301
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Suh JS, Lee JY, Choi YS, Yu F, Yang V, Lee SJ, Chung CP, Park YJ. Efficient labeling of mesenchymal stem cells using cell permeable magnetic nanoparticles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 379:669-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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302
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Haglund E, Seale-Goldsmith MM, Leary JF. Design of Multifunctional Nanomedical Systems. Ann Biomed Eng 2009; 37:2048-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-009-9640-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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303
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Ke YQ, Hu CC, Jiang XD, Yang ZJ, Zhang HW, Ji HM, Zhou LY, Cai YQ, Qin LS, Xu RX. In vivo magnetic resonance tracking of Feridex-labeled bone marrow-derived neural stem cells after autologous transplantation in rhesus monkey. J Neurosci Methods 2009; 179:45-50. [PMID: 19428510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow stroma cells-derived neural stem cells (BMSCs-D-NSCs) transplantation is a promising strategy for the treatment of nervous system disorders. The development of a non-invasive method to follow the fate of BMSCs-D-NSCs in vivo is very important for the future application of this treatment. In this paper, we show for the first time, that BMSCs-D-NSCs from rhesus monkeys can be labeled in vitro with the superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) contrast agent Feridex and Poly-L-lysine (PLL) without affecting morphology, cell cycle, telomerase activity, proliferation and differentiation ability of the labeled cells. Furthermore, when autografted into the striatum, these cells survived, differentiated and were incorporated into the brain, and could be reliably tracked using MRI, as confirmed by histological examination of the grafting sites with PKH(67) fluorescence. These results suggest that Feridex labeling of BMSCs-D-NSCs is feasible, efficient and safe for MRI tracing following autografting into the rhesus monkey nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-quan Ke
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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304
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Groman EV, Yang M, Reinhardt CP, Weinberg JS, Vaccaro DE. Polycationic Nanoparticles: (1) Synthesis of a Polylysine-MION Conjugate and its Application in Labeling Fibroblasts. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2009; 2:30-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12265-008-9082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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305
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Au KW, Liao SY, Lee YK, Lai WH, Ng KM, Chan YC, Yip MC, Ho CY, Wu EX, Li RA, Siu CW, Tse HF. Effects of iron oxide nanoparticles on cardiac differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 379:898-903. [PMID: 19135029 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.12.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of transplantation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in animal model of myocardial infarction has been consistently demonstrated. The development of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles labeling and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been increasingly used to track the migration of transplanted cells in vivo allowing cell fate determination. However, the impact of SPIO- labeling on cell phenotype and cardiac differentiation capacity of ESCs remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that ESCs labeled with SPIO compared to their unlabeled counterparts had similar cardiogenic capacity, and SPIO-labeling did not affect calcium-handling property of ESC-derived cardiomyocytes. Moreover, transplantation of SPIO-labeled ESCs via direct intra-myocardial injection to infarct myocardium resulted in significant improvement in heart function. These findings demonstrated the feasibility of in vivo ESC tracking using SPIO-labeling and cardiac MRI without affecting the cardiac differentiation potential and functional properties of ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Wing Au
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Rm 1928, Block K, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
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306
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Lim EK, Yang J, Suh JS, Huh YM, Haam S. Self-labeled magneto nanoprobes using tri-aminated polysorbate 80 for detection of human mesenchymal stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b912149h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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307
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Schäfer R, Kehlbach R, Müller M, Bantleon R, Kluba T, Ayturan M, Siegel G, Wolburg H, Northoff H, Dietz K, Claussen CD, Wiskirchen J. Labeling of human mesenchymal stromal cells with superparamagnetic iron oxide leads to a decrease in migration capacity and colony formation ability. Cytotherapy 2009; 11:68-78. [DOI: 10.1080/14653240802666043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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308
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Yu J, Zhao H, Ye L, Yang H, Ku S, Yang N, Xiao N. Effect of surface functionality of magnetic silica nanoparticles on the cellular uptake by glioma cells in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b816157g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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309
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Chen IY, Greve JM, Gheysens O, Willmann JK, Rodriguez-Porcel M, Chu P, Sheikh AY, Faranesh AZ, Paulmurugan R, Yang PC, Wu JC, Gambhir SS. Comparison of optical bioluminescence reporter gene and superparamagnetic iron oxide MR contrast agent as cell markers for noninvasive imaging of cardiac cell transplantation. Mol Imaging Biol 2008; 11:178-87. [PMID: 19034584 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-008-0182-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 05/31/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we compared firefly luciferase (Fluc) reporter gene and superparamagnetic iron oxide (Feridex) as cell markers for longitudinal monitoring of cardiomyoblast graft survival using optical bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), respectively. PROCEDURES Rats (n = 31) underwent an intramyocardial injection of cardiomyoblasts (2 x 10(6)) labeled with Fluc, Feridex, or no marker (control) or an injection of Feridex alone (75 microg). Afterward, rats were serially imaged with BLI or MRI and killed at different time points for histological analysis. RESULTS BLI revealed a drastically different cell survival kinetics (half-life = 2.65 days over 6 days) than that revealed by MRI (half-life = 16.8 days over 80 days). Injection of Feridex alone led to prolonged tissue retention of Feridex (> or =16 days) and persistent MR signal (> or =42 days). CONCLUSIONS Fluc BLI reporter gene imaging is a more accurate gauge of transplanted cell survival as compared to MRI of Feridex-labeled cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Y Chen
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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310
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Sasaki T, Iwasaki N, Kohno K, Kishimoto M, Majima T, Nishimura SI, Minami A. Magnetic nanoparticles for improving cell invasion in tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 86:969-78. [PMID: 18067168 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
It has been widely recognized that cells are seeded onto only the superficial layer of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds in tissue engineering technology. This leads to tissue necrosis that occurs in the central part of 3D scaffolds. To solve this issue, an effective cell seeding technique into the central part of 3D scaffolds is required. Chitosan has characteristics of biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low-toxicity. In this study, we developed novel magnetic nanoparticles (MNs) coated with chitosan for enhancing cellular invasion using magnetic force. Cell-invasion efficiency was enhanced by introducing our novel MNs into cells and by the presence of magnetic force. This invasion efficacy depends on the degree of magnetic force. Matrix metalloproteinases and adhesion molecules that were upregulated in response to the attached nanoparticles and exposure to a magnetic force may also play a crucial role in improving cell-invasive ability in this system. This current system can efficiently enhance cell seeding into the depth of the scaffold, increase subsequent cell-cell interactions and shorten the period of cell proliferation. This system is thought to be useful in the development of cell-based strategies for the repair or replacement of tissue and other novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Sasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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311
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Zhu W, Li X, Tang Z, Zhu S, Qi J, Wei L, Lei H. Superparamagnetic iron oxide labeling of neural stem cells and 4.7T MRI tracking in vivo and in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 27:107-10. [PMID: 17393124 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-007-0130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells were labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) and tracked by MRI in vitro and in vivo after implantation. Rat neural stem cells were labeled with SPIO combined with PLL by the means of receptor-mediated endocytosis. Prussian blue staining and electron microscopy were conducted to identify the iron particles in these neural stem cells. SPIO-labeled cells were tracked by 4.7T MRI in vivo and in vitro after implantation. The subjects were divided into 5 groups, including 5 x 10(5) labeled cells cultured for one day after labeling, 5 x 10(5) same phase unlabeled cells, cell culture medium with 25 mug Fe/mL SPIO, cell culture medium without SPIO and distilled water. MRI scanning sequences included T(1)WI, T(2)WI and T(2)*WI. R(2) and R(2)* of labeled cells were calculated. The results showed: (1) Neural stem cells could be labeled with SPIO and labeling efficiency was 100%. Prussian blue staining showed numerous blue-stained iron particles in the cytoplasm; (2) The average percentage change of signal intensity of labeled cells on T(1)WI in 4.7T MRI was 24.06%, T2WI 50.66% and T(2)*WI 53.70% respectively; (3) T2 of labeled cells and unlabeled cells in 4.7T MRI was 516 ms and 77 ms respectively, R(2) was 1.94 s(-1) and 12.98 s(-1) respectively, and T(2)* was 109 ms and 22.9 ms, R(2)* was 9.17 s(-1) and 43.67 s(-1) respectively; (4) Remarkable low signal area on T(2)WI and T(2)*WI could exist for nearly 7 weeks and then disappeared gradually in the left brain transplanted with labeled cells, however no signal change in the right brain implanted with unlabeled cells. It was concluded that neural stem cells could be labeled effectively with SPIO. R2 and R(2)* of labeled cells were increased obviously. MRI can be used to track labeled cells in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhen Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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312
