351
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Phillips JB, Westerfield M. Zebrafish models in translational research: tipping the scales toward advancements in human health. Dis Model Mech 2015; 7:739-43. [PMID: 24973743 PMCID: PMC4073263 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.015545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in genomics and next-generation sequencing have provided clinical researchers with unprecedented opportunities to understand the molecular basis of human genetic disorders. This abundance of information places new requirements on traditional disease models, which have the potential to be used to confirm newly identified pathogenic mutations and test the efficacy of emerging therapies. The unique attributes of zebrafish are being increasingly leveraged to create functional disease models, facilitate drug discovery, and provide critical scientific bases for the development of new clinical tools for the diagnosis and treatment of human disease. In this short review and the accompanying poster, we highlight a few illustrative examples of the applications of the zebrafish model to the study of human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Phillips
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene OR 97403-1254, USA
| | - Monte Westerfield
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene OR 97403-1254, USA.
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352
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Abstract
Despite efforts to generate new vaccines and antibiotics for tuberculosis, the disease remains a public health problem worldwide. The zebrafish Danio rerio has emerged as a useful model to investigate mycobacterial pathogenesis and treatment. Infection of zebrafish with Mycobacterium marinum, the closest relative of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, recapitulates many aspects of human tuberculosis. The zebrafish model affords optical transparency, abundant genetic tools and in vivo imaging of the progression of infection. Here, we review how the zebrafish–M. marinum system has been deployed to make novel observations about the role of innate immunity, the tuberculous granuloma, and crucial host and bacterial genes. Finally, we assess how these findings relate to human disease and provide a framework for novel strategies to treat tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Cronan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David M Tobin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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353
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Lobet E, Letesson JJ, Arnould T. Mitochondria: a target for bacteria. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 94:173-85. [PMID: 25707982 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells developed strategies to detect and eradicate infections. The innate immune system, which is the first line of defence against invading pathogens, relies on the recognition of molecular patterns conserved among pathogens. Pathogen associated molecular pattern binding to pattern recognition receptor triggers the activation of several signalling pathways leading to the establishment of a pro-inflammatory state required to control the infection. In addition, pathogens evolved to subvert those responses (with passive and active strategies) allowing their entry and persistence in the host cells and tissues. Indeed, several bacteria actively manipulate immune system or interfere with the cell fate for their own benefit. One can imagine that bacterial effectors can potentially manipulate every single organelle in the cell. However, the multiple functions fulfilled by mitochondria especially their involvement in the regulation of innate immune response, make mitochondria a target of choice for bacterial pathogens as they are not only a key component of the central metabolism through ATP production and synthesis of various biomolecules but they also take part to cell signalling through ROS production and control of calcium homeostasis as well as the control of cell survival/programmed cell death. Furthermore, considering that mitochondria derived from an ancestral bacterial endosymbiosis, it is not surprising that a special connection does exist between this organelle and bacteria. In this review, we will discuss different mitochondrial functions that are affected during bacterial infection as well as different strategies developed by bacterial pathogens to subvert functions related to calcium homeostasis, maintenance of redox status and mitochondrial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Lobet
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Jacques Letesson
- Research Unit in Microorganisms Biology, University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Thierry Arnould
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
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354
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Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have been extensively used to study apoptotic cell death during normal development and under a wide range of experimental manipulations. A number of features make zebrafish a particularly powerful model organism: (1) embryos are small in size, develop rapidly outside the mother, and are optically transparent; (2) tools are readily available for rapid knockdown and overexpression of genes; and (3) embryos can be arrayed into multiwell plates and are permeable to a wide range of drugs and small molecules. The molecular machinery underlying the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways appears to be highly conserved between zebrafish and mammals. In this chapter, techniques are described for detecting apoptotic cells in situ in both fixed and live zebrafish embryos. Methods for inducing and inhibiting apoptosis and for functionally manipulating genes involved in apoptotic signaling are also discussed.
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355
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Kumar M, Sahu SK, Kumar R, Subuddhi A, Maji RK, Jana K, Gupta P, Raffetseder J, Lerm M, Ghosh Z, van Loo G, Beyaert R, Gupta UD, Kundu M, Basu J. MicroRNA let-7 modulates the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection via control of A20, an inhibitor of the NF-κB pathway. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17:345-356. [PMID: 25683052 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The outcome of the interaction between Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and a macrophage depends on the interplay between host defense and bacterial immune subversion mechanisms. MicroRNAs critically regulate several host defense mechanisms, but their role in the Mtb-macrophage interplay remains unclear. MicroRNA profiling of Mtb-infected macrophages revealed the downregulation of miR-let-7f in a manner dependent on the Mtb secreted effector ESAT-6. We establish that let-7f targets A20, a feedback inhibitor of the NF-κB pathway. Expression of let-7f decreases and A20 increases with progression of Mtb infection in mice. Mtb survival is attenuated in A20-deficient macrophages, and the production of TNF, IL-1β, and nitrite, which are mediators of immunity to Mtb, is correspondingly increased. Further, let-7f overexpression diminishes Mtb survival and augments the production of cytokines including TNF and IL-1β. These results uncover a role for let-7f and its target A20 in regulating immune responses to Mtb and controlling bacterial burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700009, India
| | | | - Ranjeet Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700009, India
| | | | | | - Kuladip Jana
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Pushpa Gupta
- National Jalma Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra 282006, India
| | - Johanna Raffetseder
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maria Lerm
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Zhumur Ghosh
- Bioinformatics Centre, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Geert van Loo
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Umesh D Gupta
- National Jalma Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra 282006, India
| | | | - Joyoti Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700009, India.
