351
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El-Andaloussi N, Valovka T, Toueille M, Steinacher R, Focke F, Gehrig P, Covic M, Hassa PO, Schär P, Hübscher U, Hottiger MO. Arginine methylation regulates DNA polymerase beta. Mol Cell 2006; 22:51-62. [PMID: 16600869 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2006.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Revised: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in DNA repair lead to genomic instability and higher risk of cancer. DNA base excision repair (BER) corrects damaged bases, apurinic sites, and single-strand DNA breaks. Here, a regulatory mechanism for DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta) is described. Pol beta was found to form a complex with the protein arginine methyltransferase 6 (PRMT6) and was specifically methylated in vitro and in vivo. Methylation of Pol beta by PRMT6 strongly stimulated DNA polymerase activity by enhancing DNA binding and processivity, while single nucleotide insertion and dRP-lyase activity were not affected. Two residues, R83 and R152, were identified in Pol beta as the sites of methylation by PRMT6. Genetic complementation of Pol beta knockout cells with R83/152K mutant revealed the importance of these residues for the cellular resistance to DNA alkylating agent. Based on our findings, we propose that PRMT6 plays a role as a regulator of BER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazim El-Andaloussi
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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352
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Majumder P, Gomez JA, Boss JM. The human major histocompatibility complex class II HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQA1 genes are separated by a CTCF-binding enhancer-blocking element. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:18435-43. [PMID: 16675454 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601298200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The human major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) region encodes a cluster of polymorphic heterodimeric glycoproteins HLA-DR, -DQ, and -DP that functions in antigen presentation. Separated by approximately 44 kb of DNA, the HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQA1 encode MHC-II proteins that function in separate MHC-II heterodimers and are diametrically transcribed. A region of high acetylation located in the intergenic sequences between HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQA1 was discovered and termed XL9. The peak of acetylation coincided with sequences that bound the insulator protein CCCTC-binding factor as determined by chromatin immunoprecipitations and in vitro DNA binding studies. XL9 was also found to be associated with the nuclear matrix. The activity of the XL9 region was examined and found to be a potent enhancer-blocking element. These results suggest that the XL9 region may have evolved to separate the transcriptional units of the HLA-DR and HLA-DQ genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parimal Majumder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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353
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Abstract
About 200 coactivators play a central role in promoting gene expression mediated by nuclear receptors. This diverse group of proteins are key integrators of signals from steroid hormones and have been implicated in cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lonard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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354
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Inche AG, La Thangue NB. Chromatin control and cancer-drug discovery: realizing the promise. Drug Discov Today 2006; 11:97-109. [PMID: 16533707 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(05)03691-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen major advances in elucidating the complexity of chromatin and its role as an epigenetic regulator of gene expression in eukaryotes. We now have a basic understanding of chromatin control and the enzymatic modifications that impart diverse regulatory cues to the functional activity of the genome. Most importantly, although research into chromatin has uncovered fascinating insights into the control of gene expression, it has also generated a large body of information that is being harnessed to develop new therapeutic modalities for treating cancer. Here, we discuss recent advances that support the contention that future generations of chromatin-modulating drugs will provide a significant group of new, mechanism-based therapeutics for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Inche
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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355
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White DE, Talbott KE, Arva NC, Bargonetti J. Mouse Double Minute 2 Associates with Chromatin in the Presence of p53 and Is Released to Facilitate Activation of Transcription. Cancer Res 2006; 66:3463-70. [PMID: 16585169 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is a potent transcription factor of which the ability to mediate transcription is inhibited through an interaction with the oncoprotein mouse double minute 2 (Mdm2). The present study has tested the hypothesis that Mdm2 inhibits the p53 response in normally growing cells by binding to chromatin-associated p53. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we show that Mdm2 localizes with p53 at its responsive elements on the waf1 and mdm2 genes in human cell lines expressing p53, but not in cell lines lacking p53 expression, indicating that Mdm2 is recruited to regions of DNA in a p53-dependent manner. Interestingly, our results show a decrease of Mdm2 protein associated with p53-responsive elements on the waf1 and mdm2 genes when p53-induced transcription is activated either by DNA damage or through controlled overexpression of p53. Rapid activation of p53 transcriptional activity before increasing p53 protein levels was observed with addition of either small-molecule inhibitors to disrupt the p53-Mdm2 interaction or small interfering RNA to mdm2. These findings indicate Mdm2 transiently localizes with p53 at responsive elements and suggest that latent p53 results from the recruitment of Mdm2 to chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E White
- The Institute for Biomolecular Structure and Function and Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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356
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Ostareck-Lederer A, Ostareck DH, Rucknagel KP, Schierhorn A, Moritz B, Huttelmaier S, Flach N, Handoko L, Wahle E. Asymmetric Arginine Dimethylation of Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein K by Protein-arginine Methyltransferase 1 Inhibits Its Interaction with c-Src. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:11115-25. [PMID: 16492668 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m513053200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginine methylation is a post-translational modification found in many RNA-binding proteins. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) from HeLa cells was shown, by mass spectrometry and Edman degradation, to contain asymmetric N(G),N(G)-dimethylarginine at five positions in its amino acid sequence (Arg256, Arg258, Arg268, Arg296, and Arg299). Whereas these five residues were quantitatively modified, Arg303 was asymmetrically dimethylated in <33% of hnRNP K and Arg287 was monomethylated in <10% of the protein. All other arginine residues were unmethylated. Protein-arginine methyltransferase 1 was identified as the only enzyme methylating hnRNP K in vitro and in vivo. An hnRNP K variant in which the five quantitatively modified arginine residues had been substituted was not methylated. Methylation of arginine residues by protein-arginine methyltransferase 1 did not influence the RNA-binding activity, the translation inhibitory function, or the cellular localization of hnRNP K but reduced the interaction of hnRNP K with the tyrosine kinase c-Src. This led to an inhibition of c-Src activation and hnRNP K phosphorylation. These findings support the role of arginine methylation in the regulation of protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Ostareck-Lederer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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357
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Nightingale KP, O'Neill LP, Turner BM. Histone modifications: signalling receptors and potential elements of a heritable epigenetic code. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2006; 16:125-36. [PMID: 16503131 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2006.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The genetic code epitomises simplicity, near universality and absolute predictive power. By contrast, epigenetic information, in the form of histone modifications, is characterised by complexity, diversity and an overall tendency to respond to changes in genomic function rather than to predict them. Perhaps the transient changes in histone modifications involved in intranuclear signalling and ongoing chromatin functions mask stable, predictive modifications that lie beneath. The current rapid progress in unravelling the diversity and complexity of epigenetic information might eventually reveal an underlying histone or epigenetic code. But whether it does or not, it will certainly provide unprecedented opportunities, both for understanding how the genome responds to environmental and metabolic change and for manipulating its activities for experimental and therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl P Nightingale