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Wu W, He Q, Jiang C. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis and surface functionalization strategies. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2008; 3:397-415. [PMID: 21749733 PMCID: PMC3244954 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-008-9174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 983] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Surface functionalized magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are a kind of novel functional materials, which have been widely used in the biotechnology and catalysis. This review focuses on the recent development and various strategies in preparation, structure, and magnetic properties of naked and surface functionalized iron oxide NPs and their corresponding application briefly. In order to implement the practical application, the particles must have combined properties of high magnetic saturation, stability, biocompatibility, and interactive functions at the surface. Moreover, the surface of iron oxide NPs could be modified by organic materials or inorganic materials, such as polymers, biomolecules, silica, metals, etc. The problems and major challenges, along with the directions for the synthesis and surface functionalization of iron oxide NPs, are considered. Finally, some future trends and prospective in these research areas are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Physics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quanguo He
- Key Laboratory of Green Packaging and Bio-Nanotechnology Applications (Hunan Province), Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changzhong Jiang
- Department of Physics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People’s Republic of China
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313
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Magnetic resonance imaging detects differences in migration between primary and immortalized neural stem cells. Acad Radiol 2008; 15:1269-81. [PMID: 18790399 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The study was performed to evaluate the effect of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent (super paramagnetic iron oxide [SPIO]) on differentiation and migration of primary murine neural stem cells (NSCs) in comparison to a neural stem cell line (C17.2). Because detection of labeled cells depends on the concentration of SPIO particles per imaging voxel, the study was performed at various concentrations of SPIO particles to determine the concentration that could be used for in vivo detection of small clusters of grafted cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Murine primary NSCs or C17.2 cells were labeled with different concentrations of SPIO particles (0, 25, 100, and 250 microg Fe/mL) and in vitro assays were performed to assess cell differentiation. In vivo MRI was performed 7 weeks after neonatal transplantation of labeled cells to evaluate the difference in migration capability of the two cell populations. RESULTS Both the primary NSCs and the C17.2 cells differentiated to similar number of neurons (Map2ab-positive cells). Similar patterns of engraftment of C17.2 cells were seen in transplanted mice regardless of the SPIO concentration used. In vivo MRI detection of grafted primary and C17.2 cells was only possible when cells were incubated with 100 microg/mL or higher concentration of SPIO. Extensive migration of C17.2 cells throughout the brain was observed, whereas the migration of the primary NSCs was more restricted. CONCLUSIONS Engraftment of primary NSCs can be detected noninvasively by in vivo MRI, and the presence of SPIO particles do not affect the viability, differentiation, or engraftment pattern of the donor cells.
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314
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Jing Y, Mal N, Williams PS, Mayorga M, Penn MS, Chalmers JJ, Zborowski M. Quantitative intracellular magnetic nanoparticle uptake measured by live cell magnetophoresis. FASEB J 2008; 22:4239-47. [PMID: 18725459 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-105544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles have been used successfully as an intracellular contrast agent for nuclear MRI cell tracking in vivo. We present a method of detecting intracellular SPIO colloid uptake in live cells using cell magnetophoresis, with potential applications in measuring intracellular MRI contrast uptake. The method was evaluated by measuring shifts in mean and distribution of the cell magnetophoretic mobility, and the concomitant changes in population frequency of the magnetically positive cells when compared to the unmanipulated negative control. Seven different transfection agent (TA) -SPIO complexes based on dendrimer, lipid, and polyethylenimine compounds were used as test standards, in combination with 3 different cell types: mesenchymal stem cells, cardiac fibroblasts, and cultured KG-1a hematopoietic stem cells. Transfectol (TRA) -SPIO incubation resulted in the highest frequency of magnetically positive cells (>90%), and Fugene 6 (FUG) -SPIO incubation the lowest, below that when using SPIO alone. A highly regular process of cell magnetophoresis was amenable to intracellular iron mass calculations. The results were consistent in all the cell types studied and with other reports. The cell magnetophoresis depends on the presence of high-spin iron species and is therefore expected to be directly related to the cell MRI contrast level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering/ND20, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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315
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Nelson GN, Roh JD, Mirensky TL, Wang Y, Yi T, Tellides G, Pober JS, Shkarin P, Shapiro EM, Saltzman WM, Papademetris X, Fahmy TM, Breuer CK. Initial evaluation of the use of USPIO cell labeling and noninvasive MR monitoring of human tissue-engineered vascular grafts in vivo. FASEB J 2008; 22:3888-95. [PMID: 18711027 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-107367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This pilot study examines noninvasive MR monitoring of tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) in vivo using cells labeled with iron oxide nanoparticles. Human aortic smooth muscle cells (hASMCs) were labeled with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles. The labeled hASMCs, along with human aortic endothelial cells, were incorporated into eight TEVGs and were then surgically implanted as aortic interposition grafts in a C.B-17 SCID/bg mouse host. USPIO-labeled hASMCs persisted in the grafts throughout a 3 wk observation period and allowed noninvasive MR imaging of the human TEVGs for real-time, serial monitoring of hASMC retention. This study demonstrates the feasibility of applying noninvasive imaging techniques for evaluation of in vivo TEVG performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Nelson
- Yale University School of Medicine, Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Amistad Research Bldg., 10 Amistad St., Rm. 301B, P.O. Box 208089, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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316
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Abstract
Hematopoietic, stromal and organ-specific stem cells are under evaluation for therapeutic efficacy in cell-based therapies of cardiac, neurological and other disorders. It is critically important to track the location of directly transplanted or infused cells that can serve as gene carrier/delivery vehicles for the treatment of disease processes and be able to noninvasively monitor the temporal and spatial homing of these cells to target tissues. Moreover, it is also necessary to determine their engraftment efficiency and functional capability following transplantation. There are various in vivo imaging modalities used to track the movement and incorporation of administered cells. Tagging stem cells with different contrast agents can make these cells probes for different imaging modalities. Recent reports have shown that stem cells labeled with iron oxides can be used as cellular MRI probes demonstrating the cell trafficking to target tissues. In this review, we will discuss the status and future prospect of stem cell tracking by cellular MRI for cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali S Arbab
- Henry Ford Hospital, Cellular & Molecular Imaging Laboratory,Department of Radiology, 1 Ford Place, 2F Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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317
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Nanoimmunoliposome delivery of superparamagnetic iron oxide markedly enhances targeting and uptake in human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2008; 4:318-29. [PMID: 18676207 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To circumvent the problem of reduction of the supermagnetic properties of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles after chemical modification to conjugate targeting molecules, we have adapted a tumor-targeting nanoimmunoliposome platform technology (scL) to encapsulate and deliver SPIO (scL-SPIO) in vitro and in vivo without chemical modification. Scanning probe microscopy, confocal microscopy, and Prussian blue staining were used to analyze the scL-SPIO and assess intracellular uptake and distribution of SPIO in vitro. In vivo targeting and tumor-specific uptake of scL-SPIO was examined using fluorescent-labeled SPIO. We demonstrated that SPIO encapsulation in the scL complex results in an approximately 11-fold increase in SPIO uptake in human cancer cells in vitro, with distribution to cytoplasm and nucleus. Moreover, the scL nanocomplex specifically and efficiently delivered SPIO into tumor cells after systemic administration, demonstrating the potential of this approach to enhance local tumor concentration and the utility of SPIO for clinical applications.
