351
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Galietta A, Gunby RH, Redaelli S, Stano P, Carniti C, Bachi A, Tucker PW, Tartari CJ, Huang CJ, Colombo E, Pulford K, Puttini M, Piazza RG, Ruchatz H, Villa A, Donella-Deana A, Marin O, Perrotti D, Gambacorti-Passerini C. NPM/ALK binds and phosphorylates the RNA/DNA-binding protein PSF in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Blood 2007; 110:2600-9. [PMID: 17537995 PMCID: PMC1988934 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-01-028647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic fusion tyrosine kinase nucleophosmin/anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM/ALK) induces cellular transformation in anaplastic large-cell lymphomas (ALCLs) carrying the t(2;5) chromosomal translocation. Protein-protein interactions involving NPM/ALK are important for the activation of downstream signaling pathways. This study was aimed at identifying novel NPM/ALK-binding proteins that might contribute to its oncogenic transformation. Using a proteomic approach, several RNA/DNA-binding proteins were found to coimmunoprecipitate with NPM/ALK, including the multifunctional polypyrimidine tract binding proteinassociated splicing factor (PSF). The interaction between NPM/ALK and PSF was dependent on an active ALK kinase domain and PSF was found to be tyrosine-phosphorylated in NPM/ALK-expressing cell lines and in primary ALK(+) ALCL samples. Furthermore, PSF was shown to be a direct substrate of purified ALK kinase domain in vitro, and PSF Tyr293 was identified as the site of phosphorylation. Y293F PSF was not phosphorylated by NPM/ALK and was not delocalized in NPM/ALK(+) cells. The expression of ALK fusion proteins induced delocalization of PSF from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and forced overexpression of PSF-inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in cells expressing NPM/ALK. PSF phosphorylation also increased its binding to RNA and decreased the PSF-mediated suppression of GAGE6 expression. These results identify PSF as a novel NPM/ALK-binding protein and substrate, and suggest that PSF function may be perturbed in NPM/ALK-transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Galietta
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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352
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Mughal T, Cortes J, Cross NCP, Donato N, Hantschel O, Jabbour E, Kantarjian H, Melo JV, Skorski T, Silver RT, Goldman JM. Chronic myeloid leukemia--some topical issues. Leukemia 2007; 21:1347-52. [PMID: 17495971 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/etiology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
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353
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Chen L, Shen R, Ye Y, Pu XA, Liu X, Duan W, Wen J, Zimmerer J, Wang Y, Liu Y, Lasky LC, Heerema NA, Perrotti D, Ozato K, Kuramochi-Miyagawa S, Nakano T, Yates AJ, Carson III WE, Lin H, Barsky SH, Gao JX. Precancerous stem cells have the potential for both benign and malignant differentiation. PLoS One 2007; 2:e293. [PMID: 17356702 PMCID: PMC1808425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in hematopoietic and solid tumors. However, their precursors-namely, precancerous stem cells (pCSCs) -have not been characterized. Here we experimentally define the pCSCs that have the potential for both benign and malignant differentiation, depending on environmental cues. While clonal pCSCs can develop into various types of tissue cells in immunocompetent mice without developing into cancer, they often develop, however, into leukemic or solid cancers composed of various types of cancer cells in immunodeficient mice. The progress of the pCSCs to cancers is associated with the up-regulation of c-kit and Sca-1, as well as with lineage markers. Mechanistically, the pCSCs are regulated by the PIWI/AGO family gene called piwil2. Our results provide clear evidence that a single clone of pCSCs has the potential for both benign and malignant differentiation, depending on the environmental cues. We anticipate pCSCs to be a novel target for the early detection, prevention, and therapy of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rulong Shen
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yin Ye
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xin-An Pu
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xingluo Liu
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wenrui Duan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jing Wen
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jason Zimmerer
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Larry C. Lasky
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nyla A. Heerema
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Danilo Perrotti
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Keiko Ozato
- Laboratory of Molecular Growth Regulation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Satomi Kuramochi-Miyagawa
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Nakano
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Allen J. Yates
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - William E. Carson III
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Haifan Lin
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sanford H. Barsky
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jian-Xin Gao
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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354