- Chromatin and Gene Expression Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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358
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Yang CK, Kim JH, Li H, Stallcup MR. Differential use of functional domains by coiled-coil coactivator in its synergistic coactivator function with beta-catenin or GRIP1. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:3389-97. [PMID: 16344550 PMCID: PMC1626527 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m510403200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
beta-Catenin, a pivotal component of the Wnt-signaling pathway, binds to and serves as a transcriptional coactivator for the T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF) family of transcriptional activator proteins and for the androgen receptor (AR), a nuclear receptor. Three components of the p160 nuclear receptor coactivator complex, including CARM1, p300/CBP, and GRIP1 (one of the p160 coactivators), bind to and cooperate with beta-catenin to enhance transcriptional activation by TCF/LEF and AR. Here we report that another component of the p160 nuclear receptor coactivator complex, the coiled-coil coactivator (CoCoA), directly binds to and cooperates synergistically with beta-catenin as a coactivator for AR and TCF/LEF. CoCoA uses different domains to bind GRIP1 and beta-catenin, and it uses different domains to transmit the activating signal to the transcription machinery, depending on whether it is bound to GRIP1 or beta-catenin. CoCoA associated specifically with the promoters of transiently transfected and endogenous target genes of TCF/LEF, and reduction of the endogenous CoCoA level decreased the ability of TCF/LEF and beta-catenin to activate transcription of transient and endogenous target genes. Thus, CoCoA uses different combinations of functional domains to serve as a physiologically relevant component of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway and the androgen signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeong Hoon Kim
- Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Hongwei Li
- Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Michael R. Stallcup
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of
- Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
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359
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Adcock IM, Ford P, Ito K, Barnes PJ. Epigenetics and airways disease. Respir Res 2006; 7:21. [PMID: 16460559 PMCID: PMC1382219 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics is the term used to describe heritable changes in gene expression that are not coded in the DNA sequence itself but by post-translational modifications in DNA and histone proteins. These modifications include histone acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation and phosphorylation. Epigenetic regulation is not only critical for generating diversity of cell types during mammalian development, but it is also important for maintaining the stability and integrity of the expression profiles of different cell types. Until recently, the study of human disease has focused on genetic mechanisms rather than on non-coding events. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that disruption of epigenetic processes can lead to several major pathologies, including cancer, syndromes involving chromosomal instabilities, and mental retardation. Furthermore, the expression and activity of enzymes that regulate these epigenetic modifications have been reported to be abnormal in the airways of patients with respiratory disease. The development of new diagnostic tools might reveal other diseases that are caused by epigenetic alterations. These changes, despite being heritable and stably maintained, are also potentially reversible and there is scope for the development of 'epigenetic therapies' for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Adcock
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Paul Ford
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Kazuhiro Ito
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
| | - P J Barnes
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
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360
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Lee DY, Northrop JP, Kuo MH, Stallcup MR. Histone H3 lysine 9 methyltransferase G9a is a transcriptional coactivator for nuclear receptors. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:8476-85. [PMID: 16461774 PMCID: PMC1770944 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m511093200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylation of Lys-9 of histone H3 has been associated with repression of transcription. G9a is a histone H3 Lys-9 methyltransferase localized in euchromatin and acts as a corepressor for specific transcription factors. Here we demonstrate that G9a also functions as a coactivator for nuclear receptors, cooperating synergistically with nuclear receptor coactivators glucocorticoid receptor interacting protein 1, coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1), and p300 in transient transfection assays. This synergy depends strongly on the arginine-specific protein methyltransferase activity of CARM1 but does not absolutely require the enzymatic activity of G9a and is specific to CARM1 and G9a among various protein methyltransferases. Reduction of endogenous G9a diminished hormonal activation of an endogenous target gene by the androgen receptor, and G9a associated with regulatory regions of this same gene. G9a fused to Gal4 DNA binding domain can repress transcription in a lysine methyltransferase-dependent manner; however, the histone modifications associated with transcriptional activation can inhibit the methyltransferase activity of G9a. These findings suggest a link between histone arginine and lysine methylation and a mechanism for controlling whether G9a functions as a corepressor or coactivator.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y. Lee
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, and the
| | - Jeffrey P. Northrop
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, and the
| | - Min-Hao Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Michael R. Stallcup
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, and the
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. . Mailing address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo Street, MCA-51A, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9151. Phone: (323) 442-1289; Fax: (323) 442-1224
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361
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Kim J, Hake SB, Roeder RG. The human homolog of yeast BRE1 functions as a transcriptional coactivator through direct activator interactions. Mol Cell 2006; 20:759-70. [PMID: 16337599 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2005.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Revised: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diverse histone modifications such as acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation play important roles in transcriptional regulation throughout eukaryotes, and recent studies in yeast also have implicated H2B ubiquitylation in the transcription of specific genes. Here, we report the identification of a functional human homolog, hBRE1, of the yeast BRE1 E3 ubiquitin ligase. hBRE1 specifically increases the global level of H2B ubiquitylation at lysine 120 and enhances activator-dependent transcription. Moreover, reduction of hBRE1 by RNAi decreases endogenous H2B ubiquitylation, activator-dependent transcription, and interestingly, H3-K4 and -K79 methylation. Of special significance, we show that hBRE1 directly interacts with p53 and that it is recruited to the mdm2 promoter in a p53-dependent manner. These studies suggest that hBRE1 is an H2B-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase and that it functions, through direct activator interactions, as a transcriptional coactivator. Importantly, they thus provide a paradigm for BRE1 recruitment and function in both yeast and higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Kim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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362
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Zhang Y, Bhatia D, Xia H, Castranova V, Shi X, Chen F. Nucleolin links to arsenic-induced stabilization of GADD45alpha mRNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:485-95. [PMID: 16421274 PMCID: PMC1342039 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkj459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2005] [Revised: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study shows that arsenic induces GADD45alpha (growth arrest and DNA damage inducible gene 45alpha) mainly through post-transcriptional mechanism. Treatment of the human bronchial epithelial cell line, BEAS-2B, with arsenic(III) chloride (As3+) resulted in a significant increase in GADD45alpha protein and mRNA. However, As3+ only exhibited a marginal effect on the transcription of the GADD45alpha gene. The accumulation of GADD45alpha mRNA is largely achieved by the stabilization of GADD45alpha mRNA in the cellular response to As3+. As3+ is able to induce binding of mRNA stabilizing proteins, nucleolin and less potently, HuR, to the GADD45alpha mRNA. Although As3+ was unable to affect the expression of nucleolin, treatment of the cells with As3+ resulted in re-distribution of nucleolin from nucleoli to nucleoplasm. Silencing of the nucleolin mRNA by RNA interference reversed As3+-induced stabilization of the GADD45alpha mRNA and accumulation of the GADD45alpha protein. Stabilization of GADD45alpha mRNA, thus, represents a novel mechanism contributing to the production of GADD45alpha and cell cycle arrest in response to As3+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Zhang
