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Ungerbäck J, Belenki D, Jawad ul-Hassan A, Fredrikson M, Fransén K, Elander N, Verma D, Söderkvist P. Genetic variation and alterations of genes involved in NFκB/TNFAIP3- and NLRP3-inflammasome signaling affect susceptibility and outcome of colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:2126-34. [PMID: 22843550 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal tumors are continuously exposed to an inflammatory environment, which together with mitogenic signals sustain several cancer hallmarks. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) is a major regulator of inflammation and variation in NFκB-associated genes could potentially be used as biomarkers to identify patients with increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) development, and/or a rapidly progressing disease. In this study, 348 CRC cases and 806 randomly selected healthy individuals from southeastern Sweden were examined with regard to seven polymorphisms in NFκB pathway-associated genes. Log-rank-tests and Cox proportional hazard regression analysis examined the association between the polymorphisms and CRC-specific survival, whereas chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis were used to test for associations between the polymorphisms and CRC susceptibility. Gene expression and loss of heterozygosity analyses of TNFAIP3 were carried out in a subset of tumors to assess its role as a tumor suppressor in CRC. Heterozygous and polymorphic TNFAIP3 (rs6920220), heterozygous NLRP3 (Q705K) and polymorphic NFκB -94 ATTG ins/del genotypes were found to be associated with poorer survival in patients diagnosed with invasive CRC (aHR = 5.2, 95% CI: 2.5-10.9, P < 0.001). TNFAIP3 mRNA levels were significantly decreased in tumors compared with adjacent non-neoplastic mucosa (P < 0.0001) and loss of heterozygosity of 6q23.3 (TNFAIP3) was detected in 17% of cases, whereas only 2.5% of the investigated specimens displayed TNFAIP3 gene mutations. We propose that TNFAIP3 (rs6920220), NLRP3 (Q705K) and NFκB -94 ATTG ins/del polymorphisms are associated with poor survival in patients with advanced CRC and may be used as prognostic markers. Experimental results indicate that TNFAIP3 may act as a tumor suppressor in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Ungerbäck
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, SE-581 85, Linkoping, Sweden.
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352
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Tamassia N, Zimmermann M, Cassatella MA. An additional piece in the puzzle of neutrophil-derived IL-1β: the NLRP3 inflammasome. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:565-8. [PMID: 22488359 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The notion that neutrophils play a pivotal role in orchestrating ongoing inflammatory immune responses has been bolstered by several fairly newly described effector mechanisms, particularly their capacity to serve as a source of cytokines. This frequently neglected phenomenon is acquiring more and more credit and, as a result, our understanding of the molecular basis of neutrophil-derived cytokines has grown tremendously in the past 20 years. It is now clear that cytokine secretion by neutrophils is controlled by sophisticated regulatory mechanisms. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Mankan et al. (Eur. J. Immunol. 42: 710-715) further extend our knowledge by reappraising the role of the inflammasome pathway, specifically the NLRP3 sensor, in the secretion of mature IL-1β by murine neutrophils. Accordingly, Mankan et al. (Eur. J. Immunol. 42: 710-715) identify the neutrophil expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex, and by using specific knockout mice, they also show that, in LPS-primed neutrophils, the NLRP3/ASC/caspase-1 axis plays a nonredundant role for IL-1β processing in response to typical NLRP3 inflammasome stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Tamassia
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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353
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Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription factor family has been considered the central mediator of the inflammatory process and a key participant in innate and adaptive immune responses. Coincident with the molecular cloning of NF-κB/RelA and identification of its kinship to the v-Rel oncogene, it was anticipated that NF-κB itself would be involved in cancer development. Oncogenic activating mutations in NF-κB genes are rare and have been identified only in some lymphoid malignancies, while most NF-κB activating mutations in lymphoid malignancies occur in upstream signaling components that feed into NF-κB. NF-κB activation is also prevalent in carcinomas, in which NF-κB activation is mainly driven by inflammatory cytokines within the tumor microenvironment. Importantly, however, in all malignancies, NF-κB acts in a cell type-specific manner: activating survival genes within cancer cells and inflammation-promoting genes in components of the tumor microenvironment. Yet, the complex biological functions of NF-κB have made its therapeutic targeting a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A DiDonato
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Department of Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, USA
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354
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Lim KH, Yang Y, Staudt LM. Pathogenetic importance and therapeutic implications of NF-κB in lymphoid malignancies. Immunol Rev 2012; 246:359-78. [PMID: 22435566 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Derangement of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway initiates and/or sustains many types of human cancer. B-cell malignancies are particularly affected by oncogenic mutations, translocations, and copy number alterations affecting key components the NF-κB pathway, most likely owing to the pervasive role of this pathway in normal B cells. These genetic aberrations cause tumors to be 'addicted' to NF-κB, which can be exploited therapeutically. Since each subtype of lymphoid cancer utilizes different mechanisms to activate NF-κB, several different therapeutic strategies are needed to address this pathogenetic heterogeneity. Fortunately, a number of drugs that block signaling cascades leading to NF-κB are in early phase clinical trials, several of which are already showing activity in lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian-Huat Lim
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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355
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Gerondakis S, Banerjee A, Grigoriadis G, Vasanthakumar A, Gugasyan R, Sidwell T, Grumont RJ. NF-κB subunit specificity in hemopoiesis. Immunol Rev 2012; 246:272-85. [PMID: 22435561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although the diverse functions served by the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway in virtually all cell types are typically employed to deal with stress responses, NF-κB transcription factors also play key roles in the development of hemopoietic cells. This review focuses on how NF-κB transcription factors control various aspects of thymic T-cell and myeloid cell differentiation that include its roles in hemopoietic precursors, conventional αβ T cells, CD4(+) regulatory T cells, natural killer T cells, γδ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
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356
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Kiss J, Mollenhauer M, Walmsley SR, Kirchberg J, Radhakrishnan P, Niemietz T, Dudda J, Steinert G, Whyte MKB, Carmeliet P, Mazzone M, Weitz J, Schneider M. Loss of the Oxygen Sensor PHD3 Enhances the Innate Immune Response to Abdominal Sepsis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1955-65. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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357
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Inflammasome-mediated IL-1β production in humans with cystic fibrosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37689. [PMID: 22649552 PMCID: PMC3359311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and infection are major determinants of disease severity and consequently, the quality of life and outcome for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) is a key inflammatory mediator. Secretion of biologically active IL-1β involves inflammasome-mediated processing. Little is known about the contribution of IL-1β and the inflammasomes in CF inflammatory disease. This study examines inflammasome-mediated IL-1β production in CF bronchial epithelial cell lines and human patients with CF. RESULTS Bronchial epithelial cell lines were found to produce negligible amounts of basal or stimulated IL-1β compared to hematopoeitic cells and they did not significantly upregulate caspase-1 activity upon inflammasome stimulation. In contrast, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from both CF and healthy control subjects produced large amounts of IL-1β and strongly upregulated caspase-1 activity upon inflammasome stimulation. PBMCs from CF patients and controls displayed similar levels of caspase-1 activation and IL-1β production when stimulated with inflammasome activators. This IL-1β production was dependent on NF-κB activity and could be enhanced by priming with LPS. Finally, chemical inhibition of CFTR activity in control PBMCs and THP-1 cells did not significantly alter IL-1β or IL-8 production in response to P. aeruginosa. CONCLUSION Hematopoeitic cells appear to be the predominant source of inflammasome-induced pro-inflammatory IL-1β in CF. PBMCs derived from CF subjects display preserved inflammasome activation and IL-1β secretion in response to the major CF pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, our data do not support the hypothesis that increased IL-1β production in CF subjects is due to an intrinsic increase in NF-κB activity through loss of CFTR function.
