporters in rats. We assessed cortical hemodynamics with high-resolution laser speckle contrast imaging, which enabled the evaluation of blood flow in individual microvessels and analysis of their dynamical patterns in the time-frequency domain. We demonstrated that a systemic administration of furosemide abolishes TGF-mediated hemodynamic responses. Furthermore, we showed that the local microcirculatory blood flow decreased, and the TGF-induced hemodynamic oscillations were sustained but weakened after inhibiting sodium-glucose co-transporters in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blaire Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Dmitry D Postnov
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Olga Sosnovtseva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ahmed ASF, Sharkawi SS, AbdelHameed SS, Bayoumi AM, Moussa RS, Alhakamy NA, Al Sadoun H, Mansouri RA, El-Moselhy MA, El-Daly M, Anter AF, Truhan TE. Ketogenic diet restores hormonal, apoptotic/proliferative balance and enhances the effect of metformin on a letrozole-induced polycystic ovary model in rats. Life Sci 2023; 313:121285. [PMID: 36526050 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polycystic ovaries (PCO) is a hormonal disorder that is a leading cause of infertility. The formation of multiple persistent cysts and hormonal imbalance are hallmarks of PCO. Recent clinical studies reported a beneficial effect of the ketogenic diet (KD; high-fat, low-carbohydrate) on PCO. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the KD alone and in combination with metformin on letrozole-induced PCO in female rats. METHODS Female rats were grouped into control and PCO (letrozole; 1 mg/kg for 21 days). The PCO group was subdivided into PCO (non-treated), PCO-metformin (300 mg/kg), PCO rats fed with KD only, and PCO rats treated with metformin and fed with KD. All groups continued to receive letrozole during the 21-day treatment period. At the end of the experiment, serum and ovaries were collected for further analysis. RESULTS The untreated-PCO rats showed increased testosterone, LH/FSH ratio, and ovary weights. Disturbed apoptosis and proliferation balance were evident as a low caspase-3 activation and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression and increased TGF-β expression. The KD improved the letrozole-induced effects, which was comparable to the effect of metformin. Combining the KD with metformin treatment additively enhanced the metformin effect. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the KD has a protective role against PCO in rats, especially when combined with metformin. This study reveals a potential therapeutic role of the KD in PCO, which could prompt valuable future clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Al-Shaimaa F Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.
| | - Sara S Sharkawi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Sara S AbdelHameed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M Bayoumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Rabab S Moussa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Nabil A Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeel Al Sadoun
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha A Mansouri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A El-Moselhy
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Department, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud El-Daly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Aliaa F Anter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rodriguez Calleja L, Lavaud M, Tesfaye R, Brounais-Le-Royer B, Baud’huin M, Georges S, Lamoureux F, Verrecchia F, Ory B. The p53 Family Members p63 and p73 Roles in the Metastatic Dissemination: Interactions with microRNAs and TGFβ Pathway. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235948. [PMID: 36497429 PMCID: PMC9741383 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
TP53 (TP53), p73 (TP73), and p63 (TP63) are members of the p53 transcription factor family, which has many activities spanning from embryonic development through to tumor suppression. The utilization of two promoters and alternative mRNA splicing has been shown to yield numerous isoforms in p53, p63, and p73. TAp73 is thought to mediate apoptosis as a result of nuclear accumulation following chemotherapy-induced DNA damage, according to a number of studies. Overexpression of the nuclear ΔNp63 and ΔNp73 isoforms, on the other hand, suppresses TAp73's pro-apoptotic activity in human malignancies, potentially leading to metastatic spread or inhibition. Another well-known pathway that has been associated to metastatic spread is the TGF pathway. TGFs are a family of structurally related polypeptide growth factors that regulate a variety of cellular functions including cell proliferation, lineage determination, differentiation, motility, adhesion, and cell death, making them significant players in development, homeostasis, and wound repair. Various studies have already identified several interactions between the p53 protein family and the TGFb pathway in the context of tumor growth and metastatic spread, beginning to shed light on this enigmatic intricacy.
Collapse
|
14
|
Kümper M, Zamek J, Steinkamp J, Pach E, Mauch C, Zigrino P. Role of MMP3 and fibroblast-MMP14 in skin homeostasis and repair. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151276. [PMID: 36162272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Early lethality of mice with complete deletion of the matrix metalloproteinase MMP14 emphasized the proteases' pleiotropic functions. MMP14 deletion in adult dermal fibroblasts (MMP14Sf-/-) caused collagen type I accumulation and upregulation of MMP3 expression. To identify the compensatory role of MMP3, mice were generated with MMP3 deletion in addition to MMP14 loss in fibroblasts. These double deficient mice displayed a fibrotic phenotype in skin and tendons as detected in MMP14Sf-/- mice, but no additional obvious defects were detected. However, challenging the mice with full thickness excision wounds resulted in delayed closure of early wounds in the double deficient mice compared to wildtype and MMP14 single knockout controls. Over time wounds closed and epidermal integrity was restored. Interestingly, on day seven, post-wounding myofibroblast density was lower in the wounds of all knockout than in controls, they were higher on day 14. The delayed resolution of myofibroblasts from the granulation tissue is paralleled by reduced apoptosis of these cells, although proliferation of myofibroblasts is induced in the double deficient mice. Further analysis showed comparable TGFβ1 and TGFβR1 expression among all genotypes. In addition, in vitro, fibroblasts lacking MMP3 and MMP14 retained their ability to differentiate into myofibroblasts in response to TGFβ1 treatment and mechanical stress. However, in vivo, p-Smad2 was reduced in myofibroblasts at day 5 post-wounding, in double, but most significant in single knockout, indicating their involvement in TGFβ1 activation. Thus, although MMP3 does not compensate for the lack of fibroblast-MMP14 in tissue homeostasis, simultaneous deletion of both proteases in fibroblasts delays wound closure during skin repair. Notably, single and double deficiency of these proteases modulates myofibroblast formation and resolution in wounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maike Kümper
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Jan Zamek
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Joy Steinkamp
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Elke Pach
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Cornelia Mauch
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Paola Zigrino
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zwittnig K, Kirnbauer B, Jakse N, Schlenke P, Mischak I, Ghanaati S, Al-Maawi S, Végh D, Payer M, Zrnc TA. Growth Factor Release within Liquid and Solid PRF. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11175070. [PMID: 36078998 PMCID: PMC9456595 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11175070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to obtain data concerning growth factor release within liquid and solid platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) matrices and to estimate the amount of potential interindividual variations as a basis for further preclinical and clinical trials. Therefore, we aimed to determine possible differences in the release of growth factors between liquid and solid PRF. Materials and Methods: Blood samples obtained from four subjects were processed to both liquid and solid PRF matrices using a standard centrifugation protocol. Five growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF; epidermal growth factor, EGF; platelet-derived growth factor-BB, PDGF-BB; transforming growth factor-β1, TGF-β1; and matrix metallopeptidase 9, MMP-9) have been evaluated at six time points by ELISA over a total observation period of 10 days (1 h, 7 h, 1 d, 2 d, 7 d, and 10 d). Results: Growth factor release could be measured in all samples at each time point. Comparing liquid and solid PRF matrices, no significant differences were detected (p > 0.05). The mean release of VEGF, TGFβ-1, PDGF-BB, and MMP-9 raised to a peak at time point five (day 7) in both liquid and solid PRF matrices. VEGF release was lower in liquid PRF than in solid PRF, whereas those of PDGF-BB and MMP-9 were higher in liquid PRF than in solid PRF at all time points. EGF had its peak release already at time point two after 7 h in liquid and solid matrices (hour 7 EGF solid: mean = 180 pg/mL, SD = 81; EGF liquid: mean = 218 pg/mL, SD = 64), declined rapidly until day 2, and had a second slight peak on day 7 in both groups (day 7 EGF solid: mean = 182 pg/mL, SD = 189; EGF liquid: mean = 81 pg/mL, SD = 70). Conclusions: This study detected growth factor release within liquid and solid PRF matrices with little variations. Further preclinical trials are needed to precisely analyze the growth factor release in larger samples and to better understand their effects on wound healing in different clinical indications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Zwittnig
- Division of Oral Surgery and Orthodontics, Department of Dental and Oral Health, Medical University of Graz, Billrothgasse 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Kirnbauer
- Division of Oral Surgery and Orthodontics, Department of Dental and Oral Health, Medical University of Graz, Billrothgasse 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Norbert Jakse
- Division of Oral Surgery and Orthodontics, Department of Dental and Oral Health, Medical University of Graz, Billrothgasse 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Schlenke
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Irene Mischak
- Division of Oral Surgery and Orthodontics, Department of Dental and Oral Health, Medical University of Graz, Billrothgasse 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Shahram Ghanaati
- Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, FORM (Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine) Lab, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sarah Al-Maawi
- Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, FORM (Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine) Lab, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dániel Végh
- Division of Oral Surgery and Orthodontics, Department of Dental and Oral Health, Medical University of Graz, Billrothgasse 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department of Prosthodontics, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michael Payer
- Division of Oral Surgery and Orthodontics, Department of Dental and Oral Health, Medical University of Graz, Billrothgasse 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-38512936
| | - Tomislav A. Zrnc
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dental Medicine and Oral Health, Medical University of Graz, Billrothgasse 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen TW, Hung WZ, Chiang SF, Chen WTL, Ke TW, Liang JA, Huang CY, Yang PC, Huang KCY, Chao KSC. Dual inhibition of TGFβ signaling and CSF1/CSF1R reprograms tumor-infiltrating macrophages and improves response to chemotherapy via suppressing PD-L1. Cancer Lett 2022; 543:215795. [PMID: 35718267 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
TGFβ contributes to chemoresistance in advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) via diverse immune-microenvironment mechanisms. Here, we found that cancer cell autonomous TGFβ directly triggered tumor programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) upregulation, resulting in resistance to chemotherapy. Inhibition of tumor PD-L1 expression sensitized cancer cells to chemotherapy, reduced lung metastasis and increased the influx of CD8+ T cells. However, chemorefractory cancer cell-derived CSF1 recruited TAMs for TGFβ-mediated PD-L1 upregulation via a vicious cycle. High infiltration of macrophages was clinically correlated with the status of tumor PD-L1 after chemotherapy treatment in CRC patients. We found that depletion of immunosuppressive CSF1R+ TAM infiltration and blockade of the TGFβ receptor resulted in an increased influx of cytotoxic CD8+ T and effector memory CD8+ cells, a reduction in regulatory T cells, and a synergistic inhibition of tumor growth when combined with chemotherapy. These findings show that CSF1R+ TAMs and TGFβ are the dominant components that regulate PD-L1 expression within the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, providing a therapeutic strategy for advanced CRC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Wei Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, Asia University Hospital, Asia University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ze Hung
- Proton Therapy and Science Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fen Chiang
- Lab of Precision Medicine, Feng-Yuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung, 42055, Taiwan
| | - William Tzu-Liang Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, China Medical University HsinChu Hospital, China Medical University, HsinChu, 302, Taiwan; Department of Colorectal Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Tao-Wei Ke
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine & Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ji-An Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Radiotherapy, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Center of General Education, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, 970, Taiwan; Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chen Yang
- Proton Therapy and Science Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Kevin Chih-Yang Huang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; Translation Research Core, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
| | - K S Clifford Chao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; Proton Therapy and Science Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; Department of Radiation Oncology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kogan EA, Andreeva VV, Reshetov IV, Demura TA, Zharkov NV. [Morphogenetic and pathogenetic features of hypertrophic and keloid scars of the head and neck]. Arkh Patol 2022; 84:23-31. [PMID: 36469714 DOI: 10.17116/patol20228406123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the morphogenetic and pathogenetic features of hypertrophic and keloid scars of the head and neck. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 286 patients, among them 176 (61.5%) patients with hypertrophic and 110 (38.5%) with keloid scars aged 18 to 65 years with a disease duration from 1 month to 2 years. Material for histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) studies of scar tissue was fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Serial paraffin sections were stained with H&E, according to Van Gieson and Weigert. IHC was performed using monoclonal mouse antibodies to collagen type I (clone 3G3, Santa Cruz, dilution 1:100), collagen type III (clone B-4, Santa Cruz, dilution 1:50), collagen type IV (clone COL-94, Santa Cruz, dilution 1:50), MMP-1 (clone 3B6, Santa Cruz, dilution 1:100), α-SMA1 (clone 1A4, Dako Agilent, dilution 1:100) and rabbit polyclonal anti-TGFβ antibodies (clone 3C11, Santa Cruz, 1:100 dilution). RESULTS Pathogenetic, morphological and immunohistochemical differences in hypertrophic and keloid scars were established depending on their degree of maturity. In the formation of hypertrophic scars, the key factor in sclerotic processes is TGF-b on the background of low MMP1 activity. Keloid scars were distinguished not only by the accumulation of hard-to-degrade collagens, but also by the development of an osteoclast-like reaction with a high content of MMP1. Immature scar tissue was characterized by the presence of myofibroblastic α-SMA1 positive focus and center of inflammatory changes. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained allow substantiating new approaches to the treatment of patients with hypertrophic and keloid scars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A Kogan
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Andreeva
- Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - I V Reshetov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - T A Demura
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - N V Zharkov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cecerska-Heryć E, Goszka M, Serwin N, Roszak M, Grygorcewicz B, Heryć R, Dołęgowska B. Applications of the regenerative capacity of platelets in modern medicine. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 64:84-94. [PMID: 34924312 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Platelets produce platelet growth factors such as PDGF, IGF-1, EGF-, HGF, TGFβ, bFGF, and VEGF, which are crucial in regulating all stages of the wound healing process. The source of these substances is platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Over the past five decades, the interest and use of the regenerative properties of platelets have increased significantly in many different fields of medicine around the world. PRP and PRF plate preparations are used in: 1. Dentistry (they reduce bleeding, facilitate and accelerate soft tissue healing and bone regeneration - FGF 2, IGF-1, IGF-2, TGF-β1, and PDGF); 2. Sports medicine - IGF-1, IGF-2, TGF-β, VEGF, PDGF and bFGF, EGF); 3. dermatology and cosmetology (treatment of alopecia, hair reconstruction - FGF-7, HGF, acne scars, skin rejuvenation and regeneration, treatment of chronic and poorly healing wounds, burns, and acquired vitiligo); 4. Gynecology and reproductive medicine (treatment of infertility, erectile dysfunction - PDGF-β, TGF-β, IGF-1, in sexual dysfunction - PDGF, in vaginal atrophy); 5 Ophthalmology (in the healing of corneal epithelial wounds, in the treatment of dormant corneal ulcers, dry eye syndrome and the reconstruction of the corneal surface; 6. Neurology (regeneration of neurons, pain alleviation, and clinical symptoms - TGF-β 1, IGF-1, PDGF, VEGF) and FGF). Platelet-rich plasma therapy is a very interesting alternative and complement to traditional methods of treatment. However, the potential for using platelets is still not fully understood. The composition of platelet-rich plasma depends on many factors that may affect its use's efficacy and clinical benefits. Further research is necessary to standardize PRP delivery's preparation procedures and methods for a specific disease entity or clinical case.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Cecerska-Heryć
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Goszka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Natalia Serwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Roszak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Grygorcewicz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Rafał Heryć
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Barbara Dołęgowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yanardag S, Pugacheva EN. Primary Cilium Is Involved in Stem Cell Differentiation and Renewal through the Regulation of Multiple Signaling Pathways. Cells 2021; 10:1428. [PMID: 34201019 PMCID: PMC8226522 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling networks guide stem cells during their lineage specification and terminal differentiation. Primary cilium, an antenna-like protrusion, directly or indirectly plays a significant role in this guidance. All stem cells characterized so far have primary cilia. They serve as entry- or check-points for various signaling events by controlling the signal transduction and stability. Thus, defects in the primary cilia formation or dynamics cause developmental and health problems, including but not limited to obesity, cardiovascular and renal anomalies, hearing and vision loss, and even cancers. In this review, we focus on the recent findings of how primary cilium controls various signaling pathways during stem cell differentiation and identify potential gaps in the field for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sila Yanardag
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
| | - Elena N. Pugacheva
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mous DS, Buscop-van Kempen MJ, Wijnen RMH, Tibboel D, Morty RE, Rottier RJ. Opposing Effects of TGFβ and BMP in the Pulmonary Vasculature in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:642577. [PMID: 33777983 PMCID: PMC7991367 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.642577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pulmonary hypertension is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Mutations in several genes that encode signaling molecules of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathways have previously been associated with CDH. Since studies on the activation of these pathways in CDH are scarce, and have yielded inconsistent conclusions, the downstream activity of both pathways was assessed in the nitrofen-CDH rat model. Methods and Results: Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with nitrofen at embryonic day (E) 9.5 to induce CDH in offspring. At E21, lungs were screened for the expression of key factors of both signaling pathways, at both the mRNA transcript and protein levels. Subsequently, paying particular attention to the pulmonary vasculature, increased phosphorylation of SMAD2, and decreased phosphorylation of Smad5 was noted in the muscular walls of small pulmonary vessels, by immunohistochemistry. This was accompanied by increased proliferation of constituent cells of the smooth muscle layer of these vessels. Conclusions: Increased activation of the TGFβ pathway and decreased activation of the BMP pathway in the pulmonary vasculature of rats with experimentally-induced CDH, suggesting that the deregulated of these important signaling pathways may underlie the development of pulmonary hypertension in CDH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daphne S Mous
