301
|
NOZAKI Y, KOYASU M. INTERPERSONAL EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE REDUCES THE GAP IN ANGER REGULATION CONFIDENCE CAUSED BY SELF-OTHER DISSIMILARITY. PSYCHOLOGIA 2015. [DOI: 10.2117/psysoc.2015.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki NOZAKI
- Kyoto University
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
| | | |
Collapse
|
302
|
Gonzalez-Gadea ML, Herrera E, Parra M, Gomez Mendez P, Baez S, Manes F, Ibanez A. Emotion recognition and cognitive empathy deficits in adolescent offenders revealed by context-sensitive tasks. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:850. [PMID: 25374529 PMCID: PMC4204464 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotion recognition and empathy abilities require the integration of contextual information in real-life scenarios. Previous reports have explored these domains in adolescent offenders (AOs) but have not used tasks that replicate everyday situations. In this study we included ecological measures with different levels of contextual dependence to evaluate emotion recognition and empathy in AOs relative to non-offenders, controlling for the effect of demographic variables. We also explored the influence of fluid intelligence (FI) and executive functions (EFs) in the prediction of relevant deficits in these domains. Our results showed that AOs exhibit deficits in context-sensitive measures of emotion recognition and cognitive empathy. Difficulties in these tasks were neither explained by demographic variables nor predicted by FI or EFs. However, performance on measures that included simpler stimuli or could be solved by explicit knowledge was either only partially affected by demographic variables or preserved in AOs. These findings indicate that AOs show contextual social-cognition impairments which are relatively independent of basic cognitive functioning and demographic variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luz Gonzalez-Gadea
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology Buenos Aires, Argentina ; National Scientific and Technical Research Council Buenos Aires, Argentina ; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Diego Portales University Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduar Herrera
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology Buenos Aires, Argentina ; National Scientific and Technical Research Council Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Universidad Autonoma del Caribe Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Mario Parra
- UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Diego Portales University Santiago, Chile ; Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology Department, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK ; Scottish Dementia Clinical Research Network Perth, UK ; Neuropsy and Biomedical Unit, Health School, University Surcolombiana Neiva, Colombia
| | | | - Sandra Baez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology Buenos Aires, Argentina ; National Scientific and Technical Research Council Buenos Aires, Argentina ; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Diego Portales University Santiago, Chile
| | - Facundo Manes
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology Buenos Aires, Argentina ; National Scientific and Technical Research Council Buenos Aires, Argentina ; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Diego Portales University Santiago, Chile ; Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Agustin Ibanez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology Buenos Aires, Argentina ; National Scientific and Technical Research Council Buenos Aires, Argentina ; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Diego Portales University Santiago, Chile ; Universidad Autonoma del Caribe Barranquilla, Colombia ; Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
303
|
Parmley M, Zhang F. Your face says it all: closeness and perception of emotional expressions among females. The Journal of Social Psychology 2014; 155:127-42. [PMID: 25317737 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2014.972313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present investigation was to assess whether interpersonal closeness facilitates earlier emotion detection as the emotional expression unfolds. Female undergraduate participants were either paired with a close friend or an acquaintance (n = 92 pairs). Participants viewed morphed movies of their partner and a stranger gradually shifting from a neutral to either a sad, angry, or happy expression. As predicted, findings indicate a closeness advantage. Close friends detected the onset of their partners' angry and sad expressions earlier than acquaintances. Additionally, close friends were more accurate than acquaintances in identifying angry and sad expressions at the onset, particularly in non-vignette conditions when these expressions were void of context. These findings suggest that closeness does indeed facilitate emotional perception, particularly in ambiguous situations for negative emotions.
