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Pisco AO, Brock A, Zhou J, Moor A, Mojtahedi M, Jackson D, Huang S. Non-Darwinian dynamics in therapy-induced cancer drug resistance. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2467. [PMID: 24045430 PMCID: PMC4657953 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of drug resistance, the prime cause of failure in cancer therapy, is commonly explained by the selection of resistant mutant cancer cells. However, dynamic non-genetic heterogeneity of clonal cell populations continuously produces metastable phenotypic variants (persisters), some of which represent stem-like states that confer resistance. Even without genetic mutations, Darwinian selection can expand these resistant variants, which would explain the invariably rapid emergence of stem-like resistant cells. Here, by using quantitative measurements and modelling, we show that appearance of multidrug resistance in HL60 leukemic cells following treatment with vincristine is not explained by Darwinian selection but by Lamarckian induction. Single-cell longitudinal monitoring confirms the induction of multidrug resistance in individual cells. Associated transcriptome changes indicate a lasting stress response consistent with a drug-induced switch between high-dimensional cancer attractors. Resistance induction correlates with Wnt pathway upregulation and is suppressed by β-catenin knockdown, revealing a new opportunity for early therapeutic intervention against the development of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Oliveira Pisco
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle WA 98109, USA
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Amy Brock
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph Zhou
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle WA 98109, USA
- Institute for Biocomplexity and Informatics, University of Calgary, Alberta AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Andreas Moor
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mitra Mojtahedi
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle WA 98109, USA
- Institute for Biocomplexity and Informatics, University of Calgary, Alberta AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Dean Jackson
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Sui Huang
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle WA 98109, USA
- Institute for Biocomplexity and Informatics, University of Calgary, Alberta AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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352
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Aktipis CA, Nesse RM. Evolutionary foundations for cancer biology. Evol Appl 2013; 6:144-59. [PMID: 23396885 PMCID: PMC3567479 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
New applications of evolutionary biology are transforming our understanding of cancer. The articles in this special issue provide many specific examples, such as microorganisms inducing cancers, the significance of within-tumor heterogeneity, and the possibility that lower dose chemotherapy may sometimes promote longer survival. Underlying these specific advances is a large-scale transformation, as cancer research incorporates evolutionary methods into its toolkit, and asks new evolutionary questions about why we are vulnerable to cancer. Evolution explains why cancer exists at all, how neoplasms grow, why cancer is remarkably rare, and why it occurs despite powerful cancer suppression mechanisms. Cancer exists because of somatic selection; mutations in somatic cells result in some dividing faster than others, in some cases generating neoplasms. Neoplasms grow, or do not, in complex cellular ecosystems. Cancer is relatively rare because of natural selection; our genomes were derived disproportionally from individuals with effective mechanisms for suppressing cancer. Cancer occurs nonetheless for the same six evolutionary reasons that explain why we remain vulnerable to other diseases. These four principles-cancers evolve by somatic selection, neoplasms grow in complex ecosystems, natural selection has shaped powerful cancer defenses, and the limitations of those defenses have evolutionary explanations-provide a foundation for understanding, preventing, and treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Athena Aktipis
- Center for Evolution and Cancer, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA ; Department of Psychology, Arizona State University Tempe, AZ, USA
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353
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Chen P, Bonaldo P. Role of macrophage polarization in tumor angiogenesis and vessel normalization: implications for new anticancer therapies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 301:1-35. [PMID: 23317816 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407704-1.00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new capillary blood vessels from preexisting vasculature, is one of the hallmarks of cancer that is pivotal for tumor growth and metastasis. Tumor vessels are known to be abnormal, with typically aberrant, leaky and disordered vessels. Thus, the combination of angiogenesis inhibition and vessel normalization is a potential strategy for anticancer therapy. The solid tumor is composed of not only cancer cells, but also the nonmalignant resident stromal cells, such as bone-marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant cell components of BMDCs, which play a significant role in promoting tumor progression. Accumulating evidences from both patient biopsies and experimental animal models have shown that TAMs function in tumor angiogenesis and vessel abnormalization in a density- and phenotype-dependent manner. This chapter will discuss the evidence for the factors and signaling pathways that are involved in macrophage recruitment and polarization in the tumor microenvironment, and it summarizes the role and underlying molecular mechanisms of macrophage polarization in tumor angiogenesis and vessel normalization. In addition, an overview of the potential of targeting TAM polarization for anticancer therapy will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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354