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marjon J Buscop-van Kempen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rene M H Wijnen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Robbert J Rottier
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Heumesser M, Chanrion O, Neubert T, Christian HJ, Dimitriadou K, Gordillo‐Vazquez FJ, Luque A, Pérez‐Invernón FJ, Blakeslee RJ, Østgaard N, Reglero V, Köhn C. Spectral Observations of Optical Emissions Associated With Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes. Geophys Res Lett 2021; 48:2020GL090700. [PMID: 34511659 PMCID: PMC8409596 DOI: 10.1029/2020gl090700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor measures Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes (TGFs) simultaneously with optical emissions from associated lightning activity. We analyzed optical measurements at 180-230, 337, and 777.4 nm related to 69 TGFs observed between June 2018 and October 2019. All TGFs are associated with optical emissions and 90% of them are at the onset of a large optical pulse, suggesting that they are connected with the initiation of current surges. A model of photon delay induced by cloud scattering suggests that the sources of the optical pulses are from 0.7 ms before to 4.4 ms after the TGFs, with a median of -10 ± 80 µs, and 1-5 km below the cloud top. The pulses have rise times comparable to lightning but longer durations. Pulse amplitudes at 337 nm are ∼3 times larger than at 777.4 nm. The results support the leader-streamer mechanism for TGF generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Heumesser
- National Space
InstituteTechnical University of Denmark (DTU Space)Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Olivier Chanrion
- National Space
InstituteTechnical University of Denmark (DTU Space)Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Torsten Neubert
- National Space
InstituteTechnical University of Denmark (DTU Space)Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Hugh J. Christian
- Department of Atmospheric
ScienceEarth System Science
CenterUniversity of Alabama in HuntsvilleHuntsvilleALUSA
| | - Krystallia Dimitriadou
- National Space
InstituteTechnical University of Denmark (DTU Space)Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | | | - Alejandro Luque
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA, CSIC)GranadaSpain
| | - Francisco Javier Pérez‐Invernón
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA, CSIC)GranadaSpain
- Institut für Physik der
AtmosphäreDeutsches Zentrum für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt (DLR)OberpfaffenhofenGermany
| | | | - Nikolai Østgaard
- Birkeland Centre for Space
ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Victor Reglero
- Image Processing
LaboratoryUniversity of ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - Christoph Köhn
- National Space
InstituteTechnical University of Denmark (DTU Space)Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hart PC, Kenny HA, Grassl N, Watters KM, Litchfield LM, Coscia F, Blaženović I, Ploetzky L, Fiehn O, Mann M, Lengyel E, Romero IL. Mesothelial Cell HIF1α Expression Is Metabolically Downregulated by Metformin to Prevent Oncogenic Tumor-Stromal Crosstalk. Cell Rep 2020; 29:4086-4098.e6. [PMID: 31851935 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in cancer progression, and, in ovarian cancer (OvCa), the primary TME is the omentum. Here, we show that the diabetes drug metformin alters mesothelial cells in the omental microenvironment. Metformin interrupts bidirectional signaling between tumor and mesothelial cells by blocking OvCa cell TGF-β signaling and mesothelial cell production of CCL2 and IL-8. Inhibition of tumor-stromal crosstalk by metformin is caused by the reduced expression of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) enzyme succinyl CoA ligase (SUCLG2). Through repressing this TCA enzyme and its metabolite, succinate, metformin activated prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs), resulting in the degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) in mesothelial cells. Disruption of HIF1α-driven IL-8 signaling in mesothelial cells by metformin results in reduced OvCa invasion in an organotypic 3D model. These findings indicate that tumor-promoting signaling between mesothelial and OvCa cells in the TME can be targeted using metformin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Hart
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Section of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hilary A Kenny
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Section of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Niklas Grassl
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Karen M Watters
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Section of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lacey M Litchfield
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Section of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Fabian Coscia
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Ivana Blaženović
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis Genome Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Ploetzky
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis Genome Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis Genome Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Ernst Lengyel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Section of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Iris L Romero
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Section of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Qian J, Jiao Y, Wang G, Liu H, Cao X, Yang H. Mechanism of TGF-β1 inhibiting Kupffer cell immune responses in cholestatic cirrhosis. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:1541-1549. [PMID: 32742385 PMCID: PMC7388376 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effect of exogenous transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) on cholestatic mice by inhibiting Kupffer cell immune responses in liver was investigated. To induce cholestasis, BALB/c mice received a sham operation (Mock group), or underwent a bile duct ligation (BDL group) and then were subcutaneously injected with TGF-β1 at multiple sites (TGF group). Liver functions were evaluated according to the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase AST and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GT) in serum samples. Expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was detected. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase-1 (Arg-1) in Kupffer cells (KCs) of the liver was detected. The isolated KCs were divided into control group, LPS group, TGF group and Galunisertib group and western blot analysis was used to detect the expression of NF-κB, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS and Arg-1. The percentage of CD40, CD86, CD204 and CD206 as macrophage cell surface antigens were measured by flow cytometry. The indexes of liver function and liver fibrosis of the mice in the TGF group were significantly lower than those in the BDL group (P<0.05). The levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the liver were lower than those in the BDL group, while the level of IL-10 was significantly increased (P<0.05). M2-type transformation occurred in liver Kupffer cells of mice in the TGF group. In cell experiments, TGF treatment downregulated the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB, increased the expression of IL-10, and induced M2-type transformation in macrophages (P<0.05). In conclusion, TGF-ß1 diminished the progression of cholestasis in mice by inhibiting the inflammatory response of KCs and regulating KC polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qian
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| | - Yuwen Jiao
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| | - Guangyao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| | - Hanyang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| | - Haojun Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Koumarianou A, Alexandraki KI, Wallin G, Kaltsas G, Daskalakis K. Pathogenesis and Clinical Management of Mesenteric Fibrosis in Small Intestinal Neuroendocine Neoplasms: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1777. [PMID: 32521677 PMCID: PMC7357094 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenteric fibrosis (MF) constitutes an underrecognized sequela in patients with small intestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms (SI-NENs), often complicating the disease clinical course. The aim of the present systematic review, carried out by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology, is to provide an update in evolving aspects of MF pathogenesis and its clinical management in SI-NENs. Complex and dynamic interactions are present in the microenvironment of tumor deposits in the mesentery. Serotonin, as well as the signaling pathways of certain growth factors play a pivotal, yet not fully elucidated role in the pathogenesis of MF. Clinically, MF often results in significant morbidity by causing either acute complications, such as intestinal obstruction and/or acute ischemia or more chronic conditions involving abdominal pain, venous stasis, malabsorption and malnutrition. Surgical resection in patients with locoregional disease only or symptomatic distant stage disease, as well as palliative minimally invasive interventions in advanced inoperable cases seem clinically meaningful, whereas currently available systemic and/or targeted treatments do not unequivocally affect the development of MF in SI-NENs. Increased awareness and improved understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of MF in SI-NENs may provide better diagnostic and predictive tools for its timely recognition and intervention and also facilitates the development of agents targeting MF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Koumarianou
- Hematology Oncology Unit, Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Krystallenia I. Alexandraki
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Endocrine Unit, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.I.A.); (G.K.); (K.D.)
| | - Göran Wallin
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 701 85 Örebro, Sweden;
| | - Gregory Kaltsas
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Endocrine Unit, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.I.A.); (G.K.); (K.D.)