Collapse
|
304
|
Lavan N, Lima CF, Harvey H, Scott SK, McGettigan C. I thought that I heard you laughing: Contextual facial expressions modulate the perception of authentic laughter and crying. Cogn Emot 2014; 29:935-44. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2014.957656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
305
|
Baez S, Ibanez A. The effects of context processing on social cognition impairments in adults with Asperger's syndrome. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:270. [PMID: 25232301 PMCID: PMC4153041 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Social cognition—the basis of all communicative and otherwise interpersonal relationships—is embedded in specific contextual circumstances which shape intrinsic meanings. This domain is compromised in the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), including Asperger's syndrome (AS) (DSM-V). However, the few available reports of social cognition skills in adults with AS have largely neglected the effects of contextual factors. Moreover, previous studies on this population have also failed to simultaneously (a) assess multiple social cognition domains, (b) examine executive functions, (c) follow strict sample selection criteria, and (d) acknowledge the cognitive heterogeneity typical of the disorder. The study presently reviewed (Baez et al., 2012), addressed all these aspects in order to establish the basis of social cognition deficits in adult AS patients. Specifically, we assessed the performance of AS adults in multiple social cognition tasks with different context-processing requirements. The results suggest that social cognition deficits in AS imply a reduced ability to implicitly encode and integrate contextual cues needed to access social meaning. Nevertheless, the patients' performance was normal when explicit social information was presented or when the situation could be navigated with abstract rules. Here, we review the results of our study and other relevant data, and discuss their implications for the diagnosis and treatment of AS and other neuropsychiatric conditions (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, frontotemporal dementia). Finally, we analyze previous results in the light of a current neurocognitive model of social-context processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Baez
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO) and Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University Buenos Aires, Argentina ; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Diego Portales University Santiago, Chile ; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustin Ibanez
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO) and Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University Buenos Aires, Argentina ; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Diego Portales University Santiago, Chile ; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Universidad Autónoma del Caribe Barranquilla, Colombia ; Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders Sydney NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
306
|
Gil S, Le Bigot L. Seeing life through positive-tinted glasses: color-meaning associations. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104291. [PMID: 25098167 PMCID: PMC4123920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of literature to show that color can convey information, owing to its emotionally meaningful associations. Most research so far has focused on negative hue–meaning associations (e.g., red) with the exception of the positive aspects associated with green. We therefore set out to investigate the positive associations of two colors (i.e., green and pink), using an emotional facial expression recognition task in which colors provided the emotional contextual information for the face processing. In two experiments, green and pink backgrounds enhanced happy face recognition and impaired sad face recognition, compared with a control color (gray). Our findings therefore suggest that because green and pink both convey positive information, they facilitate the processing of emotionally congruent facial expressions (i.e., faces expressing happiness) and interfere with that of incongruent facial expressions (i.e., faces expressing sadness). Data also revealed a positive association for white. Results are discussed within the theoretical framework of emotional cue processing and color meaning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Gil
- University of Poitiers and CNRS (CeRCA, UMR 7295), Poitiers, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Ludovic Le Bigot
- University of Poitiers and CNRS (CeRCA, UMR 7295), Poitiers, France
| |
Collapse
|
307
|
|
308
|
Lee KH, Siegle GJ. Different brain activity in response to emotional faces alone and augmented by contextual information. Psychophysiology 2014; 51:1147-57. [PMID: 24964216 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the extent to which emotional face stimuli differ from the neural reactivity associated with more ecological contextually augmented stimuli. Participants were scanned when they viewed contextually rich pictures depicting both emotional faces and context, and pictures of emotional faces presented alone. Emotional faces alone were more strongly associated with brain activity in paralimbic and social information processing regions, whereas emotional faces augmented by context were associated with increased and sustained activity in regions potentially representing increased complexity and subjective emotional experience. Furthermore, context effects were modulated by emotional intensity and valence. These findings suggest that cortical elaboration that is apparent in contextually augmented stimuli may be missed in studies of emotional faces alone, whereas emotional faces may more selectively recruit limbic reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hwa Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | |
Collapse
|
309
|
Harvey MM, Coifman KG, Ross G, Kleinert D, Giardina P. Contextually appropriate emotional word use predicts adaptive health behavior: Emotion context sensitivity and treatment adherence. J Health Psychol 2014; 21:579-89. [PMID: 24801328 DOI: 10.1177/1359105314532152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotion context sensitivity is the ability to respond emotionally in a manner that is functionally appropriate for the context in which the emotion arises. This study examined the relationship between emotion context sensitivity and treatment adherence in adults with the chronic illness Thalassemia. Emotional responses were measured by examining the frequency of positive and negative emotional words used to answer two interview questions that created two different emotional contexts. Consistent with previous research on adaptive and contextually appropriate emotions, negative emotion words were related to adherence in the context of the disease itself, while positive emotion words were related to adherence in the context of coping.
