301
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Nakajima Y, Osakabe A, Waku T, Suzuki T, Akaogi K, Fujimura T, Homma Y, Inoue S, Yanagisawa J. Estrogen Exhibits a Biphasic Effect on Prostate Tumor Growth through the Estrogen Receptor β-KLF5 Pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:144-56. [PMID: 26483416 PMCID: PMC4702593 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00625-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens are effective in the treatment of prostate cancer; however, the effects of estrogens on prostate cancer are enigmatic. In this study, we demonstrated that estrogen (17β-estradiol [E2]) has biphasic effects on prostate tumor growth. A lower dose of E2 increased tumor growth in mouse xenograft models using DU145 and PC-3 human prostate cancer cells, whereas a higher dose significantly decreased tumor growth. We found that anchorage-independent apoptosis in these cells was inhibited by E2 treatment. Similarly, in vivo angiogenesis was suppressed by E2. Interestingly, these effects of E2 were abolished by knockdown of either estrogen receptor β (ERβ) or Krüppel-like zinc finger transcription factor 5 (KLF5). Ιn addition, E2 suppressed KLF5-mediated transcription through ERβ, which inhibits proapoptotic FOXO1 and proangiogenic PDGFA expression. Furthermore, we revealed that a nonagonistic ER ligand GS-1405 inhibited FOXO1 and PDGFA expression through the ERβ-KLF5 pathway and regulated prostate tumor growth without ERβ transactivation. Therefore, these results suggest that E2 biphasically modulates prostate tumor formation by regulating KLF5-dependent transcription through ERβ and provide a new strategy for designing ER modulators, which will be able to regulate prostate cancer progression with minimal adverse effects due to ER transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Nakajima
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Asami Osakabe
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Waku
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kensuke Akaogi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Fujimura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Homma
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Junn Yanagisawa
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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302
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Büning H, Hacker UT. Inhibitors of Angiogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 917:261-85. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32805-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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303
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Romereim SM, Cupp AS. Mesonephric Cell Migration into the Gonads and Vascularization Are Processes Crucial for Testis Development. Results Probl Cell Differ 2016; 58:67-100. [PMID: 27300176 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31973-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Testis morphogenesis requires the integration and reorganization of multiple cell types from several sources, one of the more notable being the mesonephric-derived cell population. One of the earliest sex-specific morphogenetic events in the gonad is a wave of endothelial cell migration from the mesonephros that is crucial for (1) partitioning the gonad into domains for testis cords, (2) providing the vasculature of the testis, and (3) signaling to cells both within the gonad and beyond it to coordinately regulate testis development. In addition to endothelial cell migration, there is evidence that precursors of peritubular myoid cells migrate from the mesonephros, an event which is also important for testis cord architecture. Investigation of the mesonephric cell migration event has utilized histology, lineage tracing with mouse genetic markers, and many studies of the signaling molecules/pathways involved. Some of the more well-studied signaling molecules involved include vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and neurotrophins. In this chapter, the morphogenetic events, relevant signaling pathways, mechanisms underlying the migration, and the role of the migratory cells within the testis will be discussed. Overall, the migration of mesonephric cells into the early testis is indispensable for its development and future functionality.
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304
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Disruption of Anti-tumor T Cell Responses by Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts. RESISTANCE TO TARGETED ANTI-CANCER THERAPEUTICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42223-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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305
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Awasthi N, Schwarz RE. Profile of nintedanib in the treatment of solid tumors: the evidence to date. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:3691-701. [PMID: 26677336 PMCID: PMC4677757 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s78805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an essential process for tumor growth and metastasis, and remains a promising therapeutic target process in cancer treatment for several cancer types. Bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody that targets vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), was the first antiangiogenic agent approved for cancer therapy. Novel antiangiogenic agents, such as sunitinib, sorafenib, pazopanib, or vandetanib that target additional proangiogenic signaling pathways beyond VEGF, have also been approved for the treatment of various malignant diseases. While most of these agents are approved in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy for indications including metastatic colorectal cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, breast cancer, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and gastric cancer, some are used as approved monotherapy for advanced RCC, hepatocellular carcinoma and medullary thyroid cancer. Major challenges to the success of antiangiogenic therapy include associated toxicity risks, limitation of efficacy through the possible development of resistance and induction or promotion of metastatic progression. Nintedanib (formally known as BIBF 1120) is a triple angiokinase inhibitor of VEGF, fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor signaling with lesser activity against RET, Flt-3, and Src. Through this unique targeting profile nintedanib has demonstrated significant antitumor activity in several tumor types in preclinical studies. Nintedanib has also shown promising clinical efficacy in combination with docetaxel and has been approved for treating patients with locally advanced and metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer in Europe. Nintedanib has also been found to be clinically promising in terms of efficacy and safety in several other solid tumors including ovarian cancer (Phase III), RCC (Phase II), and prostate cancer (Phase II). This review article provides a comprehensive summary of the preclinical and clinical efficacy of nintedanib in the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Awasthi
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Roderich E Schwarz
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN, USA ; Indiana University Health Goshen Center for Cancer Care, Goshen, IN, USA
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306
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Zhang Y, Bi L, Qiu Y, Wang Y, Ding J, Zhuang Y, Tian Y, Cai H. Elevated sL1-CAM levels in BALF and serum of IPF patients. Respirology 2015; 21:143-8. [PMID: 26610737 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Lintao Bi
- Department of Oncology and Hematology; China-Japan Union Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Yuying Qiu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Radiology; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Jingjing Ding
- Department of Respiratory Diseases; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Yi Zhuang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Yaqiong Tian
- Department of Respiratory Diseases; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Hourong Cai
- Department of Respiratory Diseases; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University; Nanjing China
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307
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Wang Z, Fu S. An overview of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 25:15-30. [PMID: 26560712 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1117071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy and the fifth most common cause of cancer-related deaths in women. Initial treatment with surgery and chemotherapy has improved survival significantly. However, the disease progresses or recurs in most patients. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop more effective treatment strategies. AREAS COVERED This article provides an overview of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for the treatment of EOC, which is based on English peer-reviewed articles on MEDLINE and related abstracts presented at major conferences. The authors highlight the data from the published clinical trials in EOC patients who were treated with TKIs or TKI-based regimens. EXPERT OPINION EOC is responsive to most chemotherapeutic drugs and/or biological agents and represents an ideal disease model for investigating novel anti-cancer agents. Numerous small-molecule TKIs targeting the VEGFR, PARP, PI3K-AKT-mTOR, MAPK, Src, PKC, Wee1 and HER1/2 signaling pathways are currently being tested in clinical trials. Research is needed for devising regimens combining TKIs with other agents in an optimal timing schedule and for identifying potential biomarkers predictive of response and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Wang
- a Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston , TX 77030 , USA.,b Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education) , Peking University Cancer Hospital & Beijing Institute for Cancer Research , Beijing , China
| | - Siqing Fu
- a Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston , TX 77030 , USA
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308
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van Putten S, Shafieyan Y, Hinz B. Mechanical control of cardiac myofibroblasts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 93:133-42. [PMID: 26620422 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts produce and turn over collagenous extracellular matrix as part of the normal adaptive response to increased mechanical load in the heart, e.g. during prolonged exercise. However, chronic overload as a consequence of hypertension or myocardial injury trigger a repair program that culminates in the formation of myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts are opportunistically activated from various precursor cells that all acquire a phenotype promoting excessive collagen secretion and contraction of the neo-matrix into stiff scar tissue. Stiff fibrotic tissue reduces heart distensibility, impedes pumping and valve function, contributes to diastolic and systolic dysfunction, and affects myocardial electrical transmission, potentially leading to arrhythmia and heart failure. Here, we discuss how mechanical factors, such as matrix stiffness and strain, are feeding back and cooperate with cytokine signals to drive myofibroblast activation. We elaborate on the importance of considering the mechanical boundary conditions in the heart to generate better cell culture models for mechanistic studies of cardiac fibroblast function. Elements of the force transmission and mechanoperception apparatus acting in myofibroblasts are presented as potential therapeutic targets to treat fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander van Putten
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Yousef Shafieyan
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada.