| | - Kosmas Daskalakis
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Endocrine Unit, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.I.A.); (G.K.); (K.D.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 701 85 Örebro, Sweden;
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hussein RM, Anwar MM, Farghaly HS, Kandeil MA. Gallic acid and ferulic acid protect the liver from thioacetamide-induced fibrosis in rats via differential expression of miR-21, miR-30 and miR-200 and impact on TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 324:109098. [PMID: 32278740 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the possible protective effects of gallic acid (GaA) and ferulic acid (FeA) against an experimentally induced liver fibrosis by thioacetamide (TAA) in rats. Animals were divided into: Control group, GaA group (20 mg/kg/day, p.o), FeA (20 mg/kg/day, p.o), TAA group (receiving 250 mg/kg twice/week, I.P), TAA + GaA group, TAA + FeA group (received the same previous doses) and TAA+silymarin group (received silymarin at 100 mg/kg/day+TAA as mentioned above). After 6 consecutive weeks, animals were sacrificed and the assessment of liver functions, oxidative stress biomarkers and histopathological examination of the liver tissues were performed. In addition, the effect on TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling and the expression of miR-21, miR-30 and miR-200 were evaluated. The results showed that administration of GaA or FeA with TAA induced a significant reduction in serum ALT, AST and ALP activities and protected the integrity of liver tissues. Furthermore, they increased the activities of the hepatic antioxidant enzymes; superoxide dismutase and catalase while decreased malondialdehyde content to a normal level. The hepatic expression of TGF-β1, phosphorylated and total Smad3 proteins were significantly decreased. In addition, miR-21 expression was downregulated while miR-30 and miR-200 expressions were upregulated by administration of gallic acid or ferulic acid. In conclusion, gallic and ferulic acids exhibit hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects against TAA-induced liver fibrosis in rats. These effects are mediated through inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling and differentially regulating the hepatic expression level of miR-21, miR-30 and miR-200.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasha M Hussein
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Mutah University, 61710, Al-Karak, Jordan; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, 62514, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | - Mona M Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Hatem S Farghaly
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Kandeil
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jäger MA, De La Torre C, Arnold C, Kohlhaas J, Kappert L, Hecker M, Feldner A, Korff T. Assembly of vascular smooth muscle cells in 3D aggregates provokes cellular quiescence. Exp Cell Res 2019; 388:111782. [PMID: 31857114 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture conditions are often used to promote the differentiation of human cells as a prerequisite for the study of organotypic functions and environment-specific cellular responses. Here, we assessed the molecular and functional phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) cultured as 3D multilayered aggregates. Microarray studies revealed that these conditions decrease the expression of genes associated with cell cycle control and DNA replication and cease proliferation of VSMCs. This was accompanied by a lower activity level of the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK1/2 and an increase in autocrine TGFβ/SMAD2/3-mediated signaling - a determinant of VSMC differentiation. However, inhibition of TGFβ signaling did not affect markers of VSMC differentiation such as smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (MYH11) but stimulated pro-inflammatory NFκB-associated gene expression in the first place while decreasing the protein level of NFKB1/p105 and NFKB2/p100 - inhibitors of NFκB transcriptional activity. Moreover, loss of TGFβ signaling also revived VSMC proliferation in 3D aggregates. In conclusion, assembly of VSMCs in multilayered aggregates alters their transcriptome to translate the cellular organization into a resting phenotype. In this context, TGFβ signaling appears to attenuate cell growth and NFκB-controlled gene expression representing important aspects of VSMC quiescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Andreas Jäger
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Carolina De La Torre
- Center of Medical Research, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Caroline Arnold
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Johanna Kohlhaas
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Lena Kappert
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Markus Hecker
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Anja Feldner
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Thomas Korff
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Germany; European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
SOX4 is an essential developmental transcription factor that regulates stemness, differentiation, progenitor development, and multiple developmental pathways including PI3K, Wnt, and TGFβ signaling. The SOX4 gene is frequently amplified and overexpressed in over 20 types of malignancies, and multiple lines of evidence support that notion that SOX4 is an oncogene. Its overexpression is due to both gene amplification and to activation of PI3K, Wnt, and TGFβ pathways that SOX4 regulates. SOX4 interacts with multiple other transcription factors, rendering many of its impacts on gene expression context and tissue-specific. Nevertheless, there are common themes that run through many of the effects of SOX4 hyperactivity, such as the promotion of cell survival, stemness, the epithelial to mesenchymal transition, migration, and metastasis. Specific targeting of SOX4 remains a challenge for future cancer research and drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Bldg, Rm 105J, 615 Michael St. Atlanta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ertosun MG, Kocak G, Ozes ON. The regulation of circadian clock by tumor necrosis factor alpha. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 46:10-16. [PMID: 31000463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
All organisms display circadian rhythms which are under the control of the circadian clock located in the hypothalamus at the suprachiasmatic nucleus, (SCN). The circadian rhythms allow individuals to adjust their physiological activities and daily behavior for the diurnal changes in the living environment. To achieve these, all metabolic processes are aligned with the sleep/wake and fasting/feeding cycles. Subtle changes of daily behavior or food intake can result in misalignment of circadian rhythms. This can cause development of variety of metabolic diseases and even cancer. Although light plays a pivotal role for the activation of the master clock in SCN, the peripheral secondary clocks (or non-SCN), such as melatonin, growth hormone (GH), insulin, adiponectin and Ghrelin also are important in maintaining the circadian rhythms in the brain and peripheral organs. In recent years, growing body of evidence strongly suggest that CA2+ signaling, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) also play very important roles in the regulation of circadian rhythms by regulating the transcription of the clock genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Gokhan Ertosun
- Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive & Anesthetic Surgery, Turkey.
| | - Gamze Kocak
- Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Turkey.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ma W, Silverman SM, Zhao L, Villasmil R, Campos MM, Amaral J, Wong WT. Absence of TGFβ signaling in retinal microglia induces retinal degeneration and exacerbates choroidal neovascularization. eLife 2019; 8:42049. [PMID: 30666961 PMCID: PMC6342522 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive TGFβ signaling is important in maintaining retinal neurons and blood vessels and is a factor contributing to the risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a retinal disease involving neurodegeneration and microglial activation. How TGFβ signaling to microglia influences pathological retinal neuroinflammation is unclear. We discovered that ablation of the TGFβ receptor, TGFBR2, in retinal microglia of adult mice induced abnormal microglial numbers, distribution, morphology, and activation status, and promoted a pathological microglial gene expression profile. TGFBR2-deficient retinal microglia induced secondary gliotic changes in Müller cells, neuronal apoptosis, and decreased light-evoked retinal function reflecting abnormal synaptic transmission. While retinal vasculature was unaffected, TGFBR2-deficient microglia demonstrated exaggerated responses to laser-induced injury that was associated with increased choroidal neovascularization, a hallmark of advanced exudative AMD. These findings demonstrate that deficiencies in TGFβ-mediated microglial regulation can drive neuroinflammatory contributions to AMD-related neurodegeneration and neovascularization, highlighting TGFβ signaling as a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Ma
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Sean M Silverman
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Lian Zhao
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Rafael Villasmil
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Maria M Campos
- Section on Histopathology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Juan Amaral
- Unit on Ocular Stem Cell and Translational Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Wai T Wong
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Watanabe T, Baker Frost DA, Mlakar L, Heywood J, da Silveira WA, Hardiman G, Feghali-Bostwick C. A Human Skin Model Recapitulates Systemic Sclerosis Dermal Fibrosis and Identifies COL22A1 as a TGFβ Early Response Gene that Mediates Fibroblast to Myofibroblast Transition. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E75. [PMID: 30678304 DOI: 10.3390/genes10020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex multi-system autoimmune disease characterized by immune dysregulation, vasculopathy, and organ fibrosis. Skin fibrosis causes high morbidity and impaired quality of life in affected individuals. Animal models do not fully recapitulate the human disease. Thus, there is a critical need to identify ex vivo models for the dermal fibrosis characteristic of SSc. We identified genes regulated by the pro-fibrotic factor TGFβ in human skin maintained in organ culture. The molecular signature of human skin overlapped with that which was identified in SSc patient biopsies, suggesting that this model recapitulates the dermal fibrosis characteristic of the human disease. We further characterized the regulation and functional impact of a previously unreported gene in the setting of dermal fibrosis, COL22A1, and show that silencing COL22A1 significantly reduced TGFβ-induced ACTA2 expression. COL22A1 expression was significantly increased in dermal fibroblasts from patients with SSc. In summary, we identified the molecular fingerprint of TGFβ in human skin and demonstrated that COL22A1 is associated with the pathogenesis of fibrosis in SSc as an early response gene that may have important implications for fibroblast activation. Further, this model will provide a critical tool with direct relevance to human disease to facilitate the assessment of potential therapies for fibrosis.