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358
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NF-κΒ inhibition is ineffective in blocking cytokine-induced IL-8 production but P38 and STAT1 inhibitors are effective. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:977-85. [PMID: 22618201 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0490-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In vitro but not in vivo evidence indicates that blockade of NF-κB is effective in reducing inflammation and production of IL-8. We hypothesized that the failure of in vitro experiments to predict in vivo outcome was due to the use of short time periods of observation and the use of single cytokines to stimulate NF-κB. METHODS HEK cells with a NF-κB reporter gene or CaCo-2 cells were stimulated with CM (IL-1-β; TNF-α, and IFN-γ) or individual cytokines in the presence and absence of NF-κB inhibitors, a STAT1 inhibitor, and/or a p38 MAPK inhibitor for periods up to 24 h. NF-κB activation, IL-8 production, and nitric oxide production were measured. RESULTS CM-induced IL-8 production in HEK cells was additive to synergistic. CM enhanced production of IL-8 at 24 h but not 4 h was independent of NF-κB. The p38 inhibitor SB203580 and the STAT1 inhibitor EGCG blocked CM-induced IL-8 production at both early and late time periods. The NF-κB inhibitors PDTC and BAY11-7082 were found to increase CM-stimulated IL-8 production in Caco-2 cells at 24 h. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest an effective strategy to reduce IL-8 production is to block p38 or STAT1 rather than NF-κB.
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359
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Zheng S, Santosh Laxmi YR, David E, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Shiavoni KH, Ren Y, Zheng Y, Trevino I, Bumeister R, Ojima I, Wigley WC, Bliska JB, Mierke DF, Honda T. Synthesis, Chemical Reactivity as Michael Acceptors, and Biological Potency of Monocyclic Cyanoenones, Novel and Highly Potent Anti-inflammatory and Cytoprotective Agents. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4837-46. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3003922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suqing Zheng
- Institute of Chemical
Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New
York 11794, United States
| | - Y. R. Santosh Laxmi
- Institute of Chemical
Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New
York 11794, United States
| | - Emilie David
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
03755, United States
| | - Albena T. Dinkova-Kostova
- Division
of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee,
Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205,
United States
| | - Katherine H. Shiavoni
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
03755, United States
| | - Yanqing Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
03755, United States
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department
of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Isaac Trevino
- Reata Pharmaceuticals Inc., Irving, Texas 75063, United States
| | | | - Iwao Ojima
- Institute of Chemical
Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New
York 11794, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stony
Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | | | - James B. Bliska
- Institute of Chemical
Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New
York 11794, United States
- Department
of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Dale F. Mierke
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
03755, United States
| | - Tadashi Honda
- Institute of Chemical
Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New
York 11794, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stony
Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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360
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Zheng Y, Lilo S, Mena P, Bliska JB. YopJ-induced caspase-1 activation in Yersinia-infected macrophages: independent of apoptosis, linked to necrosis, dispensable for innate host defense. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36019. [PMID: 22563435 PMCID: PMC3338577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia outer protein J (YopJ) is a type III secretion system (T3SS) effector of pathogenic Yersinia (Yersinia pestis, Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis) that is secreted into host cells. YopJ inhibits survival response pathways in macrophages, causing cell death. Allelic variation of YopJ is responsible for differential cytotoxicity in Yersinia strains. YopJ isoforms in Y. enterocolitica O:8 (YopP) and Y. pestis KIM (YopJKIM) strains have high cytotoxic activity. In addition, YopJKIM-induced macrophage death is associated with caspase-1 activation and interleukin-1β (IL-1β secretion. Here, the mechanism of YopJKIM-induced cell death, caspase-1 activation, and IL-1β secretion in primary murine macrophages was examined. Caspase-3/7 activity was low and the caspase-3 substrate poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was not cleaved in Y. pestis KIM5-infected macrophages. In addition, cytotoxicity and IL-1β secretion were not reduced in the presence of a caspase-8 inhibitor, or in B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein (Bax)/Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (Bak) knockout macrophages, showing that YopJKIM-mediated cell death and caspase-1 activation occur independent of mitochondrial-directed apoptosis. KIM5-infected macrophages released high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), a marker of necrosis, and microscopic analysis revealed that necrotic cells contained active caspase-1, indicating that caspase-1 activation is associated with necrosis. Inhibitor studies showed that receptor interacting protein 1 (RIP1) kinase and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were not required for cytotoxicity or IL-β release in KIM5-infected macrophages. IL-1β secretion was reduced in the presence of cathepsin B inhibitors, suggesting that activation of caspase-1 requires cathepsin B activity. Ectopically-expressed YopP caused higher cytotoxicity and secretion of IL-1β in Y. pseudotuberculosis-infected macrophages than YopJKIM. Wild-type and congenic caspase 1 knockout C57BL/6 mice were equally susceptible to lethal infection with Y. pseudotuberculosis ectopically expressing YopP. These data suggest that YopJ-induced caspase-1 activation in Yersinia-infected macrophages is a downstream consequence of necrotic cell death and is dispensable for innate host resistance to a strain with enhanced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zheng
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Sarit Lilo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Patricio Mena
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - James B. Bliska
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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361
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Verma D, Särndahl E, Andersson H, Eriksson P, Fredrikson M, Jönsson JI, Lerm M, Söderkvist P. The Q705K polymorphism in NLRP3 is a gain-of-function alteration leading to excessive interleukin-1β and IL-18 production. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34977. [PMID: 22529966 PMCID: PMC3328489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Q705K polymorphism in NLRP3 has been implicated in several chronic inflammatory diseases. In this study we determine the functional role of this commonly occurring polymorphism using an in-vitro system. Principal Findings NLRP3-WT and NLRP3-Q705K were retrovirally transduced into the human monocytic cell line THP-1, followed by the assessment of IL-1β and IL-18 levels in the cell culture supernatant. THP-1 cells expressing the above NLRP3 variants were sorted based upon Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) expression. Cytokine response to alum (one of the most widely used adjuvants in vaccines) in the cells stably expressing NLRP3-WT and NLRP3-Q705K were determined. IL-1β and IL-18 levels were found to be elevated in THP-1 cells transduced with NLRP3-Q705K compared to the NLRP3-WT. Upon exposure to alum, THP-1 cells stably expressing NLRP3-Q705K displayed an increased release of IL-1β, IL-18 and TNF-α, in a caspase-1 and IL-1 receptor-dependent manner. Conclusions Collectively, these findings show that the Q705K polymorphism in NLRP3 is a gain-of-function alteration leading to an overactive NLRP3 inflammasome. The option of IL-1β blockade may be considered in patients with chronic inflammatory disorders that are unresponsive to conventional treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Verma
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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362
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Krebs DL, Chehal MK, Sio A, Huntington ND, Da ML, Ziltener P, Inglese M, Kountouri N, Priatel JJ, Jones J, Tarlinton DM, Anderson GP, Hibbs ML, Harder KW. Lyn-Dependent Signaling Regulates the Innate Immune Response by Controlling Dendritic Cell Activation of NK Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5094-105. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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363