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200031, China
- School of Medicine, West Virginia UniversityMorgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Deepak Bhatia
- The Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthMorgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Hongfeng Xia
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200031, China
| | - Vince Castranova
- The Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthMorgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Xianglin Shi
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200031, China
- The Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthMorgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Fei Chen
- School of Medicine, West Virginia UniversityMorgantown, WV 26506, USA
- The Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthMorgantown, WV 26505, USA
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363
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Zhang X, Cheng X. 4 Structure of protein arginine methyltransferases. PROTEIN METHYLTRANSFERASES 2006; 24:105-21. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-6047(06)80006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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364
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3 Diverse roles of protein arginine methyltransferases. PROTEIN METHYLTRANSFERASES 2006; 24:51-103. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-6047(06)80005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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365
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Abstract
In response to various stresses, p53 is rapidly activated and transcriptionally regulates a number of target genes by which p53 modulates a variety of cellular activities. The transcriptional activity of p53 is delicately regulated by a plethora of cellular factors, independently or synergistically, in multiple ways in order to achieve a specific response. This article reviewed the role of the basal transcriptional machinery, co-activators, and co-repressors involved in p53-dependent transcription, and the underlying mechanism by which the p53 transcriptional activity is regulated. We also discussed some potentially interesting questions and future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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366
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Krones-Herzig A, Mesaros A, Metzger D, Ziegler A, Lemke U, Brüning JC, Herzig S. Signal-dependent control of gluconeogenic key enzyme genes through coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:3025-9. [PMID: 16330542 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509770200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Together with impaired glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, elevated hepatic gluconeogenesis is largely responsible for the hyperglycemic phenotype in type II diabetic patients. Intracellular glucocorticoid and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A-dependent signaling pathways contribute to aberrant hepatic glucose production through the induction of gluconeogenic enzyme gene expression. Here we show that the coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) is required for cAMP-mediated activation of rate-limiting gluconeogenic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK; EC 4.1.1.32) and glucose-6-phosphatase genes. Mutational analysis showed that CARM1 mediates its effect via the cAMP-responsive element within the PEPCK promoter, which is identified here as a CARM1 target in vivo. In hepatocytes, endogenous CARM1 physically interacts with cAMP-responsive element binding factor CREB and is recruited to the PEPCK and glucose-6-phosphatase promoters in a cAMP-dependent manner associated with increased promoter methylation. CARM1 might, therefore, represent a critical component of cAMP-dependent glucose metabolism in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Krones-Herzig
- Department of Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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367
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Saksouk N, Bhatti MM, Kieffer S, Smith AT, Musset K, Garin J, Sullivan WJ, Cesbron-Delauw MF, Hakimi MA. Histone-modifying complexes regulate gene expression pertinent to the differentiation of the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:10301-14. [PMID: 16287846 PMCID: PMC1291236 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.23.10301-10314.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2005] [Revised: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic apicomplexan parasites like Toxoplasma and Plasmodium (malaria) have complex life cycles consisting of multiple stages. The ability to differentiate from one stage to another requires dramatic transcriptional changes, yet there is a paucity of transcription factors in these protozoa. In contrast, we show here that Toxoplasma possesses extensive chromatin remodeling machinery that modulates gene expression relevant to differentiation. We find that, as in other eukaryotes, histone acetylation and arginine methylation are marks of gene activation in Toxoplasma. We have identified mediators of these histone modifications, as well as a histone deacetylase (HDAC), and correlate their presence at target promoters in a stage-specific manner. We purified the first HDAC complex from apicomplexans, which contains novel components in addition to others previously reported in eukaryotes. A Toxoplasma orthologue of the arginine methyltransferase CARM1 appears to work in concert with the acetylase TgGCN5, which exhibits an unusual bias for H3 [K18] in vitro. Inhibition of TgCARM1 induces differentiation, showing that the parasite life cycle can be manipulated by interfering with epigenetic machinery. This may lead to new approaches for therapy against protozoal diseases and highlights Toxoplasma as an informative model to study the evolution of epigenetics in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehmé Saksouk
- ATIP-UMR5163-CNRS, Jean-Roget Institute, Domaine de la Merci, 38700 Grenoble, France
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368
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Teyssier C, Ou CY, Khetchoumian K, Losson R, Stallcup MR. Transcriptional intermediary factor 1alpha mediates physical interaction and functional synergy between the coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 and glucocorticoid receptor-interacting protein 1 nuclear receptor coactivators. Mol Endocrinol 2005; 20:1276-86. [PMID: 16322096 PMCID: PMC1626528 DOI: 10.1210/me.2005-0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies transcriptional intermediary factor 1alpha (TIF1alpha) was identified as a direct binding partner and potential transcriptional coactivator for nuclear receptors (NRs) but its overexpression inhibited, rather than enhanced, transcriptional activation by NRs. Here we show that TIF1alpha bound to and enhanced the function of the C-terminal activation domain (AD) of coactivator associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) and the N-terminal AD of glucocorticoid receptor-interacting protein 1 (GRIP1). Furthermore, although TIF1alpha had little or no NR coactivator activity by itself, it cooperated synergistically with GRIP1 and CARM1 to enhance NR-mediated transcription. Inhibition of endogenous TIF1alpha expression reduced transcriptional activation by the GRIP1 N-terminal domain but not by the CARM1 C-terminal domain, suggesting that TIF1alpha may be more important for mediating the activity of the former than the latter. Reduction of endogenous TIF1alpha levels also compromised the androgen-dependent induction of an endogenous target gene of the androgen receptor. Finally, TIF1alpha formed a ternary complex with the GRIP1 N-terminal and CARM1 C-terminal domains. Thus, we conclude that TIF1alpha cooperates with NR coactivators GRIP1 and CARM1 by forming a stable ternary complex with them and enhancing the AD function of one or both of them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael R. Stallcup
- Corresponding Author: Michael R. Stallcup, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo Avenue, MCA 51A, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9151, Phone: 323-442-1289; Fax: 323-442-1224, E-mail:
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369
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Abstract
The biological effects of hormones, ranging from organogenesis, metabolism, and proliferation, are transduced through nuclear receptors (NRs). Over the last decade, NRs have been used as a model to study transcriptional control. The conformation of activated NRs is favorable for the recruitment of coactivators, which promote transcriptional activation by directly communicating with chromatin. This review will focus on the function of different classes of coactivators and associated complexes, and on progress in our understanding of gene activation by NRs through chromatin remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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370