Collapse
|
31
|
Dincel GC, Kul O. First description of enhanced expression of transforming growth factor-alpha ( TGF-α) and glia maturation factor-beta (GMF-β) correlate with severity of neuropathology in border disease virus-infected small ruminants. Microb Pathog 2019; 128:301-310. [PMID: 30654008 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Border disease (BD) is caused by Pestivirus and characterized by severe neuropathology, and histopathologically observed severe hypomyelination. We have previously shown that small ruminants infected with border disease virus (BDV) play an important role for neuropathology and pathogenesis of severe oxidative damage in brain tissue, neuronal mtDNA; in the production of high pathologic levels of nitric oxide; in glial cell activation and stimulation of intrinsic apoptosis pathway. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between glia maturation factor beta (GMF-β) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) expressions and the causes of BDV-induced neuropathology and to investigate their role in neuropathogenesis in a way that was not presented before. Expression levels of GMF-β and TGF-α were investigated. Results of the study revealed that the levels of GMF-β (P < 0.005) and TGF-α (P < 0.005) expression in the brain tissue markedly increased in the BDV-infected animals compared to the non-infected healthy control group. While TGF-α expressions were predominantly observed in neurons, GMF-β expressions were found in astrocytes, glial cells and neurons. These results were reasonable to suggest that BDV-mediated increased GMF-β might play a pivotal role neuropathogenesis and a different type of role in the mechanism of neurodegeneration/neuropathology in the process of BD. The results also indicated that increased levels of GMF up-regulation in glial cells and neurons causes neuronal destruction, suggesting pathological pathway involving GMF-mediated brain cell cytotoxicity. It is clearly indicated that the cause of astrogliosis is due to severe TGF-a expression. This is the first study to demonstrate the expression of GMF-β and TGF-α in neurons and reactive glial cells and its association with neuropathology in BD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Oguz Kul
- Department of Pathology, University of Kirikkale, Kirikkale, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Collery P, Veena V, Harikrishnan A, Desmaele D. The rhenium(I)-diselenoether anticancer drug targets ROS, TGF-β1, VEGF-A, and IGF-1 in an in vitro experimental model of triple-negative breast cancers. Invest New Drugs 2019; 37:973-83. [PMID: 30632005 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-019-00727-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The rhenium(I)-diselenoether complex (Re-diSe) is a rhenium tricarbonyl-based drug chelated by a diselenoether ligand. In this work, we compared its inhibitory effects on the hormone-independent MDA-MB231cancer line and other different cancer cell lines after an exposure time of 72 h by MTT assays. The sensitivity of MDA-MB231 was in the same range than the hormone-dependent MCF-7 breast cancer, the PC-3 prostate and HT-29 colon cancer cells, while the A549 lung and the HeLa uterine cancer cells were less sensitive. We compared the inhibitory effects of Re-diSe and of its diselenide ligand (di-Se) on MDA-MB231 and a normal HEK-293 human embryonic cell line, after 72 h and 120 h of exposure. The cytotoxicity was also studied by flow cytometry using ethidium bromide assays, as well as the effects on the ROS production by DFCA-test, while the levels of TGF-β1, VEGF-A, IGF-1 were addressed by ELISA tests. The dose required to inhibit 50% of the proliferation (IC50) of MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells decreased with the time of exposure to 120 h, while the free ligand (di-Se) was found poorly active, demonstrating the important role of Re in this Re-diSe combination. The cytotoxic effects of Re-diSe were highly selective for cancer cells, with a significant increase of the number of dead cancer cells at 5 μM for an exposure time of 120 h, while normal cells were not affected. A remarkable and significant decrease of the production of ROS together with a decrease of VEGF-A, TGF-β1, and IGF-1 by the cancer cells were also observed when cancer cells were exposed to Re-diSe.
Collapse
|
33
|
Shen L, Hong L, Zhou S, Zhang G, Mai R. Mutational landscape implicates epithelial-mesenchymal transition gene TGF-β2 mutations for uterine carcinosarcoma after adjuvant tamoxifen therapy for breast carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2019; 12:996-1002. [PMID: 31933910 PMCID: PMC6945146 DOI: pmid/31933910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Uterine carcinosarcoma (UCS) is a rare aggressive malignancy. Several reports previously described UCS occurring after tamoxifen therapy for breast carcinoma. However, the genetic landscape of tamoxifen-related UCS remains unclear. We performed whole-exome sequencing of two UCSs after tamoxifen therapy for breast carcinoma to determine mutational profile of UCSs and those corresponding breast carcinomas. Our results demonstrated that 374 somatic variants in 141 genes were shared across the two UCSs, whereas no shared somatic variations across the breast carcinomas were found. Pathway analysis indicated the MAPK pathway, including the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) inducer gene TGF-β2 mutations (c. 1039G > A and c. 1040C > T, both p.A347T), recurrently occurred in UCS, while ER-related gene EP300 (p.P16L) and ESR1 (p.V355I) mutations were identified independently in breast carcinomas. These findings highlight the EMT-related gene TGF-β2 variants in the tumorigenesis of tamoxifen-related UCS, support the possibility that tamoxifen mediates its effect on UCS by enhancing mutations of driver genes, and also provides the rationale for clinical investigation in ER-related gene mutation in breast carcinoma to predict the risk for UCS after tamoxifen treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liangli Hong
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Songxia Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515031, Guangdong, China
| | - Guohong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515031, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruiqin Mai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515031, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Farooqi AA, Attar R, Qureshi MZ, Fayyaz S, Sohail MI, Sabitaliyevich UY, Nurmurzayevich SB, Yelekenova A, Yaylim I, Alaaeddine N. Interplay of long non-coding RNAs and TGF/SMAD signaling in different cancers. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2018; 64:1-6. [PMID: 30672446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Based on the exciting insights gleaned from decades of ground-breaking research, it has become evident that deregulated signaling pathways play instrumental role in cancer development and progression. Interestingly discovery of non-coding RNAs has revolutionized our understanding related to transcription, post-transcription and translation. Modern era has witnessed landmark discoveries in the field of molecular cancer and non-coding RNA biology has undergone tremendous broadening. There has been an exponential growth in the list of publications related to non-coding RNAs and overwhelmingly increasing classes of non-coding RNAs are adding new layers of complexity to already complicated nature of cancer. Regulation of TGF/SMAD signaling by miRNAs and LncRNAs has opened new horizons for therapeutic targeting of TGF/SMAD pathway. In this review we have set spotlight on central role of LncRNAs in modulation of TGF/SMAD pathway. Major proportion of the available evidence is underlining positive role of LncRNAs in contextual regulation of TGF/SMAD pathway. LncRNAs are vital to these regulatory networks because they provide a background support to make the TGF/SMAD mediated intracellular signaling more smooth or make transduction cascade more flexible in response to cues from extracellular environment. Therefore, in accordance with this notion, MALAT1, OIP5-AS1, MIR100HG, HOTAIR, ANRIL, PVT1, AFAP1-AS1, SPRY4-IT, ZEB2NAT, TUG1 and Lnc-SNHG1 have been reported to positively regulate TGF/SMAD signaling. In this review, we have focused on the regulation of TGF/SMAD signaling by LncRNAs and how these non-coding RNAs can be therapeutically exploited. Short-interfering RNA (siRNA) and natural products are currently being tested for efficacy against different LncRNAs. Nanotechnological strategies to efficiently deliver LncRNA-targeting siRNAs are also currently being investigated in different cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- Laboratory for Translational Oncology and Personalized Medicine, Rashid Latif Medical College, Lahore
| | - Rukset Attar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yeditepe University, Turkey
| | | | - Sundas Fayyaz
- Laboratory for Translational Oncology and Personalized Medicine, Rashid Latif Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Armida Yelekenova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Astana Medical University, Kazakhstan
| | - Ilhan Yaylim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nada Alaaeddine