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309
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Daudigeos-Dubus E, Le Dret L, Lanvers-Kaminsky C, Bawa O, Opolon P, Vievard A, Villa I, Pagès M, Bosq J, Vassal G, Zopf D, Geoerger B. Regorafenib: Antitumor Activity upon Mono and Combination Therapy in Preclinical Pediatric Malignancy Models. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142612. [PMID: 26599335 PMCID: PMC4658168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The multikinase inhibitor regorafenib (BAY 73-4506) exerts both anti-angiogenic and anti-tumorigenic activity in adult solid malignancies mainly advanced colorectal cancer and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. We intended to explore preclinically the potential of regorafenib against solid pediatric malignancies alone and in combination with anticancer agents to guide the pediatric development plan. In vitro effects on cell proliferation were screened against 33 solid tumor cell lines of the Innovative Therapies for Children with Cancer (ITCC) panel covering five pediatric solid malignancies. Regorafenib inhibited cell proliferation with a mean half maximal growth inhibition of 12.5 μmol/L (range 0.7 μmol/L to 28 μmol/L). In vivo, regorafenib was evaluated alone at 10 or 30 mg/kg/d or in combination with radiation, irinotecan or the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor refametinib against various tumor types, including patient-derived brain tumor models with an amplified platelet-derived growth factor receptor A (PDGFRA) gene. Regorafenib alone significantly inhibited tumor growth in all xenografts derived from nervous system and connective tissue tumors. Enhanced effects were observed when regorafenib was combined with irradiation and irinotecan against PDGFRA amplified IGRG93 glioma and IGRM57 medulloblastoma respectively, resulting in 100% tumor regressions. Antitumor activity was associated with decreased tumor vascularization, inhibition of PDGFR signaling, and induction of apoptotic cell death. Our work demonstrates that regorafenib exhibits significant antitumor activity in a wide spectrum of preclinical pediatric models through inhibition of angiogenesis and induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, radio- and chemosensitizing effects were observed with DNA damaging agents in PDGFR amplified tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Daudigeos-Dubus
- Université Paris-Sud 11, Vectorology and Anticancer Therapeutics, UMR 8203, Villejuif, France
- CNRS, Vectorology and Anticancer Therapeutics, UMR 8203, Orsay, France
- Gustave Roussy, Vectorology and Anticancer Therapeutics, UMR 8203, Villejuif, France
| | - Ludivine Le Dret
- Université Paris-Sud 11, Vectorology and Anticancer Therapeutics, UMR 8203, Villejuif, France
- CNRS, Vectorology and Anticancer Therapeutics, UMR 8203, Orsay, France
- Gustave Roussy, Vectorology and Anticancer Therapeutics, UMR 8203, Villejuif, France
| | - Claudia Lanvers-Kaminsky
- University Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Münster, Germany
| | - Olivia Bawa
- PFEP (Plateforme d’évaluation préclinique), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Paule Opolon
- PFEP (Plateforme d’évaluation préclinique), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Irène Villa
- Pathology Laboratory, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Mélanie Pagès
- Department of Neuropathology, Sainte-Anne’s Hospital, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Bosq
- Pathology Laboratory, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Gilles Vassal
- Université Paris-Sud 11, Vectorology and Anticancer Therapeutics, UMR 8203, Villejuif, France
- CNRS, Vectorology and Anticancer Therapeutics, UMR 8203, Orsay, France
- Gustave Roussy, Vectorology and Anticancer Therapeutics, UMR 8203, Villejuif, France
| | - Dieter Zopf
- Bayer Pharma Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Geoerger
- Université Paris-Sud 11, Vectorology and Anticancer Therapeutics, UMR 8203, Villejuif, France
- CNRS, Vectorology and Anticancer Therapeutics, UMR 8203, Orsay, France
- Gustave Roussy, Vectorology and Anticancer Therapeutics, UMR 8203, Villejuif, France
- * E-mail:
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310
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Sargent KM, McFee RM, Spuri Gomes R, Cupp AS. Vascular endothelial growth factor A: just one of multiple mechanisms for sex-specific vascular development within the testis? J Endocrinol 2015; 227:R31-50. [PMID: 26562337 PMCID: PMC4646736 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Testis development from an indifferent gonad is a critical step in embryogenesis. A hallmark of testis differentiation is sex-specific vascularization that occurs as endothelial cells migrate from the adjacent mesonephros into the testis to surround Sertoli-germ cell aggregates and induce seminiferous cord formation. Many in vitro experiments have demonstrated that vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) is a critical regulator of this process. Both inhibitors to VEGFA signal transduction and excess VEGFA isoforms in testis organ cultures impaired vascular development and seminiferous cord formation. However, in vivo models using mice which selectively eliminated all VEGFA isoforms: in Sertoli and germ cells (pDmrt1-Cre;Vegfa(-/-)); Sertoli and Leydig cells (Amhr2-Cre;Vegfa(-/-)) or Sertoli cells (Amh-Cre;Vegfa(-/-) and Sry-Cre;Vegfa(-/-)) displayed testes with observably normal cords and vasculature at postnatal day 0 and onwards. Embryonic testis development may be delayed in these mice; however, the postnatal data indicate that VEGFA isoforms secreted from Sertoli, Leydig or germ cells are not required for testis morphogenesis within the mouse. A Vegfa signal transduction array was employed on postnatal testes from Sry-Cre;Vegfa(-/-) versus controls. Ptgs1 (Cox1) was the only upregulated gene (fivefold). COX1 stimulates angiogenesis and upregulates, VEGFA, Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PGD2. Thus, other gene pathways may compensate for VEGFA loss, similar to multiple independent mechanisms to maintain SOX9 expression. Multiple independent mechanism that induce vascular development in the testis may contribute to and safeguard the sex-specific vasculature development responsible for inducing seminiferous cord formation, thus ensuring appropriate testis morphogenesis in the male.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Sargent
- Department of Animal ScienceUniversity of Nebraska-Lincoln, Animal Science Building, 3940 Fair Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0908, USA
| | - Renee M McFee
- Department of Animal ScienceUniversity of Nebraska-Lincoln, Animal Science Building, 3940 Fair Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0908, USA
| | - Renata Spuri Gomes
- Department of Animal ScienceUniversity of Nebraska-Lincoln, Animal Science Building, 3940 Fair Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0908, USA
| | - Andrea S Cupp
- Department of Animal ScienceUniversity of Nebraska-Lincoln, Animal Science Building, 3940 Fair Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0908, USA
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311
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The role of astrocytes in the progression of brain cancer: complicating the picture of the tumor microenvironment. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:61-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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312
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Arts FA, Chand D, Pecquet C, Velghe AI, Constantinescu S, Hallberg B, Demoulin JB. PDGFRB mutants found in patients with familial infantile myofibromatosis or overgrowth syndrome are oncogenic and sensitive to imatinib. Oncogene 2015; 35:3239-48. [PMID: 26455322 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, germline and somatic heterozygous mutations in the platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRB) have been associated with familial infantile myofibromatosis (IM), which is characterized by soft tissue tumors, and overgrowth syndrome, a disease that predisposes to cancer. These mutations have not been functionally characterized. In the present study, the activity of three PDGFRB mutants associated with familial IM (R561C, P660T and N666K) and one PDGFRB mutant found in patients with overgrowth syndrome (P584R) was tested in various models. The P660T mutant showed no difference with the wild-type receptor, suggesting that it might represent a polymorphic variant unrelated to the disease. By contrast, the three other mutants were constitutively active and able to transform NIH3T3 and Ba/F3 cells to different extents. In particular, the germline mutant identified in overgrowth syndrome, P584R, was a stronger oncogene than the germline R561C mutant associated with myofibromatosis. The distinct phenotypes associated with these two mutations could be related to this difference of potency. Importantly, all activated mutants were sensitive to tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as imatinib, nilotinib and ponatinib. In conclusion, the PDGFRB mutations previously identified in familial IM and overgrowth syndrome activate the receptor in the absence of ligand, supporting the hypothesis that these mutations cause the diseases. Moreover, imatinib seems to be a promising treatment for patients carrying these mutations. To our knowledge, these are the first confirmed gain-of-function point mutations of PDGFRB in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Arts
- De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Chand
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - C Pecquet
- De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A I Velghe
- De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Constantinescu
- De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B Hallberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - J-B Demoulin
- De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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313
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Genome-wide analysis of microRNA and mRNA expression signatures in cancer. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:1200-11. [PMID: 26299954 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is an extremely diverse and complex disease that results from various genetic and epigenetic changes such as DNA copy-number variations, mutations, and aberrant mRNA and/or protein expression caused by abnormal transcriptional regulation. The expression profiles of certain microRNAs (miRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are closely related to cancer progression stages. In the past few decades, DNA microarray and next-generation sequencing techniques have been widely applied to identify miRNA and mRNA signatures for cancers on a genome-wide scale and have provided meaningful insights into cancer diagnosis, prognosis and personalized medicine. In this review, we summarize the progress in genome-wide analysis of miRNAs and mRNAs as cancer biomarkers, highlighting their diagnostic and prognostic roles.