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318
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Laurent S, Forge D, Port M, Roch A, Robic C, Vander Elst L, Muller RN. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, stabilization, vectorization, physicochemical characterizations, and biological applications. Chem Rev 2008; 108:2064-110. [PMID: 18543879 DOI: 10.1021/cr068445e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3453] [Impact Index Per Article: 215.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Laurent
- Department of General, Organic, and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons-Hainaut, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
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319
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Vaccaro DE, Yang M, Weinberg JS, Reinhardt CP, Groman EV. Cell tracking using nanoparticles. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2008; 1:217-20. [PMID: 20559922 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-008-9039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tracking cells in regenerative medicine is becoming increasingly important for basic cell therapy science, for cell delivery optimization and for accurate biodistribution studies. This report describes nanoparticles that utilize stable-isotope metal labels for multiple detection technologies in preclinical studies. Cells labeled with nanoparticles can be imaged by electron microscopy, fluorescence, and magnetic resonance. The nanoparticle-labeled cells can be quantified by neutron activation, thereby allowing, with the use of standard curves, the determination of the number of labeled cells in tissue samples from in vivo sources. This report describes the characteristics of these nanoparticles and methods for using these nanoparticles to label and track cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Vaccaro
- BioPhysics Assay Laboratory, Inc, 80 Webster St, Worcester, MA 01603, USA.
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320
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Fang L, Shi XL, Ding YT. In vivo MRI of autologous swine Feridex-labeled mesenchymal stem cells transplantated into liver. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:2097-2101. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i19.2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To label bone mesenchymal stem cells with Feridex and to evaluate the imaging of in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the labeled cells in swine liver.
METHODS: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were isolated from swine, cultured and expanded, then labeled with Feridex. Prussian blue staining was performed. Labeled MSCs group (n = 6) and unlabeled MSCs group (n = 4) were transplanted into swine liver via portal veins. MRI including T1WI, T2WI and T2*WI sequences was performed before and at 6 h, 3 d, 7 d after transplantation. MR imaging findings were analyzed histologically.
RESULTS: Prussian blue staining of Feridex-labeled MSCs showed approximately 100% labeling efficiency. Feridex labeling caused signal intensity loss in liver on T2*WI sequences until day 7 after transplantation. Prussian blue staining of histological analysis showed homing of labeled MSCs in liver after 7 days, primarily distributed in hepatic sinusoids and liver parenchyma.
CONCLUSION: Feridex can be used to label MSCs in vitro successfully. MRI can monitor Feridex-labeled MSCs transplanted into liver.
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321
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Lee JH, Schneider B, Jordan EK, Liu W, Frank JA. Synthesis of Complexable Fluorescent Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (FL SPIONs) and Cell Labeling for Clinical Application. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2008; 20:2512-2516. [PMID: 19578472 PMCID: PMC2561283 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200800223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Lee
- Experimental Neuroimaging Section, Laboratory of Diagnostic Radiology Research, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD 20892-1074 USA
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322
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GOSS PAUL, ALLAN ALISONL, RODENHISER DAVIDI, FOSTER PAULAJ, CHAMBERS ANNF. New clinical and experimental approaches for studying tumor dormancy: does tumor dormancy offer a therapeutic target? APMIS 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.01059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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323
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Jing XH, Yang L, Duan XJ, Xie B, Chen W, Li Z, Tan HB. In vivo MR imaging tracking of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle labeled, engineered, autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells following intra-articular injection. Joint Bone Spine 2008; 75:432-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2007.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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324
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Stoll G, Bendszus M. Imaging of inflammation in the peripheral and central nervous system by magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroscience 2008; 158:1151-60. [PMID: 18651996 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a central role in the pathophysiology of numerous disorders of the nervous system, but is also pivotal for repair processes like peripheral nerve regeneration. In this review we summarize recent advances in cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) while nuclear imaging methods to visualize neuroinflammation are covered by Wunder et al. [Wunder A, Klohs J, Dirnagl U (2009) Non-invasive imaging of central nervous system inflammation with nuclear and optical imaging. Neuroscience, in press]. Use of iron oxide-contrast agents allows assessment of inflammatory processes in living organisms. Upon systemic application, circulating small (SPIO) and ultrasmall particles of iron oxide (USPIO) are preferentially phagocytosed by monocytes before clearance within the reticuloendothelial system of the liver, spleen and lymph nodes. Upon acute migration into the diseased nervous system these iron oxide-laden macrophages become visible on MRI by the superparamagnetic effects of iron oxide resulting in a signal loss on T2-w and/or bright contrast on T1-w MRI. There is an ongoing controversy, however, to what extent SPIO/USPIO also diffuses passively into the brain after disruption of the blood-brain barrier pretending macrophage invasion. Other confounding factors include circulating SPIO/USPIO particles within the blood pool, local hemorrhages, and intrinsic iron oxide-loading of phagocytes. These uncertainties can be overcome by in vitro preloading of cells with iron oxide contrast agents and consecutive systemic application into animals. Iron oxide-contrast-enhanced MRI allowed in vivo visualization of cellular inflammation during wallerian degeneration, experimental autoimmune neuritis and encephalomyelitis, and stroke in rodents, but also in patients with multiple sclerosis and stroke. Importantly, cellular MRI provides additional information to gadolinium-DTPA-enhanced MRI since cellular infiltration and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier are not closely linked. Coupling of antibodies to iron oxide particles opens new avenues for molecular MRI and has been successfully used to visualize cell adhesion molecules guiding inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Stoll
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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325