Collapse
|
310
|
Wieser MJ, Gerdes AB, Büngel I, Schwarz KA, Mühlberger A, Pauli P. Not so harmless anymore: How context impacts the perception and electrocortical processing of neutral faces. Neuroimage 2014; 92:74-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
|
311
|
Palma TA, Garrido MV, Semin GR. Situating person memory: The role of the visual context on memory for behavioral information. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
312
|
Wojciechowski J, Stolarski M, Matthews G. Emotional intelligence and mismatching expressive and verbal messages: a contribution to detection of deception. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92570. [PMID: 24658500 PMCID: PMC3962410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing facial emotion, especially mismatches between facial and verbal messages, is believed to be important in the detection of deception. For example, emotional leakage may accompany lying. Individuals with superior emotion perception abilities may then be more adept in detecting deception by identifying mismatch between facial and verbal messages. Two personal factors that may predict such abilities are female gender and high emotional intelligence (EI). However, evidence on the role of gender and EI in detection of deception is mixed. A key issue is that the facial processing skills required to detect deception may not be the same as those required to identify facial emotion. To test this possibility, we developed a novel facial processing task, the FDT (Face Decoding Test) that requires detection of inconsistencies between facial and verbal cues to emotion. We hypothesized that gender and ability EI would be related to performance when cues were inconsistent. We also hypothesized that gender effects would be mediated by EI, because women tend to score as more emotionally intelligent on ability tests. Data were collected from 210 participants. Analyses of the FDT suggested that EI was correlated with superior face decoding in all conditions. We also confirmed the expected gender difference, the superiority of high EI individuals, and the mediation hypothesis. Also, EI was more strongly associated with facial decoding performance in women than in men, implying there may be gender differences in strategies for processing affective cues. It is concluded that integration of emotional and cognitive cues may be a core attribute of EI that contributes to the detection of deception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gerald Matthews
- Institute for Simulation & Training, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
313
|
Davidson D, Vanegas SB. The role of emotion on the recall of central and peripheral information from script-based text. Cogn Emot 2014; 29:76-94. [PMID: 24625271 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2014.896319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In three experiments, script-based stories were used to provide thematic emotion. Consistent with past research expressing emotion thematically, emotion aided recall of both central and peripheral information. However, emotion had to be directly associated with the central or peripheral information, and emotion only facilitated memory for peripheral information when peripheral information alone was associated with the emotion. Emotion did not aid overall recall of stories. Positive and negative emotions were generally better recalled when they were incongruent with the information they were associated with, such as a positive emotion associated with an interruptive action. These results provide evidence that thematically expressed, low arousal emotion can have facilitative effects on memory. Implications for the role of emotion on memory are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Davidson
- a Department of Psychology , Loyola University Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
314
|
Franklin JC, Jamieson JP, Glenn CR, Nock MK. How Developmental Psychopathology Theory and Research Can Inform the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Project. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 44:280-90. [DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2013.873981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
315
|
Gendron M, Roberson D, van der Vyver JM, Barrett LF. Cultural relativity in perceiving emotion from vocalizations. Psychol Sci 2014; 25:911-20. [PMID: 24501109 DOI: 10.1177/0956797613517239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A central question in the study of human behavior is whether certain emotions, such as anger, fear, and sadness, are recognized in nonverbal cues across cultures. We predicted and found that in a concept-free experimental task, participants from an isolated cultural context (the Himba ethnic group from northwestern Namibia) did not freely label Western vocalizations with expected emotion terms. Responses indicate that Himba participants perceived more basic affective properties of valence (positivity or negativity) and to some extent arousal (high or low activation). In a second, concept-embedded task, we manipulated whether the target and foil on a given trial matched in both valence and arousal, neither valence nor arousal, valence only, or arousal only. Himba participants achieved above-chance accuracy only when foils differed from targets in valence only. Our results indicate that the voice can reliably convey affective meaning across cultures, but that perceptions of emotion from the voice are culturally variable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gendron
- 1Affective Science Institute, Northeastern University
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
316
|