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314
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Li SC, Ma R, Wu JZ, Xiao X, Wu W, Li G, Chen B, Sharma A, Bai S, Dun BY, She JX, Tang JH. Delineation of gastric cancer subtypes by co-regulated expression of receptor tyrosine kinases and chemosensitivity genes. Am J Transl Res 2015; 7:1429-1439. [PMID: 26396673 PMCID: PMC4568798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy plays a key role in improving disease-free survival and overall survival of gastric cancer (GC); however, response rates are variable and a non-negligible proportion of patients undergo toxic and costly chemotherapeutic regimens without a survival benefit. Several studies have shown the existence of GC subtypes which may predict survival and respond differently to chemotherapy. It is also known that the expression level of chemotherapy-related and target therapy-related genes correlates with response to specific antitumor drugs. Nevertheless, these genes have not been considered jointly to define GC subtypes. In this study, we evaluated seven genes known to influence chemotherapeutic response (ERCC1, BRCA1, RRM1, TUBB3, STMN1, TYMS and TOP2A) and five receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) (EGFR, ERBB2, PDGFRB, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2). We demonstrate significant heterogeneity of gene expression among GC patients and identified four GC subtypes using the expression profiles of eight genes in two co-regulation groups: chemosensitivity (BRCA1, STMN1, TYMS and TOP2A) and RTKs (EGFR, PDGFRB, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2). The results are of immediate translational value regarding GC diagnostics and therapeutics, as many of these genes are curently widely used in relevant clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chun Li
- Clinical Oncology Research Center, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China ; Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University Augusta, GA ; Sino-American Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Ma
- Clinical Oncology Research Center, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Zhong Wu
- Clinical Oncology Research Center, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Xiao
- Sino-American Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- Zhenjiang Jintai Life Technologies Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Li
- Clinical Oncology Research Center, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Chen
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University Augusta, GA ; Sino-American Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University Augusta, GA
| | - Shan Bai
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University Augusta, GA
| | - Bo-Ying Dun
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University Augusta, GA
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University Augusta, GA
| | - Jin-Hai Tang
- Clinical Oncology Research Center, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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315
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Chen S, Guo X, Imarenezor O, Imoukhuede PI. Quantification of VEGFRs, NRP1, and PDGFRs on Endothelial Cells and Fibroblasts Reveals Serum, Intra-Family Ligand, and Cross-Family Ligand Regulation. Cell Mol Bioeng 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-015-0411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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316
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Pitulescu ME, Adams RH. Regulation of signaling interactions and receptor endocytosis in growing blood vessels. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:366-77. [PMID: 25482636 DOI: 10.4161/19336918.2014.970010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels and the lymphatic vasculature are extensive tubular networks formed by endothelial cells that have several indispensable functions in the developing and adult organism. During growth and tissue regeneration but also in many pathological settings, these vascular networks expand, which is critically controlled by the receptor EphB4 and the ligand ephrin-B2. An increasing body of evidence links Eph/ephrin molecules to the function of other receptor tyrosine kinases and cell surface receptors. In the endothelium, ephrin-B2 is required for clathrin-dependent internalization and full signaling activity of VEGFR2, the main receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor. In vascular smooth muscle cells, ephrin-B2 antagonizes clathrin-dependent endocytosis of PDGFRβ and controls the balanced activation of different signal transduction processes after stimulation with platelet-derived growth factor. This review summarizes the important roles of Eph/ephrin molecules in vascular morphogenesis and explains the function of ephrin-B2 as a molecular hub for receptor endocytosis in the vasculature.
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Key Words
- Ang, angiopoietin
- CHC, clathrin heavy chains
- CLASP, clathrin-associated-sorting protein
- CV, cardinal vein
- DA, dorsal aorta
- EC, endothelial cell
- EEA1, early antigen 1
- Eph
- Ephrin-B2ΔV, ephrin-B2 deletion of C-terminal PDZ binding motif
- HSPG, heparan sulfate proteoglycan
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LEC, lymphatic endothelial cells
- LRP1, Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1
- MVB, multivesicular body
- NRP, neuropilin
- PC, pericytes
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor
- PTC, peritubular capillary
- PlGF, placental growth factor
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGFR, Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cells.
- aPKC, atypical protein kinase C
- endocytosis
- endothelial cells
- ephrin
- mural cells
- receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara E Pitulescu
- a Department of Tissue Morphogenesis; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine; and Faculty of Medicine , University of Münster ; Münster , Germany
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317
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Abstract
High-grade gliomas (HGGs) are extremely lethal tumors. Survival has not changed significantly in the past decades. The only known prognostic factors in pediatric HGGs (pHGGs) are extent of resection and histologic grade. Treatment has historically been based on adult trials because of the rarity of pHGGs and the lack of genomic tools to explore their unique molecular characteristics. The recent advances in molecular biological data helped divide these tumors into distinct subgroups. In this review, the authors focus on major molecular targets of alterations in pHGGs: histone H3.3, telomeres, PDGFRA, IDH, BRAF (V600E), ACVR1 and NTRK and briefly highlight the difference with the adult counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Chamdine
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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318
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Betsholtz C, Keller A. PDGF, pericytes and the pathogenesis of idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC). Brain Pathol 2015; 24:387-95. [PMID: 24946076 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) are important mitogens for various types of mesenchymal cells, and as such, they exert critical functions during organogenesis in mammalian embryonic and early postnatal development. Increased or ectopic PDGF activity may also cause or contribute to diseases such as cancer and tissue fibrosis. Until recently, no loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in PDGF or PDGF receptor genes were reported as causally linked to a human disease. This changed in 2013 when reports appeared on presumed LOF mutations in the genes encoding PDGF-B and its receptor PDGF receptor-beta (PDGF-Rβ) in familial idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC), a brain disease characterized by anatomically localized calcifications in or near the blood microvessels. Here, we review PDGF-B and PDGF-Rβ biology with special reference to their functions in brain-blood vessel development, pericyte recruitment and the regulation of the blood-brain barrier. We also discuss various scenarios for IBGC pathogenesis suggested by observations in patients and genetically engineered animal models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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319
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Abstract
Myofibroblasts are activated in response to tissue injury with the primary task to repair lost or damaged extracellular matrix. Enhanced collagen secretion and subsequent contraction - scarring - are part of the normal wound healing response and crucial to restore tissue integrity. Due to myofibroblasts ability to repair but not regenerate, accumulation of scar tissue is always associated with reduced organ performance. This is a fair price to pay by the body for not falling apart. Whereas myofibroblasts typically vanish after successful repair, dysregulation of the normal repair process can lead to persistent myofibroblast activation, for instance by chronic inflammation or mechanical stress in the tissue. Excessive repair leads to the accumulation of stiff collagenous ECM contractures - fibrosis - with dramatic consequences for organ function. The clinical need to terminate detrimental myofibroblast activities has stimulated researchers to answer a number of essential questions: where do myofibroblasts come from, what are the factors leading to their activation, how do we discriminate myofibroblasts from other cells, what is the molecular basis for their contractile activity, and how can we stop or at least control them? This article reviews the current state of the myofibroblast literature by emphasizing their role in ocular repair and fibrosis. It appears that although the eye is quite an extraordinary organ, ocular myofibroblasts behave or misbehave just like their siblings in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, FitzGerald Building, Room 234, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Ontario, Canada.