- Laboratoire d'immunologie cellulaire et moleculaire, Centre hospitalier de l'universite de Montreal, Tour Viger, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, Montreal H2X0A9, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Monu SR, Maheshwari M, Peterson EL, Carretero OA. Role of connecting tubule glomerular feedback in obesity related renal damage. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F1708-F1713. [PMID: 30303713 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00227.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Zucker obese rats (ZOR) have higher glomerular capillary pressure (PGC) that can cause renal damage. PGC is controlled by afferent (Af-Art) and efferent arteriole (Ef-Art) resistance. Af-Art resistance is regulated by factors that regulate other arterioles, such as myogenic response. In addition, it is also regulated by 2 intrinsic feedback mechanisms: 1) tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) that causes Af-Art constriction in response to increased NaCl in the macula densa and 2) connecting tubule glomerular feedback (CTGF) that causes Af-Art dilatation in response to an increase in NaCl transport in the connecting tubule via the epithelial sodium channel. Since CTGF is an Af-Art dilatory mechanism, we hypothesized that increased CTGF contributes to TGF attenuation, which in turn increases PGC in ZOR. We performed a renal micropuncture experiment and measured stop-flow pressure (PSF), which is an indirect measurement of PGC in ZOR. Maximal TGF response at 40 nl/min was attenuated in ZOR (4.47 ± 0.60 mmHg) in comparison to the Zucker lean rats (ZLR; 8.54 ± 0.73 mmHg, P < 0.05), and CTGF was elevated in ZOR (5.34 ± 0.87 mmHg) compared with ZLR (1.12 ± 1.28 mmHg, P < 0.05). CTGF inhibition with epithelial sodium channel blocker normalized the maximum PSF change in ZOR indicating that CTGF plays a significant role in TGF attenuation (ZOR, 10.67 ± 1.07 mmHg vs. ZLR, 9.5 ± 1.53 mmHg). We conclude that enhanced CTGF contributes to TGF attenuation in ZOR and potentially contribute to progressive renal damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit R Monu
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Mani Maheshwari
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Edward L Peterson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Oscar A Carretero
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sharma D, Jaggi AS, Bali A. Clinical evidence and mechanisms of growth factors in idiopathic and diabetes-induced carpal tunnel syndrome. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 837:156-163. [PMID: 30125568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is an entrapment neuropathy caused by compression and irritation of the median nerve, which travels through the carpal tunnel in the wrist. Increased fibrosis is a hallmark of the development and pathology of CTS. Different growth factors have been demonstrated to play a potential role in the development of CTS. Studies have described an increase in the expression of growth factors, including Transforming Growth Factor (TGF-β), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and interleukins (growth factors for immune and inflammatory cells) in SSCT (sub-synovial connective tissue) in CTS patients. Additionally, SSCT fibrosis is also marked by increased activation of canonical TGF-β second messenger Smads, increased expression of downstream fibrotic mediators such as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), increased production of collagen type I, II, III and IV, and decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinases. Anti-fibrotic such as anti-TGF treatment may prove beneficial in idiopathic patients, however, anti VEGF therapy can be successful in the diabetic CTS patients. The present review describes the clinical evidence stating the role of different growth factors in the development of fibrosis in idiopathic and diabetes induced CTS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepankshi Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Akal College of Pharmacy and Technical Education, Mastuana Sahib, Sangrur 148001, India
| | - Amteshwar Singh Jaggi
- Department of Pharmacology, Akal College of Pharmacy and Technical Education, Mastuana Sahib, Sangrur 148001, India
| | - Anjana Bali
- Department of Pharmacology, Akal College of Pharmacy and Technical Education, Mastuana Sahib, Sangrur 148001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling plays critical roles in regulating skeletal muscle mass, repair, and diseases. In this review, we discuss the upstream activators of STAT3 in skeletal muscles, with a focus on interleukin 6 (IL6) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). We will also discuss the double-edged effect of STAT3 activation in the muscles, including the role of STAT3 signaling in muscle hypertrophy induced by exercise training or muscle wasting in cachectic diseases and muscular dystrophies. STAT3 is a critical regulator of satellite cell self-renewal after muscle injury. STAT3 knock out affects satellite cell myogenic progression by impairing proliferation and inducing premature differentiation. Recent studies in STAT3 signaling demonstrated its direct role in controlling myogenic capacity of myoblasts and satellite cells, as well as the potential benefit in using STAT3 inhibitors to treat muscle diseases. However, prolonged STAT3 activation in muscles has been shown to be responsible for muscle wasting by activating protein degradation pathways. It is important to balance the extent of STAT3 activation and the duration and location (cell types) of the STAT3 signaling when developing therapeutic interventions. STAT3 signaling in other tissues and organs that can directly or indirectly affects skeletal muscle health are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Guadagnin
- Department of Orthopeadic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Davi Mázala
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
- Department Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Huang TW, Li ST, Fang KM, Young TH. Hyaluronan antagonizes the differentiation effect of TGF-β1 on nasal epithelial cells through down-regulation of TGF-β type I receptor. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 2018; 46:S254-S263. [PMID: 30032656 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1491477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Although hyaluronan (HA)-based biomaterials have been proposed to promote mucociliary differentiation of nasal epithelial cells (NECs), the mechanism by which HA affects the growth and differentiation of NECs has not been thoroughly explored. This study investigates the effect and mechanism of HA on the differentiation of NECs. The experiment cultures human NECs in four conditions, namely controls, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, TGF-β1 + HA and HA groups. In the TGF group, the NECs become irregular shape without formation of tight junction and mucociliary differentiation of NECs is inhibited. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of NECs also occurs in the TGF group. However, with addition of HA in TGF groups, NECs reveal the mucociliary phenotypes of epithelial cells with tight junction expression. Incubation of TGF-β1 in an NEC culture leads to an increase in phosphorylated type 1 TGF-β receptors (p-TβRI). This increase is attenuated when NECs are cultured in the presence of HA. Similar expressions are observed in phosphorylated smad2/smad3. Additionally, HA-dependent inhibition of TGF-β1 signalling is inhibited by co-incubation with a blocking antibody to CD44. Experimental results indicate that HA can antagonize TGF-β1 effect on EMT and mucociliary differentiation of NECs by down-regulation of TβR I, which is via CD44.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Wei Huang
- a Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical and Communication Engineering , Yuan Ze University , Taoyuan , Taiwan.,b Department of Otolaryngology , Far Eastern Memorial Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan.,c Department of Health Care Administration , Oriental Institute of Technology , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Tien Li
- d College of Medicine and College of Engineering , Institute of Biomedical Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Kai-Min Fang
- b Department of Otolaryngology , Far Eastern Memorial Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Tai-Horng Young
- d College of Medicine and College of Engineering , Institute of Biomedical Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kim YE, Choi HC, Nam G, Choi BY. Costunolide promotes the proliferation of human hair follicle dermal papilla cells and induces hair growth in C57BL/6 mice. J Cosmet Dermatol 2018; 18:414-421. [PMID: 29808617 PMCID: PMC7379667 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Costunolide (COS), a naturally occurring sesquiterpene lactone, is known to exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of costunolide on the promotion of hair growth. METHODS Real-time cell analyzer (RTCA), measurement of 5α-reductase activity, mRNA expression, and Western blotting were adopted to address whether COS can stimulate the proliferation of human hair follicle dermal papilla cells (hHFDPCs). The effect of COS on in vivo hair growth was examined by reconstitution assay and shaven dorsal skin in C57BL/6 mice. RESULTS Costunolide significantly promoted the proliferation of hHFDPCs, which is comparable to that of tofacitinib. COS also inhibited the 5α-reductase activity in hHFDPCs. While COS increased the level of β-catenin and Gli1 mRNA and proteins, it suppressed transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced phosphorylation of Smad-1/5 in hHFDPCs. COS increased the number of cultured hHFDPCs to induce hair follicles from mouse epidermal cells in Spheres formation of reconstitution assay. Topical application of COS on the shaven back of C57BL/6 mice significantly improved the hair growth. CONCLUSIONS Our results illustrate that COS promotes hair growth in vitro and in vivo by regulating the amount of growth factors and/or the activity of cellular responses through coordination of the WNT-β-catenin, hedgehog-Gli, and TGF-β1-Smad pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Eun Kim
- Cosmecutical R&D Center, HP&C, Cheongju, South Korea
| | | | - Gaewon Nam