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356
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Sheedy FJ. Turning 21: Induction of miR-21 as a Key Switch in the Inflammatory Response. Front Immunol 2015; 6:19. [PMID: 25688245 PMCID: PMC4310327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
miR-21 is one of the most highly expressed members of the small non-coding microRNA family in many mammalian cell types. Its expression is further enhanced in many diseased states including solid tumors, cardiac injury, and inflamed tissue. While the induction of miR-21 by inflammatory stimuli cells has been well documented in both hematopoietic cells of the immune system (particularly monocytes/macrophages but also dendritic and T-cells) and non-hematopoietic tumorigenic cells, the exact functional outcome of this elevated miR-21 is less obvious. Recent studies have confirmed a key role for miR-21 in the resolution of inflammation and in negatively regulating the pro-inflammatory response induced by many of the same stimuli that trigger miR-21 induction itself. In particular, miR-21 has emerged as a key mediator of the anti-inflammatory response in macrophages. This suggests that miR-21 inhibition in leukocytes will promote inflammation and may enhance current therapies for defective immune responses such as cancer, mycobacterial vaccines, or Th2-associated allergic inflammation. At the same time, miR-21 has been shown to promote inflammatory mediators in non-hematopoietic cells resulting in neoplastic transformation. This review will focus on functional studies of miR-21 during inflammation, which is complicated by the numerous molecular targets and processes that have emerged as miR-21 sensitive. It may be that the exact functional outcome of miR-21 is determined by multiple features including the cell type affected, the inducing signal, the transcriptomic profile of the cell, which ultimately affect the availability and ability to engage different target mRNAs and bring about its unique responses. Reviewing this data may illustrate that RNA-based oligonucleotide therapies for different diseases based upon miR-21 may have to target the unique and operative miRNA:mRNA interactions’ functionally active in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick J Sheedy
- TB Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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357
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The proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin furinA regulates zebrafish host response against Mycobacterium marinum. Infect Immun 2015; 83:1431-42. [PMID: 25624351 DOI: 10.1128/iai.03135-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial disease with a complex pathogenesis. An effective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires both the innate and adaptive immune responses, including proper T helper (Th) type 1 cell function. FURIN is a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin (PCSK) enzyme, which is highly expressed in Th1 type cells. FURIN expression in T cells is essential for maintaining peripheral immune tolerance, but its role in the innate immunity and infections has remained elusive. Here, we utilized Mycobacterium marinum infection models in zebrafish (Danio rerio) to investigate how furin regulates host responses against mycobacteria. In steady-state furinAtd204e/+ fish reduced furinA mRNA levels associated with low granulocyte counts and elevated Th cell transcription factor expressions. Silencing furin genes reduced the survival of M. marinum-infected zebrafish embryos. A mycobacterial infection upregulated furinA in adult zebrafish, and infected furinAtd204e/+ mutants exhibited a proinflammatory phenotype characterized by elevated tumor necrosis factor a (tnfa), lymphotoxin alpha (lta) and interleukin 17a/f3 (il17a/f3) expression levels. The enhanced innate immune response in the furinAtd204e/+ mutants correlated with a significantly decreased bacterial burden in a chronic M. marinum infection model. Our data show that upregulated furinA expression can serve as a marker for mycobacterial disease, since it inhibits early host responses and consequently promotes bacterial growth in a chronic infection.
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358
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Bruns H, Stenger S. New insights into the interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human macrophages. Future Microbiol 2015; 9:327-41. [PMID: 24762307 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a facultative intracellular pathogen. It infects macrophages where it avoids elimination by interfering with host defense mechanisms. Until recently, it was assumed that the acidification of phagosomes is the major strategy of macrophages to eliminate M. tuberculosis. However, there is emerging evidence demonstrating that human macrophages are equipped with additional antimicrobial effector functions. Specifically, autophagy, efferocytosis and antimicrobial peptides have been identified as mechanisms to restrict mycobacterial proliferation. Here we review recent findings on effector functions of human macrophages and mechanisms of the pathogen to interfere with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Bruns
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 - Hematology/Oncology, University of Erlangen, Germany
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359
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Torraca V, Cui C, Boland R, Bebelman JP, van der Sar AM, Smit MJ, Siderius M, Spaink HP, Meijer AH. The CXCR3-CXCL11 signaling axis mediates macrophage recruitment and dissemination of mycobacterial infection. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:253-69. [PMID: 25573892 PMCID: PMC4348563 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.017756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment of leukocytes to infectious foci depends strongly on the local release of chemoattractant mediators. The human CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) is an important node in the chemokine signaling network and is expressed by multiple leukocyte lineages, including T cells and macrophages. The ligands of this receptor originate from an ancestral CXCL11 gene in early vertebrates. Here, we used the optically accessible zebrafish embryo model to explore the function of the CXCR3-CXCL11 axis in macrophage recruitment and show that disruption of this axis increases the resistance to mycobacterial infection. In a mutant of the zebrafish ortholog of CXCR3 (cxcr3.2), macrophage chemotaxis to bacterial infections was attenuated, although migration to infection-independent stimuli was unaffected. Additionally, attenuation of macrophage recruitment to infection could be mimicked by treatment with NBI74330, a high-affinity antagonist of CXCR3. We identified two infection-inducible CXCL11-like chemokines as the functional ligands of Cxcr3.2, showing that the recombinant proteins exerted a Cxcr3.2-dependent chemoattraction when locally administrated in vivo. During infection of zebrafish embryos with Mycobacterium marinum, a well-established model for tuberculosis, we found that Cxcr3.2 deficiency limited the macrophage-mediated dissemination of mycobacteria. Furthermore, the loss of Cxcr3.2 function attenuated the formation of granulomatous lesions, the typical histopathological features of tuberculosis, and led to a reduction in the total bacterial burden. Prevention of mycobacterial dissemination by targeting the CXCR3 pathway, therefore, might represent a host-directed therapeutic strategy for treatment of tuberculosis. The demonstration of a conserved CXCR3-CXCL11 signaling axis in zebrafish extends the translational applicability of this model for studying diseases involving the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Torraca
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chao Cui
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ralf Boland
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Paul Bebelman
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Division Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid M van der Sar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Division Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Siderius
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Division Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie H Meijer
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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360
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Emerging Roles for RIPK1 and RIPK3 in Pathogen-Induced Cell Death and Host Immunity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 403:37-75. [PMID: 26385769 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinases 1 and 3 (RIPK1 and RIPK3 ) are homologous serine-threonine kinases that were recognized for their roles in directing programmed necrotic cell death or necroptosis under a broad range of pathologic settings. Emerging evidence suggests new physiologic roles for RIPK1 and RIPK3 in mediating cell death of innate immune responses. Our review discusses current evidence on the mechanisms and the impact of RIPK1- and/or RIPK3-dependent cell death in responses to a variety of viral and bacterial pathogens. Furthermore, the discussion also summarizes emerging roles for RIPK1 and RIPK3 in other facets of host immunity, including the maintenance of epithelial barrier function and pro-inflammatory processes that may, in some cases, manifest independent of cell death. Finally, we briefly consider the therapeutic opportunities in targeting RIPK1- and RIPK3-dependent processes in infection and immunity.