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He Z, Li J, Zhen C, Feng L, Ding X. Knockdown of p53 by RNAi in ES cells facilitates RA-induced differentiation into muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 335:676-83. [PMID: 16087156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The p53 gene is widely expressed in embryo, tissues, and tumors, and its deficiency can rescue embryonic defects in certain genes null embryos. However, it is still poorly understood whether p53 is involved in myoblast and neuronal fate determination during embryogenesis. We established the ES cell clone in which p53 protein was persistently suppressed by stable expression of p53 RNAi, and GFP was expressed in a p53 RNAi transcription-independent manner. With the classical protocol in which the differentiation of ES cells into either neural or muscle cell is specifically modulated by different dosage retinoic acid (RA), we evaluated the function of p53 during myoblast and neuronal commitment. With RA treatment, silencing of p53 by RNAi in ES cells leads to dominant muscle cell production but lack of neuronal cell, indicating that p53 indeed plays a role during muscle and neuronal fate commitment. It thus provides a good model for investigating cross-talk between RA and p53 pathways during myogenesis and neurogenesis from ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao He
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai 200031, China
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371
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Herrmann F, Lee J, Bedford MT, Fackelmayer FO. Dynamics of Human Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 1(PRMT1) in Vivo. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:38005-10. [PMID: 16159886 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m502458200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginine methylation is a posttranslational protein modification catalyzed by a family of protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMT), the predominant member of which is PRMT1. Despite its major role in arginine methylation of nuclear proteins, surprisingly little is known about the subcellular localization and dynamics of PRMT1. We show here that only a fraction of PRMT1 is located in the nucleus, but the protein is predominantly cytoplasmic. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments reveal that PRMT1 is highly mobile both in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. However, inhibition of methylation leads to a significant nuclear accumulation of PRMT1, concomitant with the appearance of an immobile fraction of the protein in the nucleus, but not the cytoplasm. Both the accumulation and immobility of PRMT1 is reversed when re-methylation is allowed, suggesting a mechanism where PRMT1 is trapped by unmethylated substrates such as core histones and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein proteins until it has executed the methylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Herrmann
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Hamburg, Germany
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372
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Abstract
In all organisms, cell proliferation is orchestrated by coordinated patterns of gene expression. Transcription results from the activity of the RNA polymerase machinery and depends on the ability of transcription activators and repressors to access chromatin at specific promoters. During the last decades, increasing evidence supports aberrant transcription regulation as contributing to the development of human cancers. In fact, transcription regulatory proteins are often identified in oncogenic chromosomal rearrangements and are overexpressed in a variety of malignancies. Most transcription regulators are large proteins, containing multiple structural and functional domains some with enzymatic activity. These activities modify the structure of the chromatin, occluding certain DNA regions and exposing others for interaction with the transcription machinery. Thus, chromatin modifiers represent an additional level of transcription regulation. In this review we focus on several families of transcription activators and repressors that catalyse histone post-translational modifications (acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination and SUMOylation); and how these enzymatic activities might alter the correct cell proliferation program, leading to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Santos-Rosa
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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373
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Fackelmayer FO. Protein arginine methyltransferases: guardians of the Arg? Trends Biochem Sci 2005; 30:666-71. [PMID: 16257219 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2005.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Revised: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of enzymes that convert methylated arginine residues in proteins to citrulline has catapulted arginine methylation into the attention of cell-signaling researchers. Long considered a rather static post-translational modification of marginal interest, it seems that arginine methylation has now joined the group of signaling pathways that operate via pairs of antagonistic enzymes. However, many questions remain unanswered, especially concerning the removal mechanism and its implication for the physiological role of arginine methylation. I propose that, in addition to the broadly discussed function as regulator of protein activity, arginine methylation might serve a second purpose: protection of arginine residues against attack by endogenous reactive dicarbonyl agents, such as methylglyoxal, which are natural by-products of normal metabolic pathways. Inefficient detoxification of these highly cytotoxic compounds results in inactivation of proteins that is causally linked to diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and pathophysiologies of aging. This new concept of 'arginine protection' might have far-reaching implications for the development of drugs that exploit a natural protection mechanism for medical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank O Fackelmayer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
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374
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Balint BL, Gabor P, Nagy L. Genome-wide localization of histone 4 arginine 3 methylation in a differentiation primed myeloid leukemia cell line. Immunobiology 2005; 210:141-52. [PMID: 16164021 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2005.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Methylation of arginine residues in proteins is involved in modulation of various protein-protein interactions. At the chromatin level H4R3 methylation provides a signal integration step during myeloid differentiation. In order to globally characterize the role of arginine methylation in signal integration and developmental processes we decided to map genomic loci marked by protein arginine methyl transferase 1 (PRMT1) via histone H4 arginine 3 methylation. For this, we used the myeloid leukemia cell line, HL60, which is known to differentiate along the monocyte/macrophage or granulocyte lineage. We used chromatin immunoprecipitation with an antibody specific for the H4 arginine 3 methyl epitope followed by cloning to isolate genomic loci marked by this modification. After sequencing and in silico analysis we found that all of the genomic hits identified were intronic or within 5 kb of 5' ends of specific genes. The locations identified were enriched in conserved transcription factor binding sites of POU2F1, MEF-2 and FOXL1 factors. A significant number of the genes in the proximity of the identified genomic loci are involved in signaling pathways and developmental processes including immune response of myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balint L Balint
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Nagyerdei krt. 98. Debrecen, H-4012 Hungary
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375
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Abstract
Exposure of living cells to intracellular or external mutagens results in DNA damage. Accumulation of DNA damage can lead to serious consequences because of the deleterious mutation rate resulting in genomic instability, cellular senescence, and cell death. To counteract genotoxic stress, cells have developed several strategies to detect defects in DNA structure. The eukaryotic genomic DNA is packaged through histone and nonhistone proteins into a highly condensed structure termed chromatin. Therefore the cellular enzymatic machineries responsible for DNA replication, recombination, and repair must circumvent this natural barrier in order to gain access to the DNA. Several studies have demonstrated that histone/chromatin modifications such as acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation play crucial roles in DNA repair processes. This review will summarize the recent data that suggest a regulatory role of the epigenetic code in DNA repair processes. We will mainly focus on different covalent reversible modifications of histones as an initial step in early response to DNA damage and subsequent DNA repair. Special focus on a potential epigenetic histone code for these processes will be given in the last section. We also discuss new technologies and strategies to elucidate the putative epigenetic code for each of the DNA repair processes discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul O Hassa