- Department of Cosmetics, Seowon University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Bu Young Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Engineering, Seowon University, Cheongju, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Saad El-Din S, Fouad H, Rashed LA, Mahfouz S, Hussein RE. Impact of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Vitamin D on Transforming Growth Factor Beta Signaling Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Rats. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:905-912. [PMID: 29693337 PMCID: PMC6031804 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.4.905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling is recognized as being critical for carcinogenesis. Vitamin D has proved to exert numerous tumor suppressive effects. Effects of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) on tumor progression are still controversial. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of BM-MSCs and vitamin D on TGF-β signaling in an experimental hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model in rats. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on fifty female white albino rats divided equally into 5 groups: controls, HCC induced by diethyl-nitrosamine (DENA) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), HCC plus MSCs, HCC plus vitamin D and HCC plus both MSCs and vitamin D. The following parameters were assessed in rat liver tissues: TGF-β and Smad2 protein levels by ELISA and western blotting, respectively, gene expression of Smad3, Smad7, Snail, HNF4α and MMP-2 and histopathological lesions. Serum levels of alpha fetoprotein (AFP), ALT and albumin were also assessed. Results: TGF-β protein levels and gene expression of its downstream effectors (Smad3 and Snail), in addition to Smad2 protein levels were significantly higher in the HCC group than in the control group. On the other hand, they were significantly down-regulated in all treated groups with most significant amelioration with both MSCs and vitamin D. Also, the serum levels of AFP were significantly increased in the untreated HCC group, and this was again reversed in all treated groups. Histopathological examination of liver tissue revealed that administration of MSCs or vitamin D into HCC rat group improved the histopathological picture with residual tumor pathology, while administration of both MSCs and vitamin D showed better restoration of liver parenchyma. These data suggest that the TGF-β signaling pathway could be used as a therapeutic target in HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa Saad El-Din
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Malm SW, Amouzougan EA, Klimecki WT. Fetal bovine serum induces sustained, but reversible, epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the BEAS-2B cell line. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 50:383-390. [PMID: 29678786 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BEAS-2B is a non-malignant, immortalized human cell line that has been used extensively as a model of lung epithelium. Despite ATCC recommendations to culture BEAS-2B in defined, serum-free media, many publications describe culturing BEAS-2B in fetal bovine serum (FBS)-containing media. The objective of this study was to define the effects of FBS on BEAS-2B cells. FBS exposure resulted in increased nuclear levels of transcription factors responsible for regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), increased cell invasiveness and increased anchorage-independent growth. FBS-exposed BEAS-2B cells exhibited a decrease of the epithelial markers, E-cadherin and claudin-1 at the mRNA and protein levels, along with a corresponding increase of the mesenchymal marker, vimentin, at the protein level. Fractionation studies implicated an active moiety in FBS with a molecular weight larger than 30 kD. The mesenchymal phenotype was persistent provided FBS exposure was maintained. Upon FBS removal, both epithelial and mesenchymal markers began to revert toward an epithelial phenotype. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) exposure to BEAS-2B recapitulated some key features of FBS-induced EMT. Our data suggest that FBS-exposed BEAS-2B cells do not accurately model the epithelial phenotype. Interpretation of data from BEAS-2B should include careful consideration of the effect of culture conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S W Malm
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel St. Room 344, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - E A Amouzougan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel St. Room 344, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - W T Klimecki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel St. Room 344, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Fanconi anemia is an inherited disease characterized by genomic instability, hypersensitivity to DNA cross-linking agents, bone marrow failure, short stature, skeletal abnormalities, and a high relative risk of myeloid leukemia and epithelial malignancies. The 21 Fanconi anemia genes encode proteins involved in multiple nuclear biochemical pathways that effect DNA interstrand crosslink repair. In the past, bone marrow failure was attributed solely to the failure of stem cells to repair DNA. Recently, non-canonical functions of many of the Fanconi anemia proteins have been described, including modulating responses to oxidative stress, viral infection, and inflammation as well as facilitating mitophagic responses and enhancing signals that promote stem cell function and survival. Some of these functions take place in non-nuclear sites and do not depend on the DNA damage response functions of the proteins. Dysfunctions of the canonical and non-canonical pathways that drive stem cell exhaustion and neoplastic clonal selection are reviewed, and the potential therapeutic importance of fully investigating the scope and interdependences of the canonical and non-canonical pathways is emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grover Bagby
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Genetics, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Skeltved AB, Østgaard N, Mezentsev A, Lehtinen N, Carlson B. Constraints to do realistic modeling of the electric field ahead of the tip of a lightning leader. J Geophys Res Atmos 2017; 122:8120-8134. [PMID: 28989832 PMCID: PMC5606500 DOI: 10.1002/2016jd026206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Several computer models exist to explain the observation of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs). Some of these models estimate the electric field ahead of lightning leaders and its effects on electron acceleration and multiplication. In this paper, we derive a new set of constraints to do more realistic modeling. We determine initial conditions based on in situ measurements of electric field and vertical separation between the main charge layers of thunderclouds. A maximum electric field strength of 50 kV/cm at sea level is introduced as the upper constraint for the leader electric field. The threshold for electron avalanches to develop of 2.86 kV/cm at sea level is introduced as the lower value. With these constraints, we determine a region where acceleration and multiplication of electrons occur. The maximum potential difference in this region is found to be ∼52 MV, and the corresponding number of avalanche multiplication lengths is ∼3.5. We then quantify the effect of the ambient electric field compared to the leader field at the upper altitude of the negative tip. Finally, we argue that only leaders with the highest potential difference between its tips (∼600 MV) can be candidates for the production of TGFs. However, with the assumptions we have used, these cannot explain the observed maximum energies of at least 40 MeV. Open questions with regard to the temporal development of the streamer zone and its effect on the shape of the electric field remain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikolai Østgaard
- Birkeland Centre for Space Science, Institute of Physics and TechnologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Andrew Mezentsev
- Birkeland Centre for Space Science, Institute of Physics and TechnologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Nikolai Lehtinen
- Birkeland Centre for Space Science, Institute of Physics and TechnologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Brant Carlson
- Birkeland Centre for Space Science, Institute of Physics and TechnologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Physics and AstronomyCarthage CollegeKenoshaWisconsinUSA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wintrob ZA, Hammel JP, Nimako GK, Gaile DP, Forrest A, Ceacareanu AC. Circulating growth factors data associated with insulin secretagogue use in women with incident breast cancer. Data Brief 2017; 11:459-68. [PMID: 28289695 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2017.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral drugs stimulating insulin production may impact growth factor levels. The data presented shows the relationship between pre-existing insulin secretagogues use, growth factor profiles at the time of breast cancer diagnosis and subsequent cancer outcomes in women diagnosed with breast cancer and type 2 diabetes mellitus. A Pearson correlation analysis evaluating the relationship between growth factors stratified by diabetes pharmacotherapy and controls is also provided.
Collapse
|
45
|
Wintrob ZA, Hammel JP, Nimako GK, Gaile DP, Forrest A, Ceacareanu AC. Dataset on growth factor levels and insulin use in patients with diabetes mellitus and incident breast cancer. Data Brief 2017; 11:183-91. [PMID: 28239632 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth factor profiles could be influenced by the utilization of exogenous insulin. The data presented shows the relationship between pre-existing use of injectable insulin in women diagnosed with breast cancer and type 2 diabetes mellitus, the growth factor profiles at the time of breast cancer diagnosis, and subsequent cancer outcomes. A Pearson correlation analysis evaluating the relationship between growth factors stratified by of insulin use and controls is also provided.