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Janic B, Iskander ASM, Rad AM, Soltanian-Zadeh H, Arbab AS. Effects of ferumoxides-protamine sulfate labeling on immunomodulatory characteristics of macrophage-like THP-1 cells. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2499. [PMID: 18575575 PMCID: PMC2423478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide (SPIO) complexed with cationic transfection agent is used to label various mammalian cells. Labeled cells can then be utilized as an in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probes. However, certain number of in vivo administered labeled cells may be cleared from tissues by the host's macrophages. For successful translation to routine clinical application of SPIO labeling method it is important that this mode of in vivo clearance of iron does not elicit any diverse immunological effects. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that SPIO agent ferumoxides-protamine sulfate (FePro) incorporation into macrophages does not alter immunological properties of these cells with regard to differentiation, chemotaxis, and ability to respond to the activation stimuli and to modulate T cell response. We used THP-1 cell line as a model for studying macrophage cell type. THP-1 cells were magnetically labeled with FePro, differentiated with 100 nM of phorbol ester, 12-Myristate-13-acetate (TPA) and stimulated with 100 ng/ml of LPS. The results showed 1) FePro labeling had no effect on the changes in morphology and expression of cell surface proteins associated with TPA induced differentiation; 2) FePro labeled cells responded to LPS with slightly higher levels of NFkappaB pathway activation, as shown by immunobloting; TNF-alpha secretion and cell surface expression levels of CD54 and CD83 activation markers, under these conditions, were still comparable to the levels observed in non-labeled cells; 3) FePro labeling exhibited differential, chemokine dependent, effect on THP-1 chemotaxis with a decrease in cell directional migration to MCP-1; 4) FePro labeling did not affect the ability of THP-1 cells to down-regulate T cell expression of CD4 and CD8 and to induce T cell proliferation. Our study demonstrated that intracellular incorporation of FePro complexes does not alter overall immunological properties of THP-1 cells. The described experiments provide the model for studying the effects of in vivo clearance of iron particles via incorporation into the host's macrophages that may follow after in vivo application of any type of magnetically labeled mammalian cells. To better mimic the complex in vivo scenario, this model may be further exploited by introducing additional cellular and biological, immunologically relevant, components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislava Janic
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America.
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326
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Kriz J, Jirak D, White D, Foster P. Magnetic resonance imaging of pancreatic islets transplanted into the right liver lobes of diabetic mice. Transplant Proc 2008; 40:444-8. [PMID: 18374096 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic islets (PI) labeled with Feridex can be visualized using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after transplantation into the liver. However, there is still no accurate method of quantifying the signal loss caused by the iron contrast agent within transplanted tissue. The aim of this study was to test a new method for quantifying signal loss during the early posttransplantation period. METHODS Isolated mouse PI (C57BL/6 and BALB/c) were labeled in CMRL-1066 culture media supplemented with Feridex. Two hundred twenty PI were injected directly into the right liver lobes of BALB/c diabetic (streptozotocine 220 mg/kg) recipients (isografts, n = 3; allografts, n = 3). Animals were scanned at 3 T, on a whole body scanner equipped with a high-performance gradient insert and using the 3D FIESTA sequence, on days 1, 7, and 14. Signal loss was quantified by comparison of liver tissue with and without labeled PI. Signal loss detected on the first scan was rated as 100% and subsequent measurements were recalculated as relative numbers. RESULTS While the function of the isografts remained stable throughout the study, the allografts failed on days 5 and 10. A decrease in the amount of signal loss was observed in all animals and was comparable after the first week in both groups. However, there was a difference between groups after the second week (mean +/- SD; isografts, 100% --> 61.8 +/- 6.74% --> 47.18 +/- 7.14%; allografts, 100% --> 59.39 +/- 8.54% --> 38.16 +/- 6.81%). CONCLUSION Disappearance of signal loss is comparable in all animals during the first week and seems to be independent of acute rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kriz
- Robarts Research Institute of Schulich School of Medicine at University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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327
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Abstract
In vivo applications of cells for the monitoring of their cell dynamics increasingly use non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging. This imaging modality allows in particular to follow the migrational activity of stem cells intended for cell therapy strategies. All these approaches require the prior labeling of the cells under investigation for excellent contrast against the host tissue background in the imaging modality. The present review discusses the various routes of cell labeling and describes the potential to observe both cell localization and their cell-specific function in vivo. Possibilities for labeling strategies, pros and cons of various contrast agents are pointed out while potential ambiguities or problems of labeling strategies are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Himmelreich
- In-vivo-NMR-Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany
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328
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Küstermann E, Himmelreich U, Kandal K, Geelen T, Ketkar A, Wiedermann D, Strecker C, Esser J, Arnhold S, Hoehn M. Efficient stem cell labeling for MRI studies. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2008; 3:27-37. [PMID: 18335477 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Iron oxide particles are especially suited for cell tracking experiments due to their extraordinarily molar relaxivity as compared with other paramagnetic nuclei. We have compared different iron oxide particles (Sinerem, Endorem and magnetic microspheres) for their suitability to label embryonic stem cells (D3 cell line). In addition to detectability thresholds, particular attention has been paid to the evaluation of long-term stability of the labelling procedure (up to 4 weeks) as well as to toxic and other adverse effects on cell viability. Comparative studies were performed using neural progenitor cells (C17.2) and dendritic cells. The present study indicates strong dependence of the label efficiency and stability on the iron oxide particles and cell lines in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Küstermann
- Max-Planck-Insitute for Neurological Research with Klaus-Joachim-Zülch-Laboratories of the Max-Planck-Society and the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Cologne, Germany
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329
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Cai J, Zhang X, Wang X, Li C, Liu G. In vivo MR imaging of magnetically labeled mesenchymal stem cells transplanted into rat liver through hepatic arterial injection. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2008; 3:61-6. [PMID: 18381616 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for tracking the magnetically labeled mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplanted into rat liver through hepatic arterial injection. MATERIALS AND METHODS MSCs, harvested from the bone marrow of Wistar rats and expanded by the adhesion method, were labeled with both Feridex and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Cell transplantation was performed by injection of 1 x 10(6) labeled cells (n = 20) or unlabeled cells (n = 10) via hepatic artery into rat livers treated with 2% carbon tetrachloride to induce acute liver necrosis. MR imaging was performed on a clinical 1.5 T MR scanner with a T(2)*-weighted gradient-echo sequence immediately before and at 1 h, 3 days, 7 days and 14 days after transplantation, and the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) were measured in liver, spleen, kidney and muscle. After MR examination, the animals were sacrificed, and the liver, kidney, lung and muscle were prepared for fluorescence observation and Prussian Blue staining. RESULTS In the group treated with labeled cells, the SNR of the liver after cell transplantation was 3.12 +/- 0.43 at 1 h, 7.98 +/- 1.05 at 3 days and 11.46 +/- 1.41 at 7 days. These values were significantly lower than the pre-transplantation SNR (14.40 +/- 0.37). In the group treated with unlabeled cells, no significant difference could be found between after and before transplantation liver SNRs. Prussian Blue staining showed iron particles, contained within the cytoplasm and distributed in the liver parenchyma, which corresponded to the DAPI-stained fluorescent nuclei under the fluorescence microscope. CONCLUSION The magnetically labeled MSCs transplanted into rat liver through hepatic arterial injection can be detected and monitored in vivo with a 1.5 T clinical MR scanner for up to 7 days after cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Cai
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.