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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376
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Utley RT, Lacoste N, Jobin-Robitaille O, Allard S, Côté J. Regulation of NuA4 histone acetyltransferase activity in transcription and DNA repair by phosphorylation of histone H4. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:8179-90. [PMID: 16135807 PMCID: PMC1234332 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.18.8179-8190.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The NuA4 complex is a histone H4/H2A acetyltransferase involved in transcription and DNA repair. While histone acetylation is important in many processes, it has become increasingly clear that additional histone modifications also play a crucial interrelated role. To understand how NuA4 action is regulated, we tested various H4 tail peptides harboring known modifications in HAT assays. While dimethylation at arginine 3 (R3M) had little effect on NuA4 activity, phosphorylation of serine 1 (S1P) strongly decreased the ability of the complex to acetylate H4 peptides. However, R3M in combination with S1P alleviates the repression of NuA4 activity. Chromatin from cells treated with DNA damage-inducing agents shows an increase in phosphorylation of serine 1 and a concomitant decrease in H4 acetylation. We found that casein kinase 2 phosphorylates histone H4 and associates with the Rpd3 deacetylase complex, demonstrating a physical connection between phosphorylation of serine 1 and unacetylated H4 tails. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments also link local phosphorylation of H4 with its deacetylation, during both transcription and DNA repair. Time course chromatin immunoprecipitation data support a model in which histone H4 phosphorylation occurs after NuA4 action during double-strand break repair at the step of chromatin restoration and deacetylation. These findings demonstrate that H4 phospho-serine 1 regulates chromatin acetylation by the NuA4 complex and that this process is important for normal gene expression and DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea T Utley
- Laval University Cancer Research Center, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec (CHUQ), 9 McMahon Street, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1R 2J6
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377
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Wang Y, Wysocka J, Perlin JR, Leonelli L, Allis CD, Coonrod SA. Linking covalent histone modifications to epigenetics: the rigidity and plasticity of the marks. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2005; 69:161-9. [PMID: 16117646 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2004.69.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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378
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Swaminathan V, Kishore AH, Febitha KK, Kundu TK. Human histone chaperone nucleophosmin enhances acetylation-dependent chromatin transcription. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:7534-45. [PMID: 16107701 PMCID: PMC1190275 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.17.7534-7545.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone chaperones are a group of proteins that aid in the dynamic chromatin organization during different cellular processes. Here, we report that the human histone chaperone nucleophosmin interacts with the core histones H3, H2B, and H4 but that this histone interaction is not sufficient to confer the chaperone activity. Significantly, nucleophosmin enhances the acetylation-dependent chromatin transcription and it becomes acetylated both in vitro and in vivo. Acetylation of nucleophosmin and the core histones was found to be essential for the enhancement of chromatin transcription. The acetylated NPM1 not only shows an increased affinity toward acetylated histones but also shows enhanced histone transfer ability. Presumably, nucleophosmin disrupts the nucleosomal structure in an acetylation-dependent manner, resulting in the transcriptional activation. These results establish nucleophosmin (NPM1) as a human histone chaperone that becomes acetylated, resulting in the enhancement of chromatin transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Swaminathan
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, India
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379
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Kim E, Deppert W. Transcriptional activities of mutant p53: when mutations are more than a loss. J Cell Biochem 2005; 93:878-86. [PMID: 15449312 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The dominant oncogenic properties of mutant p53 have been recognized as a phenomenon associated with tumor progression a long time ago, even before it was realized that the major function of wild type p53 is that of a tumor suppressor. Recent advances in this fascinating area in tumor cell biology reveal that the community of mutant p53 proteins is comprised of proteins that are extremely diverse both structurally and functionally, and elicit a multitude of cellular responses that not only are entirely distinct from those mediated by wild type p53, but also vary among different mutant p53 proteins. Aberrant regulation of transcription is one of the mechanisms underlying the ability of some mutant p53 proteins to act as oncogenic factors. Systematic analyses of the transcriptional activities of mutant p53 suggest that not the loss of transcriptional activity as such, but alterations of target DNA selectivity may be the driving force of mutant p53 specific transcription underlying the growth-promoting effects of mutant p53. This article focuses on mechanistic aspects of mutp53 "gain-of-function" with the emphasis on possible mechanisms underlying transcriptional activation by mutp53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Kim
- Neuro-Oncology Group, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Germany
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380
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Huang S, Litt M, Felsenfeld G. Methylation of histone H4 by arginine methyltransferase PRMT1 is essential in vivo for many subsequent histone modifications. Genes Dev 2005; 19:1885-93. [PMID: 16103216 PMCID: PMC1186188 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1333905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PRMT1 is a histone methyltransferase that methylates Arg3 on histone H4. When we used siRNA to knock down PRMT1 in an erythroid cell line, it resulted in nearly complete loss of H4 Arg3 methylation across the chicken beta-globin domain, which we use as a model system for studying the relationship of gene activity to histone modification. We observed furthermore a domain-wide loss of histone acetylation on both histones H3 and H4, as well as an increase in H3 Lys9 and Lys27 methylation, both marks associated with inactive chromatin. To determine whether the effect on acetylation was directly related to the loss of H4 Arg3 methylation, we performed an in vitro acetylation reaction on chromatin isolated from PRMT1-depleted cells. We found that nucleosomes purified from these cells, and depleted in methylation at Arg3, are readily acetylated by nuclear extracts from the same cells, if and only if the nucleosomes are incubated with PRMT1 beforehand. Thus, methylation of histones by PRMT1 was sufficient to permit subsequent acetylation. Consistent with earlier reports of experiments in vitro, H4 Arg3 methylation by PRMT1 appears to be essential in vivo for the establishment or maintenance of a wide range of "active" chromatin modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suming Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0540, USA
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381
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Das C, Kundu TK. Transcriptional regulation by the acetylation of nonhistone proteins in humans -- a new target for therapeutics. IUBMB Life 2005; 57:137-49. [PMID: 16036576 DOI: 10.1080/15216540500090629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression from the dynamic chromatin template is regulated by certain key cellular players that cause post-translational modifications of both histones and nonhistone proteins. The acetyltransferases and deacetylases are two such key groups of enzymes that play crucial roles in maintaining the reversible acetylation status of histones and nonhistone proteins. Emerging evidence suggests that acetylation of nonhistone protein is equally important in the transcription regulation as the histone acetylation. Since dysfunction of HATs and HDACs leads to several diseases, aberrant acetylation of nonhistone protein is also associated with diseases. Small molecule modulators of these enzymes, which may help in maintaining the normal cellular acetylation status of these proteins, have important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrima Das
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, India
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382