Aguert M, Laval V, Lacroix A, Gil S, Le Bigot L. Inferring emotions from speech prosody: not so easy at age five. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83657. [PMID: 24349539 PMCID: PMC3857318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has suggested that children do not rely on prosody to infer a speaker's emotional state because of biases toward lexical content or situational context. We hypothesized that there are actually no such biases and that young children simply have trouble in using emotional prosody. Sixty children from 5 to 13 years of age had to judge the emotional state of a happy or sad speaker and then to verbally explain their judgment. Lexical content and situational context were devoid of emotional valence. Results showed that prosody alone did not enable the children to infer emotions at age 5, and was still not fully mastered at age 13. Instead, they relied on contextual information despite the fact that this cue had no emotional valence. These results support the hypothesis that prosody is difficult to interpret for young children and that this cue plays only a subordinate role up until adolescence to infer others' emotions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Aguert
- Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, PALM (EA 4649), Caen, France
| | - Virginie Laval
- Université de Poitiers, CeRCA (UMR CNRS 7295), Poitiers, France
| | - Agnès Lacroix
- Université européenne de Bretagne - Rennes 2, CRP2C (EA 1285), Rennes, France
| | - Sandrine Gil
- Université de Poitiers, CeRCA (UMR CNRS 7295), Poitiers, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
317
|
Schettino A, Loeys T, Pourtois G. Multiple synergistic effects of emotion and memory on proactive processes leading to scene recognition. Neuroimage 2013; 81:81-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
318
|
Tan T, Li H, Wang Y, Yang J. Are we afraid of different categories of stimuli in identical ways? Evidence from skin conductance responses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73165. [PMID: 24039879 PMCID: PMC3770652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that emotional pictures attract more attention than neutral pictures, and pictures of living stimuli have similar advantage in driving attention (vs. nonliving). However, factors of emotion, category and picture context are usually mixed so that whether living and nonliving categories elicit different skin conductance (SC) responses, in both conscious and unconscious conditions, remains to be clarified. In this study, participants were presented with negative and neutral pictures denoting different living and nonliving concepts in conscious (Experiments 1 and 2) and unconscious conditions (40ms, Experiment 3) when their SC responses were measured. The picture context was manipulated in Experiments 2 and 3 as half including human-related information. In three experiments, the emotional levels of different categories were matched in different and identical cohorts of participants. The results showed that living pictures in a negative, high-arousing dimension elicited stronger SC responses than nonliving pictures. When nonhuman animals and inanimate objects were compared, the increased SC responses to animals was obtained only for negative pictures without human contexts in the conscious condition, but regardless of human context in the unconscious condition. These results suggested that contextual information and level of conscious awareness are important to modulate the animate advantage in emotional processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tengteng Tan
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Li
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
319
|
Sayers WM, Sayette MA. Suppression on your own terms: internally generated displays of craving suppression predict rebound effects. Psychol Sci 2013; 24:1740-6. [PMID: 23842957 PMCID: PMC4587984 DOI: 10.1177/0956797613479977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on emotion suppression has shown a rebound effect, in which expression of the targeted emotion increases following a suppression attempt. In prior investigations, participants have been explicitly instructed to suppress their responses, which has drawn the act of suppression into metaconsciousness. Yet emerging research emphasizes the importance of nonconscious approaches to emotion regulation. This study is the first in which a craving rebound effect was evaluated without simultaneously raising awareness about suppression. We aimed to link spontaneously occurring attempts to suppress cigarette craving to increased smoking motivation assessed immediately thereafter. Smokers (n = 66) received a robust cued smoking-craving manipulation while their facial responses were videotaped and coded using the Facial Action Coding System. Following smoking-cue exposure, participants completed a behavioral choice task previously found to index smoking motivation. Participants evincing suppression-related facial expressions during cue exposure subsequently valued smoking more than did those not displaying these expressions, which suggests that internally generated suppression can exert powerful rebound effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W. Michael Sayers
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Michael A. Sayette
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA
| |
Collapse
|
320
|
Fischer AH, Eagly AH, Oosterwijk S. The meaning of tears: Which sex seems emotional depends on the social context. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agneta H. Fischer
- Department of Social Psychology; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Alice H. Eagly
- Department of Psychology; Northwestern University; Evanston; USA
| | - Suzanne Oosterwijk
- Department of Social Psychology; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
321
|