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361
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Gaiha GD, McKim KJ, Woods M, Pertel T, Rohrbach J, Barteneva N, Chin CR, Liu D, Soghoian DZ, Cesa K, Wilton S, Waring MT, Chicoine A, Doering T, Wherry EJ, Kaufmann DE, Lichterfeld M, Brass AL, Walker BD. Dysfunctional HIV-specific CD8+ T cell proliferation is associated with increased caspase-8 activity and mediated by necroptosis. Immunity 2014; 41:1001-12. [PMID: 25526311 PMCID: PMC4312487 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Decreased HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell proliferation is a hallmark of chronic infection, but the mechanisms of decline are unclear. We analyzed gene expression profiles from antigen-stimulated HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells from patients with controlled and uncontrolled infection and identified caspase-8 as a correlate of dysfunctional CD8(+) T cell proliferation. Caspase-8 activity was upregulated in HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells from progressors and correlated positively with disease progression and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) expression, but negatively with proliferation. In addition, progressor cells displayed a decreased ability to upregulate membrane-associated caspase-8 activity and increased necrotic cell death following antigenic stimulation, implicating the programmed cell death pathway necroptosis. In vitro necroptosis blockade rescued HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell proliferation in progressors, as did silencing of necroptosis mediator RIPK3. Thus, chronic stimulation leading to upregulated caspase-8 activity contributes to dysfunctional HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell proliferation through activation of necroptosis and increased cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thomas Pertel
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Natasha Barteneva
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher R Chin
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Kevin Cesa
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Michael T Waring
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | | | - Travis Doering
- Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Abraham L Brass
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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362
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Cilfone NA, Ford CB, Marino S, Mattila JT, Gideon HP, Flynn JL, Kirschner DE, Linderman JJ. Computational modeling predicts IL-10 control of lesion sterilization by balancing early host immunity-mediated antimicrobial responses with caseation during mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:664-77. [PMID: 25512604 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Although almost a third of the world's population is infected with the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, our understanding of the functions of many immune factors involved in fighting infection is limited. Determining the role of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 at the level of the granuloma has proven difficult because of lesional heterogeneity and the limitations of animal models. In this study, we take an in silico approach and, through a series of virtual experiments, we predict several novel roles for IL-10 in tuberculosis granulomas: 1) decreased levels of IL-10 lead to increased numbers of sterile lesions, but at the cost of early increased caseation; 2) small increases in early antimicrobial activity cause this increased lesion sterility; 3) IL-10 produced by activated macrophages is a major mediator of early antimicrobial activity and early host-induced caseation; and 4) increasing levels of infected macrophage derived IL-10 promotes bacterial persistence by limiting the early antimicrobial response and preventing lesion sterilization. Our findings, currently only accessible using an in silico approach, suggest that IL-10 at the individual granuloma scale is a critical regulator of lesion outcome. These predictions suggest IL-10-related mechanisms that could be used as adjunctive therapies during tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Cilfone
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - Simeone Marino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Joshua T Mattila
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Hannah P Gideon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - JoAnne L Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Denise E Kirschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Jennifer J Linderman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
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363
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Abstract
Cell proliferation and cell death are integral elements in maintaining homeostatic balance in metazoans. Disease pathologies ensue when these processes are disturbed. A plethora of evidence indicates that malfunction of cell death can lead to inflammation, autoimmunity, or immunodeficiency. Programmed necrosis or necroptosis is a form of nonapoptotic cell death driven by the receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and its substrate, mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL). RIPK3 partners with its upstream adaptors RIPK1, TRIF, or DAI to signal for necroptosis in response to death receptor or Toll-like receptor stimulation, pathogen infection, or sterile cell injury. Necroptosis promotes inflammation through leakage of cellular contents from damaged plasma membranes. Intriguingly, many of the signal adaptors of necroptosis have dual functions in innate immune signaling. This unique signature illustrates the cooperative nature of necroptosis and innate inflammatory signaling pathways in managing cell and organismal stresses from pathogen infection and sterile tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Ka-Ming Chan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605;
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364
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Urdahl KB. Understanding and overcoming the barriers to T cell-mediated immunity against tuberculosis. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:578-87. [PMID: 25453230 PMCID: PMC4314386 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the overwhelming success of immunization in reducing, and even eliminating, the global threats posed by a wide spectrum of infectious diseases, attempts to do the same for tuberculosis (TB) have failed to date. While most effective vaccines act by eliciting neutralizing antibodies, T cells are the primary mediators of adaptive immunity against TB. Unfortunately, the onset of the T cell response after aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the bacterium that causes TB, is exceedingly slow, and systemically administered vaccines only modestly accelerate the recruitment of effector T cells to the lungs. This delay seems to be orchestrated by Mtb itself to prolong the period of unrestricted bacterial replication in the lung that characterizes the innate phase of the response. When T cells finally arrive at the site of infection, multiple layers of regulation have been established that limit the ability of T cells to control or eradicate Mtb. From this understanding, emerges a strategy for achieving immunity. Lung resident memory T cells may recognize Mtb-infected cells shortly after infection and confer protection before regulatory networks are allowed to develop. Early studies using vaccines that elicit lung resident T cells by targeting the lung mucosa have been promising, but many questions remain. Due to the fundamental nature of these questions, and the need to understand and manipulate the early events in the lung after aerosol infection, only coordinated approaches that utilize tractable animal models to inform human TB vaccine trials will move the field toward its goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Urdahl
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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365
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Dorhoi A, Kaufmann SH. Perspectives on host adaptation in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Modulation of inflammation. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:533-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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366
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Host Evasion and Exploitation Schemes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell 2014; 159:1497-509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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367
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Gratacap RL, Bergeron AC, Wheeler RT. Modeling mucosal candidiasis in larval zebrafish by swimbladder injection. J Vis Exp 2014:e52182. [PMID: 25490695 DOI: 10.3791/52182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Early defense against mucosal pathogens consists of both an epithelial barrier and innate immune cells. The immunocompetency of both, and their intercommunication, are paramount for the protection against infections. The interactions of epithelial and innate immune cells with a pathogen are best investigated in vivo, where complex behavior unfolds over time and space. However, existing models do not allow for easy spatio-temporal imaging of the battle with pathogens at the mucosal level. The model developed here creates a mucosal infection by direct injection of the fungal pathogen, Candida albicans, into the swimbladder of juvenile zebrafish. The resulting infection enables high-resolution imaging of epithelial and innate immune cell behavior throughout the development of mucosal disease. The versatility of this method allows for interrogation of the host to probe the detailed sequence of immune events leading to phagocyte recruitment and to examine the roles of particular cell types and molecular pathways in protection. In addition, the behavior of the pathogen as a function of immune attack can be imaged simultaneously by using fluorescent protein-expressing C. albicans. Increased spatial resolution of the host-pathogen interaction is also possible using the described rapid swimbladder dissection technique. The mucosal infection model described here is straightforward and highly reproducible, making it a valuable tool for the study of mucosal candidiasis. This system may also be broadly translatable to other mucosal pathogens such as mycobacterial, bacterial or viral microbes that normally infect through epithelial surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi L Gratacap
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine
| | - Audrey C Bergeron
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine
| | - Robert T Wheeler
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine;
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368
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Ordonez AA, Maiga M, Gupta S, Weinstein EA, Bishai WR, Jain SK. Novel adjunctive therapies for the treatment of tuberculosis. Curr Mol Med 2014; 14:385-95. [PMID: 24236454 DOI: 10.2174/1566524013666131118112431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant efforts to control tuberculosis (TB), the disease remains a major global threat, with an estimated 8.6 million new cases and 1.3 million deaths in 2012 alone. Significant treatment challenges include HIV co-infection, the dramatic rise of multidrug-resistant TB and the vast reservoir of latently infected individuals, who will develop active disease years after the initial infection. The long duration of chemotherapy also remains a major barrier to effective large scale treatment of TB. Significant advances are being made in the development of shorter and effective TB drug regimens and there is growing evidence that host-directed and "non-antimicrobial" pathogen-directed therapies, could serve as novel approaches to enhance TB treatments. This review highlights the rationale for using these therapies and summarizes some of the progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - S K Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, 1550 Orleans Street, Rm 1.09, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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369
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van Leeuwen LM, van der Sar AM, Bitter W. Animal models of tuberculosis: zebrafish. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 5:a018580. [PMID: 25414379 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become an attractive new vertebrate model organism for studying mycobacterial pathogenesis. The combination of medium-throughput screening and real-time in vivo visualization has allowed new ways to dissect host pathogenic interaction in a vertebrate host. Furthermore, genetic screens on the host and bacterial sides have elucidated new mechanisms involved in the initiation of granuloma formation and the importance of a balanced immune response for control of mycobacterial pathogens. This article will highlight the unique features of the zebrafish-Mycobacterium marinum infection model and its added value for tuberculosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne M van Leeuwen
