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Chen F, Lv X, Fang J, Yu S, Sui J, Fan L, Li T, Hong Y, Wang X, Wang W, Jiang T. The effect of body-mind relaxation meditation induction on major depressive disorder: A resting-state fMRI study. J Affect Disord 2015; 183:75-82. [PMID: 26001666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meditation has been increasingly evaluated as an important complementary therapeutic tool for the treatment of depression. The present study employed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) to examine the effect of body-mind relaxation meditation induction (BMRMI) on the brain activity of depressed patients and to investigate possible mechanisms of action for this complex intervention. METHOD 21 major depressive disorder patients (MDDs) and 24 age and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs) received rs-fMRI scans at baseline and after listening to a selection of audio designed to induce body-mind relaxation meditation. The rs-fMRI data were analyzed using Matlab toolbox to obtain the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) of the BOLD signal for the whole brain. A mixed-design repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the whole brain to find which brain regions were affected by the BMRMI. An additional functional connectivity analysis was used to identify any atypical connection patterns after the BMRMI. RESULTS After the BMRMI experience, both the MDDs and HCs showed decreased ALFF values in the bilateral frontal pole (BA10). Additionally, increased functional connectivity from the right dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) to the left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) was identified only in the MDDs after the BMRMI. LIMITATION In order to exclude the impact of other events on the participants׳ brain activity, the Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression (HDRS) was not measured after the body-mind relaxation induction. CONCLUSION Our findings support the hypothesis that body-mind relaxation meditation induction may regulate the activities of the prefrontal cortex and thus may have the potential to help patients construct reappraisal strategies that can modulate the brain activity in multiple emotion-processing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Chen
- School of Mathematics and Computational Science, Sun Yat-Sen University of China, Guangzhou 510275, China; School of Mathematics and Computational Science, Shenzhen University of China, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xueyu Lv
- Psychology Department of Guang׳anMen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Jiliang Fang
- Radiology Department of Guang׳anMen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Shan Yu
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jing Sui
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lingzhong Fan
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tao Li
- Psychology Department of Guang׳anMen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yang Hong
- Radiology Department of Guang׳anMen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - XiaoLing Wang
- Radiology Department of Guang׳anMen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Psychology Department of Guang׳anMen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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352
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A case series study of the neurophysiological effects of altered states of mind during intense Islamic prayer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 109:214-220. [PMID: 26296991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a case series with preliminary data regarding the neurophysiological effects of specific prayer practices associated with the Islamic religion. Such practices, like other prayer practices, are likely associated with several coordinated cognitive activities and a complex pattern of brain physiology. However, there may also be changes specific to the goals of Islamic prayer which has, as its most fundamental concept, the surrendering of one's self to God. To evaluate Islamic prayer practices, we measured changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in three Islamic individuals while practicing two different types of Islamic prayer. In this case series, intense Islamic prayer practices generally showed decreased CBF in the prefrontal cortex and related frontal lobe structures, and the parietal lobes. However, there were also several regions that differed between the two types of prayer practices including increased CBF in the caudate nucleus, insula, thalamus, and globus pallidus. These patterns also appear distinct from concentrative techniques in which an individual focuses on a particular idea or object. It is hypothesized that the changes in brain activity may be associated with feelings of "surrender" and "connectedness with God" described to be experienced during these intense Islamic prayer practices. Overall, these results suggest that several coordinated cognitive processes occur during intense Islamic prayer. Methodological issues and implications of the results are also discussed.
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Lebois LAM, Papies EK, Gopinath K, Cabanban R, Quigley KS, Krishnamurthy V, Barrett LF, Barsalou LW. A shift in perspective: Decentering through mindful attention to imagined stressful events. Neuropsychologia 2015; 75:505-24. [PMID: 26111487 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ruminative thoughts about a stressful event can seem subjectively real, as if the imagined event were happening in the moment. One possibility is that this subjective realism results from simulating the self as engaged in the stressful event (immersion). If so, then the process of decentering--disengaging the self from the event--should reduce the subjective realism associated with immersion, and therefore perceived stressfulness. To assess this account of decentering, we taught non-meditators a strategy for disengaging from imagined events, simply viewing these events as transient mental states (mindful attention). In a subsequent neuroimaging session, participants imagined stressful and non-stressful events, while either immersing themselves or adopting mindful attention. In conjunction analyses, mindful attention down-regulated the processing of stressful events relative to baseline, whereas immersion up-regulated their processing. In direct contrasts between mindful attention and immersion, mindful attention showed greater activity in brain areas associated with perspective shifting and effortful attention, whereas immersion showed greater activity in areas associated with self-processing and visceral states. These results suggest that mindful attention produces decentering by disengaging embodied senses of self from imagined situations so that affect does not develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A M Lebois
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, United States; McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, MA, United States.