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Ahn JH, McAvoy T, Rakhilin SV, Nishi A, Greengard P, Nairn AC. Protein kinase A activates protein phosphatase 2A by phosphorylation of the B56delta subunit. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:2979-84. [PMID: 17301223 PMCID: PMC1815292 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611532104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies of DARPP-32 in striatal slices have shown that activation of D1 receptors leads to cAMP-dependent dephosphorylation of Thr-75, the Cdk5 site in DARPP-32. In the current study, we have elucidated a mechanism whereby protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is activated by a cAMP/PKA-dependent pathway, leading to dephosphorylation of Thr-75. PP2A consists of a catalytic C subunit that associates with the scaffolding A subunit and a variety of B subunits. We have found that the A/C subunits of PP2A, in association with the B56delta (or PPP2R5D) regulatory subunit, is an active DARPP-32 phosphatase. The B56delta subunit expressed in HEK293 cells forms a heterotrimeric assembly that catalyzes PKA-mediated dephosphorylation at Thr-75 in DARPP-32 (also cotransfected into HEK293 cells). The B56delta subunit is phosphorylated by PKA, and this increases the overall activity of PP2A in vitro and in vivo. Among four PKA-phosphorylation sites identified in B56delta in vitro, Ser-566 was found to be critical for the regulation of PP2A activity. Moreover, Ser-566 was phosphorylated by PKA in response to activation of D1 receptors in striatal slices. Based on these studies, we propose that the B56delta/A/C PP2A complex regulates the dephosphorylation of DARPP-32 at Thr-75, thereby helping coordinate the efficacy of dopaminergic neurotransmission in striatal neurons. Moreover, stimulation of protein phosphatase activity by this mechanism may represent an important signaling pathway regulated by cAMP in neurons and other types of cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyuck Ahn
- *Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Thomas McAvoy
- *Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Sergey V. Rakhilin
- *Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Akinori Nishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan; and
| | - Paul Greengard
- *Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Angus C. Nairn
- *Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06508
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355
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Abstract
AbstractThe natural history of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) progresses from a relatively benign chronic phase into a fatal blast crisis, which resembles acute leukemia, but is incurable by chemotherapy. Fortunately, the progression can usually be blocked by tyrosine kinase therapy or allogeneic transplantation. The seemingly stereotypical march of progression involves changes in genetic instability and DNA repair, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, and thus may serve as a unique model of cancer evolution and progression. Given that all treatments work much better in chronic-phase than advanced-phase disease, the clinical dilemma is predicting and detecting patients bound to evolve into advanced disease. This is especially important in the age of tyrosine kinase inhibition (TKI) therapy. The purpose of this review is to address the biology of blast crisis in the age of tyrosine kinase therapy, with an emphasis on what genes or pathways may be future targets of predictive assays or treatments of progression.
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356
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Bianchini M, Martinelli G, Renzulli M, Gonzalez Cid M, Larripa I. cDNA microarray study to identify expression changes relevant for apoptosis in K562 cells co-treated with amifostine and imatinib. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2006; 59:349-60. [PMID: 17009037 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-006-0276-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic myeloid leukemia is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder characterized by the presence of the fusion gene BCR/ABL. We had previously demonstrated an increased proapoptotic effect of imatinib (STI571) in combination with amifostine (AMI) in K562 cell line. In this study, we used genomic scale gene expression profiling to monitor changes at transcriptional level in K562 cells during the treatment with AMI + STI571. MATERIALS AND METHODS cRNA from Control and treated K562 cells were mixed in equal amounts and incubated with a microarray slide for hybridization. RNA from six independent paired experiments was subjected to transcriptional profiling. With the aim to automate the process of biological theme determination, selected genes were further analyzed by EASE. Validation of the expression was carried out by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. RESULTS As expected, a small percentage of genes accounts for the effects of the combined drug treatment. We identified 61 sequences corresponding to known genes; 17 of the 61 genes were up regulated, such as RHO6, PPP2R5E, PPM1E and BTF that appear to reflect favorable events for apoptosis induction. Between down regulated genes, API5, TUBB2 and TLK1 are also of considerable interest. CONCLUSION We identified a transcriptional repressor of survival genes, known as BTF, which triggers a proapoptotic signal, potentially helpful to overcome the resistance to STI571. This finding could be particularly useful to design novel therapeutic strategies for leukemia patients. This study demonstrates the importance of in vitro testing of a novel drug combination most likely to predict its potential usefulness for in vivo application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bianchini