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection control, VU University Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid M van der Sar
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Bitter
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Molecular Microbiology, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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370
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Pagán AJ, Ramakrishnan L. Immunity and Immunopathology in the Tuberculous Granuloma. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 5:cshperspect.a018499. [PMID: 25377142 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Granulomas, organized aggregates of immune cells, are a defining feature of tuberculosis (TB). Granuloma formation is implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of inflammatory disorders. However, the tuberculous granuloma has been assigned the role of a host protective structure which "walls-off" mycobacteria. Work conducted over the past decade has provided a more nuanced view of its role in pathogenesis. On the one hand, pathogenic mycobacteria accelerate and exploit granuloma formation for their expansion and dissemination by manipulating host immune responses to turn leukocyte recruitment and cell death pathways in their favor. On the other hand, granuloma macrophages can preserve granuloma integrity by exerting a microbicidal immune response, thus preventing an even more rampant expansion of infection in the extracellular milieu. Even this host-beneficial immune response required to maintain the bacteria intracellular must be tempered, as an overly vigorous immune response can also cause granuloma breakdown, thereby directly supporting bacterial growth extracellularly. This review will discuss how mycobacteria manipulate inflammatory responses to drive granuloma formation and will consider the roles of the granuloma in pathogenesis and protective immunity, drawing from clinical studies of TB in humans and from animal models--rodents, zebrafish, and nonhuman primates. A deeper understanding of TB pathogenesis and immunity in the granuloma could suggest therapeutic approaches to abrogate the host-detrimental aspects of granuloma formation to convert it into the host-beneficial structure that it has been thought to be for nearly a century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Pagán
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Lalita Ramakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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371
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Kim SR, Kim DI, Kim SH, Lee H, Lee KS, Cho SH, Lee YC. NLRP3 inflammasome activation by mitochondrial ROS in bronchial epithelial cells is required for allergic inflammation. Cell Death Dis 2014. [PMID: 25356867 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.460.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Abnormality in mitochondria has been suggested to be associated with development of allergic airway disorders. In this study, to evaluate the relationship between mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in allergic asthma, we used a newly developed mitochondrial ROS inhibitor, NecroX-5. NecroX-5 reduced the increase of mitochondrial ROS generation in airway inflammatory cells, as well as bronchial epithelial cells, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB, increased expression of various inflammatory mediators and pathophysiological features of allergic asthma in mice. Finally, blockade of IL-1β substantially reduced airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in the asthmatic mice. These findings suggest that mitochondrial ROS have a critical role in the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation through the modulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, providing a novel role of airway epithelial cells expressing NLRP3 inflammasome as an immune responder.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Pulmonary Disorders, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University - Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - D I Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Pulmonary Disorders, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University - Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - S H Kim
- Department of Product Strategy and Development, LG Life Sciences Ltd, Seoul, Korea
| | - H Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Pulmonary Disorders, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University - Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - K S Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Pulmonary Disorders, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University - Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - S H Cho
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Y C Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Pulmonary Disorders, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University - Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, South Korea
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372
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NLRP3 inflammasome activation by mitochondrial ROS in bronchial epithelial cells is required for allergic inflammation. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1498. [PMID: 25356867 PMCID: PMC4237270 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abnormality in mitochondria has been suggested to be associated with development of allergic airway disorders. In this study, to evaluate the relationship between mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in allergic asthma, we used a newly developed mitochondrial ROS inhibitor, NecroX-5. NecroX-5 reduced the increase of mitochondrial ROS generation in airway inflammatory cells, as well as bronchial epithelial cells, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB, increased expression of various inflammatory mediators and pathophysiological features of allergic asthma in mice. Finally, blockade of IL-1β substantially reduced airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in the asthmatic mice. These findings suggest that mitochondrial ROS have a critical role in the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation through the modulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, providing a novel role of airway epithelial cells expressing NLRP3 inflammasome as an immune responder.
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373
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Achkar JM, Chan J, Casadevall A. Role of B cells and antibodies in acquired immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 5:a018432. [PMID: 25301934 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has documented a role for B cells and antibodies (Abs) in the immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Passive transfer studies with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against mycobacterial antigens have shown protection against the tubercle bacillus. B cells and Abs are believed to contribute to an enhanced immune response against Mtb by modulating various immunological components in the infected host including the T-cell compartment. Nevertheless, the extent and contribution of B cells and Abs to protection against Mtb remains uncertain. In this article we summarize the most relevant findings supporting the role of B cells and Abs in the defense against Mtb and discuss the potential mechanisms of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Achkar
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - John Chan
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
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374
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Yang Y, Kulka K, Montelaro RC, Reinhart TA, Sissons J, Aderem A, Ojha AK. A hydrolase of trehalose dimycolate induces nutrient influx and stress sensitivity to balance intracellular growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 15:153-63. [PMID: 24528862 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic tuberculosis in an immunocompetent host is a consequence of the delicately balanced growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in the face of host defense mechanisms. We identify an Mtb enzyme (TdmhMtb) that hydrolyzes the mycobacterial glycolipid trehalose dimycolate and plays a critical role in balancing the intracellular growth of the pathogen. TdmhMtb is induced under nutrient-limiting conditions and remodels the Mtb envelope to increase nutrient influx but concomitantly sensitizes Mtb to stresses encountered in the host. Consistent with this, a ΔtdmhMtb mutant is more resilient to stress and grows to levels higher than those of wild-type in immunocompetent mice. By contrast, mutant growth is retarded in MyD88(-/-) mice, indicating that TdmhMtb provides a growth advantage to intracellular Mtb in an immunocompromised host. Thus, the effects and countereffects of TdmhMtb play an important role in balancing intracellular growth of Mtb in a manner that is directly responsive to host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Kathleen Kulka
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ronald C Montelaro
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Todd A Reinhart
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - James Sissons
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alan Aderem
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Anil K Ojha
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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375
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BoseDasgupta S, Pieters J. Striking the Right Balance Determines TB or Not TB. Front Immunol 2014; 5:455. [PMID: 25339950 PMCID: PMC4189424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis continues to be one of the most successful pathogens on earth. Upon inhalation of M. tuberculosis by a healthy individual, the host immune system will attempt to eliminate these pathogens using a combination of immune defense strategies. These include the recruitment of macrophages and other phagocytes to the site of infection, production of cytokines that enhance the microbicidal capacity of the macrophages, as well as the activation of distinct subsets of leukocytes that work in concert to fight the infection. However, being as successful as it is, M. tuberculosis has evolved numerous strategies to subvert host immunity at virtual every level. As a consequence, one third of the world inhabitants carry M. tuberculosis, and tuberculosis continuous to cause disease in more than 8 million people with deadly consequences in well over 1 million patients each year. In this review, we discuss several of the strategies that M. tuberculosis employs to circumvent host immunity, as well as describe some of the mechanisms that the host uses to counter such subversive strategies. As for many other infectious diseases, the ultimate outcome is usually defined by the relative strength of the virulence strategies employed by the tubercle bacillus versus the arsenal of immune defense mechanisms of the infected host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Pieters
- Biozentrum, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
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376
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Feedback regulation via AMPK and HIF-1 mediates ROS-dependent longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E4458-67. [PMID: 25288734 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1411199111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild inhibition of mitochondrial respiration extends the lifespan of many species. In Caenorhabditis elegans, reactive oxygen species (ROS) promote longevity by activating hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) in response to reduced mitochondrial respiration. However, the physiological role and mechanism of ROS-induced longevity are poorly understood. Here, we show that a modest increase in ROS increases the immunity and lifespan of C. elegans through feedback regulation by HIF-1 and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). We found that activation of AMPK as well as HIF-1 mediates the longevity response to ROS. We further showed that AMPK reduces internal levels of ROS, whereas HIF-1 amplifies the levels of internal ROS under conditions that increase ROS. Moreover, mitochondrial ROS increase resistance to various pathogenic bacteria, suggesting a possible association between immunity and long lifespan. Thus, AMPK and HIF-1 may control immunity and longevity tightly by acting as feedback regulators of ROS.