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Alkhateeb AA, Leitzel K, Ali SM, Campbell-Baird C, Evans M, Fuchs EM, Köstler WJ, Lipton A, Connor J. Elevation in inflammatory serum biomarkers predicts response to trastuzumab-containing therapy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51379. [PMID: 23300545 PMCID: PMC3530544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately half of all HER2/neu-overexpressing breast cancer patients do not respond to trastuzumab-containing therapy. Therefore, there remains an urgent and unmet clinical need for the development of predictive biomarkers for trastuzumab response. Recently, several lines of evidence have demonstrated that the inflammatory tumor microenvironment is a major contributor to therapy resistance in breast cancer. In order to explore the predictive value of inflammation in breast cancer patients, we measured the inflammatory biomarkers serum ferritin and C-reactive protein (CRP) in 66 patients immediately before undergoing trastuzumab-containing therapy and evaluated their progression-free and overall survival. The elevation in pre-treatment serum ferritin (>250 ng/ml) or CRP (>7.25 mg/l) was a significant predictor of reduced progression-free survival and shorter overall survival. When patients were stratified based on their serum ferritin and CRP levels, patients with elevation in both inflammatory biomarkers had a markedly poorer response to trastuzumab-containing therapy. Therefore, the elevation in inflammatory serum biomarkers may reflect a pathological state that decreases the clinical efficacy of this therapy. Anti-inflammatory drugs and life-style changes to decrease inflammation in cancer patients should be explored as possible strategies to sensitize patients to anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Alkhateeb
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kim Leitzel
- Division of Hematology-Medical Oncology, The Pennsylvania State University Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Suhail M. Ali
- Division of Hematology-Medical Oncology, The Pennsylvania State University Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Lebanon VA Medical Center, Lebanon, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Campbell-Baird
- Division of Hematology-Medical Oncology, The Pennsylvania State University Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew Evans
- Division of Hematology-Medical Oncology, The Pennsylvania State University Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eva-Maria Fuchs
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Allan Lipton
- Division of Hematology-Medical Oncology, The Pennsylvania State University Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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355
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356
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Mitchem JB, Brennan DJ, Knolhoff BL, Belt BA, Zhu Y, Sanford DE, Belaygorod L, Carpenter D, Collins L, Piwnica-Worms D, Hewitt S, Udupi GM, Gallagher WM, Wegner C, West BL, Wang-Gillam A, Goedegebuure P, Linehan DC, DeNardo DG. Targeting tumor-infiltrating macrophages decreases tumor-initiating cells, relieves immunosuppression, and improves chemotherapeutic responses. Cancer Res 2012; 73:1128-41. [PMID: 23221383 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 721] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating immune cells can promote chemoresistance and metastatic spread in aggressive tumors. Consequently, the type and quality of immune responses present in the neoplastic stroma are highly predictive of patient outcome in several cancer types. In addition to host immune responses, intrinsic tumor cell activities that mimic stem cell properties have been linked to chemoresistance, metastatic dissemination, and the induction of immune suppression. Cancer stem cells are far from a static cell population; rather, their presence seems to be controlled by highly dynamic processes that are dependent on cues from the tumor stroma. However, the impact immune responses have on tumor stem cell differentiation or expansion is not well understood. In this study, we show that targeting tumor-infiltrating macrophages (TAM) and inflammatory monocytes by inhibiting either the myeloid cell receptors colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) or chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) decreases the number of tumor-initiating cells (TIC) in pancreatic tumors. Targeting CCR2 or CSF1R improves chemotherapeutic efficacy, inhibits metastasis, and increases antitumor T-cell responses. Tumor-educated macrophages also directly enhanced the tumor-initiating capacity of pancreatic tumor cells by activating the transcription factor STAT3, thereby facilitating macrophage-mediated suppression of CD8(+) T lymphocytes. Together, our findings show how targeting TAMs can effectively overcome therapeutic resistance mediated by TICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Mitchem
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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357
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358
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He Y, Zhao X, Gao J, Fan L, Yang G, Cho WCS, Chen H. Quantum dots-based immunofluorescent imaging of stromal fibroblasts Caveolin-1 and light chain 3B expression and identification of their clinical significance in human gastric cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203033 PMCID: PMC3509549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131113764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) expression deficiency and autophagy in tumor stromal fibroblasts (hereafter fibroblasts) are involved in tumor proliferation and progression, particularly in breast and prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to detect the expression of fibroblastic Cav-1 and LC3B, markers of autophagy, in gastric cancer (GC) and to analyze their clinical significances. Furthermore, because Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated GC (EBVaGC) is a unique subtype of GC; we compared the differential expression of fibroblastic Cav-1 and LC3B in EBVaGC and non-EBVaGC. Quantum dots (QDs)-based immunofluorescence histochemistry was used to examine the expression of fibroblastic Cav-1 and LC3B in 118 cases of GC with adequate stroma. QDs-based double immunofluorescence labeling was performed to detect the coexpression of Cav-1 and LC3B proteins. EBV-encoded small RNA was detected by QDs-based fluorescence in situ hybridization to identify EBVaGC. Multivariate analysis indicated that low fibroblastic Cav-1 level was an independent prognosticator (p = 0.029) that predicted poorer survival of GC patients. Positive fibroblastic LC3B was correlated with lower invasion (p = 0.032) and was positively associated with Cav-1 expression (r = 0.432, p < 0.001). EBV infection did not affect fibroblastic Cav-1 and LC3B expression. In conclusion, positive fibroblastic LC3B correlates with lower invasion, and low expression of fibroblastic Cav-1 is a novel predictor of poor GC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu He
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; E-Mails: (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (L.F.)