Aminoff EM, Kveraga K, Bar M. The role of the parahippocampal cortex in cognition. Trends Cogn Sci 2013; 17:379-90. [PMID: 23850264 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The parahippocampal cortex (PHC) has been associated with many cognitive processes, including visuospatial processing and episodic memory. To characterize the role of PHC in cognition, a framework is required that unifies these disparate processes. An overarching account was proposed whereby the PHC is part of a network of brain regions that processes contextual associations. Contextual associations are the principal element underlying many higher-level cognitive processes, and thus are suitable for unifying the PHC literature. Recent findings are reviewed that provide support for the contextual associations account of PHC function. In addition to reconciling a vast breadth of literature, the synthesis presented expands the implications of the proposed account and gives rise to new and general questions about context and cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elissa M Aminoff
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
322
|
Le Sourn-Bissaoui S, Aguert M, Girard P, Chevreuil C, Laval V. Emotional speech comprehension in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2013; 46:309-320. [PMID: 23578548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We examined the understanding of emotional speech by children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We predicted that they would have difficulty understanding emotional speech, not because of an emotional prosody processing impairment but because of problems drawing appropriate inferences, especially in multiple-cue environments. Twenty-six children and adolescents with ASD and 26 typically developing controls performed a computerized task featuring emotional prosody, either embedded in a discrepant context or without any context at all. They must identify the speaker's feeling. When the prosody was the sole cue, participants with ASD performed just as well as controls, relying on this cue to infer the speaker's intention. When the prosody was embedded in a discrepant context, both ASD and TD participants exhibited a contextual bias and a negativity bias. However ASD participants relied less on the emotional prosody than the controls when it was positive. We discuss these findings with respect to executive function and intermodal processing. LEARNING OUTCOMES After reading this article, the reader should be able to (1) describe the ASD participants pragmatic impairments, (2) explain why ASD participants did not have an emotional prosody processing impairment, and (3) explain why ASD participants had difficulty inferring the speaker's intention from emotional prosody in a discrepant situation.
Collapse
|
323
|
A Gendered Analysis of Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace. HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT REVIEW 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1534484312469100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Drawing on a sociological analysis considering gender, this article explores how emotional intelligence (EI) abilities are socially constructed and valued. It presents a range of societal trends including “the future is female” to explore how both men and women are perceived and judged against symbolic representations of masculine and feminine when they perform gendered conceptions of EI. The article illuminates how women and men may be encouraged to take up feminine and masculine interpretations of EI skills but women fare less well. It then examines the effects of EI’s assessment and therapeutic methods in training and work-based use. It argues that these approaches are damaging to individuals when deployed in work environments where masculinized management resides as the dominant framework. Finally, the article discusses the findings in relation to HRD to reveal important theoretical guidelines for practice.
Collapse
|
324
|
Toet A, Tak S. Look out, there is a triangle behind you! The effect of primitive geometric shapes on perceived facial dominance. Iperception 2013; 4:53-6. [PMID: 23799187 PMCID: PMC3690415 DOI: 10.1068/i0568sas] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that perceived facial valence is biased toward background valence. Here, we examine whether background dominance also affects perceived facial dominance. In particular, we hypothesized that downward-pointing triangles, which are known to convey threat, would affect perceived facial dominance. Participants judged perceived facial dominance of neutral faces presented overlaid on downward- or upward-pointing background triangles. Our results show that neutral faces are indeed judged more dominant when seen with a downward-pointing triangle in the background. The fact that simple geometric background shapes can affect facial judgments may have important implications for the design and experience of our daily environment and multimedia content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Toet
- TNO, Kampweg 5, 3769DE Soesterberg, the Netherlands; e-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
325
|
Abstract
In this review, we highlight evidence suggesting that concepts represented in language are used to create a perception of emotion from the constant ebb and flow of other people’s facial muscle movements. In this “construction hypothesis,” (cf. Gendron, Lindquist, Barsalou, & Barrett, 2012) (see also Barrett, 2006b; Barrett, Lindquist, & Gendron, 2007; Barrett, Mesquita, & Gendron, 2011), language plays a constitutive role in emotion perception because words ground the otherwise highly variable instances of an emotion category. We demonstrate that language plays a constitutive role in emotion perception by discussing findings from behavior, neuropsychology, development, and neuroimaging. We close by discussing implications of a constructionist view for the science of emotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Gendron
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, USA; Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, USA