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Wang Y, Rahman D, Lehner T. A comparative study of stress-mediated immunological functions with the adjuvanticity of alum. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:17152-17160. [PMID: 22474329 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.347179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of a vaccine is generally dependent on an adjuvant, which enhances the immune functions and alum has been widely used in human immunization. Alum activates the intracellular stress sensors inflammasomes, but whether these are responsible for the adjuvanticity is controversial. The objectives of this investigation were to examine the hypothesis that alum-mediated adjuvanticity is a function of stress and conversely that stress agents will elicit adjuvanticity. The investigation was carried out in BALB/c mice by SC immunization with ovalbumin (OVA) mixed with alum. This elicited inflammasomes, with significant activation of caspase 1, production of IL-1β, and adjuvanticity, demonstrated by enhancing OVA-specific serum IgG antibodies, CD4(+) T cells, and proliferation. The novel finding that alum induced HSP70 suggests that stress is involved in the mechanism of adjuvanticity. This was confirmed by inhibition studies with PES (phenylethynesulfonamide), which disrupts inducible HSP70 function, and inhibited both inflammasomes and the adjuvant function. Parallel studies were pursued with an oxidative agent (sodium arsenite), K-releasing agent (Gramicidin) and a metal ionophore (dithiocarbamate). All 3 stress agents induced HSP70, inflammasomes, and the adjuvant functions. Furthermore, up-regulation of membrane associated IL-15 on DC and CD40L on T cells in the animals treated with alum or the stress agents mediate the interactions between splenic CD11c DC and CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells. The results suggest that the three stress agents elicit HSP70, a hallmark of stress, as well as inflammasomes and adjuvanticity, commensurate with those of alum, which may provide an alternative strategy in developing novel adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Kings College London, Tower Wing Floor 28, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Durdana Rahman
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Kings College London, Tower Wing Floor 28, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Lehner
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Kings College London, Tower Wing Floor 28, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
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364
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Angosto D, López-Castejón G, López-Muñoz A, Sepulcre MP, Arizcun M, Meseguer J, Mulero V. Evolution of inflammasome functions in vertebrates: Inflammasome and caspase-1 trigger fish macrophage cell death but are dispensable for the processing of IL-1β. Innate Immun 2012; 18:815-24. [PMID: 22456941 DOI: 10.1177/1753425912441956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) and the PYD and CARD domain containing adaptor protein (PYCARD) assemble into multi-protein platforms, termed inflammasomes, to mediate in the activation of caspase-1 and the subsequent secretion of IL-1β and IL-18, and the induction of pyroptotic cell death. While the recognition site for caspase-1 is well conserved in mammals, most of the non-mammalian IL-1β genes cloned so far lack this conserved site. We report here that stimulation or infection of seabream macrophages (MØ) led to the caspase-1-independent processing and release of IL-1β. In addition, several classical activators of the NLRP3 inflammasome failed to activate caspase-1 and to induce the processing and release of IL-1β. Furthermore, the processing of IL-1β in seabream MØ is not prevented by caspase-1 or pan-caspase inhibitors, and recombinant seabream caspase-1 failed to process IL-1β. However, the pharmacological inhibition of caspase-1 impaired Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium-induced cell death. These results suggest a role for the inflammasome and caspase-1 in the regulation of pyroptotic cell death in fish and support the idea that its use as a molecular platform for the processing of pro-inflammatory cytokines arose after the divergence of fish and tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Angosto
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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365
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Gantke T, Sriskantharajah S, Sadowski M, Ley SC. IκB kinase regulation of the TPL-2/ERK MAPK pathway. Immunol Rev 2012; 246:168-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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366
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Sun B, Karin M. Obesity, inflammation, and liver cancer. J Hepatol 2012; 56:704-13. [PMID: 22120206 PMCID: PMC3889660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has become a universal and major public health problem with increasing prevalence in both adults and children in the 21st century, even in developing countries. Extensive epidemiological studies reveal a strong link between obesity and development and progression of various types of cancers. The connection between obesity and liver cancer is particularly strong and obesity often results in liver diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the more severe non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH is characterized by fatty liver inflammation and is believed to cause fibrosis and cirrhosis. The latter is a known liver cancer risk factor. In fact due to its much higher prevalence obesity may be a more substantial contributor to overall hepatocellular carcinoma burden than infection with hepatitis viruses. Here we review and discuss recent advances in elucidation of cellular and molecular alterations and signaling pathways associated with obesity and liver inflammation and their contribution to hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beicheng Sun
- Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital and Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Pathology, Cancer Center, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093-0723, USA
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367
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Eftychi C, Karagianni N, Alexiou M, Apostolaki M, Kollias G. Myeloid TAKI [corrected] acts as a negative regulator of the LPS response and mediates resistance to endotoxemia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31550. [PMID: 22348103 PMCID: PMC3279403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TGFβ-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K) family, is considered a key intermediate in a multitude of innate immune signaling pathways. Yet, the specific role of TAK1 in the myeloid compartment during inflammatory challenges has not been revealed. To address this question, we generated myeloid-specific kinase-dead TAK1 mutant mice. TAK1 deficiency in macrophages results in impaired NF-κB and JNK activation upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Moreover, TAK1-deficient macrophages and neutrophils show an enhanced inflammatory cytokine profile in response to LPS stimulation. Myeloid-specific TAK1 deficiency in mice leads to increased levels of circulating IL-1β, TNF and reduced IL-10 after LPS challenge and sensitizes them to LPS-induced endotoxemia. These results highlight an antiinflammatory role for myeloid TAK1, which is essential for balanced innate immune responses and host survival during endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Eftychi
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Vari, Greece
| | - Niki Karagianni
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Vari, Greece
| | - Maria Alexiou
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Vari, Greece
| | - Maria Apostolaki
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Vari, Greece
| | - George Kollias
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Vari, Greece
- * E-mail:
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368
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Schmieder A, Michel J, Schönhaar K, Goerdt S, Schledzewski K. Differentiation and gene expression profile of tumor-associated macrophages. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:289-97. [PMID: 22349514 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment is composed of proliferating neoplastic cells, a vascular network of endothelial cells, extra cellular matrix produced by fibroblasts, cellular compartments of adaptive immunity like lymphocytes and dendritic cells as well as cells of innate immunity, e.g., natural killer cells and macrophages. Many pre-clinical and clinical studies demonstrate an inversed correlation between macrophage infiltrate and patients' prognosis indicating a macrophage supporting role for tumor progression as producers of growth and angiogenic factors and as regulators of tissue remodelling. Based on in vitro models, macrophages have been classified in pro-inflammatory, classically activated macrophages (M1; stimulated by IFN-γ or LPS) and anti-inflammatory, alternatively activated macrophages (M2; stimulated by either IL-4/IL-13, IL-1β/LPS in combination with immune complexes or by IL-10/TGFβ/glucocorticoids). Tumor escape has been linked with a switch from M1 activation in the early tumor initiation process towards M2-like phenotype during tumor progression, a process that highlights the heterogeneity and plasticity of macrophage activation and which offers a possible therapeutic target directed against reversing the TAM phenotype in the tumor. Here, we review different tumor-environmental stimuli and signalling cascades involved in this switch in differentiation and the so connected gene regulation in TAMs. In addition, therapeutic applications deducted from this differentiation and gene regulatory processes are presented. Data from pre-clinical as well as clinical studies clearly support the notion, that TAMs are excellent novel therapeutic targets for the fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Schmieder