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320
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Farooqi AA, Siddik ZH. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signalling in cancer: rapidly emerging signalling landscape. Cell Biochem Funct 2015; 33:257-65. [PMID: 26153649 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-mediated signalling has emerged as one of the most extensively and deeply studied biological mechanism reported to be involved in regulation of growth and survival of different cell types. However, overwhelmingly increasing scientific evidence is also emphasizing on dysregulation of spatio-temporally controlled PDGF-induced signalling as a basis for cancer development. We partition this multi-component review into recently developing understanding of dysregulation PDGF signalling in different cancers, how PDGF receptors are quantitatively controlled by microRNAs. Moreover, we also summarize most recent advancements in therapeutic targeting of PDGFR as evidenced by preclinical studies. Better understanding of the PDGF-induced intracellular signalling in different cancers will be helpful in catalysing the transition from a segmented view of cancer biology to a conceptual continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahid H Siddik
- University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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321
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Abstract
Our understanding of platelets, anucleate cells with a traditional role in hemostasis and inflammation, has developed greatly over the last decade. Platelets' role in the systemic response of the body to vascular injury, inflammation, and infection has expanded as has our understanding of their importance to the body's regulation of these processes. One recently explored mechanism by which platelets regulate the body's inflammatory and immune response is through its endogenous RNA. Platelets' messenger RNA (mRNAs) and microRNA (miRNAs) profiles have been shown to reflect disease and disease risk factors and have been correlated with select human clinical phenotypes. Developing an understanding of platelet transcripts in the circulation elucidates how platelets function in both their traditional thrombotic role and non-traditional functions and may have widespread implications in several fields including thrombosis, infection, cancer, and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Clancy
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - J E Freedman
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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322
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Epelbaum R, Shacham-Shmueli E, Klein B, Agbarya A, Brenner B, Brenner R, Gez E, Golan T, Hubert A, Purim O, Temper M, Tepper E, Voss A, Russell K, Dvir A, Soussan-Gutman L, Stemmer SM, Geva R. Molecular Profiling-Selected Therapy for Treatment of Advanced Pancreaticobiliary Cancer: A Retrospective Multicenter Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:681653. [PMID: 26161408 PMCID: PMC4464000 DOI: 10.1155/2015/681653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This multicenter cohort study assessed the impact of molecular profiling (MP) on advanced pancreaticobiliary cancer (PBC). The study included 30 patients treated with MP-guided therapy after failing ≥ 1 therapy for advanced PBC. Treatment was considered as having benefit for the patient if the ratio between the longest progression-free survival (PFS) on MP-guided therapy and the PFS on the last therapy before MP was ≥ 1.3. The null hypothesis was that ≤ 15% of patients gain such benefit. Overall, ≥ 1 actionable (i.e., predictive of response to specific therapies) biomarker was identified/patient. Immunohistochemistry (the most commonly used method for guiding treatment decisions) identified 1-6 (median: 4) actionable biomarkers per patient. After MP, patients received 1-4 (median: 1) regimens/patient (most commonly, FOLFIRI/XELIRI). In a decision-impact analysis, of the 27 patients for whom treatment decisions before MP were available, 74.1% experienced a treatment decision change in the first line after MP. Twenty-four patients were evaluable for clinical outcome analysis; in 37.5%, the PFS ratio was ≥ 1.3. In one-sided exact binomial test versus the null hypothesis, P = 0.0015; therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected. In conclusion, our analysis demonstrated the feasibility, clinical decision impact, and potential clinical benefits of MP-guided therapy in advanced PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Epelbaum
- Department of Oncology, Rambam Health Care Campus, 3109601 Haifa, Israel
- Facutly of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525406 Haifa, Israel
| | - Einat Shacham-Shmueli
- Division of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer, 5262100 Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Baruch Klein
- Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Oncology, Assuta Hospital, 6971028 Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Oncology, Meir Medical Center, 4428164 Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Abed Agbarya
- Department of Oncology, Rambam Health Care Campus, 3109601 Haifa, Israel
| | - Baruch Brenner
- Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
- Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, 4941492 Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Ronen Brenner
- Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Oncology, Wolfson Hospital, 5822012 Holon, Israel
| | - Eliahu Gez
- Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
- Division of Oncology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6423906 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Talia Golan
- Division of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer, 5262100 Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ayala Hubert
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, 9124001 Jerusalem, Israel
- The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofer Purim
- Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
- Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, 4941492 Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Mark Temper
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, 9124001 Jerusalem, Israel
- The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ella Tepper
- Department of Oncology, Assuta Hospital, 6971028 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | - Addie Dvir
- Oncotest-Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., 60850 Shoham, Israel
| | | | - Salomon M. Stemmer
- Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
- Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, 4941492 Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Ravit Geva
- Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
- Division of Oncology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6423906 Tel Aviv, Israel
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323
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Zhao Y, Adjei AA. Targeting Angiogenesis in Cancer Therapy: Moving Beyond Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor. Oncologist 2015; 20:660-73. [PMID: 26001391 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2014-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Angiogenesis, or the formation of new capillary blood vessels, occurs primarily during human development and reproduction; however, aberrant regulation of angiogenesis is also a fundamental process found in several pathologic conditions, including cancer. As a process required for invasion and metastasis, tumor angiogenesis constitutes an important point of control of cancer progression. Although not yet completely understood, the complex process of tumor angiogenesis involves highly regulated orchestration of multiple signaling pathways. The proangiogenic signaling molecule vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its cognate receptor (VEGF receptor 2 [VEGFR-2]) play a central role in angiogenesis and often are highly expressed in human cancers, and initial clinical efforts to develop antiangiogenic treatments focused largely on inhibiting VEGF/VEGFR signaling. Such approaches, however, often lead to transient responses and further disease progression because angiogenesis is regulated by multiple pathways that are able to compensate for each other when single pathways are inhibited. The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and PDGF receptor (PDGFR) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and FGF receptor (FGFR) pathways, for example, provide potential escape mechanisms from anti-VEGF/VEGFR therapy that could facilitate resumption of tumor growth. Accordingly, more recent treatments have focused on inhibiting multiple signaling pathways simultaneously. This comprehensive review discusses the limitations of inhibiting VEGF signaling alone as an antiangiogenic strategy, the importance of other angiogenic pathways including PDGF/PDGFR and FGF/FGFR, and the novel current and emerging agents that target multiple angiogenic pathways for the treatment of advanced solid tumors. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Significant advances in cancer treatment have been achieved with the development of antiangiogenic agents, the majority of which have focused on inhibition of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway. VEGF targeting alone, however, has not proven to be as efficacious as originally hoped, and it is increasingly clear that there are many interconnected and compensatory pathways that can overcome VEGF-targeted inhibition of angiogenesis. Maximizing the potential of antiangiogenic therapy is likely to require a broader therapeutic approach using a new generation of multitargeted antiangiogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhao
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Alex A Adjei
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
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324
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Catuogno S, Rienzo A, Di Vito A, Esposito CL, de Franciscis V. Selective delivery of therapeutic single strand antimiRs by aptamer-based conjugates. J Control Release 2015; 210:147-59. [PMID: 25998051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.05.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Development of RNA-based antagonists (antimiRs) for disease-associated miRNAs in specific cell types or tissues has recently become a promising approach for treating several pathological conditions, including cancer. In order to explore the use of RNA-aptamers as carriers for cell-targeted delivery of antimiRs, here we designed two different conjugates using as carrier two aptamers that bind and antagonize cancer-associated receptor tyrosine kinases, Axl and PDGFRβ. We conjugated the tumor suppressor antimiR-222 to each aptamer demonstrating: 1) effective and selective delivery to receptor-expressing tumor cells, 2) increased expression of miR-222 target mRNAs, and 3) functional synergy between the kinase inhibitory aptamer and the antimiR antagonizing functions. Furthermore, we generated modular molecules in which two different antimiR sequences connected in tandem are conjugated to a unique carrier aptamer. We proved this strategy to be effective to deplete multiple microRNAs simultaneously, thus combining the effects of different antimiRs without losing the cell targeting specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Catuogno
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Rienzo
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Aldo Di Vito
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Naples, Italy
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325
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Elevated Serum Tryptase and Endothelin in Patients with ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Preliminary Report. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:395173. [PMID: 26089601 PMCID: PMC4452104 DOI: 10.1155/2015/395173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED An inflammatory response plays a crucial role in myocardial damage after an acute myocardial infarction. OBJECTIVES To measure serum concentrations of several mediators in patients with an acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) and to assess their potential relationship with a risk of coronary instability. PATIENTS AND METHODS The 33 patients with STEMI and 19 healthy volunteers were analyzed. The clinical data were obtained; as well serum concentrations of tryptase, endothelin (ET-1), angiogenin, soluble c-kit, and PDGF were measured. RESULTS Patients with STEMI had higher serum tryptase and ET-1 than healthy volunteers (2,5 ± 0,4 ng/mL versus 1,1 ± 0,4 ng/mL and 0,7 ± 0,1 ng/mL versus 0,3 ± 0,1 ng/mL, resp.). Subjects with significant lesion in left anterior descending artery (LAD) had lower serum ET-1 compared to those with normal LAD (0,6 ± 0,2 pg/mL versus 0,9 ± 0,4 pg/mL). Patients with three-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD) had higher level of soluble c-kit compared to those with one- or two-vessel CAD: 19,9 ± 24,1 ng/mL versus 5,6 ± 1,9 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS Elevated serum tryptase and ET-1 may be markers of increased coronary instability; some cytokines may be related to the extension of CAD.