| |
Collapse
|
326
|
Abstract
Translational research on emotion in schizophrenia has revealed deficits in emotion perception and expression, as well as intact areas, including emotional experience and brain activation in the presence of emotionally evocative material. Yet, a closer look at emotional experience reveals that all is not well in the experience domain. People with schizophrenia have difficulty anticipating emotional events and maintaining or savoring their emotional experiences, as evidenced in behavioral, psychophysiological, and brain imaging studies. Furthermore, people with schizophrenia have difficulty integrating emotion perception with context and reporting on feelings that are differently valenced than presented emotional stimuli. Differences in brain activation are typically observed in areas tightly coupled with cognitive control, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and thus the latest research on emotion in schizophrenia explicitly integrates emotion and cognition. Translational research holds promise to identify when in the course of the disorder emotion deficits emerge and to develop more effective interventions for schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Kring
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
327
|
Abstract
The ability to estimate the time remaining until collision occurs with an approaching object (time-to-collision, TTC) is crucial for any mobile animal. In the present study, we report three experiments examining whether higher level cognitive factors, represented by affective value of approaching objects, could affect judgments of TTC. A theory of TTC estimates based purely on the optical variable tau does not predict an influence of the affective value of an approaching object. In Experiments 1 and 2, we compared TTC estimates of threatening and neutral pictures that approached our participants on a screen and disappeared from view before a collision would have occurred. Images were taken from the International Affective Picture System. Threatening pictures-in particular, the picture of a frontal attack-were judged to collide earlier than neutral pictures. In Experiment 3, the approaching stimuli were faces with different emotional expressions. TTC tended to be underestimated for angry faces. We discuss these results, considering the roles of affective and cognitive mechanisms modulating TTC estimation and general time perception.
Collapse
|
328
|
DeSteno D, Breazeal C, Frank RH, Pizarro D, Baumann J, Dickens L, Lee JJ. Detecting the Trustworthiness of Novel Partners in Economic Exchange. Psychol Sci 2012; 23:1549-56. [PMID: 23129062 DOI: 10.1177/0956797612448793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Because trusting strangers can entail high risk, an ability to infer a potential partner’s trustworthiness would be highly advantageous. To date, however, little evidence indicates that humans are able to accurately assess the cooperative intentions of novel partners by using nonverbal signals. In two studies involving human-human and human-robot interactions, we found that accuracy in judging the trustworthiness of novel partners is heightened through exposure to nonverbal cues and identified a specific set of cues that are predictive of economic behavior. Employing the precision offered by robotics technology to model and control humanlike movements, we demonstrated not only that experimental manipulation of the identified cues directly affects perceptions of trustworthiness and subsequent exchange behavior, but also that the human mind will utilize such cues to ascribe social intentions to technological entities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Leah Dickens
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University
| | - Jin Joo Lee
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| |
Collapse
|
329
|
Horning SM, Cornwell RE, Davis HP. The recognition of facial expressions: An investigation of the influence of age and cognition. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2012; 19:657-76. [DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2011.645011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
330
|
Roberson D, Kikutani M, Döge P, Whitaker L, Majid A. Shades of emotion: What the addition of sunglasses or masks to faces reveals about the development of facial expression processing. Cognition 2012; 125:195-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2012.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
331
|
Samuelsson H, Jarnvik K, Henningsson H, Andersson J, Carlbring P. The Umeå University Database of Facial Expressions: a validation study. J Med Internet Res 2012; 14:e136. [PMID: 23047935 PMCID: PMC3510711 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.2196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A set of face stimuli, called the Umeå University Database of Facial Expressions, is described. The set consists of 30 female and 30 male models aged 17-67 years (M = 30.19, SD = 10.66). Each model shows seven different facial expressions (angry, surprised, happy, sad, neutral, afraid, and disgusted). Most models are ethnic Swedes but models of Central European, Arabic, and Asian origin are also included. OBJECTIVE Creating and validating a new database of facial expressions that can be used for scientific experiments. METHODS The images, presented in random order one at a time, were validated by 526 volunteers rating on average 125 images on seven 10-point Likert-type scales ranging from "completely disagree" to "completely agree" for each emotion. RESULTS The proportion of the aggregated results that were correctly classified was considered to be high (M = 88%). CONCLUSIONS The results lend empirical support for the validity of this set of facial expressions. The set can be used freely by the scientific community.