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377
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Mabunda N, Alvarado-Arnez LE, Vubil A, Mariamo A, Pacheco AG, Jani IV, Moraes MO. Gene polymorphisms in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis from Mozambique. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 42:71-6. [PMID: 25239251 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3741-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Several host and environmental factors contribute to tuberculosis outcome, interestingly single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes have been evaluated in populations with different ethnicities and TB infection. In the present study we focused on SNPs in cytokine and inflammatory mediator genes: tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -308G>A (rs1800629), interleukin-10 (IL10) -819C>T (rs1800871), interferon-gamma (IFNG) +874T>A (rs2430561), and leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) rs1978331, rs17525495 and rs2660898 in a case-control study involving 102 pulmonary tuberculosis patients and 456 controls from Mozambique. LTA4H, IL10 and IFNG SNPs showed no associations with pulmonary tuberculosis. However, distribution of the TNF -308A allele, genotype and carrier frequencies showed a significant risk association with tuberculosis that was maintained after adjustment for non-genetic variables and Bonferroni correction (AA genotype, OR = 1.9, p Bonf < 0.001; A allele OR = 2.9, p Bonf = 0.005 and GA/AA carrier OR = 2.6, p Bonf = 0.035). Interestingly, this association has not been reported in a sub-Saharan African population before. Our results suggest a role of -308 TNF polymorphism and tuberculosis susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nédio Mabunda
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, PO Box 264, Maputo, Mozambique
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378
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Kanwal Z, Wiegertjes GF, Veneman WJ, Meijer AH, Spaink HP. Comparative studies of Toll-like receptor signalling using zebrafish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:35-52. [PMID: 24560981 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish model systems for infectious disease are increasingly used for the functional analysis of molecular pattern recognition processes. These studies benefit from the high conservation level of all innate immune factors in vertebrates. Zebrafish studies are strategically well positioned for this because of the ease of comparisons with studies in other fish species of which the immune system also has been intensively studied, but that are currently still less amendable to detailed genetic or microscopic studies. In this paper we focus on Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling factors, which currently are the best characterized in mammalian systems. We review the knowledge on TLR signalling in the context of recent advances in zebrafish studies and discuss possibilities for future approaches that can complement studies in cell cultures and rodent models. A focus in these comparisons is the role of negative control mechanisms in immune responses that appear very important in a whole organism to keep adverse systemic responses in check. We also pay much attention to comparisons with studies in common carp that is highly related to zebrafish and that because of its large body mass can complement immune studies in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakia Kanwal
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geert F Wiegertjes
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J Veneman
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie H Meijer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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379
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Gratacap RL, Wheeler RT. Utilization of zebrafish for intravital study of eukaryotic pathogen-host interactions. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:108-15. [PMID: 24491522 PMCID: PMC4028364 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Unique imaging tools and practical advantages have made zebrafish a popular model to investigate in vivo host-pathogen interactions. These studies have uncovered details of the mechanisms involved in several human infections. Until recently, studies using this versatile host were limited to viral and prokaryotic pathogens. Eukaryotic pathogens are a diverse group with a major impact on the human and fish populations. The relationships of eukaryote pathogens with their hosts are complex and many aspects remain obscure. The small and transparent zebrafish, with its conserved immune system and amenability to genetic manipulation, make it an exciting model for quantitative study of the core strategies of eukaryotic pathogens and their hosts. The only thing to do now is realize its potential for advancement of biomedical and aquaculture research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi L Gratacap
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States
| | - Robert T Wheeler
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States.
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380
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Lewis KL, Del Cid N, Traver D. Perspectives on antigen presenting cells in zebrafish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:63-73. [PMID: 24685511 PMCID: PMC4158852 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Antigen presentation is a critical step in the activation of naïve T lymphocytes. In mammals, dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and B lymphocytes can all function as antigen presenting cells (APCs). Although APCs have been identified in zebrafish, it is unclear if they fulfill similar roles in the initiation of adaptive immunity. Here we review the characterization of zebrafish macrophages, DCs, and B cells and evidence of their function as true APCs. Finally, we discuss the conservation of APC activity in vertebrates and the use of zebrafish to provide a new perspective on the evolution of these functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako L Lewis
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Natasha Del Cid
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - David Traver
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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381
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Marshall KD, Baines CP. Necroptosis: is there a role for mitochondria? Front Physiol 2014; 5:323. [PMID: 25206339 PMCID: PMC4144201 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Once thought to be a random process of cell death, necrosis can proceed via a defined molecular mechanism and is integral to physiological and pathological states. In particular a form of necrosis called necroptosis has been the subject of intense investigation. Necroptosis is initiated by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), which leads to the activation of the kinase receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1). RIP1 then binds with and activates RIP3 to form the necrosome. RIP3 in turn interacts with and activates the pseudokinase mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL). This complex has then been proposed to induce necrotic death via the induction of mitochondrial dysfunction, with a variety of mechanisms being put forth including: production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of the mitochondrial phosphatase PGAM5, or induction of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). However, recent evidence suggests that none of these are involved in necroptosis, and that mitochondria may in fact be dispensable for this process. Therefore, the purpose of this perspective is to discuss the current understanding of necroptosis, and more specifically, what role if any do mitochondria play in this mechanism of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt D Marshall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Christopher P Baines
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia Columbia, MO, USA ; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia Columbia, MO, USA ; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri-Columbia Columbia, MO, USA
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382
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Necroptosis, in vivo detection in experimental disease models. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 35:2-13. [PMID: 25160988 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, our picture of cell death signals involved in experimental disease models totally shifted. Indeed, in addition to apoptosis, multiple forms of regulated necrosis have been associated with an increasing number of pathologies such as ischemia-reperfusion injury in brain, heart and kidney, inflammatory diseases, sepsis, retinal disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and infectious disorders. Especially necroptosis is currently attracting the attention of the scientific community. However, the in vivo identification of ongoing necroptosis in experimental disease conditions remains troublesome, mainly due to the lack of specific biomarkers. Initially, Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase 1 (RIPK1) and RIPK3 kinase activity were uniquely associated with induction of necroptosis, however recent evidence suggests pleiotropic functions in cell death, inflammation and survival, obscuring a clear picture. In this review, we will present the last methodological advances for in vivo necroptosis identification and discuss past and recent data to provide an update of the so-called "necroptosis-associated pathologies".