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330
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Gunn J, Wallen H, Veiseh O, Sun C, Fang C, Cao J, Yee C, Zhang M. A multimodal targeting nanoparticle for selectively labeling T cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:712-5. [PMID: 18528851 PMCID: PMC2692349 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200701103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gunn
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering University of Washington 302L Roberts Hall Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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331
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Souza KC, Salazar-Alvarez G, Ardisson JD, Macedo WAA, Sousa EMB. Mesoporous silica-magnetite nanocomposite synthesized by using a neutral surfactant. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:185603. [PMID: 21825691 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/18/185603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Magnetite nanoparticles coated by mesoporous silica were synthesized by an alternative chemical route using a neutral surfactant and without the application of any functionalization method. The magnetite (Fe(3)O(4)) nanoparticles were prepared by precipitation from aqueous media, and then coated with mesoporous silica by using nonionic block copolymer surfactants as the structure-directing agents. The mesoporous SiO(2)-coated Fe(3)O(4) samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, N(2) adsorption-desorption isotherms, transmission electron microscopy, (57)Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry. Our results revealed that the magnetite nanoparticles are completely coated by well-ordered mesoporous silica with free pores and stable (∼8 nm thick) pore walls, and that the structural and magnetic properties of the Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles are preserved in the applied synthesis route.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Souza
- Laboratório de Biomateriais, Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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332
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Cellular magnetic resonance imaging: in vivo imaging of melanoma cells in lymph nodes of mice. Neoplasia 2008; 10:207-16. [PMID: 18320065 DOI: 10.1593/neo.07937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is responsible for most deaths due to malignant melanoma. The clinical significance of micrometastases in the lymph is a hotly debated topic, but an improved understanding of the lymphatic spread of cancer remains important for improving cancer survival. Cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a newly emerging field of imaging research that is expected to have a large impact on cancer research. In this study, we demonstrate the cellular MRI technology required to reliably image the lymphatic system in mice and to detect iron-labeled metastatic melanoma cells within the mouse lymph nodes. Melanoma cells were implanted directly into the inguinal lymph nodes in mice, and micro-MRI was performed using a customized 1.5-T clinical MRI system. We show cell detection of as few as 100 iron-labeled cells within the lymph node, with injections of larger cell numbers producing increasingly obvious regions of signal void. In addition, we show that cellular MRI allows monitoring of the fate of these cells over time as they develop into intranodal tumors. This technology will allow noninvasive investigations of cellular events in cancer metastasis within an entire animal and will facilitate progress in understanding the mechanisms of metastasis within the lymphatic system.
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333
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Ma HL, Qi XR, Ding WX, Maitani Y, Nagai T. Magnetic targeting after femoral artery administration and biocompatibility assessment of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 84:598-606. [PMID: 17618488 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ferrofluids are attractive candidates for magnetic targeting system because of their fluidity and magnetism. The magnetic nanoparticles in ferrofluids should have combined properties of superparamagnetic behavior, target localization, and biocompatibility. The magnetic targeting and biocompatibility of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles stabilized by alginate (SPION-alginate) was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The localization of SPION-alginate by an external magnetic field in vitro was quantitatively evaluated by determining the iron content, and the results revealed that the localization ratio of SPION-alginate was 56%. Magnetic targeting of the SPION-alginate after femoral artery administration with the magnetic field in rats was quantitatively investigated by iron content and qualitatively confirmed by histological evaluation and magnetic resonance imaging. The ratio of iron content between the target site and the nontarget site were 8.88 at 0.5 h and 7.50 at 2 h, respectively. The viability of RAW264.7 cells and L929 cells was apparently unaltered upon exposure to SPION-alginate. The incubation with erythrocytes indicated that the SPION-alginate did not induce erythrocytes hemolysis and aggregation. In conclusions, the SPION-alginate had magnetic targeting with an external magnetic field and did not be detained at the injection site without the magnetic field. The SPION-alginate was generally considered to be biocompatible in cytotoxicity and hemolysis aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Li Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
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334
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Lee JK, Lee MK, Jin HJ, Kim DS, Yang YS, Oh W, Yang SE, Park TS, Lee SY, Kim BS, Jeun SS. Efficient intracytoplasmic labeling of human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stromal cells with ferumoxides. Cell Transplant 2008; 16:849-57. [PMID: 18088004 DOI: 10.3727/000000007783465271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells found in several adult tissues; they have the capacity to differentiate into mesodermal, ectodermal, and endodermal tissues in vitro. There have been several reports that MSCs have therapeutic effects in a variety of diseases. Therefore, using a cell labeling technique, monitoring their temporal and spatial migration in vivo, would be useful in the clinical setting. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)--tracking of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-labeled cells--is a noninvasive technique for determining the location and migration of transplanted cells. In the present study, we evaluated the influence and toxicity of SPIO (ferumoxides) labeling on multiple differentiated MSCs. To evaluate the influence and toxicity of ferumoxides labeling on differentiation of MSCs, a variety of concentrations of ferumoxides were used for labeling MSCs. We found that the cytoplasm of adherent cells was effectively labeled at low concentrations of ferumoxides. Compared with unlabeled controls, the ferumoxides-labeled MSCs exhibited a similar proliferation rate and apoptotic progression. The labeled MSCs differentiated into osteoblasts and adipocytes in an identical fashion as the unlabeled cells. However, chondrogenesis and neurogenesis were inhibited at high concentrations of ferumoxides. Our results suggest the effective concentration for ferumoxides use in tracking MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kwon Lee
- Medipost Biomedical Research Institute, Medipost Co. Ltd., Asan Institute of Life Science, Seoul, 138-736, Republic of Korea
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335
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MRI of monocyte infiltration in an animal model of neuroinflammation using SPIO-labeled monocytes or free USPIO. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008; 28:841-51. [PMID: 18000513 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been applied to visualize monocyte infiltration with the use of intravenously injected ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO). However, USPIO uptake in vivo remains elusive, and the heterogeneous enhancement patterns observed by MRI point to multiple pathophysiological events. This study focused on specific imaging of monocyte infiltration into the brain by transfusion of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-labeled monocytes in a rat model of neuroinflammation, experimentally induced photothrombosis (PT). At day 5 after lesion induction, animals were transfused with SPIO-labeled monocytes (5 x 10(6) cells) or free USPIO (17 mg Fe/kg). MRI was performed 24, 72 and, 120 h later. To investigate temporal changes directly after intravenous USPIO administration, MRI was performed repeatedly up to 8 h. Relaxation measurements showed that rat monocytes were efficiently labeled in vitro using SPIO (R2=12+/-0.9 s(-1)). After transfusion of SPIO-labeled monocytes, a significant increase in contrast enhanced area (340%+/-106%) in the PT lesion was observed not before 72 h. Contrast enhancement after USPIO injection increased up to 407%+/-39% at a much earlier point of time (24 h) and diminished thereafter. Repetitive MRI directly after USPIO injection showed significant contrast enhancement in the lesion within 2 h. Our study shows that MRI enables in vivo tracking of SPIO-labeled monocytes longitudinally. Moreover, our data suggest that contrast enhancement after injection of free USPIO does not primarily represent signals from peripherally labeled monocytes that migrated toward the inflammatory lesion. The use of SPIO-labeled monocytes provides a better tool to specifically assess the time window of monocyte infiltration.