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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369
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Xia Y, Yeddula N, Leblanc M, Ke E, Zhang Y, Oldfield E, Shaw RJ, Verma IM. Reduced cell proliferation by IKK2 depletion in a mouse lung-cancer model. Nat Cell Biol 2012; 14:257-65. [PMID: 22327365 PMCID: PMC3290728 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the leading cancer malignancies, with a five-year survival rate of only ~15%. We have developed a lentiviral-vector-mediated mouse model, which enables generation of non-small-cell lung cancer from less than 100 alveolar epithelial cells, and investigated the role of IKK2 and NF-κB in lung-cancer development. IKK2 depletion in tumour cells significantly attenuated tumour proliferation and significantly prolonged mouse survival. We identified Timp1, one of the NF-κB target genes, as a key mediator for tumour growth. Activation of the Erk signalling pathway and cell proliferation requires Timp-1 and its receptor CD63. Knockdown of either Ikbkb or Timp1 by short hairpin RNAs reduced tumour growth in both xenograft and lentiviral models. Our results thus suggest the possible application of IKK2 and Timp-1 inhibitors in treating lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Xia
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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370
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Karabela SP, Psallidas I, Sherrill TP, Kairi CA, Zaynagetdinov R, Cheng DS, Vassiliou S, McMahon F, Gleaves LA, Han W, Stathopoulos I, Zakynthinos SG, Yull FE, Roussos C, Kalomenidis I, Blackwell TS, Stathopoulos GT. Opposing effects of bortezomib-induced nuclear factor-κB inhibition on chemical lung carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:859-67. [PMID: 22287559 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since recent evidence indicates a requirement for epithelial nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling in lung tumorigenesis, we investigated the impact of the NF-κB inhibitor bortezomib on lung tumor promotion and growth. We used an experimental model in which wild-type mice or mice expressing an NF-κB reporter received intraperitoneal urethane (1 g/kg) followed by twice weekly bortezomib (1 mg/kg) during distinct periods of tumor initiation/progression. Mice were serially assessed for lung NF-κB activation, inflammation and carcinogenesis. Short-term proteasome inhibition with bortezomib did not impact tumor formation but retarded the growth of established lung tumors in mice via effects on cell proliferation. In contrast, long-term treatment with bortezomib resulted in significantly increased lung tumor number and size. This tumor-promoting effect of prolonged bortezomib treatment was associated with perpetuation of urethane-induced inflammation and chronic upregulation of interleukin-1β and proinflammatory C-X-C motif chemokine ligands (CXCL) 1 and 2 in the lungs. In addition to airway epithelium, bortezomib inhibited NF-κB in pulmonary macrophages in vivo, presenting a possible mechanism of tumor amplification. In this regard, RAW264.7 macrophages exposed to bortezomib showed increased expression of interleukin-1β, CXCL1 and CXCL2. In conclusion, although short-term bortezomib may exert some beneficial effects, prolonged NF-κB inhibition accelerates chemical lung carcinogenesis by perpetuating carcinogen-induced inflammation. Inhibition of NF-κB in pulmonary macrophages appears to play an important role in this adverse process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia P Karabela
- Applied Biomedical Research and Training Center Marianthi Simou, Department of Critical Care and Pulmonary Services, General Hospital Evangelismos, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10675 Athens, Greece
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371
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Beamer CA, Seaver BP, Shepherd DM. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) regulates silica-induced inflammation but not fibrosis. Toxicol Sci 2012; 126:554-68. [PMID: 22273745 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, is responsible for mediating a variety of pharmacological and toxicological effects caused by halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). However, recent evidence has revealed that the AhR also has numerous physiological roles aside from xenobiotic metabolism, including regulation of immune and inflammatory signaling as well as normal development and homeostasis of several organs. To investigate the role of the AhR in crystalline silica (SiO(2))-induced inflammation and fibrosis, C57Bl/6 and AhR(-/)(-) mice were exposed to SiO(2) or vehicle. Similarly, C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to SiO(2) and TCDD either simultaneously or sequentially to assess whether AhR activation alters inflammation and fibrosis. SiO(2)-induced acute lung inflammation was more severe in AhR(-)(/-) mice; however, the fibrotic response of AhR(-)(/-) mice was attenuated compared with C57Bl/6 mice. In a model of chronic SiO(2) exposure, AhR activation by TCDD in C57Bl/6 mice resulted in reduced inflammation; however, the fibrotic response was not affected. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) from AhR(-)(/-) mice also produced higher levels of cytokines and chemokines in response to SiO(2). Analysis of gene expression revealed that BMM derived from AhR(-)(/-) mice exhibit increased levels of pro-interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and Bcl-2, yet decreased levels of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)2, STAT5a, and serpin B2 (Pai-2) in response to SiO(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine A Beamer
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA.
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372
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Abstract
It is only recently that the full importance of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signalling to cancer development has been understood. Although much attention has focused on the upstream pathways leading to NF-κB activation, it is now becoming clear that the inhibitor of NF-κB kinases (IKKs), which regulate NF-κB activation, have many independent functions in tissue homeostasis and normal immune function that could compromise the clinical utility of IKK inhibitors. Therefore, if the NF-κB pathway is to be properly exploited as a target for both anticancer and anti-inflammatory drugs, it is appropriate to reconsider the complex roles of the individual NF-κB subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Perkins
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Medical School, Catherine Cookson Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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373
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Ling J, Kang Y, Zhao R, Xia Q, Lee DF, Chang Z, Li J, Peng B, Fleming JB, Wang H, Liu J, Lemischka IR, Hung MC, Chiao PJ. KrasG12D-induced IKK2/β/NF-κB activation by IL-1α and p62 feedforward loops is required for development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Cell 2012; 21:105-20. [PMID: 22264792 PMCID: PMC3360958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive Kras and NF-κB activation is identified as signature alterations in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, how NF-κB is activated in PDAC is not yet understood. Here, we report that pancreas-targeted IKK2/β inactivation inhibited NF-κB activation and PDAC development in Kras(G12D) and Kras(G12D);Ink4a/Arf(F/F) mice, demonstrating a mechanistic link between IKK2/β and Kras(G12D) in PDAC inception. Our findings reveal that Kras(G12D)-activated AP-1 induces IL-1α, which, in turn, activates NF-κB and its target genes IL-1α and p62, to initiate IL-1α/p62 feedforward loops for inducing and sustaining NF-κB activity. Furthermore, IL-1α overexpression correlates with Kras mutation, NF-κB activity, and poor survival in PDAC patients. Therefore, our findings demonstrate the mechanism by which IKK2/β/NF-κB is activated by Kras(G12D) through dual feedforward loops of IL-1α/p62.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Ling
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ya’an Kang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ruiying Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qianghua Xia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dung-Fang Lee
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, and the Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zhe Chang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jin Li
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bailu Peng
- Guangdong Entomological Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China
| | - Jason B. Fleming
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Huamin Wang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ihor R. Lemischka
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, and the Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 447, Taiwan
| | - Paul J. Chiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence:
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374