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326
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Paulsson J, Ehnman M, Östman A. PDGF receptors in tumor biology: prognostic and predictive potential. Future Oncol 2015; 10:1695-708. [PMID: 25145436 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PDGF receptors (PDGFRs) exert cell type-specific effects in many different tumor types. They are emerging as key regulators of mesenchymal cells of the tumor microenvironment, and of many common malignancies, such as cancer of the breast, colon and prostate. In some tumor types PDGFRs are genetically activated and are thus directly involved in stimulation of malignant cell growth. Recent studies have uncovered clinically relevant variations in stromal PDGFR expression. High stromal PDGFRβ expression or activation is associated with poor prognosis in breast and prostate cancer. Indications of prognostic significance of stromal PDGFRβ expression in various GI tract tumor types also exist. The prognostic significance of PDGFRα and β in malignant cells of common epithelial tumor types should be further studied. Collectively data suggest that continued characterization of PDGFR expression in human tumors should present opportunities for improved accuracy in prognosis and also allow novel biomarker-based clinical studies exploring the efficacy of PDGFR-directed tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Paulsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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327
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Alfieri C, Kavvadas P, Simonini P, Ikehata M, Dussaule JC, Chadjichristos CE, Rastaldi MP, Messa P, Chatziantoniou C. Discoidin domain receptor-1 and periostin: new players in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 30:1965-71. [PMID: 25829327 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of chronic kidney disease represents an important problem for public health. In renal diseases, the main histologic alterations derive from the development of renal fibrosis which results from the loss of the balance between pro- and anti-fibrotic factors. Tyrosine kinase receptors (RTKs) and matricellular proteins (MPs) are nowadays studied as potential modulators of renal injury. RTKs regulate cell cycle, migration, metabolism and cellular differentiation. Discoidin domain receptor-1 (DDR-1) is an RTK that has been extensively studied in cancer, and lung and renal diseases. It modulates inflammatory recruitment, extracellular matrix deposition and fibrosis; in renal diseases, it appears to act independently of the underlying disease. MPs regulate cell-matrix interactions and matrix accumulation, cellular adhesion and migration, and expression of inflammatory cells. Periostin is an MP, mainly studied in bone, heart, lung and cancer. Several studies demonstrated that it mediates cell-matrix interactions, migration of inflammatory cells and development of fibrosis. Recently, it has been reported in several nephropathies. In this review, we discuss the potential pathological roles of DDR-1 and periostin focussing on the kidney in both experimental models and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Alfieri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Research Unit S_1155, Bâtiment Recherche, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Panagiotis Kavvadas
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Research Unit S_1155, Bâtiment Recherche, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Paola Simonini
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Masami Ikehata
- Research Laboratory of Nephrology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Jean Claude Dussaule
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Research Unit S_1155, Bâtiment Recherche, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Christos E Chadjichristos
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Research Unit S_1155, Bâtiment Recherche, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Maria Pia Rastaldi
- Research Laboratory of Nephrology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Messa
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Christos Chatziantoniou
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Research Unit S_1155, Bâtiment Recherche, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
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328
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Jones AC, Antillon KS, Jenkins SM, Janos SN, Overton HN, Shoshan DS, Fischer EG, Trujillo KA, Bisoffi M. Prostate field cancerization: deregulated expression of macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC-1) and platelet derived growth factor A (PDGF-A) in tumor adjacent tissue. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119314. [PMID: 25767870 PMCID: PMC4358924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate field cancerization denotes molecular alterations in histologically normal tissues adjacent to tumors. Such alterations include deregulated protein expression, as we have previously shown for the key transcription factor early growth response 1 (EGR-1) and the lipogenic enzyme fatty acid synthase (FAS). Here we add the two secreted factors macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC-1) and platelet derived growth factor A (PDGF-A) to the growing list of protein markers of prostate field cancerization. Expression of MIC-1 and PDGF-A was measured quantitatively by immunofluorescence and comprehensively analyzed using two methods of signal capture and several groupings of data generated in human cancerous (n = 25), histologically normal adjacent (n = 22), and disease-free (n = 6) prostate tissues. A total of 208 digitized images were analyzed. MIC-1 and PDGF-A expression in tumor tissues were elevated 7.1x to 23.4x and 1.7x to 3.7x compared to disease-free tissues, respectively (p<0.0001 to p = 0.08 and p<0.01 to p = 0.23, respectively). In support of field cancerization, MIC-1 and PDGF-A expression in adjacent tissues were elevated 7.4x to 38.4x and 1.4x to 2.7x, respectively (p<0.0001 to p<0.05 and p<0.05 to p = 0.51, respectively). Also, MIC-1 and PDGF-A expression were similar in tumor and adjacent tissues (0.3x to 1.0x; p<0.001 to p = 0.98 for MIC-1; 0.9x to 2.6x; p<0.01 to p = 1.00 for PDGF-A). All analyses indicated a high level of inter- and intra-tissue heterogeneity across all types of tissues (mean coefficient of variation of 86.0%). Our data shows that MIC-1 and PDGF-A expression is elevated in both prostate tumors and structurally intact adjacent tissues when compared to disease-free specimens, defining field cancerization. These secreted factors could promote tumorigenesis in histologically normal tissues and lead to tumor multifocality. Among several clinical applications, they could also be exploited as indicators of disease in false negative biopsies, identify areas of repeat biopsy, and add molecular information to surgical margins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Jones
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Kresta S. Antillon
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Shannon M. Jenkins
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Sara N. Janos
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Heidi N. Overton
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Dor S. Shoshan
- Chapman University, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Biological Sciences, Orange, California, United States of America
| | - Edgar G. Fischer
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Pathology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Kristina A. Trujillo
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Marco Bisoffi
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- Chapman University, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Biological Sciences, Orange, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Noskovičová N, Petřek M, Eickelberg O, Heinzelmann K. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Signaling in the Lung. From Lung Development and Disease to Clinical Studies. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:263-84. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0294tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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330
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Roskoski R. Src protein-tyrosine kinase structure, mechanism, and small molecule inhibitors. Pharmacol Res 2015; 94:9-25. [PMID: 25662515 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The physiological Src proto-oncogene is a protein-tyrosine kinase that plays key roles in cell growth, division, migration, and survival signaling pathways. From the N- to C-terminus, Src contains a unique domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a protein-tyrosine kinase domain, and a regulatory tail. The chief phosphorylation sites of human Src include an activating pTyr419 that results from phosphorylation in the kinase domain by an adjacent Src molecule and an inhibitory pTyr530 in the regulatory tail that results from phosphorylation by C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) or Chk (Csk homologous kinase). The oncogenic Rous sarcoma viral protein lacks the equivalent of Tyr530 and is constitutively activated. Inactive Src is stabilized by SH2 and SH3 domains on the rear of the kinase domain where they form an immobilizing and inhibitory clamp. Protein kinases including Src contain hydrophobic regulatory and catalytic spines and collateral shell residues that are required to assemble the active enzyme. In the inactive enzyme, the regulatory spine contains a kink or a discontinuity with a structure that is incompatible with catalysis. The conversion of inactive to active Src is accompanied by electrostatic exchanges involving the breaking and making of distinct sets of kinase domain salt bridges and hydrogen bonds. Src-catalyzed protein phosphorylation requires the participation of two Mg(2+) ions. Although nearly all protein kinases possess a common K/E/D/D signature, each enzyme exhibits its unique variations of the protein-kinase reaction template. Bosutinib, dasatinib, and ponatinib are Src/multikinase inhibitors that are approved by the FDA for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and vandetanib is approved for the treatment of medullary thyroid cancer. The Src and BCR-Abl inhibitors saracatinib and AZD0424, along with the previous four drugs, are in clinical trials for a variety of solid tumors including breast and lung cancers. Both ATP and targeted therapeutic Src protein kinase inhibitors such as dasatinib and ponatinib make hydrophobic contacts with catalytic spine residues and form hydrogen bonds with hinge residues connecting the small and large kinase lobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 3754 Brevard Road, Suite 116, Box 19, Horse Shoe, NC 28742-8814, United States.