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Teyssier C, Ma H, Emter R, Kralli A, Stallcup MR. Activation of nuclear receptor coactivator PGC-1alpha by arginine methylation. Genes Dev 2005; 19:1466-73. [PMID: 15964996 PMCID: PMC1151663 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1295005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha (PGC-1alpha), a tissue-specific and inducible transcriptional coactivator for several nuclear receptors, plays a key role in energy metabolism. We report here that PGC-1alpha coactivator activity is potentiated by arginine methylation by protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1), another nuclear receptor coactivator. Mutation of three substrate arginines in the C-terminal region of PGC-1alpha abolished the cooperative coactivator function of PGC-1alpha and PRMT1, and compromised the ability of PGC-1alpha to induce endogenous target genes. Finally, endogenous PRMT1 contributes to PGC-1alpha coactivator activity, and to the induction of genes important for mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Teyssier
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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383
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Dou Y, Milne TA, Tackett AJ, Smith ER, Fukuda A, Wysocka J, Allis CD, Chait BT, Hess JL, Roeder RG. Physical association and coordinate function of the H3 K4 methyltransferase MLL1 and the H4 K16 acetyltransferase MOF. Cell 2005; 121:873-85. [PMID: 15960975 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Revised: 03/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A stable complex containing MLL1 and MOF has been immunoaffinity purified from a human cell line that stably expresses an epitope-tagged WDR5 subunit. Stable interactions between MLL1 and MOF were confirmed by reciprocal immunoprecipitation, cosedimentation, and cotransfection analyses, and interaction sites were mapped to MLL1 C-terminal and MOF zinc finger domains. The purified complex has a robust MLL1-mediated histone methyltransferase activity that can effect mono-, di-, and trimethylation of H3 K4 and a MOF-mediated histone acetyltransferase activity that is specific for H4 K16. Importantly, both activities are required for optimal transcription activation on a chromatin template in vitro and on an endogenous MLL1 target gene, Hox a9, in vivo. These results indicate an activator-based mechanism for joint MLL1 and MOF recruitment and targeted methylation and acetylation and provide a molecular explanation for the closely correlated distribution of H3 K4 methylation and H4 K16 acetylation on active genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Dou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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384
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Balint BL, Szanto A, Madi A, Bauer UM, Gabor P, Benko S, Puskás LG, Davies PJA, Nagy L. Arginine methylation provides epigenetic transcription memory for retinoid-induced differentiation in myeloid cells. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:5648-63. [PMID: 15964820 PMCID: PMC1156990 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.13.5648-5663.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular differentiation is governed by changes in gene expression, but at the same time, a cell's identity needs to be maintained through multiple cell divisions during maturation. In myeloid cell lines, retinoids induce gene expression and a well-characterized two-step lineage-specific differentiation. To identify mechanisms that contribute to cellular transcriptional memory, we analyzed the epigenetic changes taking place on regulatory regions of tissue transglutaminase, a gene whose expression is tightly linked to retinoid-induced differentiation. Here we report that the induction of an intermediary or "primed" state of myeloid differentiation is associated with increased H4 arginine 3 and decreased H3 lysine 4 methylation. These modifications occur before transcription and appear to prime the chromatin for subsequent hormone-regulated transcription. Moreover, inhibition of methyltransferase activity, pre-acetylation, or activation of the enzyme PAD4 attenuated retinoid-regulated gene expression, while overexpression of PRMT1, a methyltransferase, enhanced retinoid responsiveness. Taken together, our results suggest that H4 arginine 3 methylation is a bona fide positive epigenetic marker and regulator of transcriptional responsiveness as well as a signal integration mechanism during cell differentiation and, as such, may provide epigenetic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balint L Balint
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen H-4012, Hungary
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385
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Cheng X, Collins RE, Zhang X. Structural and sequence motifs of protein (histone) methylation enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 34:267-94. [PMID: 15869391 PMCID: PMC2733851 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biophys.34.040204.144452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
With genome sequencing nearing completion for the model organisms used in biomedical research, there is a rapidly growing appreciation that proteomics, the study of covalent modification to proteins, and transcriptional regulation will likely dominate the research headlines in the next decade. Protein methylation plays a central role in both of these fields, as several different residues (Arg, Lys, Gln) are methylated in cells and methylation plays a central role in the "histone code" that regulates chromatin structure and impacts transcription. In some cases, a single lysine can be mono-, di-, or trimethylated, with different functional consequences for each of the three forms. This review describes structural aspects of methylation of histone lysine residues by two enzyme families with entirely different structural scaffolding (the SET proteins and Dot1p) and methylation of protein arginine residues by PRMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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386
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Baumeister P, Luo S, Skarnes WC, Sui G, Seto E, Shi Y, Lee AS. Endoplasmic reticulum stress induction of the Grp78/BiP promoter: activating mechanisms mediated by YY1 and its interactive chromatin modifiers. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:4529-40. [PMID: 15899857 PMCID: PMC1140640 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.11.4529-4540.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism whereby cells respond to stress conditions that target the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The transcriptional activation of the promoter of GRP78/BiP, a prosurvival ER chaperone, has been used extensively as an indicator of the onset of the UPR. YY1, a constitutively expressed multifunctional transcription factor, activates the Grp78 promoter only under ER stress conditions. Previously, in vivo footprinting analysis revealed that the YY1 binding site of the ER stress response element of the Grp78 promoter exhibits ER stress-induced changes in occupancy. Toward understanding the underlying mechanisms of these unique phenomena, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses, revealing that YY1 only occupies the Grp78 promoter upon ER stress and is mediated in part by the nuclear form of ATF6. We show that YY1 is an essential coactivator of ATF6 and uncover their specific interactive domains. Using small interfering RNA against YY1 and insertional mutation of the gene encoding ATF6alpha, we provide direct evidence that YY1 and ATF6 are required for optimal stress induction of Grp78. We also discovered enhancement of the ER-stressed induction of the Grp78 promoter through the interaction of YY1 with the arginine methyltransferase PRMT1 and evidence of its action through methylation of the arginine 3 residue on histone H4. Furthermore, we detected ER stress-induced binding of the histone acetyltransferase p300 to the Grp78 promoter and histone H4 acetylation. A model for the ER stress-mediated transcription factor binding and chromatin modifications at the Grp78 promoter leading to its activation is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Baumeister
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, 1441 Eastlake Ave., Room 5308, MC-9176, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9176, USA
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387
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Rohaly G, Chemnitz J, Dehde S, Nunez AM, Heukeshoven J, Deppert W, Dornreiter I. A Novel Human p53 Isoform Is an Essential Element of the ATR-Intra-S Phase Checkpoint. Cell 2005; 122:21-32. [PMID: 16009130 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2004] [Revised: 03/20/2005] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The archetypal human tumor suppressor p53 is considered to have unique transactivation properties. The assumption is based on the fact that additionally identified human p53 isoforms lack transcriptional activity. However, we provide evidence for the existence of an alternatively spliced p53 isoform (Deltap53) that exerts its transcriptional activity independent from p53. In contrast to p53, Deltap53 transactivates the endogenous p21 and 14-3-3sigma but not the mdm2, bax, and PIG3 promoter. Cell cycle studies showed that Deltap53 displays its differential transcriptional activity only in damaged S phase cells. Upon activation of the ATR-intra-S phase checkpoint, Deltap53, but not p53, transactivates the Cdk inhibitor p21. Induction of p21 results in downregulation of cyclin A-Cdk activity and accordingly attenuation of S phase progression. Data demonstrate that the Deltap53-p21-cyclin A-Cdk pathway is crucial to facilitate uncoupling of repair and replication events, indicating that Deltap53 is an essential element of the ATR-intra-S phase checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Rohaly
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie, Universität Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, D-20251, Hamburg, Germany