| | - Xianda Zhao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; E-Mails: (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (L.F.)
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Wuhan Nano Tumor Diagnosis Engineering Research Center, Wuhan 430075, China; E-Mail:
| | - Lifang Fan
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; E-Mails: (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (L.F.)
| | - Guifang Yang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; E-Mail:
| | - William Chi-shing Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (W.C.C.); (H.C.); Tel.: +86-27-6875-9735 (H.C.); Fax: +86-27-6875-9222 (H.C.)
| | - Honglei Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; E-Mails: (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (L.F.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (W.C.C.); (H.C.); Tel.: +86-27-6875-9735 (H.C.); Fax: +86-27-6875-9222 (H.C.)
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359
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Schouppe E, De Baetselier P, Van Ginderachter JA, Sarukhan A. Instruction of myeloid cells by the tumor microenvironment: Open questions on the dynamics and plasticity of different tumor-associated myeloid cell populations. Oncoimmunology 2012; 1:1135-1145. [PMID: 23170260 PMCID: PMC3494626 DOI: 10.4161/onci.21566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The versatility and plasticity of myeloid cell polarization/differentiation has turned out to be crucial in health and disease, and has become the subject of intense investigation during the last years. On one hand, myeloid cells provide a critical contribution to tissue homeostasis and repair. On the other hand, myeloid cells not only play an important role as first line defense against pathogens but also they are involved in a broad array of inflammation-related diseases such as cancer. Recent studies show that macrophages can exist in different activation states within the same tumor, underlining their plasticity and heterogeneity. In this review, we will discuss recent evidence on how the tumor microenvironment, as it evolves, shapes the recruitment, function, polarization and differentiation of the myeloid cell compartment, leading to the selection of myeloid cells with immunosuppressive and angiogenic functions that facilitate tumor progression and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elio Schouppe
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab; VIB; Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Baetselier
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab; VIB; Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo A. Van Ginderachter
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab; VIB; Brussels, Belgium
| | - Adelaida Sarukhan
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab; VIB; Brussels, Belgium
- INSERM; Paris, France
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360
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Schmid MC, Varner JA. Myeloid cells in tumor inflammation. Vasc Cell 2012; 4:14. [PMID: 22938502 PMCID: PMC3479419 DOI: 10.1186/2045-824x-4-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow derived myeloid cells progressively accumulate in tumors, where they establish an inflammatory microenvironment that is favorable for tumor growth and spread. These cells are comprised primarily of monocytic and granulocytic myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) or tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which are generally associated with a poor clinical outcome. MDSCs and TAMs promote tumor progression by stimulating immunosuppression, neovascularization, metastasis and resistance to anti-cancer therapy. Strategies to target the tumor-promoting functions of myeloid cells could provide substantial therapeutic benefit to cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Schmid
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0912, USA.