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Schreiber A, Pham CTN, Hu Y, Schneider W, Luft FC, Kettritz R. Neutrophil serine proteases promote IL-1β generation and injury in necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23:470-82. [PMID: 22241891 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2010080892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated necrotizing crescentic GN (NCGN) is incompletely understood. Dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI) is a cysteine protease required for the activation of neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) cathepsin G, neutrophil elastase, and proteinase 3, which are enzymes that modulate inflammation. We used a mouse model of anti-myeloperoxidase (MPO) antibody-induced NCGN to determine whether active NSPs contribute to its pathogenesis. MPO-deficient animals immunized with murine MPO, irradiated, and transplanted with wild-type bone marrow developed NCGN. In contrast, transplantation with bone marrow that lacked DPPI or lacked both neutrophil elastase and proteinase 3 protected mice from NCGN induced by anti-MPO antibody. The kidneys of mice reconstituted with DPPI-deficient bone marrow generated significantly less IL-1β than did those of mice reconstituted with wild-type bone marrow; similarly, in vitro, DPPI-deficient monocytes produced significantly less IL-1β in response to anti-MPO antibody than did wild-type monocytes. This reduction in IL-1β was NSP dependent; exogenous addition of PR3 restored IL-β production in DPPI-deficient monocytes. Last, the IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra protected animals against anti-MPO antibody-induced NCGN (16.7%±6.0% versus 2.4%±1.7% crescents), suggesting that IL-1β is a critical inflammatory mediator in this model. These data suggest that the development of anti-MPO antibody-induced NCGN requires NSP-dependent IL-1β generation and that these processes may provide therapeutic targets for ANCA-mediated diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Schreiber
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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375
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Piccoli GB, Attini R, Vigotti FN, Naretto C, Fassio F, Randone O, Restagno G, Todros T, Roccatello D. NEMO syndrome (incontinentia pigmenti) and systemic lupus erythematosus: a new disease association. Lupus 2012; 21:675-81. [PMID: 22235006 DOI: 10.1177/0961203311433140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Congenital diseases are increasingly being recognised in adults because of clinical mimicry, variable clinical picture or rarity of the disease; pregnancy is a valuable diagnostic occasion. The present case is the first report of an association report between NEMO syndrome (an acronym of the mutated, non-functioning gene, NF-kB essential modulator), a rare X-linked disease, characterised by developmental anomalies, immunodepression and skin lesions, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A 35-year-old patient affected by SLE sought clinical advice in the 8th week of gestation. The diagnosis of SLE dated back to the age of 24, when multisystemic manifestations (pleuropericarditis, weight loss, alopecia, skin involvement, joint pain, kidney involvement) were observed. She had been treated with steroids since 1999; immunosuppressive drugs had been added for short periods. Developmental anomalies were present, including oligodontia, retinal problems, anomalies of the corpus callosum and pes planovalgus. Family history included multiple miscarriages, dental malformations and oligodontia and skin blistering in the first months of life. On these bases, incontinentia pigmenti (IP; or NEMO syndrome) was diagnosed and confirmed by genetic testing. The NEMO gene is implicated in immune deficiencies as well as in autoimmune diseases. This report may suggest a role for NF-kB essential modulator in the pathogenesis of SLE, in the context of the complex immunologic deficiencies increasingly associated with autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Piccoli
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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376
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The serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) influences platelet calcium signaling and function by regulation of Orai1 expression in megakaryocytes. Blood 2012; 119:251-61. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-06-359976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Platelets are activated on increase of cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i), accomplished by store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) involving the pore-forming ion channel subunit Orai1. Here, we show, for the first time, that the serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) is expressed in platelets and megakaryocytes. SOCE and agonist-induced [Ca2+]i increase are significantly blunted in platelets from SGK1 knockout mice (sgk1−/−). Similarly, Ca2+-dependent degranulation, integrin αIIbβ3 activation, phosphatidylserine exposure, aggregation, and in vitro thrombus formation were significantly impaired in sgk1−/− platelets, whereas tail bleeding time was not significantly enhanced. Platelet and megakaryocyte Orai1 transcript levels and membrane protein abundance were significantly reduced in sgk1−/− mice. In human megakaryoblastic cells (MEG-01), transfection with constitutively active S422DSGK1 but not with inactive K127NSGK1 significantly enhanced Orai1 expression and SOCE, while effects reversed by the SGK1 inhibitor GSK650394 (1μM). Transfection of MEG-01 cells with S422DSGK1 significantly increased phosphorylation of IκB kinase α/β and IκBα resulting in nuclear translocation of NF-κB subunit p65. Treatment of S422DSGK1-transfected MEG-01 cells with the IκB kinase inhibitor BMS-345541 (10μM) abolished SGK1-induced increase of Orai1 expression and SOCE. The present observations unravel SGK1 as novel regulator of platelet function, effective at least in part by NF-κB–dependent transcriptional up-regulation of Orai1 in megakaryocytes and increasing platelet SOCE.
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377
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Ajibade AA, Wang Q, Cui J, Zou J, Xia X, Wang M, Tong Y, Hui W, Liu D, Su B, Wang HY, Wang RF. TAK1 negatively regulates NF-κB and p38 MAP kinase activation in Gr-1+CD11b+ neutrophils. Immunity 2012; 36:43-54. [PMID: 22226633 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stringent control of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling is critical during innate immune responses. TGF-β activated kinase-1 (TAK1) is essential for NF-κB activation in T and B cells but has precisely the opposite activity in myeloid cells. Specific deletion of TAK1 (Map3k7(ΔM/ΔM)) led to development of splenomegaly and lymphomegaly associated with neutrophilia. Compared with wild-type cells, TAK1-deficient neutrophils enhanced the phosphorylation of the kinases IKK, p38, and JNK and the production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Map3k7(ΔM/ΔM) mice were significantly more susceptible to LPS-induced septic shock and produced higher amounts of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in plasma than do wild-type mice. Specific ablation of p38 rescued the phenotype and functional properties of Map3k7(ΔM/ΔM) mice. Our findings identify a previously unrecognized role of TAK1 as a negative regulator of p38 and IKK activation in a cell type-specific manner.
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378
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Abstract
Neutrophils are constitutively produced throughout adult life and are essential for host responses to many types of pathogen. Neutropenia has long been associated with poor prognosis in the clinic, yet we have an incomplete understanding of their life cycle, not only during homeostasis but also during infection and chronic inflammation. Here, we review recent advances that provide insight into the genetic and biochemical regulators of neutrophil production, function, and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Croker
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Australia
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379
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Abstract
Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes whose activity has been implicated in physiological and pathological inflammation. The hallmarks of inflammasome activation are the secretion of the mature forms of Caspase-1 and IL-1β from cells of the innate immune system. This protocol covers the methods required to study inflammasome activation using mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) as a model system. The protocol includes the generation and handling of BMDCs, the stimulation of BMDCs with established Nlrp3 inflammasome activators, and the measurement of activation by both ELISA and western blot. These methods can be useful for the study of potential inflammasome activators, and of the signaling pathways involved in inflammasome activation. General considerations are provided that may help in the design and optimization of modified methods for the study of other types of inflammasomes and in other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Gross
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, Epalinges, CH 1066, Switzerland
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380
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Abstract
An inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that serves as a platform for caspase-1 activation and caspase-1-dependent proteolytic maturation and secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Though a number of inflammasomes have been described, the NLRP3 inflammasome is the most extensively studied but also the most elusive. It is unique in that it responds to numerous physically and chemically diverse stimuli. The potent proinflammatory and pyrogenic activities of IL-1β necessitate that inflammasome activity is tightly controlled. To this end, a priming step is first required to induce the expression of both NLRP3 and proIL-1β. This event renders the cell competent for NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β secretion, and it is highly regulated by negative feedback loops. Despite the wide array of NLRP3 activators, the actual triggering of NLRP3 is controlled by integration a comparatively small number of signals that are common to nearly all activators. Minimally, these include potassium efflux, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and, for certain activators, lysosomal destabilization. Further investigation of how these and potentially other as yet uncharacterized signals are integrated by the NLRP3 inflammasome and the relevance of these biochemical events in vivo should provide new insight into the mechanisms of host defense and autoinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Gross
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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381
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Dorhoi A, Nouailles G, Jörg S, Hagens K, Heinemann E, Pradl L, Oberbeck-Müller D, Duque-Correa MA, Reece ST, Ruland J, Brosch R, Tschopp J, Gross O, Kaufmann SHE. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome byMycobacterium tuberculosisis uncoupled from susceptibility to active tuberculosis. Eur J Immunol 2011; 42:374-84. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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382
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Habil N, Al-Murrani W, Beal J, Foey A. Probiotic bacterial strains differentially modulate macrophage cytokine production in a strain-dependent and cell subset-specific manner. Benef Microbes 2011; 2:283-93. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2011.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gut mucosal macrophages play a pivotal role in driving mucosal immune responses, resulting in either activation of inflammatory immune responses to pathogenic challenge or tolerance to beneficial luminal contents such as food and commensal bacteria. Macrophage responses elicited are dependent on tissue environment and the resulting cell subset, where homeostatic macrophages resemble the M2 macrophage subset and inflammatory macrophages resemble M1s. Probiotics can modulate macrophage function with outcome dependent on subset present. Using a THP-1 monocyte cell line-derived model of CD14high/low M1 and M2 macrophages, the aim of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of a panel of heat-killed probiotic bacteria and their secreted proteins on the subset-specific inflammatory marker profile of TNFα, IL-6 and NFκB. M1 and M2 cells were generated by differentiation of monocyte stable transfectants for high and low CD14 expression with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and vitamin D3, respectively, where the resulting CD14lo M2 and CD14hi M1s mimicked homeostatic and inflammatory mucosal macrophages. Subsets were stimulated by enteropathic lipopolysaccharides in the presence or absence of heat-killed (HK) or secreted proteins (SP) from a panel of probiotic bacteria. Regulation of cytokine expression was measured by ELISA and NFκB activity by reporter assay. HK probiotics suppress CD14lo and augment CD14hi M1 and M2 production of TNFα whereas SPs augmented CD14hi M1 TNFα and were generally suppressive in the other subtypes. M2 macrophage IL-6 production was suppressed by both HK and SPs and differentially regulated in CD14lo and CD14hi M1s. NFκB activation failed to parallel the regulatory profiles for TNFα and IL-6 which is suggestive of probiotic bacteria exerting their regulatory effects on these cytokines in an NFκB-independent manner. In conclusion, HK and SP probiotics differentially regulate macrophage cytokines and NFκB activation in a subset-dependent manner and suggest a cautionary approach to probiotic treatment of mucosal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Habil
- School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - W. Al-Murrani
- School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - J. Beal
- School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - A. Foey
- School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
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383
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Yum MK, Jung MY, Cho D, Kim TS. Suppression of dendritic cells' maturation and functions by daidzein, a phytoestrogen. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 257:174-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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384
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Dagenais M, Skeldon A, Saleh M. The inflammasome: in memory of Dr. Jurg Tschopp. Cell Death Differ 2011; 19:5-12. [PMID: 22075986 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A decade ago, Jurg Tschopp introduced the concept of the inflammasome. This exciting discovery of a macromolecular complex that senses 'danger' and initiates the inflammatory response contributed to a renaissance in the fields of innate immunity and cell death. Jurg led the biochemical characterization of the inflammasome complex and demonstrated that spontaneous hyperactivation of this interleukin (IL)-1β processing machinery is the molecular basis of a spectrum of hereditary periodic fever syndromes, caused by mutated forms of the inflammasome scaffolding receptor, NLRP3. The identification of the underlying mechanism in these disorders has led to their now successful therapy, with the use of the IL-1 receptor antagonist in the clinic. Jurg's pioneering work has subsequently defined a number of inflammasome agonists ranging from microbial molecules expressed during infection, to triggers of sterile inflammation, most notably gout-associated uric acid crystals, asbestos, silica and nanoparticles. More recently, Jurg introduced the critical new concept of the metabolic inflammasome, which senses metabolic stress and contributes to the onset of the metabolic syndrome associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Jurg was an outstanding and skillful biochemist, an elegant and rigorous researcher often far ahead of his peers. He was a truly amiable person, fair, generous and inspiring, and will be most remembered for his infectious enthusiasm. We write this review article on the inflammasome in his honor and dedicate it to his memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dagenais
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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385
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The E3 ligase Itch and deubiquitinase Cyld act together to regulate Tak1 and inflammation. Nat Immunol 2011; 12:1176-83. [PMID: 22057290 PMCID: PMC3219826 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation has been strongly associated with tumor progression, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here we demonstrate that E3 ligase Itch and deubiquitinase Cyld form a complex via the interaction through ‘WW-PPXY’ motifs. The Itch-Cyld complex sequentially cleaved K63-linked ubiquitin chains and catalyzed K48-linked ubiquitination on the kinase Tak1 to terminate inflammatory tumor necrosis factor signaling. Reconstitution of wild-type Cyld but not mutant Cyld(Y485A), which cannot associate with Itch, blocked the sustained Tak1 activation and proinflammatory cytokine production by Cyld−/− bone marrow-derived macrophages. Itch or Cyld deficiency resulted in chronic production of tumor-promoting cytokines by the tumor-associated macrophages and aggressive growth of lung carcinoma. Thus, we have uncovered an Itch-Cyld mediated regulatory mechanism in innate inflammatory cells.
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386
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Macrophage skewing by Phd2 haplodeficiency prevents ischaemia by inducing arteriogenesis. Nature 2011; 479:122-6. [PMID: 21983962 DOI: 10.1038/nature10507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PHD2 serves as an oxygen sensor that rescues blood supply by regulating vessel formation and shape in case of oxygen shortage. However, it is unknown whether PHD2 can influence arteriogenesis. Here we studied the role of PHD2 in collateral artery growth by using hindlimb ischaemia as a model, a process that compensates for the lack of blood flow in case of major arterial occlusion. We show that Phd2 (also known as Egln1) haplodeficient (Phd2(+/-)) mice displayed preformed collateral arteries that preserved limb perfusion and prevented tissue necrosis in ischaemia. Improved arteriogenesis in Phd2(+/-) mice was due to an expansion of tissue-resident, M2-like macrophages and their increased release of arteriogenic factors, leading to enhanced smooth muscle cell (SMC) recruitment and growth. Both chronic and acute deletion of one Phd2 allele in macrophages was sufficient to skew their polarization towards a pro-arteriogenic phenotype. Mechanistically, collateral vessel preconditioning relied on the activation of canonical NF-κB pathway in Phd2(+/-) macrophages. These results unravel how PHD2 regulates arteriogenesis and artery homeostasis by controlling a specific differentiation state in macrophages and suggest new treatment options for ischaemic disorders.