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336
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Shim SY, Lim DK, Nam JM. Ultrasensitive optical biodiagnostic methods using metallic nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2008; 3:215-32. [DOI: 10.2217/17435889.3.2.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dramatic progress has been made over the recent decade in the applications of metallic nanoparticles in the field of biomolecule detection. The useful physical and chemical properties (e.g., availability of various synthetic methods of size- and shape-controlled nanoparticles, size- and shape-dependent optical properties, availability of various surface chemistries and biocompatibility) of metallic nanoparticles have brought development to the ultrasensitive detection of biomolecules at the attomolar level and this sensitivity enables the diagnosis of otherwise undetectable biomarkers of many fatal diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, coupled with the strong physical properties and biocompatible nature of gold nanoparticles in in vivo conditions, the scope of applications for these particles have been broadened into the field of in vivo imaging, such as X-ray contrasting agents, and also cellular tracking. Here, we review synthetic methods and optical properties of metallic nanoparticles and their use in ultrasensitive, in vitro and in vivo biodiagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Youn Shim
- Seoul National University, Department of Chemistry, Seoul, 151–747, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Lim
- Seoul National University, Department of Chemistry, Seoul, 151–747, South Korea
| | - Jwa-Min Nam
- Seoul National University, Department of Chemistry, Seoul, 151–747, South Korea
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337
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Toso C, Vallee JP, Morel P, Ris F, Demuylder-Mischler S, Lepetit-Coiffe M, Marangon N, Saudek F, James Shapiro AM, Bosco D, Berney T. Clinical magnetic resonance imaging of pancreatic islet grafts after iron nanoparticle labeling. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:701-6. [PMID: 18294167 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.02120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
There is a crucial need for noninvasive assessment tools after cell transplantation. This study investigates whether a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) strategy could be clinically applied to islet transplantation. The purest fractions of seven human islet preparations were labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIO, 280 microg/mL) and transplanted into four patients with type 1 diabetes. MRI studies (T2*) were performed prior to and at various time points after transplantation. Viability and in vitro and in vivo functions of labeled islets were similar to those of control islets. All patients could stop insulin after transplantation. The first patient had diffuse hypointense images on her baseline liver MRI, typical for spontaneous high iron content, and transplant-related modifications could not be observed. The other three patients had normal intensity on pretransplant images, and iron-loaded islets could be identified after transplantation as hypointense spots within the liver. In one of them, i.v. iron therapy prevented subsequent visualization of the spots because of diffuse hypointense liver background. Altogether, this study demonstrates the feasibility and safety of MRI-based islet graft monitoring in clinical practice. Iron overload (spontaneous or induced) represents the major obstacle to the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Toso
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
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338
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Seo SB, Yang J, Lee TI, Chung CH, Song YJ, Suh JS, Yoon HG, Huh YM, Haam S. Enhancement of magnetic resonance contrast effect using ionic magnetic clusters. J Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 319:429-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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339
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Abstract
Mill-scale is a porous, hard and brittle coating of several distinct layers of iron oxides (predominantly Fe3O4) formed during the fabrication of steel structures. It is magnetic in nature with iron content up to as high as 93%. About 1240 million metric tons of steel was produced in 2006 globally, 1.5 % of which by weight accounts for the mill-scale waste. Thus, 18.6 million metric ton of mill scale waste was produced in one year alone. Most of the steel mill-scale waste (almost 80%) end ups in a landfill; a small fraction of it is also used to make reinforced concrete in Russia and some Asian countries. A purer commercial form of this oxide in combination with nickel and zinc oxide is used in making ceramic magnets (soft ferrites) which are an integral part of all the audio-visual and telecommunication media on this planet as well those in the space. The mill-scale waste could be a valuable technological resource if properly processed and converted into nanoscale species, in particular nanoscale iron particles for hydrogen fuel cell, medical imaging and water remediation applications. In order to achieve the much-discussed and sought-after hydrogen economy via an ‘econo’ viable and ‘enviro’ friendly route, a roadmap for utilizing the mill-scale waste has been developed. The method consists of reacting heated iron with steam, also appropriately called metal-steam reforming (a route well-known to the metallurgists for centuries) generating high purity hydrogen, with a twist. The innovation lies in the conversion of the coarse oxide scale into nanoscale iron by a novel solution-based technique. This produces highly uniform zerovalent iron particles as small as 5 nm. The scope of utilizing the mill-scale waste is broadened several folds as nanoscale iron and nanomagnetite find potential applications in de-arsenification of drinking water, destruction of perchlorate and reduction of hexavalent chromium ions in water sources. In addition, nanoscale iron and magnetite are finding increasing application as the preferred contrasting agents in magnetic resonance imaging - MRI.