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383
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Abstract
Cell turnover is a fundamental feature in metazoans. Cells can die passively, as a consequence of severe damage to their structural integrity, or actively, owing to a more confined biological disruption such as DNA damage. Passive cell death is uncontrolled and often harmful to the organism. In contrast, active cell death is tightly regulated and serves to support the organism's life. Apoptosis-the primary form of regulated cell death-is relatively well defined. Necroptosis-an alternative, distinct kind of regulated cell death discovered more recently-is less well understood. Apoptosis and necroptosis can be triggered either from within the cell or by extracellular stimuli. Certain signaling components, including several death ligands and receptors, can regulate both processes. Whereas apoptosis is triggered and executed via intracellular proteases called caspases, necroptosis is suppressed by caspase activity. Here we highlight current understanding of the key signaling mechanisms that control regulated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Ashkenazi
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080;
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384
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MacMicking JD. Cell-autonomous effector mechanisms against mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:cshperspect.a018507. [PMID: 25081628 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Few pathogens run the gauntlet of sterilizing immunity like Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). This organism infects mononuclear phagocytes and is also ingested by neutrophils, both of which possess an arsenal of cell-intrinsic effector mechanisms capable of eliminating it. Here Mtb encounters acid, oxidants, nitrosylating agents, and redox congeners, often exuberantly delivered under low oxygen tension. Further pressure is applied by withholding divalent Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Zn²⁺, as well as by metabolic privation in the form of carbon needed for anaplerosis and aromatic amino acids for growth. Finally, host E3 ligases ubiquinate, cationic peptides disrupt, and lysosomal enzymes digest Mtb as part of the autophagic response to this particular pathogen. It is a testament to the evolutionary fitness of Mtb that sterilization is rarely complete, although sufficient to ensure most people infected with this airborne bacterium remain disease-free.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D MacMicking
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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385
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Hall CJ, Wicker SM, Chien AT, Tromp A, Lawrence LM, Sun X, Krissansen GW, Crosier KE, Crosier PS. Repositioning drugs for inflammatory disease - fishing for new anti-inflammatory agents. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:1069-81. [PMID: 25038060 PMCID: PMC4142727 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.016873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an important and appropriate host response to infection or injury. However, dysregulation of this response, with resulting persistent or inappropriate inflammation, underlies a broad range of pathological processes, from inflammatory dermatoses to type 2 diabetes and cancer. As such, identifying new drugs to suppress inflammation is an area of intense interest. Despite notable successes, there still exists an unmet need for new effective therapeutic approaches to treat inflammation. Traditional drug discovery, including structure-based drug design, have largely fallen short of satisfying this unmet need. With faster development times and reduced safety and pharmacokinetic uncertainty, drug repositioning – the process of finding new uses for existing drugs – is emerging as an alternative strategy to traditional drug design that promises an improved risk-reward trade-off. Using a zebrafish in vivo neutrophil migration assay, we undertook a drug repositioning screen to identify unknown anti-inflammatory activities for known drugs. By interrogating a library of 1280 approved drugs for their ability to suppress the recruitment of neutrophils to tail fin injury, we identified a number of drugs with significant anti-inflammatory activity that have not previously been characterized as general anti-inflammatories. Importantly, we reveal that the ten most potent repositioned drugs from our zebrafish screen displayed conserved anti-inflammatory activity in a mouse model of skin inflammation (atopic dermatitis). This study provides compelling evidence that exploiting the zebrafish as an in vivo drug repositioning platform holds promise as a strategy to reveal new anti-inflammatory activities for existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Hall
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Sophie M Wicker
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - An-Tzu Chien
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Alisha Tromp
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Lisa M Lawrence
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Xueying Sun
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey W Krissansen
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn E Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Philip S Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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386
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Traven
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Naderer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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387
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Srinivasan L, Ahlbrand S, Briken V. Interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with host cell death pathways. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:cshperspect.a022459. [PMID: 24968864 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has coevolved with humans for tens of thousands of years. It is thus highly adapted to its human host and has evolved multiple mechanisms to manipulate host immune responses to its advantage. One central host pathogen interaction modality is host cell death pathways. Host cell apoptosis is associated with a protective response to Mtb infection, whereas a necrotic response favors the pathogen. Consistently, Mtb inhibits host cell apoptosis signaling but promotes induction of programmed necrosis. The molecular mechanisms involved in Mtb-mediated host cell death manipulation, the consequences for host immunity, and the potential for therapeutic and preventive approaches will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha Srinivasan
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Sarah Ahlbrand
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Volker Briken
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
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388
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Elks PM, van der Vaart M, van Hensbergen V, Schutz E, Redd MJ, Murayama E, Spaink HP, Meijer AH. Mycobacteria counteract a TLR-mediated nitrosative defense mechanism in a zebrafish infection model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100928. [PMID: 24967596 PMCID: PMC4072692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), caused by the intracellular bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a major world health problem. The production of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) is a potent cytostatic and cytotoxic defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens. Nevertheless, the protective role of RNS during Mtb infection remains controversial. Here we use an anti-nitrotyrosine antibody as a readout to study nitration output by the zebrafish host during early mycobacterial pathogenesis. We found that recognition of Mycobacterium marinum, a close relative of Mtb, was sufficient to induce a nitrosative defense mechanism in a manner dependent on MyD88, the central adaptor protein in Toll like receptor (TLR) mediated pathogen recognition. However, this host response was attenuated by mycobacteria via a virulence mechanism independent of the well-characterized RD1 virulence locus. Our results indicate a mechanism of pathogenic mycobacteria to circumvent host defense in vivo. Shifting the balance of host-pathogen interactions in favor of the host by targeting this virulence mechanism may help to alleviate the problem of infection with Mtb strains that are resistant to multiple drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Elks
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Esther Schutz
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Michael J. Redd
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University Of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Emi Murayama
- Unité Macrophages et Développement de l’Immunité, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Unité de Recherche Associée 2578, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Herman P. Spaink
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie H. Meijer
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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389
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Hall CJ, Sanderson LE, Crosier KE, Crosier PS. Mitochondrial metabolism, reactive oxygen species, and macrophage function-fishing for insights. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:1119-28. [PMID: 24957262 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1186-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism and defense mechanisms that protect against pathogens are two fundamental requirements for the survival of multicellular organisms. Research into metabolic disease has revealed these core mechanisms are highly co-dependent. This emerging field of research, termed immunometabolism, focuses on understanding how metabolism influences immunological processes and vice versa. It is now accepted that obesity influences the immune system and that obesity-driven inflammation contributes to many diseases including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease. The immune response requires the reallocation of nutrients within immune cells to different metabolic pathways to satisfy energy demands and the production of necessary macromolecules. One aspect of immunometabolic research is understanding how these metabolic changes help regulate specific immune cell functions. It is hoped that further understanding of the pathways involved in managing this immunological-metabolic interface will reveal new ways to treat metabolic disease. Given their growing status as principle drivers of obesity-associated inflammation, monocytes/macrophages have received much attention when studying the consequences of inflammation within adipose tissue. Less is known regarding how metabolic changes within macrophages (metabolic reprogramming) influence their immune cell function. In this review, we focus on our current understanding of how monocytes/macrophages alter their intracellular metabolism during the immune response and how these changes dictate specific effector functions. In particular, the immunomodulatory functions of mitochondrial metabolism and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. We also highlight how the attributes of the zebrafish model system can be exploited to reveal new mechanistic insights into immunometabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Hall