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388
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Bedford MT, Richard S. Arginine methylation an emerging regulator of protein function. Mol Cell 2005; 18:263-72. [PMID: 15866169 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 872] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Revised: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Arginine methylation is now coming out of the shadows of protein phosphorylation and entering the mainstream, largely due to the identification of the family of enzymes that lay down this modification. In addition, modification-specific antibodies and proteomic approaches have facilitated the identification of an array of substrates for the protein arginine methyltransferases. This review describes recent insights into the molecular processes regulated by arginine methylation in normal and diseased cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Bedford
- Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA.
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389
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Coutts AS, La Thangue NB. The p53 response: emerging levels of co-factor complexity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 331:778-85. [PMID: 15865933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Coutts
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Davidson Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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390
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Abstract
In eukaryotes, chromatin is the natural form of DNA in the nucleus. For hundreds of millions of years, DNA-binding factors have evolved with chromatin. It is therefore more desirable to study the molecular mechanisms of DNA-directed processes with chromatin than with naked DNA templates. To this end, it is necessary to reconstitute DNA and histones into chromatin. Fortunately, there are a variety of methods by which a nonspecialist can prepare chromatin of high quality. Here, we describe strategies and techniques for the reconstitution of chromatin in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Lusser
- Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0347, USA
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391
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Biel M, Wascholowski V, Giannis A. Epigenetik - ein Epizentrum der Genregulation: Histone und histonmodifizierende Enzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200461346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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392
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Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NR) function as ligand-regulated transcription factors that transduce hormonal signals from steroid hormones and other lipophillic ligands. NR-mediated transcription depends on coactivators, a diverse group of proteins that affect the transcriptional machinery in a variety of ways such as via their associated enzymatic activities as histone acetyltransferases, methyltransferases, ubiquitin ligases or as agents that integrate signaling via kinase-signaling pathways. Coactivators have various roles in the transcriptional process (i) as molecules that influence key points in the different stages of transcription, (ii) as integrators of environmental growth-factor and steroid-hormone signals, and (iii) as agents of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lonard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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393
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Roeder RG. Transcriptional regulation and the role of diverse coactivators in animal cells. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:909-15. [PMID: 15680973 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Revised: 12/07/2004] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes involves structurally and functionally distinct nuclear RNA polymerases, corresponding general initiation factors, gene-specific (DNA-binding) regulatory factors, and a variety of coregulatory factors that act either through chromatin modifications (e.g. histone acetyltransferases and methyltransferases) or more directly (e.g. Mediator) to facilitate formation and function of the preinitiation complex. Biochemical studies with purified factors and DNA versus recombinant chromatin templates have provided insights into the nature and mechanism of action of these factors, including pathways for their sequential function in chromatin remodeling and preinitiation complex formation/function (transcription) steps and a possible role in facilitating the transition between these steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Roeder
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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394
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Dennis AP, Lonard DM, Nawaz Z, O'Malley BW. Inhibition of the 26S proteasome blocks progesterone receptor-dependent transcription through failed recruitment of RNA polymerase II. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 94:337-46. [PMID: 15857753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2004] [Accepted: 11/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the involvement of protein degradation via the 26S proteasome during progesterone receptor (PR)-mediated transcription in T-47D cells containing a stably integrated MMTV-CAT reporter construct (CAT0 cells). Progesterone induced CAT and HSD11beta2 transcription while co-treatment with the proteasome inhibitor, MG132, blocked PR-induced transcription in a time-dependent fashion. MG132 treatment also inhibited transcription of beta-actin and cyclophilin, but not two proteasome subunit genes, PSMA1 and PSMC1, indicating that proteasome inhibition affects a subset of RNA polymerase II (RNAP(II))-regulated genes. Progesterone-mediated recruitment of RNAP(II) was blocked by MG132 treatment at time points later than 1 h that was not dependent on the continued presence of PR, associated cofactors, and components of the general transcription machinery, supporting the concept that proteasome-mediated degradation is needed for continued transcription. Surprisingly, progesterone-mediated acetylation of histone H4 was inhibited by MG132 with the concomitant recruitment of HDAC3, NCoR, and SMRT. We demonstrate that the steady-state protein levels of SMRT and NCoR are higher in the presence of MG132 in CAT0 cells, consistent with other reports that SMRT and NCoR are targets of the 26S proteasome. However, inhibition of histone deacetylation by trichostatin A (TSA) treatment or SMRT/NCoR knockdown by siRNA did not restore MG132-inhibited progesterone-dependent transcription. Therefore, events other than histone deacetylation and stability of SMRT and NCoR must also play a role in inhibition of PR-mediated transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Dennis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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395
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Lee YH, Coonrod SA, Kraus WL, Jelinek MA, Stallcup MR. Regulation of coactivator complex assembly and function by protein arginine methylation and demethylimination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:3611-6. [PMID: 15731352 PMCID: PMC553305 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0407159102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors activate transcription by recruiting multiple coactivators to the promoters of specific target genes. The functional synergy of the p160 coactivators [steroid receptor coactivator-1, glucocorticoid receptor interacting protein (GRIP1), or the activator for thyroid hormone and retinoid receptors], the histone acetyltransferases cAMP response element binding protein binding protein (CBP) and p300 and the histone methyltransferase coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase (CARM1) depends on the methyltransferase activity of CARM1. CARM1 methylates histone H3 and other factors including the N-terminal region of p300. Here, we report that CARM1 also methylates Arg-2142 within the C-terminal GRIP1 binding domain (GBD) of p300. In the GBD, both Arg-2088 and Arg-2142 are important for binding GRIP1. Methylation of Arg-2142 inhibits the bimolecular interaction of GRIP1 to p300 in vitro and in vivo. This methylation mark of p300 GBD is removed by peptidyl deiminase 4, thereby enhancing the p300-GRIP1 interaction. These methylation and demethylimination events also alter the conformation and activity of the coactivator complex and regulate estrogen receptor-mediated transcription, and they thus represent unique mechanisms for regulating coactivator complex assembly, conformation, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ho Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR 301, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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396
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Abstract
In 2003, a p53-expressing adenovirus was approved as a cancer therapy drug in China. Consequently, there has been a surge in the need to understand the regulation of wild type p53 function in vivo. The majority of the progress made during the past two years has focused on the cellular factors and post-translational modifications that regulate the expression levels and activities of p53 in response to stress signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 91 Riding House Street, London, W1W 7BS, UK.