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331
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Zhang F, Hao F, An D, Zeng L, Wang Y, Xu X, Cui MZ. The matricellular protein Cyr61 is a key mediator of platelet-derived growth factor-induced cell migration. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:8232-42. [PMID: 25623072 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.623074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a potent chemoattractant, induces cell migration via the MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways. However, the downstream mediators are still elusive. In particular, the role of extracellular mediators is largely unknown. In this study, we identified the matricellular protein Cyr61, which is de novo synthesized in response to PDGF stimulation, as the key downstream mediator of the ERK and JNK pathways, independent of the p38 MAPK and AKT pathways, and, thereby, it mediates PDGF-induced smooth muscle cell migration but not proliferation. Our results revealed that, when Cyr61 was newly synthesized by PDGF, it was promptly translocated to the extracellular matrix and physically interacted with the plasma membrane integrins α6β1 and αvβ3. We further demonstrate that Cyr61 and integrins are integral components of the PDGF signaling pathway via an "outside-in" signaling route to activate intracellular focal adhesion kinase (FAK), leading to cell migration. Therefore, this study provides the first evidence that the PDGF-induced endogenous extracellular matrix component Cyr61 is a key mediator in modulating cell migration by connecting intracellular PDGF-ERK and JNK signals with integrin/FAK signaling. Therefore, extracellular Cyr61 convergence with growth factor signaling and integrin/FAK signaling is a new concept of growth factor-induced cell migration. The discovered signaling pathway may represent an important therapeutic target in growth factor-mediated cell migration/invasion-related vascular diseases and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Zhang
- From the Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996 and the Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, and
| | - Feng Hao
- From the Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996 and
| | - Dong An
- From the Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996 and College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Linlin Zeng
- From the Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996 and
| | - Yi Wang
- the Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, and
| | - Xuemin Xu
- From the Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996 and
| | - Mei-Zhen Cui
- From the Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996 and
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332
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Xiao L, Yang S, Hao J, Yuan X, Luo W, Jiang L, Hu Y, Fu Z, Zhang Y, Zou C. Endostar attenuates melanoma tumor growth via its interruption of b-FGF mediated angiogenesis. Cancer Lett 2015; 359:148-54. [PMID: 25597785 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To develop optimal therapeutics is one of the hotspots in both clinical and basic melanoma studies. Previous studies indicate that fibroblast growth factors (b-FGF/FGF-2), an angiogenesis inducer beyond VEGF, might be a potential drug target in melanoma. As a novel anti-angiogenesis peptide drug, Endostar has shown promising therapeutic efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer. However, the effect of Endostar on b-FGF-induced angiogenesis in melanoma is unraveled. To this end, both in vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted and it was found that treatment of Endostar could inhibit tumor growth, which was accompanied by decreased micro-vessel density and serum b-FGF levels in a mouse melanoma model. In addition, treatment with Endostar in blood vessel endothelial cells could reduce their proliferation, cell migration and tube formation capacity in a dosage-dependent manner. Moreover, treatment of Endostar could also attenuate b-FGF-activated phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 in HUVECs. These findings indicate that Endostar might exert its anti-tumor effect via suppressing b-FGF-induced angiogenesis and b-FGF-activated MAPK signaling pathway, suggesting that Endostar might be a potential choice for clinical melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanshan affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - ShuCai Yang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, Anhui, China
| | - Jianhua Hao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanshan affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Xue Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 699-18 Xuan Wu Avenue, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 699-18 Xuan Wu Avenue, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 699-18 Xuan Wu Avenue, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 699-18 Xuan Wu Avenue, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Zhongping Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 699-18 Xuan Wu Avenue, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 699-18 Xuan Wu Avenue, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Chang Zou
- Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China; Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 699-18 Xuan Wu Avenue, Nanjing 210042, China.