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387
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Boncela J, Przygodzka P, Papiewska-Pajak I, Wyroba E, Cierniewski CS. Association of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 (PAI-2) with proteasome within endothelial cells activated with inflammatory stimuli. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:43164-71. [PMID: 21976669 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.245647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Quiescent endothelial cells contain low concentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 (PAI-2). However, its synthesis can be rapidly stimulated by a variety of inflammatory mediators. In this study, we provide evidence that PAI-2 interacts with proteasome and affects its activity in endothelial cells. To ensure that the PAI-2·proteasome complex is formed in vivo, both proteins were coimmunoprecipitated from endothelial cells and identified with specific antibodies. The specificity of this interaction was evidenced after (a) transfection of HeLa cells with pCMV-PAI-2 and coimmunoprecipitation of both proteins with anti-PAI-2 antibodies and (b) silencing of the PAI-2 gene using specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). Subsequently, cellular distribution of the PAI-2·proteasome complexes was established by immunogold staining and electron microscopy analyses. As judged by confocal microscopy, both proteins appeared in a diffuse cytosolic pattern, but they also could be found in a dense perinuclear and nuclear location. PAI-2 was not polyubiquitinated, suggesting that it bound to proteasome not as the substrate but rather as its inhibitor. Consistently, increased PAI-2 expression (a) abrogated degradation of degron analyzed after cotransfection of HeLa cells with pCMV-PAI-2 and pd2EGFP-N1, (b) prevented degradation of p53, as evidenced both by confocal microscopy and Western immunoblotting, and (c) inhibited proteasome cleavage of specific fluorogenic substrate. This suggests that PAI-2, in endothelial cells induced with inflammatory stimuli, can inhibit proteasome and thus tilt the balance favoring proapoptotic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Boncela
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
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388
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Klampfer L. Cytokines, inflammation and colon cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2011; 11:451-64. [PMID: 21247378 DOI: 10.2174/156800911795538066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are at increased risk of developing colon cancer, confirming that chronic inflammation predisposes to development of tumors. Moreover, it appears that colon cancers that do not develop as a complication of inflammatory bowel disease are also driven by inflammation, because it has been shown that regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) lowers the mortality from sporadic colon cancer and results in regression of adenomas in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients, who inherit a mutation in the Apc gene. Colorectal cancer therefore represents a paradigm for the link between inflammation and cancer. Inflammation is driven by soluble factors, cytokines and chemokines, which can be produced by tumor cells themselves or, more often, by the cells recruited to the tumor microenvironment. Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines promote growth of tumor cells, perturb their differentiation, and support the survival of cancer cells. Tumor cells become addicted to inflammatory stroma, suggesting that the tumor microenvironment represents an attractive target for preventive and therapeutic strategies. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1β, or transcription factors that are required for signaling by these cytokines, including NF-κB and STATs, are indeed emerging as potential targets for anticancer therapy. TNFα antagonists are in phase I/II clinical trials and have been shown to be well tolerated in patients with solid tumors, and IL-1β antagonists that ameliorate several inflammatory disorders characterized by excessive IL-1β production, will likely follow. Therefore, development of drugs that normalize the tumor microenvironment or interrupt the crosstalk between the tumor and the tumor microenvironment is an important approach to the management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Klampfer
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Montefiore Medical Center, Department of Oncology, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
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389
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Suzuki K, Murphy SH, Xia Y, Yokota M, Nakagomi D, Liu F, Verma IM, Nakajima H. Tumor suppressor p53 functions as a negative regulator in IgE-mediated mast cell activation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25412. [PMID: 21966524 PMCID: PMC3179515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are known to play a pivotal role in allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis by releasing granules containing histamine, LTC4, and other preformed chemical mediators. Previous reports have demonstrated that IKK2 (also called IKKβ), a central intracellular component of NF-κB activation pathways, plays a critical role in IgE-mediated degranulation of mast cells and anaphylaxis in mice. In this study, we show that protein levels of tumor suppressor p53 are up-regulated upon IgE-mediated activation in mast cells and lack of p53 results in enhanced responses in both early and late phase anaphylaxis. p53 inhibits not only the catalytic activity of IKK2 presumably through the modulation of glycosylation but also p65 (RelA)-mediated transactivation. Our findings are the first to demonstrate that p53 functions as a negative regulator in mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
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390
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Wang RP, Yao Q, Xiao YB, Zhu SB, Yang L, Feng JM, Li DZ, Li XL, Wu JJ, Chen J. Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappa B pathway is involved in myocardial injury in a rat chronic stress model. Stress 2011; 14:567-75. [PMID: 21675862 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2011.571729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is considered to predispose to various cardiovascular events such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, and even heart failure. In this study, rats were exposed to stress for 1 day, 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks to establish a chronic stress model. A specific toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonist eritoran was used to block the activity of TLR4. On the second day after the last stress exposure, the animals were killed. The expression of TLR4 mRNA and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) DNA-binding activity in the myocardium were measured using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL-6) in myocardium were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Myocardial injury was evident after chronic stress for 2 weeks. The TLR4 mRNA expression reached a peak after stress for 1 week. It was sustained at a stable level after stress exposure for 3 weeks and was restored to a nearly normal level in the fourth week. NF-κB DNA-binding activity was significantly enhanced after the stress for 1 day and markedly enhanced again after a 2-week stress exposure. It was weakened and reached a normal level after stress exposure for 4 weeks. The levels of TNF-α and IL-6 gradually increased and reached peaks after stress for 4 weeks. Meanwhile, eritoran significantly decreased the TLR4 mRNA expression and NF-κB activity in rats from the 2-week stress group. However, it did not downregulate the levels of TNF-α and IL-6. Importantly, it significantly improved the myocardial injury induced by the chronic stress. In conclusion, TLR4/NF-κB participates in myocardial injury during chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Ping Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
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391
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Provoost S, Maes T, Pauwels NS, Vanden Berghe T, Vandenabeele P, Lambrecht BN, Joos GF, Tournoy KG. NLRP3/Caspase-1–Independent IL-1β Production Mediates Diesel Exhaust Particle-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:3331-7. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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392
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Guma M, Stepniak D, Shaked H, Spehlmann ME, Shenouda S, Cheroutre H, Vicente-Suarez I, Eckmann L, Kagnoff MF, Karin M. Constitutive intestinal NF-κB does not trigger destructive inflammation unless accompanied by MAPK activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:1889-900. [PMID: 21825016 PMCID: PMC3171091 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20110242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive NF-κB activation in IECs induces inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the lamina propria, but does not result in overt tissue damage unless acute inflammatory insults are present, causing TNF-dependent destruction and barrier disruption. Nuclear factor (NF)-κB, activated by IκB kinase (IKK), is a key regulator of inflammation, innate immunity, and tissue integrity. NF-κB and one of its main activators and transcriptional targets, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), are up-regulated in many inflammatory diseases that are accompanied by tissue destruction. The etiology of many inflammatory diseases is poorly understood, but often depends on genetic factors and environmental triggers that affect NF-κB and related pathways. It is unknown, however, whether persistent NF-κB activation is sufficient for driving symptomatic chronic inflammation and tissue damage. To address this question, we generated IKKβ(EE)IEC mice, which express a constitutively active form of IKKβ in intestinal epithelial cell (IECs). IKKβ(EE)IEC mice exhibit NF-κB activation in IECs and express copious amounts of inflammatory chemokines, but only small amounts of TNF. Although IKKβ(EE)IEC mice exhibit inflammatory cell infiltration in the lamina propria (LP) of their small intestine, they do not manifest tissue damage. Yet, upon challenge with relatively mild immune and microbial stimuli, IKKβ(EE)IEC mice succumb to destructive acute inflammation accompanied by enterocyte apoptosis, intestinal barrier disruption, and bacterial translocation. Inflammation is driven by massive TNF production, which requires additional activation of p38 and extracellular-signal–regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Guma
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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393
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Jéru I, Le Borgne G, Cochet E, Hayrapetyan H, Duquesnoy P, Grateau G, Morali A, Sarkisian T, Amselem S. Identification and functional consequences of a recurrent NLRP12 missense mutation in periodic fever syndromes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:1459-64. [PMID: 21538323 DOI: 10.1002/art.30241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To gain insight into the molecular bases of genetically unexplained periodic fever syndromes (PFS) by screening NLRP12, a gene in which only a nonsense and a splice site mutation have so far been identified, and to assess the functional consequences of the identified missense variation. METHODS NLRP12 was screened for mutations by direct sequencing. Functional assays were performed in HEK 293T cells stably expressing the proapoptotic protein ASC and procaspase 1, in order to determine the effects of normal and mutated NLRP12 proteins on speck formation, caspase 1 signaling, and NF-κB activation. RESULTS A heterozygous NLRP12 missense mutation involving a CpG site (c.1054C>T; p.Arg352Cys) was identified in exon 3, which encodes the nucleotide-binding site (NBS) of the protein, in 2 patients from different countries and carrying different NLRP12 haplotypes. The mutation, which does not alter the inhibitory effect of NLRP12 on NF-κB activation, increases speck formation and activates caspase 1 signaling. To define this new class of PFS, we propose the term NLRP12-associated disorders (NLRP12AD). CONCLUSION Given the rarity of known NLRP12-associated disorders, the identification of this NLRP12 molecular defect contributes to the delineation of the clinical spectrum associated with mutations in this gene and highlights the importance of screening NLRP12 in patients presenting with unexplained PFS. This study also demonstrates, by means of functional assays, the deleterious effect of this recurrent missense mutation; the gain of function for speck formation and caspase 1 signaling associated with this NBS mutation is consistent with the inflammatory phenotype of PFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Jéru
- INSERM, U933, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, UMR S933, France
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394
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Abstract
NF-κB is well characterized as a primary mediator of inflammatory responses during infection and immune reactions, but it has recently become evident that NF-κB also mediates a potent cytoprotective, homeostatic function under basal conditions. This role is especially evident in the mammalian intestine, which is challenged not only with a range of microbial pathogens, but is also in constant contact with potent proinflammatory commensal bacteria and their products. Present data lead to the overall conclusion that antiapoptotic actions of NF-κB in intestinal epithelial cells dominate tissue responses to many acute inflammatory and injurious challenges, whereas proinflammatory and cell survival functions of NF-κB in macrophages and T cells govern chronic intestinal inflammation. This review focuses on the protective and homeostatic functions of NF-κB, and the importance of NF-κB in determining host-microbe interactions in the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0063, USA.