Collapse
|
332
|
Abstract
In our response, we clarify important theoretical differences between basic emotion and psychological construction approaches. We evaluate the empirical status of the basic emotion approach, addressing whether it requires brain localization, whether localization can be observed with better analytic tools, and whether evidence for basic emotions exists in other types of measures. We then revisit the issue of whether the key hypotheses of psychological construction are supported by our meta-analytic findings. We close by elaborating on commentator suggestions for future research.
Collapse
|
333
|
Lazenby M. On the humanities of nursing. Nurs Outlook 2012; 61:e9-14. [PMID: 22884719 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2012.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The author contends that the present state of nursing research, as focused on studies that produce the sort of positivistic evidence espoused by the evidence-based medicine movement, emphasizes something other than the goals of nursing. This emphasis has distorted nursing practice by focusing on the ostensibly quantifiable. Using Virginia Henderson's classic definition of nursing and the work of the philosopher Martha Nussbaum, the author argues for the centrality of the human experience in the practice and the research of nursing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lazenby
- Yale University School of Nursing, New Haven, CT 06536-0740, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
334
|
Fellner AN, Matthews G, Shockley KD, Warm JS, Zeidner M, Karlov L, Roberts RD. Using emotional cues in a discrimination learning task: Effects of trait emotional intelligence and affective state. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
335
|
Abstract
Research on emotion perception in schizophrenia has focused primarily on the perception of static faces displaying different emotion signals or expressions. However, perception of emotion in daily life relies on much more than just the face. In this article, we review the role of context in emotion perception among people with and without schizophrenia. We argue that not only is context central to the perception of emotion, it in fact helps to construct the perception. Implications for future research on emotion perception are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann M. Kring
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
336
|
Lee TH, Choi JS, Cho YS. Context modulation of facial emotion perception differed by individual difference. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32987. [PMID: 22431992 PMCID: PMC3303876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Certain facial configurations are believed to be associated with distinct affective meanings (i.e. basic facial expressions), and such associations are common across cultures (i.e. universality of facial expressions). However, recently, many studies suggest that various types of contextual information, rather than facial configuration itself, are important factor for facial emotion perception. Methodology/Principal Findings To examine systematically how contextual information influences individuals’ facial emotion perception, the present study estimated direct observers’ perceptual thresholds for detecting negative facial expressions via a forced-choice psychophysical procedure using faces embedded in various emotional contexts. We additionally measured the individual differences in affective information-processing tendency (BIS/BAS) as a possible factor that may determine the extent to which contextual information on facial emotion perception is used. It was found that contextual information influenced observers' perceptual thresholds for facial emotion. Importantly, individuals’ affective-information tendencies modulated the extent to which they incorporated context information into their facial emotion perceptions. Conclusions/Significance The findings of this study suggest that facial emotion perception not only depends on facial configuration, but the context in which the face appears as well. This contextual influence appeared differently with individual’s characteristics of information processing. In summary, we conclude that individual character traits, as well as facial configuration and the context in which a face appears, need to be taken into consideration regarding facial emotional perception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Ho Lee
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - June-Seek Choi
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang Seok Cho
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
337
|
Abstract
Emotional expressions have endured as a topic of profound scientific interest for over a century, in part due to Darwin’s classic volume, The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals. Since its publication, there has been a strong, spirited debate over the origin, nature, and function of emotional expressions. In this article, I consider two basic questions: What did Darwin really write about emotional expressions, and how well does his account match the modern, conventional, “basic emotion” account? And does the scientific evidence specifically support the modern account of Darwin’s view, or are there alternative hypotheses that provide good (or even better) interpretations for the data at hand? I discuss the various ways that Darwin might be correct (and incorrect) about how emotions and their manifestations have been sculpted by natural selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University and Department of Psychiatry and the Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School
| |
Collapse
|