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Leslie E Sanderson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn E Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Philip S Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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390
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Dorhoi A, Yeremeev V, Nouailles G, Weiner J, Jörg S, Heinemann E, Oberbeck-Müller D, Knaul JK, Vogelzang A, Reece ST, Hahnke K, Mollenkopf HJ, Brinkmann V, Kaufmann SHE. Type I IFN signaling triggers immunopathology in tuberculosis-susceptible mice by modulating lung phagocyte dynamics. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2380-93. [PMID: 24782112 PMCID: PMC4298793 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
General interest in the biological functions of IFN type I in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection increased after the recent identification of a distinct IFN gene expression signature in tuberculosis (TB) patients. Here, we demonstrate that TB-susceptible mice lacking the receptor for IFN I (IFNAR1) were protected from death upon aerogenic infection with Mtb. Using this experimental model to mimic primary progressive pulmonary TB, we dissected the immune processes affected by IFN I. IFNAR1 signaling did not affect T-cell responses, but markedly altered migration of inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils to the lung. This process was orchestrated by IFNAR1 expressed on both immune and tissue-resident radioresistant cells. IFNAR1-driven TB susceptibility was initiated by augmented Mtb replication and in situ death events, along with CXCL5/CXCL1-driven accumulation of neutrophils in alveoli, followed by the discrete compartmentalization of Mtb in lung phagocytes. Early depletion of neutrophils rescued TB-susceptible mice to levels observed in mice lacking IFNAR1. We conclude that IFN I alters early innate events at the site of Mtb invasion leading to fatal immunopathology. These data furnish a mechanistic explanation for the detrimental role of IFN I in pulmonary TB and form a basis for understanding the complex roles of IFN I in chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Dorhoi
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
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391
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM It is now clear that intestinal microbes are involved in many aspects of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and that understanding how microbes lead to disease could present novel opportunities for diagnosis and treatment. Microbes are linked to most disease-associated genetic polymorphisms and are critical mediators of environmental effects (through food, hygiene, and infection). This paper reviews recent findings and future implications for targeting microbes in IBD. METHODS A comprehensive review of the literature is presented, with specific focus on how treating microbes could alter patient care in the future. RESULTS Human and animal-based research supports the central role of microbes in IBD pathogenesis at multiple levels. Antibiotics, probiotics, diet, and potentially fecal transplantation are all potential treatments for IBD. Animal models of IBD only develop in the presence of microbes and co-housing mice genetically susceptible to gut inflammation with normal mice can lead to the development of bowel injury. Key papers have used microbial sequencing and metagenomics to study the role of microbes in IBD and we are now on the cusp of expanding into clinically relevant fields, such as diagnosis and therapeutics. However, many challenges still remain in understanding how microbes can be manipulated to prevent or treat disease. CONCLUSIONS In the future, we may be able to predict risk of disease, define biological subtypes, establish tools for prevention, and even cure IBD using microbes or their products. A broad spectrum of therapeutic tools, spanning from fecal transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics, microbial products to microbe-tailored diets, may replace current IBD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eytan Wine
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada
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392
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Xu G, Wang J, Gao GF, Liu CH. Insights into battles between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and macrophages. Protein Cell 2014; 5:728-36. [PMID: 24938416 PMCID: PMC4180456 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As the first line of immune defense for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), macrophages also provide a major habitat for Mtb to reside in the host for years. The battles between Mtb and macrophages have been constant since ancient times. Triggered upon Mtb infection, multiple cellular pathways in macrophages are activated to initiate a tailored immune response toward the invading pathogen and regulate the cellular fates of the host as well. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed on macrophages can recognize pathogen-associated-molecular patterns (PAMPs) on Mtb and mediate the production of immune-regulatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and type I Interferons (IFNs). In addition, Vitamin D receptor (VDR) and Vitamin D-1-hydroxylase are up-regulated in Mtb-infected macrophages, by which Vitamin D participates in innate immune responses. The signaling pathways that involve TNF, type I IFNs and Vitamin D are inter-connected, which play critical roles in the regulation of necroptosis, apoptosis, and autophagy of the infected macrophages. This review article summarizes current knowledge about the interactions between Mtb and macrophages, focusing on cellular fates of the Mtb-infected macrophages and the regulatory molecules and cellular pathways involved in those processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Xu
- CAS key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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393
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Dorhoi A, Kaufmann SH. Tumor necrosis factor alpha in mycobacterial infection. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:203-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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394
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Abstract
Treatment of tuberculosis (TB) remains challenging, with lengthy treatment durations and complex drug regimens that are toxic and difficult to administer. Similar to the vast majority of antibiotics, drugs for Mycobacterium tuberculosis are directed against microbial targets. Although more effective drugs that target the bacterium may lead to faster cure of patients, it is possible that a biological limit will be reached that can be overcome only by adopting a fundamentally new treatment approach. TB regimens might be improved by including agents that target host pathways. Recent work on host-pathogen interactions, host immunity, and host-directed interventions suggests that supplementing anti-TB therapy with host modulators may lead to shorter treatment times, a reduction in lung damage caused by the disease, and a lower risk of relapse or reinfection. We undertook this review to identify molecular pathways of the host that may be amenable to modulation by small molecules for the treatment of TB. Although several approaches to augmenting standard TB treatment have been proposed, only a few have been explored in detail or advanced to preclinical and clinical studies. Our review focuses on molecular targets and inhibitory small molecules that function within the macrophage or other myeloid cells, on host inflammatory pathways, or at the level of TB-induced lung pathology.
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395
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Arsenault RJ, Maattanen P, Daigle J, Potter A, Griebel P, Napper S. From mouth to macrophage: mechanisms of innate immune subversion by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Res 2014; 45:54. [PMID: 24885748 PMCID: PMC4046017 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne’s disease (JD) is a chronic enteric infection of cattle caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The high economic cost and potential zoonotic threat of JD have driven efforts to develop tools and approaches to effectively manage this disease within livestock herds. Efforts to control JD through traditional animal management practices are complicated by MAP’s ability to cause long-term environmental contamination as well as difficulties associated with diagnosis of JD in the pre-clinical stages. As such, there is particular emphasis on the development of an effective vaccine. This is a daunting challenge, in large part due to MAP’s ability to subvert protective host immune responses. Accordingly, there is a priority to understand MAP’s interaction with the bovine host: this may inform rational targets and approaches for therapeutic intervention. Here we review the early host defenses encountered by MAP and the strategies employed by the pathogen to avert or subvert these responses, during the critical period between ingestion and the establishment of persistent infection in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Scott Napper
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada.