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395
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Khameneh HJ, Isa SABM, Min L, Wee Nih F, Ruedl C. GM-CSF signalling boosts dramatically IL-1 production. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23025. [PMID: 21829580 PMCID: PMC3145786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
GM-CSF is mostly known for its capacity to promote bone marrow progenitor differentiation, to mobilize and mature myeloid cells as well as to enhance host immune responses. However the molecular actions of GM-CSF are still poorly characterized. Here we describe a new surprising facet of this “old” growth factor as a key regulator involved in IL-1βsecretion. We found that IL-1β release, a pivotal component of the triggered innate system, is heavily dependent on the signaling induced by GM-CSF in such an extent that in its absence IL-1β is only weakly secreted. GM-CSF synergizes with LPS for IL-1β secretion mainly at the level of pro-IL-1β production via strengthening the NF-κB signaling. In addition, we show that expression of Rab39a, a GTPase required for caspase-1 dependent IL-1β secretion is greatly augmented by LPS and GM-CSF co-stimulation suggesting a potential GM-CSF contribution in enhancing IL-1β exocytosis. The role of GM-CSF in regulating IL-1β secretion is extended also in vivo, since GM-CSF R−/− mice are more resistant to LPS-mediated septic shock. These results identify GM-CSF as a key regulator of IL-1β production and indicate GM-CSF as a previously underestimated target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lin Min
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore
| | - Fam Wee Nih
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore
| | - Christiane Ruedl
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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396
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Abstract
NF-κB transcription factors are critical regulators of immunity, stress responses, apoptosis and differentiation. A variety of stimuli coalesce on NF-κB activation, which can in turn mediate varied transcriptional programs. Consequently, NF-κB-dependent transcription is not only tightly controlled by positive and negative regulatory mechanisms but also closely coordinated with other signaling pathways. This intricate crosstalk is crucial to shaping the diverse biological functions of NF-κB into cell type- and context-specific responses.
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397
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Abstract
Inflammation is a fundamental protective response that sometimes goes awry and becomes a major cofactor in the pathogenesis of many chronic human diseases, including cancer. Here we review the evolutionary relationship and opposing functions of the transcription factor NF-κB in inflammation and cancer. Although it seems to fulfill a distinctly tumor-promoting role in many types of cancer, NF-κB has a confounding role in certain tumors. Understanding the activity and function of NF-κB in the context of tumorigenesis is critical for its successful taming, an important challenge for modern cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinon Ben-Neriah
- Lautenberg Center for Immunology, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
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398
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Cell-intrinsic NF-κB activation is critical for the development of natural regulatory T cells in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20003. [PMID: 21625598 PMCID: PMC3097234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Naturally occurring CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells develop in the thymus and represent a mature T cell subpopulation critically involved in maintaining peripheral tolerance. The differentiation of Treg cells in the thymus requires T cell receptor (TCR)/CD28 stimulation along with cytokine-promoted Foxp3 induction. TCR-mediated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation seems to be involved in differentiation of Treg cells because deletion of components of the NF-κB signaling pathway, as well as of NF-κB transcription factors, leads to markedly decreased Treg cell numbers in thymus and periphery. Methodology/Principal Findings To investigate if Treg cell-intrinsic NF-κB activation is required for thymic development and peripheral homeostasis of Treg cells we used transgenic (Tg) mice with thymocyte-specific expression of a stable IκBα mutant to inhibit NF-κB activation solely within the T cell lineage. Here we show that Treg cell-intrinsic NF-κB activation is important for the generation of cytokine-responsive Foxp3− thymic Treg precursors and their further differentiation into mature Treg cells. Treg cell development could neither be completely rescued by the addition of exogenous Interleukin 2 (IL-2) nor by the presence of wild-type derived cells in adoptive transfer experiments. However, peripheral NF-κB activation appears to be required for IL-2 production by conventional T cells, thereby participating in Treg cell homeostasis. Moreover, pharmacological NF-κB inhibition via the IκB kinase β (IKKβ) inhibitor AS602868 led to markedly diminished thymic and peripheral Treg cell frequencies. Conclusion/Significance Our results indicate that Treg cell-intrinsic NF-κB activation is essential for thymic Treg cell differentiation, and further suggest pharmacological NF-κB inhibition as a potential therapeutic approach for manipulating this process.
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399
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Signaling pathways that target I-κB kinase β (IKKβ) activation stimulate the expression of nuclear factor (NF)-κB-dependent genes and are thus believed to primarily promote inflammation and injury in solid organ grafts. METHODS We examined the role of IKKβ in a mouse model of lung transplantation-mediated ischemia-reperfusion injury using NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO)-binding domain (NBD) peptide to pharmacologically inhibit IKK activation. As myeloid cells are primarily responsible for the production of acute inflammatory mediators after lung transplantation, we also investigated the effects of myeloid cell-specific IKKβ gene deletion on acute lung graft injury by transplanting mutant mice. RESULTS When NBD was administered at a dose that partially inhibits IKKβ activation, we observed attenuated lung graft injury and blunted expression of intragraft proinflammatory mediators. Surprisingly, when the dose of NBD was increased to a level that ablates intragraft IKKβ activation, graft inflammation, and injury were significantly worse compared with recipients treated with control peptide. Similar to lung recipients with pharmacologically ablated IKKβ activity, donor-recipient transplant combinations with a myeloid cell-specific IKKβ gene deletion had marked intragraft inflammation and poor lung function. CONCLUSIONS Our data show maintenance of IKKβ activity is critical for promoting graft homeostasis with important implications for targeting NF-κB-dependent signaling pathways for treating acute lung injury.
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400
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Abstract
Cells of the innate immune system produce cytokines and lipid mediators that strongly influence the outcome of mycobacterial infection. In the case of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the lung is a critical site for this interaction. Here, we review current information on the role of the major innate cytokine pathways both in controlling initial infection as well as in promoting and maintaining adaptive T-cell responses that mediate host resistance or immunopathology. Understanding this important feature of the host-pathogen interaction can provide major insights into the mechanisms of virulence and can lead to new approaches for immunological intervention in tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
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