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340
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Sun JH, Teng GJ, Ju SH, Ma ZL, Mai XL, Ma M. MR Tracking of Magnetically Labeled Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Rat Kidneys with Acute Renal Failure. Cell Transplant 2008; 17:279-90. [PMID: 18522231 DOI: 10.3727/096368908784153878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation is emerging as a potential treatment option for acute renal failure (ARF) because of its capability to regenerate tissues and organs. To better understand the mechanism of cell therapy, in vivo tracking cellular dynamics of the transplanted stem cells is needed. In the present study, in vivo monitored magnetically labeled mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were transplanted intravascularly into an ARF rat model using a conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system. Rat bone marrow MSCs were labeled with home synthesized Fe2O3-PLL, and labeled (n = 6) or unlabeled MSCs (n = 6) were injected into the renal arteries of the rats with ARF induced by the intramuscular injection of glycerol. Using the same technique, labeled MSCs were also injected into the rats assigned to a control group (n = 8). MR images of kidneys were obtained before injection of MSCs as well as immediately, 1, 3, 5, and 8 days afterwards. MR findings were analyzed and compared with histopathological and immunohistochemical results. These results showed that the rat MSCs were successfully labeled with the home synthesized Fe2O3-PLL. In both renal failure and intact rat models, the labeled MSCs demonstrated a loss of signal intensity in the renal cortex on T2*-weighted MR images, which was visible up to 8 days after transplantation. Histological analyses showed that most of the labeled MSCs that tested positive for Prussian blue staining were in glomerular capillaries, corresponding to the areas where a loss in signal intensity was observed in the MRI. A similar signal intensity decrease was not detected in the rats with unlabeled cells. These data demonstrate that the magnetically labeled MSCs in the rat model of ARF were successfully evaluated in vivo by a 1.5 T MRI system, showing that the mechanisms of stem cell therapy have great potential for future ARF treatment recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Gao-Jun Teng
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Sheng-Hong Ju
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhan-Long Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Li Mai
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ming Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
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341
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Babic M, Horák D, Trchová M, Jendelová P, Glogarová K, Lesný P, Herynek V, Hájek M, Syková E. Poly(L-lysine)-modified iron oxide nanoparticles for stem cell labeling. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:740-50. [PMID: 18288791 DOI: 10.1021/bc700410z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
New surface-modified iron oxide nanoparticles were developed by precipitation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) salts with ammonium hydroxide and oxidation of the resulting magnetite with sodium hypochlorite, followed by the addition of poly( L-lysine) (PLL) solution. PLL of several molecular weights ranging from 146 ( L-lysine) to 579 000 was tested as a coating to boost the intracellular uptake of the nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterized by TEM, dynamic light scattering, FTIR, and ultrasonic spectrometry. TEM revealed that the particles were ca. 6 nm in diameter, while FTIR showed that their surfaces were well-coated with PLL. The interaction of PLL-modified iron oxide nanoparticles with DMEM culture medium was verified by UV-vis spectroscopy. Rat bone marrow stromal cells (rMSCs) and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) were labeled with PLL-modified iron oxide nanoparticles or with Endorem (control). Optical microscopy and TEM confirmed the presence of PLL-modified iron oxide nanoparticles inside the cells. Cellular uptake was very high (more than 92%) for PLL-modified nanoparticles that were coated with PLL (molecular weight 388 00) at a concentration of 0.02 mg PLL per milliliter of colloid. The cellular uptake of PLL-modified iron oxide was facilitated by its interaction with the negatively charged cell surface and subsequent endosomolytic uptake. The relaxivity of rMSCs labeled with PLL-modified iron oxide and the amount of iron in the cells were determined. PLL-modified iron oxide-labeled rMSCs were imaged in vitro and in vivo after intracerebral grafting into the contralateral hemisphere of the adult rat brain. The implanted cells were visible on magnetic resonance (MR) images as a hypointense area at the injection site and in the lesion. In comparison with Endorem, nanoparticles modified with PLL of an optimum molecular weight demonstrated a higher efficiency of intracellular uptake by MSC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Babic
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, v v i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovský Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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342
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Wu X, Hu J, Zhou L, Mao Y, Yang B, Gao L, Xie R, Xu F, Zhang D, Liu J, Zhu J. In vivo tracking of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle–labeled mesenchymal stem cell tropism to malignant gliomas using magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosurg 2008; 108:320-9. [DOI: 10.3171/jns/2008/108/2/0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Object
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to migrate toward tumors, but their distribution pattern in gliomas has not been completely portrayed. The primary purpose of the study was to assay the tropism capacity of MSCs to gliomas, to delineate the pattern of MSC distribution in gliomas after systemic injection, and to track the migration and incorporation of magnetically labeled MSCs using 1.5-T magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.
Methods
The MSCs from Fischer 344 rats were colabeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). The tropism capacity of MSCs was quantitatively assayed in vitro using the Transwell system. To track the migration of MSCs in vivo, MR imaging was performed both 7 and 14 days after systemic administration of labeled MSCs. After MR imaging, the distribution patterns of MSCs in rats with gliomas were examined using Prussian blue and fluorescence staining.
Results
The in vitro study showed that MSCs possessed significantly greater migratory capacity than fibroblast cells (p < 0.001) and that lysis of F98 glioma cells and cultured F98 cells showed a greater capacity to induce migration of cells than other stimuli (p < 0.05). Seven days after MSC transplantation, the SPIO–EGFP colabeled cells were distributed throughout the tumor, where a well-defined dark hypointense region was represented on gradient echo sequences. After 14 days, most of the colabeled MSCs were found at the border between the tumor and normal parenchyma, which was represented on gradient echo sequences as diluted amorphous dark areas at the edge of the tumors.
Conclusions
This study demonstrated that systemically transplanted MSCs migrate toward gliomas with high specificity in a temporal–spatial pattern, which can be tracked using MR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wu
- 1Departments of Neurosurgery and
| | - Jin Hu
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Sixth Hospital, Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Ying Mao
- 1Departments of Neurosurgery and
| | | | | | - Rong Xie
- 1Departments of Neurosurgery and
| | - Feng Xu
- 1Departments of Neurosurgery and
| | - Dong Zhang
- 3Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University; and
| | - Jun Liu
- 3Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University; and
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343
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Park BH, Jung JC, Lee GH, Kim TJ, Lee YJ, Kim JY, Kim YW, Jeong JH, Chang Y. Comparison of labeling efficiency of different magnetic nanoparticles into stem cell. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.04.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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344
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Rad AM, Janic B, Iskander ASM, Soltanian-Zadeh H, Arbab AS. Measurement of quantity of iron in magnetically labeled cells: comparison among different UV/VIS spectrometric methods. Biotechniques 2008; 43:627-8, 630, 632 passim. [PMID: 18072592 DOI: 10.2144/000112599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell labeling with superparamagnetic iron oxides (SPIO) is becoming a routine procedure in cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Quantifying the intracellular iron in labeled cells is a prerequisite for determining the number of accumulated cells by quantitative MRI studies. To establish the most sensitive and reproducible method for measuring iron concentration in magnetically labeled cells, we investigated and compared four different methods using an ultraviolet-visible (UV/VIS) spectrophotometer. Background spectra were obtained for 5 and 10 M hydrochloric acids, a mixture of 100 mM citric acid plus ascorbic acid and bathophenanthroline sulphonate (BPS), and a mixture of 5 M hydrochloric acid plus 5% ferrocyanide. Spectra of the same solutions containing either 10 or 5 microg/mL iron oxides were also created to determine the peak absorbance wavelengths for the dissolved iron. In addition, different known iron concentrations were used to obtain calibration lines for each method. Based on the calibration factors, iron was measured in samples with a known amount of iron and in labeled cells. Methods based on the use of 10 M hydrochloric acid underestimated iron concentration in all experiments; for this method to give an accurate measurement, iron concentration in sample needs to be at least 3 microg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Rad
- Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48188, USA
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345