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396
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Tsenova L, O'Brien P, Holloway J, Peixoto B, Soteropoulos P, Fallows D, Kaplan G, Subbian S. Etanercept exacerbates inflammation and pathology in a rabbit model of active pulmonary tuberculosis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 34:716-26. [PMID: 24831609 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) antagonists has been associated with increased risk of tuberculosis (TB). We examined the usefulness of the rabbit model of active pulmonary TB for studying the impact of the human immune modulatory reagent etanercept on the host immune response. Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, disease pathology, and the global transcriptional response in Mtb-infected lungs of rabbits were studied. Etanercept treatment exacerbated disease pathology and reduced bacillary control in the lungs, compared with infected untreated animals. Reduced collagen and fibrin deposition in the granulomas was associated with significant downregulation of the collagen metabolism and fibrosis network genes and upregulation of genes in the inflammatory response and cell recruitment networks in the lungs of etanercept treated, compared with untreated rabbits. Our results suggest that targeting the TNF-α signaling pathway disrupts the tissue remodeling process, which is required for the formation and maintenance of well-differentiated granulomas and for control of Mtb growth in the lungs. These results validate the use of the rabbit model for investigating the impact of selected human immune modulatory drugs, such as a TNF-α antagonist, on the host immune response and pathogenesis in TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Tsenova
- 1 Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunity and Pathogenesis, The Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey , Newark, New Jersey
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397
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Chu X, Chen W, Li N, Hu XZ, Du CT, Yu SX, Zhou M, Zhang XJ, Jiang GM, Han WY, Deng XM, Yang YJ. Cytosolic double-stranded DNA induces nonnecroptotic programmed cell death in trophoblasts via IFI16. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:1476-86. [PMID: 24812048 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the immune defense by trophoblasts against pathogens remain ill defined. We demonstrated that placental cell death was increased upon in vivo exposure to Listeria monocytogenes. The death of infected cells is an important host innate defense mechanism. Meanwhile, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) derived from intracellular bacteria or dsDNA viruses is emerging as a potent pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognized by host cells. We sought to characterize trophoblast death in response to cytosolic dsDNA challenge. Our results showed that dsDNA induced caspase-dependent and -independent cell death in human trophoblasts. However, necroptosis, a cell death pathway independent of caspase, could not be induced by dsDNA treatment, even in the presence of exogenously expressed RIPK3. L. monocytogenes-derived genomic DNA triggered a similar cell death pattern. Moreover, the cell death in response to dsDNA was IFI16 dependent. These data suggest that cytosolic dsDNA induces nonnecroptotic cell death in trophoblasts via IFI16, and this could contribute to placental barrier against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-Zhu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chong-Tao Du
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shui-Xing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gui-Mei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wen-Yu Han
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu-Ming Deng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong-Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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398
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Hattori Y, Morita D, Fujiwara N, Mori D, Nakamura T, Harashima H, Yamasaki S, Sugita M. Glycerol monomycolate is a novel ligand for the human, but not mouse macrophage inducible C-type lectin, Mincle. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15405-12. [PMID: 24733387 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.566489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An array of lipidic compounds that constitute the cell wall of mycobacteria is recognized by host receptors. Examples include trehalose dimycolate (TDM), which is a major surface-exposed glycolipid of mycobacteria, that interacts with the macrophage inducible C-type lectin, Mincle, and exerts its highly potent adjuvant functions. Recent evidence has suggested that glycerol monomycolate (GroMM), another mycolate-containing lipid species produced by mycobacteria, can stimulate innate immune cells; however, its specific host receptors have yet to be identified. We here demonstrated that cell transfectants expressing human Mincle (hMincle) reacted to both TDM and GroMM, while those expressing mouse Mincle (mMincle) only reacted to TDM and failed to recognize GroMM. Studies using domain swap chimeras confirmed that the ectodomain of hMincle, but not that of mMincle, interacted with GroMM, and site-directed mutagenesis analyses revealed that short stretches of amino acid residues at positions 174-176 and 195-196 were involved in GroMM recognition. To further substantiate the differential recognition of GroMM by hMincle and mMincle, hMincle transgenic/mMincle knock-out mice (i.e. hMincle(+) mice) were established and compared with non-transgenic mice (i.e. mMincle(+) mice). We showed that macrophages derived from hMincle(+) mice were activated by GroMM and produced inflammatory cytokines, whereas those derived from mMincle(+) mice did not exhibit any reactivity to GroMM. Furthermore, local inflammatory responses were elicited in the GroMM-injected skin of hMincle(+), but not mMincle(+) mice. These results demonstrated that GroMM is a unique ligand for hMincle that is not recognized by mMincle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hattori
- From the Laboratory of Cell Regulation, Institute for Virus Research and the Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Molecular Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Daisuke Morita
- From the Laboratory of Cell Regulation, Institute for Virus Research and the Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Molecular Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Nagatoshi Fujiwara
- the Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Contemporary Human Life Science, Tezukayama University, Nara 631-8585, Japan
| | - Daiki Mori
- the Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan, and
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- the Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan, and
| | - Masahiko Sugita
- From the Laboratory of Cell Regulation, Institute for Virus Research and the Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Molecular Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan,
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399
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Marangoni A, Bergamini C, Fato R, Cavallini C, Donati M, Nardini P, Foschi C, Cevenini R. Infection of human monocytes by Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis: an in vitro comparative study. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:230. [PMID: 24721461 PMCID: PMC3984436 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An increasing number of studies suggest that chlamydiae can infect immune cells. The altered immune cell function could contribute to the progression of several chronic inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) interactions with in vitro infected human blood monocytes. Results Fresh isolated monocytes were infected with viable CP and CT elementary bodies and infectivity was evaluated by recultivating disrupted monocytes in permissive epithelial cells. The production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species was studied in the presence of specific fluorescent probes. Moreover, TNF-α, INF-α, INF-β and INF-γ gene expression was determined. CT clearance from monocytes was complete at any time points after infection, while CP was able to survive up to 48 hours after infection. When NADPH oxydase or nitric oxide synthase inhibitors were used, CT infectivity in monocytes was restored, even if at low level, and CT recovery’s rate was comparable to CP one. CT-infected monocytes produced significantly higher levels of reactive species compared with CP-infected monocytes, at very early time points after infection. In the same meanwhile, TNF-α and INF-γ gene expression was significantly increased in CT-infected monocytes. Conclusions Our data confirm that CP, but not CT, is able to survive in infected monocytes up to 48 hours post-infection. The delay in reactive species and cytokines production by CP-infected monocytes seems to be crucial for CP survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Marangoni
- Microbiology, DIMES, University of Bologna, S,Orsola Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Inflammation and immunity can be associated with varying degrees of heme release from hemoproteins, eventually leading to cellular and tissue iron (Fe) overload, oxidative stress, and tissue damage. Presumably, these deleterious effects contribute to the pathogenesis of systemic infections. RECENT ADVANCES Heme release from hemoglobin sensitizes parenchyma cells to undergo programmed cell death in response to proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor. This cytotoxic effect is driven by a mechanism involving intracellular accumulation of free radicals, which sustain the activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling transduction pathway. While heme catabolism by heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) prevents programmed cell death, this cytoprotective effect requires the co-expression of ferritin H (heart/heavy) chain (FTH), which controls the pro-oxidant effect of labile Fe released from the protoporphyrin IX ring of heme. This antioxidant effect of FTH restrains JNK activation, whereas JNK activation inhibits FTH expression, a cross talk that controls metabolic adaptation to cellular Fe overload associated with systemic infections. CRITICAL ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS Identification and characterization of the mechanisms via which FTH provides metabolic adaptation to tissue Fe overload should provide valuable information to our current understanding of the pathogenesis of systemic infections as well as other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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