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361
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Seib FP, Kaplan DL. Doxorubicin-loaded silk films: drug-silk interactions and in vivo performance in human orthotopic breast cancer. Biomaterials 2012; 33:8442-50. [PMID: 22922025 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common of all malignant diseases in women. Systemic chemotherapy provides low clinical benefit for locoregional control of the disease, while localised chemotherapy may provide a therapeutic advantage. In this study, doxorubicin-loaded silk films were directly applied to tumours. Affinity binding studies demonstrated that the adsorption of doxorubicin onto silk was partially dependent on crystallinity. By manipulating silk crystallinity, or β-sheet content, the doxorubicin release rate could be controlled ranging from immediate release to prolonged release over >4 weeks. The therapeutic impact of doxorubicin-loaded silk films on primary tumour growth and metastasis was assessed in mice using a humanised orthotopic breast cancer model (adenocarcinoma). Both soluble and stabilised silk films loaded with doxorubicin had a significantly greater primary tumour response than the equivalent dose of doxorubicin administered intravenously in the absence of the silk film carrier. In addition to reducing primary tumour growth, stabilised silk films loaded with doxorubicin also reduced metastatic spread and autopsy indicated that these films were not associated with any local or systemic toxicities. Collectively, these results suggest that the future use of this approach for localised chemotherapy is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Philipp Seib
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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362
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Leite de Oliveira R, Deschoemaeker S, Henze AT, Debackere K, Finisguerra V, Takeda Y, Roncal C, Dettori D, Tack E, Jönsson Y, Veschini L, Peeters A, Anisimov A, Hofmann M, Alitalo K, Baes M, D'hooge J, Carmeliet P, Mazzone M. Gene-targeting of Phd2 improves tumor response to chemotherapy and prevents side-toxicity. Cancer Cell 2012; 22:263-77. [PMID: 22897855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The success of chemotherapy in cancer treatment is limited by scarce drug delivery to the tumor and severe side-toxicity. Prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2) is an oxygen/redox-sensitive enzyme that induces cellular adaptations to stress conditions. Reduced activity of PHD2 in endothelial cells normalizes tumor vessels and enhances perfusion. Here, we show that tumor vessel normalization by genetic inactivation of Phd2 increases the delivery of chemotherapeutics to the tumor and, hence, their antitumor and antimetastatic effect, regardless of combined inhibition of Phd2 in cancer cells. In response to chemotherapy-induced oxidative stress, pharmacological inhibition or genetic inactivation of Phd2 enhances a hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF)-mediated detoxification program in healthy organs, which prevents oxidative damage, organ failure, and tissue demise. Altogether, our study discloses alternative strategies for chemotherapy optimization.
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363
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Abstract
Enhancing therapeutic activity against cancer cells and minimizing toxic effects on normal cells are critical elements in chemotherapy. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Leite de Oliveira and colleagues reveal a previously unrecognized role of a prolyl hydroxylase domain in promoting drug delivery to tumors and reducing toxicity in normal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology and State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Correspondence:
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364
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Phase II study of NGR-hTNF in combination with doxorubicin in relapsed ovarian cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:37-42. [PMID: 22644293 PMCID: PMC3389423 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The NGR-hTNF (asparagine–glycine–arginine–human tumour necrosis factor) is able to promote antitumour immune responses and to improve the intratumoural doxorubicin uptake by selectively damaging tumour blood vessels. Methods: Patients progressing after ⩾1 platinum/taxane-based regimen received NGR-hTNF 0.8 μg m−2 and doxorubicin 60 mg m−2 every 3 weeks. Primary endpoint was a Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors-defined response rate with a target of more than 6 out of 37 responding patients. Results: A total of 37 patients with platinum-free interval lower than 6 months (PFI<6; n=25), or between 6 and 12 months (PFI=6–12; n=12) were enrolled. Median baseline peripheral blood lymphocyte count (PBLC) was 1.6 per ml (interquartile range, 1.2–2.1). In all, 18 patients (49%) received more than 6 cycles. Febrile neutropaenia was registered in one patient (3%). Among 35 assessable patients, 8 (23% 95% CI 12–39%) had partial response (2 with PFI<6; 6 with PFI=6–12) and 15 (43%) had stable disease (10 with PFI<6; 5 with PFI=6–12). Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 5.0 months for all patients, 3.8 months for patients with PFI<6, and 7.8 months for patients with PFI=6–12. Median overall survival (OS) was 17.0 months. Patients with baseline PBLC higher than the first quartile had improved PFS (P=0.01) and OS (P=0.001). Conclusion: Tolerability and activity of this combination warrant further randomised testing in patients with PFI<6. The role of PBLC as a blood-based biomarker deserves further investigation.
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365
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Environment of chemo success. Nature 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/485282b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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366
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Werb Z. E11. The tumour microenvironment in breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(12)70062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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367
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McQuibban GA, Gong JH, Tam EM, McCulloch CA, Clark-Lewis I, Overall CM. Inflammation dampened by gelatinase A cleavage of monocyte chemoattractant protein-3. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2000; 48:222-72. [PMID: 10947989 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2013.770819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 545] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tissue degradation by the matrix metalloproteinase gelatinase A is pivotal to inflammation and metastases. Recognizing the catalytic importance of substrate-binding exosites outside the catalytic domain, we screened for extracellular substrates using the gelatinase A hemopexin domain as bait in the yeast two-hybrid system. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-3 (MCP-3) was identified as a physiological substrate of gelatinase A. Cleaved MCP-3 binds to CC-chemokine receptors-1, -2, and -3, but no longer induces calcium fluxes or promotes chemotaxis, and instead acts as a general chemokine antagonist that dampens inflammation. This suggests that matrix metalloproteinases are both effectors and regulators of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A McQuibban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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