Collapse
|
46
|
Moritz RJ, LeBaron RG, Phelix CF, Rupaimoole R, Kim HS, Tsin A, Asmis R. Macrophage TGF- β1 and the Proapoptotic Extracellular Matrix Protein BIGH3 Induce Renal Cell Apoptosis in Prediabetic and Diabetic Conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 7:496-510. [PMID: 28149671 PMCID: PMC5279341 DOI: 10.4236/ijcm.2016.77055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Metabolically stressed kidney is in part characterized by infiltrating macrophages and macrophage-derived TGF-β1 that promote the synthesis of various ECM molecules. TGF-β1 strongly enhances the expression of the gene TGFBI that encodes a cell-adhesion class, proapoptotic ECM protein called BIGH3. We hypothesized that in a diabetic environment a relationship between infiltrating macrophages, macrophage-derived TGF-β1, and BIGH3 protein promotes renal cell death. To investigate this hypothesis, we used our mouse model of diabetic complications. Mice on a high-fat diet developed hypercholesterolemia, and exposure to streptozotocin rendered hypercholesterolemic mice diabetic. Immunohistochemical images show increased macrophage infiltration and BIGH3 protein in the kidney cortices of hypercholesterolemic and diabetic mice. Macrophages induced a two-fold increase in BIGH3 expression and an 86% increase in renal proximal tubule epithelial cell apoptosis. TGF-β1 antibody and TGF-β1 receptor chemical antagonist blocked macrophage-induced apoptosis. BIGH3 antibody completely blocked apoptosis that was induced by TGF-β1, and blocked apoptosis induced by exogenous recombinant BIGH3. These results uncover a distinctive interplay of macrophage-derived TGF-β1, BIGH3 protein, and apoptosis, and indicate that BIGH3 is central in a novel pathway that promotes diabetic nephropathy. Macrophage TGF-β1 and BIGH3 are identified as prediabetic biomarkers, and potential therapeutic targets for intervention in prediabetic and diabetic individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Moritz
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | - Richard G LeBaron
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | - Clyde F Phelix
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | - Rajesha Rupaimoole
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | - Hong Seok Kim
- Departments of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | - Andrew Tsin
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | - Reto Asmis
- Departments of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Faghih M, Hosseini SM, Smith B, Ansari AM, Lay F, Ahmed AK, Inagami T, Marti GP, Harmon JW, Walston JD, Abadir PM. Knockout of Angiotensin AT2 receptors accelerates healing but impairs quality. Aging (Albany NY) 2015; 7:1185-97. [PMID: 26727887 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Wounds are among the most common, painful, debilitating and costly conditions in older adults. Disruption of the angiotensin type 1 receptors (AT1R), has been associated with impaired wound healing, suggesting a critical role for AT1R in this repair process. Biological functions of angiotensin type 2 receptors (AT2R) are less studied. We investigated effects of genetically disrupting AT2R on rate and quality of wound healing. Our results suggest that AT2R effects on rate of wound closure depends on the phase of wound healing. We observed delayed healing during early phase of wound healing (inflammation). An accelerated healing rate was seen during later stages (proliferation and remodeling). By day 12, fifty percent of AT2R−/− mice had complete wound closure as compared to none in either C57/BL6 or AT1R−/− mice. There was a significant increase in AT1R, TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 expression during the proliferative and remodeling phases in AT2R−/− mice. Despite the accelerated closure rate, AT2R−/− mice had more fragile healed skin. Our results suggest that in the absence of AT2R, wound healing rate is accelerated, but yielded worse skin quality. Elucidating the contribution of both of the angiotensin receptors may help fine tune future intervention aimed at wound repair in older individuals.
Collapse
|
48
|
Wang F, Wang X, Shapiro LA, Cotrina ML, Liu W, Wang EW, Gu S, Wang W, He X, Nedergaard M, Huang JH. NKCC1 up-regulation contributes to early post-traumatic seizures and increased post-traumatic seizure susceptibility. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1543-1556. [PMID: 27586142 PMCID: PMC5368191 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1292-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is not only a leading cause for morbidity and mortality in young adults (Bruns and Hauser, Epilepsia 44(Suppl 10):210, 2003), but also a leading cause of seizures. Understanding the seizure-inducing mechanisms of TBI is of the utmost importance, because these seizures are often resistant to traditional first- and second-line anti-seizure treatments. The early post-traumatic seizures, in turn, are a contributing factor to ongoing neuropathology, and it is critically important to control these seizures. Many of the available anti-seizure drugs target gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptors. The inhibitory activity of GABAA receptor activation depends on low intracellular Cl−, which is achieved by the opposing regulation of Na+–K+–Cl− cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) and K+–Cl−–cotransporter 2 (KCC2). Up-regulation of NKCC1 in neurons has been shown to be involved in neonatal seizures and in ammonia toxicity-induced seizures. Here, we report that TBI-induced up-regulation of NKCC1 and increased intracellular Cl− concentration. Genetic deletion of NKCC1 or pharmacological inhibition of NKCC1 with bumetanide suppresses TBI-induced seizures. TGFβ expression was also increased after TBI and competitive antagonism of TGFβ reduced NKKC1 expression, ameliorated reactive astrocytosis, and inhibited seizures. Thus, TGFβ might be an important pathway involved in NKCC1 up-regulation after TBI. Our findings identify neuronal up-regulation of NKCC1 and its mediation by TGFβ, as a potential and important mechanism in the early post-traumatic seizures, and demonstrate the therapeutic potential of blocking this pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fushun Wang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.,Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott and White Health, Central Division, Temple, TX, 76508, USA
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Lee A Shapiro
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.
| | - Maria L Cotrina
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Weimin Liu
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Ernest W Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott and White Health, Central Division, Temple, TX, 76508, USA
| | - Simeng Gu
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaosheng He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, 4th Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Jason H Huang
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott and White Health, Central Division, Temple, TX, 76508, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Suneetha LM, Marsakatla P, Ravi GV, Sykam A, Raju R, Reddy PP, Hara Gopal VV, Jadhav R, Suneetha S. Phenotypic characterization of a pair of molecules in tissues confer to classical Mendelian or non Mendelian ratios. Med Hypotheses 2016; 94:112-7. [PMID: 27515215 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies have reported a wide range of inflammatory responses in the nerve, skin and plasma of leprosy patients. The expression levels of each biomolecule was individualistic, however could be categorized as high and low based on their statistical mean level. Here we report for the first time, expression of a set of biomolecules relating with each other in a defined proportion. The hypothesis of this paper is that the segregation of high and low combinations of a set of biomolecules follows either classical Mendelian dihybrid ratio or epistatic ratios. This hypothesis was tested for 17 molecules in three tissues; nerve, skin and plasma and were confirmed to interact in 9:7, 9:3:4, 12:3:1, 13:3, 15:1 epistatic proportions. These findings suggest that there could be a significant role of networking of molecules in defined epistatic proportions and could be important in pathophysiology of peripheral nerve.
Collapse
|
50
|
Wahsh E, Abu-Elsaad N, El-Karef A, Ibrahim T. The vitamin D receptor agonist, calcipotriol, modulates fibrogenic pathways mitigating liver fibrosis in-vivo: An experimental study. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 789:362-369. [PMID: 27477355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D was found to be involved in liver fibrosis modulation through binding to its receptor (VDR) halting many fibrotic pathways. Targeting vitamin D-VDR axis using vitamin D analogs may represent an efficient strategy for liver fibrosis treatment . The study aims at testing the potential ability of the VDR agonist, calcipotriol, to stop fibrosis progression and/or regeneration of hepatocytes in an experimental model of liver fibrosis. Mice (CD-1) were injected with thioacetamide (TAA, 100mg/kg, i.p., 3 times/week) for 8 weeks to induce fibrosis and were treated with calcipotriol (20, 60 or 80µg/kg, i.p., daily) concurrently with TAA during the last 4 weeks. Liver function and oxidative stress biomarkers were measured by the end of the study and hepatic sections were examined for inflammation, necrosis and fibrosis percentage. Additionally, liver contents of collagen-1-alpha-1 (COL1a1), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and phospho-Smad2 (Ser456/467)/Smad3 (Ser423/425) were measured. Finally, expression of TGF-β1, tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, Smad2/3 and Smad1/5/9 were scored using immunohistochemistry techniques. Mainly, calcipotriol (80µg/kg) significantly (P<0.001) reduced fibrosis percentage and improved TAA effect on transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, COL1a1 level, malondialdehyde, albumin and reduced glutathione (GSH). It also decreased the profibrogenic cytokine TGF-β1, TIMP-1, Smad2/3, Smad1/5/9 and phospoSmad2/3 significantly (P<0.01) when compared to TAA group. Calcipotriol attenuates TAA induced liver fibrosis and can stop its progression through limiting stellate cells activity by decreasing TGF-β1 level and modulating TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. It also can help fibrolysis through decreasing TIMP-1 and restoring the balance between metalloproteinases and their inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eman Wahsh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Nashwa Abu-Elsaad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Amr El-Karef
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Tarek Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|