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Choi SJ, Oh JM, Choy JH. Human-related application and nanotoxicology of inorganic particles: complementary aspects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b711208d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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346
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Heymer A, Haddad D, Weber M, Gbureck U, Jakob PM, Eulert J, Nöth U. Iron oxide labelling of human mesenchymal stem cells in collagen hydrogels for articular cartilage repair. Biomaterials 2007; 29:1473-83. [PMID: 18155133 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
For the development of new therapeutical cell-based strategies for articular cartilage repair, a reliable cell monitoring technique is required to track the cells in vivo non-invasively and repeatedly. We present a systematic and detailed study on the performance and biological impact of a simple and efficient labelling protocol for human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Commercially available very small superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (VSOPs) were used as magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agent. Iron uptake via endocytosis was confirmed histologically with prussian blue staining and quantified by mass spectrometry. Compared with unlabelled cells, VSOP-labelling did neither influence the viability nor the proliferation potential of hMSCs. Furthermore, iron incorporation did not affect hMSCs in undergoing adipogenic, osteogenic or chondrogenic differentiation, as demonstrated histologically and by gene expression analyses. The efficiency of the labelling protocol was assessed with high-resolution MR imaging at 11.7T. VSOP-labelled hMSCs were visualised in a collagen type I hydrogel, which is in clinical use for matrix-based articular cartilage repair. The presence of VSOP-labelled hMSCs was indicated by distinct hypointense spots in the MR images, as a result of iron specific loss of signal intensity. In summary, this labelling technique has great potential to visualise hMSCs and track their migration after transplantation for articular cartilage repair with MR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Heymer
- Division of Tissue Engineering, Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, König-Ludwig-Haus, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Brettreichstrasse 11, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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347
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Song M, Moon WK, Kim Y, Lim D, Song IC, Yoon BW. Labeling efficacy of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles to human neural stem cells: comparison of ferumoxides, monocrystalline iron oxide, cross-linked iron oxide (CLIO)-NH2 and tat-CLIO. Korean J Radiol 2007; 8:365-71. [PMID: 17923778 PMCID: PMC2626816 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2007.8.5.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We wanted to compare the human neural stem cell (hNSC) labeling efficacy of different superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), namely, ferumoxides, monocrystalline iron oxide (MION), cross-linked iron oxide (CLIO)-NH2 and tat-CLIO. Materials and Methods The hNSCs (5 × 105 HB1F3 cells/ml) were incubated for 24 hr in cell culture media that contained 25 µg/ml of ferumoxides, MION or CLIO-NH2, and with or without poly-L-lysine (PLL) and tat-CLIO. The cellular iron uptake was analyzed qualitatively with using a light microscope and this was quantified via atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The visibility of the labeled cells was assessed with MR imaging. Results The incorporation of SPIONs into the hNSCs did not affect the cellular proliferations and viabilities. The hNSCs labeled with tat-CLIO showed the longest retention, up to 72 hr, and they contained 2.15 ± 0.3 pg iron/cell, which are 59 fold, 430 fold and six fold more incorporated iron than that of the hNSCs labeled with ferumoxides, MION or CLIO-NH2, respectively. However, when PLL was added, the incorporation of ferumoxides, MION or CLIO-NH2 into the hNSCs was comparable to that of tat-CLIO. Conclusion For MR imaging, hNSCs can be efficiently labeled with tat-CLIO alone or with a combination of ferumoxides, MION, CLIO-NH2 and the transfection agent PLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyeoun Song
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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348
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Montet-Abou K, Montet X, Weissleder R, Josephson L. Cell internalization of magnetic nanoparticles using transfection agents. Mol Imaging 2007. [PMID: 17311760 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2006.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfection agent (TFA)-induced magnetic cell labeling with Feridex IV is an attractive method of loading cells because it employs a pharmaceutical source of iron oxide. Although attractive, the method has two significant drawbacks. First, it requires mixing positively charged transfection agents and negatively charged magnetic nanoparticles, and the resulting loss of nanoparticle surface charge causes nanoparticle precipitation. Second, it can result in nanoparticle adsorption to the cell surface rather than internalization. Internalization of Feridex (and associated dextran) is important since dextran cell exterior can react with the antidextran antibodies, commonly present in human populations, and trigger an antibody-mediated cytotoxicity. Here we employed three assays for selecting Feridex/TFA mixtures to minimize nanoparticle precipitation and surface adsorption: (1) an assay for precipitation or stability (light scattering), (2) an assay for labeled cells (percentage of cells retained by a magnetic filter), and (3) an antidextran-based assay for nanoparticle internalization. Cells loaded with Feridex/protamine had internalized iron, whereas cells loaded with Feridex/Lipofectamine had surface-adsorbed iron. Optimal conditions for loading cells were 10 microg/Feridex and 3 microg/mL protamine sulfate. Conditions for loading cells with Feridex and a TFA need to be carefully selected to minimize nanoparticle precipitation and dextran adsorption to the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Montet-Abou
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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349
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Maxwell DJ, Bonde J, Hess DA, Hohm SA, Lahey R, Zhou P, Creer MH, Piwnica-Worms D, Nolta JA. Fluorophore-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticle labeling and analysis of engrafting human hematopoietic stem cells. Stem Cells 2007; 26:517-24. [PMID: 18055451 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanometer-sized iron oxide particles combined with molecular imaging techniques enables dynamic studies of homing and trafficking of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Identifying clinically applicable strategies for loading nanoparticles into primitive HSC requires strictly defined culture conditions to maintain viability without inducing terminal differentiation. In the current study, fluorescent molecules were covalently linked to dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (Feridex) to characterize human HSC labeling to monitor the engraftment process. Conjugating fluorophores to the dextran coat for fluorescence-activated cell sorting purification eliminated spurious signals from nonsequestered nanoparticle contaminants. A short-term defined incubation strategy was developed that allowed efficient labeling of both quiescent and cycling HSC, with no discernable toxicity in vitro or in vivo. Transplantation of purified primary human cord blood lineage-depleted and CD34(+) cells into immunodeficient mice allowed detection of labeled human HSC in the recipient bones. Flow cytometry was used to precisely quantitate the cell populations that had sequestered the nanoparticles and to follow their fate post-transplantation. Flow cytometry endpoint analysis confirmed the presence of nanoparticle-labeled human stem cells in the marrow. The use of fluorophore-labeled iron oxide nanoparticles for fluorescence imaging in combination with flow cytometry allows evaluation of labeling efficiencies and homing capabilities of defined human HSC subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Maxwell
- Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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350
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Huang J, Lin Z, Luo M, Lu C, Kim MH, Yu B, Gu J. Sinomenine suppresses TNF-alpha-induced VCAM-1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 114:180-5. [PMID: 17869461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 07/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sinomenine (SN), an alkaloid prepared from the root of Sinomenium acutum Rehd. Et wils, is used to alleviate the symptoms of rheumatism in Chinese medicine. In the present study, the potential inhibition of TNF-alpha-induced VCAM-1 expression on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was evaluated in vitro. HUVECs were isolated from freshly collected umbilical cords. Positive controls were stimulated with TNF-alpha, omitting SN. Negative controls were cultured omitting TNF-alpha and SN. Experimental groups were co-cultured with TNF-alpha and SN at different concentrations (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mol/L), or TNF-alpha and Dexamethasone (Dex) at a concentration of 1.0 x 10(-6) mol/L. Cells were harvested after culturing with the above drugs for 12 h. VCAM-1 mRNA expression was detected by real-time quantitative PCR, and VCAM-1 expression was detected by flow cytometry. The experimental data indicated that VCAM-1 mRNA and VCAM-1 were induced by TNF-alpha. The relative VCAM-1 mRNA expression decreased in the experimental groups (p<0.05). Concentrations of SN at 0.5 and 1.0 mol/L inhibited expression of VCAM-1 (p<0.05). SN at concentration of 0.25 mol/L and Dex at concentration of 1.0 x 10(-6) mol/L did not show an inhibitory effect on VCAM-1 expression in TNF-alpha-induced HUVECs. Our preliminary data indicates that SN has an inhibitory effect in vitro on TNF-alpha-induced VCAM-1 expression at both mRNA level and protein level in HUVECs, and suggests that SN may be a novel method of immunotherapy for rheumatic carditis or rheumatic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Huang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China.
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