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333
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Roth GJ, Binder R, Colbatzky F, Dallinger C, Schlenker-Herceg R, Hilberg F, Wollin SL, Kaiser R. Nintedanib: from discovery to the clinic. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1053-63. [PMID: 25474320 DOI: 10.1021/jm501562a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nintedanib (BIBF1120) is a potent, oral, small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, also known as a triple angiokinase inhibitor, inhibiting three major signaling pathways involved in angiogenesis. Nintedanib targets proangiogenic and pro-fibrotic pathways mediated by the VEGFR family, the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family, the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) family, as well as Src and Flt-3 kinases. The compound was identified during a lead optimization program for small-molecule inhibitors of angiogenesis and has since undergone extensive clinical investigation for the treatment of various solid tumors, and in patients with the debilitating lung disease idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Recent clinical evidence from phase III studies has shown that nintedanib has significant efficacy in the treatment of NSCLC, ovarian cancer, and IPF. This review article provides a comprehensive summary of the preclinical and clinical research and development of nintedanib from the initial drug discovery process to the latest available clinical trial data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald J Roth
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; §Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; ‡Department of Non-Clinical Drug Safety; ∥Department of Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology; ⊥Department of Respiratory Diseases Research; and #Corporate Division Medicine, TA Oncology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG , 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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334
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Ono M, Takeshima M, Nakano S. Mechanism of the Anticancer Effect of Lycopene (Tetraterpenoids). MECHANISM OF THE ANTICANCER EFFECT OF PHYTOCHEMICALS 2015; 37:139-66. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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335
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Ganguly SS, Li X, Miranti CK. The host microenvironment influences prostate cancer invasion, systemic spread, bone colonization, and osteoblastic metastasis. Front Oncol 2014; 4:364. [PMID: 25566502 PMCID: PMC4266028 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide. Most PCa deaths are due to osteoblastic bone metastases. What triggers PCa metastasis to the bone and what causes osteoblastic lesions remain unanswered. A major contributor to PCa metastasis is the host microenvironment. Here, we address how the primary tumor microenvironment influences PCa metastasis via integrins, extracellular proteases, and transient epithelia-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to promote PCa progression, invasion, and metastasis. We discuss how the bone-microenvironment influences metastasis; where chemotactic cytokines favor bone homing, adhesion molecules promote colonization, and bone-derived signals induce osteoblastic lesions. Animal models that fully recapitulate human PCa progression from primary tumor to bone metastasis are needed to understand the PCa pathophysiology that leads to bone metastasis. Better delineation of the specific processes involved in PCa bone metastasize is needed to prevent or treat metastatic PCa. Therapeutic regimens that focus on the tumor microenvironment could add to the PCa pharmacopeia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourik S Ganguly
- Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI , USA ; Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI , USA
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI , USA
| | - Cindy K Miranti
- Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI , USA
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336
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Abdel-Rahman O. Targeting platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling in gastrointestinal cancers: preclinical and clinical considerations. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:21-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2797-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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337
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Rocchi L, Caraffi S, Perris R, Mangieri D. The angiogenic asset of soft tissue sarcomas: a new tool to discover new therapeutic targets. Biosci Rep 2014; 34:e00147. [PMID: 25236925 PMCID: PMC4219423 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20140075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
STS (soft tissue sarcomas) are rare malignant tumours deriving from cells of mesenchymal origin and represent only 1% of all malignant neoplasms. It has been extensively demonstrated that angiogenesis has an important role in cancer malignancy. Particularly, a lot of studies demonstrate the importance of angiogenesis in the development of carcinomas, whereas little is known about the role of angiogenesis in sarcomas and especially in STS. This review aims at summarizing the new discoveries about the nature and the importance of angiogenesis in STS and the new possible therapeutic strategies involved. Only a few studies concerning STS focus on tumour neovascularization and proangiogenic factors and look for a correlation with the patients prognosis/survival. These studies demonstrate that intratumoural MVD (microvessels density) may not accurately represent the angiogenic capacity of STS. Nevertheless, this does not exclude the possibility that angiogenesis could be important in STS. The importance of neoangiogenesis in soft tissue tumours is confirmed by the arising number of publications comparing angiogenesis mediators with clinical features of patients with STS. The efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapies in other types of cancer is well documented. The understanding of the involvement of the angiogenic process in STS, together with the necessity to improve the therapy for this often mortal condition, prompted the exploration of anti-tumour compounds targeting this pathway. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the importance to better understand the mechanisms of angiogenesis in STS in order to subsequently design-specific target therapies for this group of poorly responding tumours.
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Key Words
- angiogenesis factors
- angiogenesis
- soft tissue sarcomas
- target therapy
- csf, colony-stimulating factor
- ec, endothelial cell
- fgf-2, fibroblast growth factor-2
- mfh, malignant fibrous histiocytoma
- mmp, matrix metalloproteinase
- mtor, mammalian target of rapamycin
- mvd, microvessels density
- pdgfrβ, platelet-derived growth factor beta
- plgf, placental growth factor
- sts, soft tissue sarcomas
- tki, tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- timp, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases
- upa, urokinase-type plasminogen activator
- vegf, vascular endothelial growth factor
- vegfr, vegf receptor
- vwf, von-willebrand factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rocchi
- *Unità Operativa di Anatomia e Istologia Patologica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, 43100-Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Caraffi
- *Unità Operativa di Anatomia e Istologia Patologica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, 43100-Parma, Italy
| | - Roberto Perris
- †COMT–Centro di Oncologia Medica e Traslazionale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A 43100-Parma, Italy
| | - Domenica Mangieri
- *Unità Operativa di Anatomia e Istologia Patologica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, 43100-Parma, Italy
- †COMT–Centro di Oncologia Medica e Traslazionale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A 43100-Parma, Italy
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338
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Arts FA, Velghe AI, Stevens M, Renauld JC, Essaghir A, Demoulin JB. Idiopathic basal ganglia calcification-associated PDGFRB mutations impair the receptor signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 19:239-48. [PMID: 25292412 PMCID: PMC4288366 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF) bind to two related receptor tyrosine kinases, which are encoded by the PDGFRA and PDGFRB genes. Recently, heterozygous PDGFRB mutations have been described in patients diagnosed with idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC or Fahr disease), a rare inherited neurological disorder. The goal of the present study was to determine whether these mutations had a positive or negative impact on the PDGFRB activity. We first showed that the E1071V mutant behaved like wild-type PDGFRB and may represent a polymorphism unrelated to IBGC. In contrast, the L658P mutant had no kinase activity and failed to activate any of the pathways normally stimulated by PDGF. The R987W mutant activated Akt and MAP kinases but did not induce the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) after PDGF stimulation. Phosphorylation of phospholipase Cγ was also decreased. Finally, we showed that the R987W mutant was more rapidly degraded upon PDGF binding compared to wild-type PDGFRB. In conclusion, PDGFRB mutations associated with IBGC impair the receptor signalling. PDGFRB loss of function in IBGC is consistent with recently described inactivating mutations in the PDGF-B ligand. These results raise concerns about the long-term safety of PDGF receptor inhibition by drugs such as imatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence A Arts
- De Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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339
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SOX11 promotes tumor angiogenesis through transcriptional regulation of PDGFA in mantle cell lymphoma. Blood 2014; 124:2235-47. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-04-569566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Points
SOX11 mediates regulation of angiogenesis via the PDGFA signaling pathway in MCL. SOX11-dependent increased angiogenesis contributes to a more aggressive MCL phenotype.
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340
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Pinto MP, Dye WW, Jacobsen BM, Horwitz KB. Malignant stroma increases luminal breast cancer cell proliferation and angiogenesis through platelet-derived growth factor signaling. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:735. [PMID: 25274034 PMCID: PMC4190420 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Luminal, estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers represent more than 70% of cases. Despite initial good prognoses one third of Luminal cancers eventually recur locally or at distant sites and exhibit hormone resistance. Here we demonstrate that factors elaborated by malignant stromal cells can induce Luminal tumor cells proliferation and promote angiogenesis and hormone independence. We recently isolated a malignant mouse mammary gland stromal cell line named BJ3Z that increases proliferation and angiogenesis in estrogen-free xenografted Luminal MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Methods BJ3Z and Normal mouse mammary Fibroblasts (NMFs) were expression profiled using microarray assays. Messenger RNA levels were confirmed by RT-PCR and by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Breast cancer MCF-7, BT-474, BT-20 and MDA-MB-231cell lines and stromal BJ3Z and NMFs were grown for in vitro assays: breast cancer cell lines were treated with stromal cells conditioned media, for three-dimensional (3D) mono and co-cultures in Matrigel, proliferation was measured by Bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation using IHC. Tubule formation in vitro, a proxy for angiogenesis, was assessed using 3D cultured Human Umbilical cord Vascular Endothelial Cells (HUVEC). Results We show that under estrogen-free conditions, BJ3Z cells but not NMFs increase proliferation of co-cultured Luminal but not basal-like human breast cancer cells in 2D or as 3D Matrigel colonies. Gene expression profiling, RT-PCR analysis and IHC of colony-derived BJ3Z cells and NMFs shows that Platelet Derived Growth Factor ligands (PDGF-A and -B) are elaborated by BJ3Z cells but not NMFs; while PDGF receptors are present on NMFs but not BJ3Z cells. As a result, in colony co-culture assays, BJ3Z cells but not NMFs increase MCF-7 cell proliferation. This can be mimicked by direct addition of PDGF-BB, and blocked by the PDGF receptor inhibitor Imatinib Mesylate. Both normal and malignant stromal cells enhance angiogenesis in an in vitro model. This effect is also due to PDGF and is suppressed by Imatinib. Conclusions We provide evidence that Luminal breast cancer cells can be targeted by the PDGF signaling pathway leading to estrogen-independent proliferation and angiogenesis. We speculate that stroma-directed therapies, including anti-PDGFR agents like Imatinib, may be useful in combination with other therapies for treatment of luminal cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-735) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio P Pinto
- Departments of Medicine, Mail Stop 8106, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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341
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Hong H, Chen F, Zhang Y, Cai W. New radiotracers for imaging of vascular targets in angiogenesis-related diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 76:2-20. [PMID: 25086372 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous advances over the last several decades in positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) allow for targeted imaging of molecular and cellular events in the living systems. Angiogenesis, a multistep process regulated by the network of different angiogenic factors, has attracted world-wide interests, due to its pivotal role in the formation and progression of different diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and inflammation. In this review article, we will summarize the recent progress in PET or SPECT imaging of a wide variety of vascular targets in three major angiogenesis-related diseases: cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammation. Faster drug development and patient stratification for a specific therapy will become possible with the facilitation of PET or SPECT imaging and it will be critical for the maximum benefit of patients.