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397
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Boulanger MC, Liang C, Russell RS, Lin R, Bedford MT, Wainberg MA, Richard S. Methylation of Tat by PRMT6 regulates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gene expression. J Virol 2005; 79:124-31. [PMID: 15596808 PMCID: PMC538702 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.1.124-131.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transactivator protein, Tat, stimulates transcription from the viral long terminal repeats via an arginine-rich transactivating domain. Since arginines are often known to be methylated, we investigated whether HIV type 1 (HIV-1) Tat was a substrate for known protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). Here we identify Tat as a substrate for the arginine methyltransferase, PRMT6. Tat is specifically associated with and methylated by PRMT6 within cells. Overexpression of wild-type PRMT6, but not a methylase-inactive PRMT6 mutant, decreased Tat transactivation of an HIV-1 long terminal repeat luciferase reporter plasmid in a dose-dependent manner. Knocking down PRMT6 consistently increased HIV-1 production in HEK293T cells and also led to increased viral infectiousness as shown in multinuclear activation of a galactosidase indicator assays. Our study demonstrates that arginine methylation of Tat negatively regulates its transactivation activity and that PRMT6 acts as a restriction factor for HIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Chloé Boulanger
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group, Lady Davis Institute, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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398
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Covic M, Hassa PO, Saccani S, Buerki C, Meier NI, Lombardi C, Imhof R, Bedford MT, Natoli G, Hottiger MO. Arginine methyltransferase CARM1 is a promoter-specific regulator of NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression. EMBO J 2004; 24:85-96. [PMID: 15616592 PMCID: PMC544912 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Accepted: 11/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) plays an important role in the transcriptional regulation of genes involved in inflammation and cell survival. Here, we show that coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase CARM1/PRMT4 is a novel transcriptional coactivator of NF-kappaB and functions as a promoter-specific regulator of NF-kappaB recruitment to chromatin. Carm1 knockout cells showed impaired expression of a subset of NF-kappaB-dependent genes upon TNFalpha or LPS stimulation. CARM1 forms a complex with p300 and NF-kappaB in vivo and interacts directly with the NF-kappaB subunit p65 in vitro. CARM1 seems to act in a gene-specific manner mainly by enhancing NF-kappaB recruitment to cognate sites. Moreover, CARM1 synergistically coactivates NF-kappaB-mediated transactivation, in concert with the transcriptional coactivators p300/CREB-binding protein and the p160 family of steroid receptor coactivators. For at least a subset of CARM1-dependent NF-kappaB target genes, the enzymatic activities of both CARM1 and p300 are necessary for the observed synergy between CARM1 and p300. Our results suggest that the cooperative action between protein arginine methyltransferases and protein lysine acetyltransferases regulates NF-kappaB-dependent gene activation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Covic
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul O Hassa
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simona Saccani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Christine Buerki
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadja I Meier
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Lombardi
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Imhof
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark T Bedford
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas, Smithville, TX, USA
| | | | - Michael O Hottiger
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. Tel.: +41 1 635 5474; Fax: +41 1 635 6840; E-mail:
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399
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Tanikawa J, Nomura T, Macmillan EM, Shinagawa T, Jin W, Kokura K, Baba D, Shirakawa M, Gonda TJ, Ishii S. p53 suppresses c-Myb-induced trans-activation and transformation by recruiting the corepressor mSin3A. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:55393-400. [PMID: 15509555 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m411658200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is known to repress transcription of a number of genes, but the mechanism of p53 recruitment to these target genes is unknown. The c-myb proto-oncogene product (c-Myb) positively regulates proliferation of immature hematopoietic cells, whereas p53 blocks cell cycle progression. Here, we demonstrate that p53 inhibits c-Myb-induced transcription and transformation by directly binding to c-Myb. The ability of c-Myb to maintain the undifferentiated state of M1 cells was also suppressed by p53. p53 did not affect the ability of c-Myb to bind to DNA but formed a ternary complex with the corepressor mSin3A and c-Myb. Thus, p53 antagonizes c-Myb by recruiting mSin3A to down-regulate specific Myb target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tanikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
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400
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Kumar R, Wang RA, Barnes CJ. Coregulators and chromatin remodeling in transcriptional control. Mol Carcinog 2004; 41:221-30. [PMID: 15468293 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite many years of investigation by numerous investigators, transcriptional regulatory control remains an intensely investigated and continuously evolving field of research. Transcriptional regulation is dependent not only on transcription factor activation and chromatin remodeling, but also on a host of transcription factor coregulators-coactivators and corepressors. In addition to transcription factor activation and chromatin changes, there is an expanding array of additional modifications that titrate transcriptional regulation for the specific conditions of a particular cell type, organ system, and developmental stage, and such events are likely to be greatly influenced by upstream signaling cascades. Here, we will briefly review the highlights and perspectives of chromatin remodeling and transcription controls as affected by cofactor availability, cellular energy state, relative ratios of reducing equivalents, and upstream signaling. We also present the C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) as a novel nuclear receptor (NR) coregulator, which exemplifies the integration of a number of transcriptional regulatory controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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