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas Mariano R. Castex, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Pacheco de Melo 3081, 1425, Capital Federal Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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357
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Perrotti D, Neviani P. ReSETting PP2A tumour suppressor activity in blast crisis and imatinib-resistant chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Br J Cancer 2006; 95:775-81. [PMID: 16953242 PMCID: PMC2360538 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The deregulated kinase activity of p210-BCR/ABL oncoproteins, hallmark of chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML), induces and sustains the leukaemic phenotype, and contributes to disease progression. Imatinib mesylate, a BCR/ABL kinase inhibitor, is effective in most of chronic phase CML patients. However, a significant percentage of CML patients develop resistance to imatinib and/or still progresses to blast crisis, a disease stage that is often refractory to imatinib therapy. Furthermore, there is compelling evidence indicating that the CML leukaemia stem cell is also resistant to imatinib. Thus, there is still a need for new drugs that, if combined with imatinib, will decrease the rate of relapse, fully overcome imatinib resistance and prevent blastic transformation of CML. We recently reported that the activity of the tumour suppressor protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is markedly inhibited in blast crisis CML patient cells and that molecular or pharmacologic re-activation of PP2A phosphatase led to growth suppression, enhanced apoptosis, impaired clonogenic potential and decreased in vivo leukaemogenesis of imatinib-sensitive and -resistant (T315I included) CML-BC patient cells and/or BCR/ABL+ myeloid progenitor cell lines. Thus, the combination of PP2A phosphatase-activating and BCR/ABL kinase-inhibiting drugs may represent a powerful therapeutic strategy for blast crisis CML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Perrotti
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, and The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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358
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Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has become a model in research and management among malignant disorders. Since the discovery of the presence of a unique and constant chromosomal abnormality slightly more than 40 years ago, substantial progress has been made in the understanding of the biology of the disease. This progress has translated into significant improvement in the longterm prognosis of patients with this disease. This change came first with the use of stem cell transplantation and interferon alfa, but recently it has opened the era of molecularly targeted therapies. Imatinib, a potent and selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, may be the best example of our attempts to identify molecular abnormalities and develop drugs directed specifically at them. Furthermore, the understanding of at least some of the mechanisms of resistance to imatinib has led to rapid development of new agents that may overcome this resistance. The outlook today for patients with CML is much brighter than just a few years ago. It is our hope that this fascinating journey in CML can be replicated in other malignancies. In this article, we review our current understanding of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Quintás-Cardama
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex 77030, USA
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359
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Notari M, Neviani P, Santhanam R, Blaser BW, Chang JS, Galietta A, Willis AE, Roy DC, Caligiuri MA, Marcucci G, Perrotti D. A MAPK/HNRPK pathway controls BCR/ABL oncogenic potential by regulating MYC mRNA translation. Blood 2006; 107:2507-16. [PMID: 16293596 PMCID: PMC1895740 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-09-3732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered mRNA translation is one of the effects exerted by the BCR/ABL oncoprotein in the blast crisis phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Here, we report that in BCR/ABL+ cell lines and in patient-derived CML blast crisis mononuclear and CD34+ cells, p210(BCR/ABL) increases expression and activity of the transcriptional-inducer and translational-regulator heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K or HNRPK) in a dose- and kinase-dependent manner through the activation of the MAPK(ERK1/2) pathway. Furthermore, HNRPK down-regulation and interference with HNRPK translation-but not transcription-regulatory activity impairs cytokine-independent proliferation, clonogenic potential, and in vivo leukemogenic activity of BCR/ABL-expressing myeloid 32Dcl3 and/or primary CD34+ CML-BC patient cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that decreased internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-dependent Myc mRNA translation accounts for the phenotypic changes induced by inhibition of the BCR/ABL-ERK-dependent HNRPK translation-regulatory function. Accordingly, MYC protein but not mRNA levels are increased in the CD34+ fraction of patients with CML in accelerated and blastic phase but not in chronic phase CML patients and in the CD34+ fraction of marrow cells from healthy donors. Thus, BCR/ABL-dependent enhancement of HNRPK translation-regulation is important for BCR/ABL leukemogenesis and, perhaps, it might contribute to blast crisis transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Notari
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43240, USA
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