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342
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Andrae J, Gouveia L, He L, Betsholtz C. Characterization of platelet-derived growth factor-A expression in mouse tissues using a lacZ knock-in approach. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105477. [PMID: 25166724 PMCID: PMC4148317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the platelet-derived growth factor A-chain gene (Pdgfa) occurs widely in the developing mouse, where it is mainly localized to various epithelial and neuronal structures. Until now, in situ mRNA hybridization (ISH) has been the only reliable method to identify Pdgfa expression in tissue sections or whole mount preparations. Validated protocols for in situ detection of PDGF-A protein by immunohistochemistry is lacking. In particular, this has hampered understanding of Pdgfa expression pattern in adult tissues, where ISH is technically challenging. Here, we report a gene targeted mouse Pdgfa allele, Pdgfaex4COIN, which is a combined conditional knockout and reporter allele. Cre-mediated inversion of the COIN cassette inactivates Pdgfa coding while simultaneously activating a beta-galactosidase (lacZ) reporter under endogenous Pdgfa transcription control. The generated Pdgfaex4COIN-INV-lacZ allele can next be used to identify cells carrying a Pdgfa null allele, as well as to map endogenous Pdgfa expression. We evaluated the Pdgfaex4COIN-INV-lacZ allele as a reporter for endogenous Pdgfa expression patterns in mouse embryos and adults. We conclude that the expression pattern of Pdgfaex4COIN-INV-lacZ recapitulates known expression patterns of Pdgfa. We also report on novel embryonic and adult Pdgfa expression patterns in the mouse and discuss their implications for Pdgfa physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Andrae
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Leonor Gouveia
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Vascular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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343
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Strand J, Varasteh Z, Eriksson O, Abrahmsen L, Orlova A, Tolmachev V. Gallium-68-labeled affibody molecule for PET imaging of PDGFRβ expression in vivo. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3957-64. [PMID: 24972112 DOI: 10.1021/mp500284t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor involved, for example, in angiogenesis. Overexpression and excessive signaling of PDGFRβ has been observed in multiple malignant tumors and fibrotic diseases, making this receptor a pharmaceutical target for monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Successful targeted therapy requires identification of responding patients. Radionuclide molecular imaging would enable determination of the PDGFRβ status in all lesions using a single noninvasive repeatable procedure. Recently, we have demonstrated that the affibody molecule Z09591 labeled with (111)In can specifically target PDGFRβ-expressing tumors in vivo. The use of positron emission tomography (PET) as an imaging technique would provide superior resolution, sensitivity, and quantitation accuracy. In this study, a DOTA-conjugated Z09591 was labeled with the generator-produced positron emitting radionuclide (68)Ga (T1/2 = 67.6 min, Eβ + max = 1899 keV, 89% β(+)). (68)Ga-DOTA-Z09591 retained the capacity to specifically bind to PDGFRβ-expressing U-87 MG glioma cells. The half-maximum inhibition concentration (IC50) of (68)Ga-DOTA-Z09591 (6.6 ± 1.4 nM) was somewhat higher than that of (111)In-DOTA-Z09591 (1.4 ± 1.2 nM). (68)Ga-DOTA-Z09591 demonstrated specific (saturable) targeting of U-87 MG xenografts in immunodeficient mice. The tumor uptake at 2 h after injection was 3.7 ± 1.7% IA/g, which provided a tumor-to-blood ratio of 8.0 ± 3.1. The only organ with higher accumulation of radioactivity was the kidney. MicroPET imaging provided high-contrast imaging of U-87 MG xenografts. In conclusion, the (68)Ga-labeled affibody molecule Z09591 is a promising candidate for further development as a probe for imaging PDGFRβ expression in vivo using PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Strand
- Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
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344
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CMV-induced pathology: pathway and gene-gene interaction analysis. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 97:154-65. [PMID: 24984270 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most prevalent malignant tumor in major and minor salivary glands (SGs). We have recently identified human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) as a principle component in the multifactorial causation of SG-MEC. This finding is corroborated by the ability of the purified mouse CMV (mCMV) to induce malignant transformation of SG cells in a three-dimensional in vitro mouse model, using a similar oncogenic signaling pathway. Our prior studies indicate that the core tumor microenvironment (TME) is a key regulator of pathologic progression, particularly the cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) component. Studies of early CAFs immunodetect aberrant expression of ECM components, as well as multiple growth factors, cytokines and transcription factors. Here we present the mechanistic insight derived from a mathematical structure ("wiring diagram") used to model complex relationships between a highly relevant (p=9.43×10(-12)) global "cancer network" of 32 genes and their known links. Detailed characterization of the functional architecture of the examined "cancer network" exposes the critical crosstalk and compensatory pathways that limit the efficacy of targeted anti-kinase therapies.
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345
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Demoulin JB, Essaghir A. PDGF receptor signaling networks in normal and cancer cells. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:273-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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346
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Heparan sulfate signaling in cancer. Trends Biochem Sci 2014; 39:277-88. [PMID: 24755488 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a biopolymer consisting of variably sulfated repeating disaccharide units. The anticoagulant heparin is a highly sulfated intracellular variant of HS. HS has demonstrated roles in embryonic development, homeostasis, and human disease via non-covalent interactions with numerous cellular proteins, including growth factors and their receptors. HS can function as a co-receptor by enhancing receptor-complex formation. In other contexts, HS disrupts signaling complexes or serves as a ligand sink. The effects of HS on growth factor signaling are tightly regulated by the actions of sulfyltransferases, sulfatases, and heparanases. HS has important emerging roles in oncogenesis, and heparin derivatives represent potential therapeutic strategies for human cancers. Here we review recent insights into HS signaling in tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and differentiation. A cancer-specific understanding of HS signaling could uncover potential therapeutic targets in this highly actionable signaling network.
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347
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Geevarghese A, Herman IM. Pericyte-endothelial crosstalk: implications and opportunities for advanced cellular therapies. Transl Res 2014; 163:296-306. [PMID: 24530608 PMCID: PMC3976718 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes are mural cells of the microcirculation that have been shown to play key roles in regulating microvascular morphogenesis and stability throughout each tissue bed and organ system assessed. Of note, recent work has revealed that pericytes share several characteristics with mesenchymal- and adipose-derived stem cells, suggesting there may be lineage-related connections among bona fide pericytes and these vascular "progenitors," which can assume a perivascular position in association with endothelial cells. Hence, pericyte identity as a mediator of vascular remodeling may be confounded by its close relationships with its progenitors or pluripotent cell counterparts and yet demonstrates their potential utility as cell-based therapies for unmet clinical needs. Crucial to the development of such therapies is a comprehensive understanding of the origin and fate regulating these related cell types as well as the unveiling of the molecular mechanisms by which pericytes and endothelial cells communicate. Such mechanistic inputs, which disrupt normal cellular crosstalk during disease inception and progression, offer opportunities for intervention and are discussed in the context of the vasculopathies accompanying tumor growth, diabetes, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Geevarghese
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Center for Innovations in Wound Healing Research, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass
| | - Ira M Herman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Center for Innovations in Wound Healing Research, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass.
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