| | - Esther K Papies
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Kaundinya Gopinath
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, United States; Center for Systems Imaging, Emory School of Medicine, United States
| | - Romeo Cabanban
- Center for Systems Imaging, Emory School of Medicine, United States
| | - Karen S Quigley
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, United States; Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial (Bedford) VA Hospital, United States
| | - Venkatagiri Krishnamurthy
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, United States; Center for Systems Imaging, Emory School of Medicine, United States
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, United States; Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, United States
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355
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Simon R, Engström M. The default mode network as a biomarker for monitoring the therapeutic effects of meditation. Front Psychol 2015; 6:776. [PMID: 26106351 PMCID: PMC4460295 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The default mode network (DMN) is a group of anatomically separate regions in the brain found to have synchronized patterns of activation in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Mentation associated with the DMN includes processes such as mind wandering, autobiographical memory, self-reflective thought, envisioning the future, and considering the perspective of others. Abnormalities in the DMN have been linked to symptom severity in a variety of mental disorders indicating that the DMN could be used as a biomarker for diagnosis. These correlations have also led to the use of DMN modulation as a biomarker for assessing pharmacological treatments. Concurrent research investigating the neural correlates of meditation, have associated DMN modulation with practice. Furthermore, meditative practice is increasingly understood to have a beneficial role in the treatment of mental disorders. Therefore we propose the use of DMN measures as a biomarker for monitoring the therapeutic effects of meditation practices in mental disorders. Recent findings support this perspective, and indicate the utility of DMN monitoring in understanding and developing meditative treatments for these debilitating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozalyn Simon
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maria Engström
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University Linköping, Sweden
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356
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The Meditative Mind: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of MRI Studies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:419808. [PMID: 26146618 PMCID: PMC4471247 DOI: 10.1155/2015/419808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade mind and body practices, such as yoga and meditation, have raised interest in different scientific fields; in particular, the physiological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects observed in meditators have been investigated. Neuroimaging studies have studied the effects of meditation on brain structure and function and findings have helped clarify the biological underpinnings of the positive effects of meditation practice and the possible integration of this technique in standard therapy. The large amount of data collected thus far allows drawing some conclusions about the neural effects of meditation practice. In the present study we used activation likelihood estimation (ALE) analysis to make a coordinate-based meta-analysis of neuroimaging data on the effects of meditation on brain structure and function. Results indicate that meditation leads to activation in brain areas involved in processing self-relevant information, self-regulation, focused problem-solving, adaptive behavior, and interoception. Results also show that meditation practice induces functional and structural brain modifications in expert meditators, especially in areas involved in self-referential processes such as self-awareness and self-regulation. These results demonstrate that a biological substrate underlies the positive pervasive effect of meditation practice and suggest that meditation techniques could be adopted in clinical populations and to prevent disease.
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357
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Dixon ML. Cognitive control, emotional value, and the lateral prefrontal cortex. Front Psychol 2015; 6:758. [PMID: 26082750 PMCID: PMC4451239 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Dixon
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience of Thought Laboratory, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
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358
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de Castro JM. Meditation has stronger relationships with mindfulness, kundalini, and mystical experiences than yoga or prayer. Conscious Cogn 2015; 35:115-27. [PMID: 26002763 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Contemplative practices can have profound effects on mindfulness and on physical and sensory and mystical experiences. Individuals who self-reported meditation, yoga, contemplative prayer, or a combination of practices and their patterns of practice were compared for mindfulness, kundalini effects, and mystical experiences. The results suggest that the amount of practice but not the pattern and social conditions of practice influences mindfulness and possibly mystical experiences. Meditation, yoga, contemplative prayer, or a combination of practices all were found to be associated with enhancements of mindfulness, kundalini effects, and mystical experiences, but meditation had particularly strong associations and may be the basis of the associations of yoga and prayer with these outcomes. The results further suggest that the primary association of contemplative practices is with the real time awareness and appreciation of sensory and perceptual experiences which may be the intermediary between disparate practices and mindfulness, kundalini effects, and mystical experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M de Castro
- Department of Psychology and Philosophy, Sam Houston State University, United States.
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359
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Villemure C, Čeko M, Cotton VA, Bushnell MC. Neuroprotective effects of yoga practice: age-, experience-, and frequency-dependent plasticity. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:281. [PMID: 26029093 PMCID: PMC4428135 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Yoga combines postures, breathing, and meditation. Despite reported health benefits, yoga's effects on the brain have received little study. We used magnetic resonance imaging to compare age-related gray matter (GM) decline in yogis and controls. We also examined the effect of increasing yoga experience and weekly practice on GM volume and assessed which aspects of weekly practice contributed most to brain size. Controls displayed the well documented age-related global brain GM decline while yogis did not, suggesting that yoga contributes to protect the brain against age-related decline. Years of yoga experience correlated mostly with GM volume differences in the left hemisphere (insula, frontal operculum, and orbitofrontal cortex) suggesting that yoga tunes the brain toward a parasympatically driven mode and positive states. The number of hours of weekly practice correlated with GM volume in the primary somatosensory cortex/superior parietal lobule (S1/SPL), precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), hippocampus, and primary visual cortex (V1). Commonality analyses indicated that the combination of postures and meditation contributed the most to the size of the hippocampus, precuneus/PCC, and S1/SPL while the combination of meditation and breathing exercises contributed the most to V1 volume. Yoga's potential neuroprotective effects may provide a neural basis for some of its beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Villemure
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MDUSA
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QCCanada
| | - Marta Čeko
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MDUSA
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QCCanada
| | - Valerie A. Cotton
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MDUSA
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QCCanada
| | - M. Catherine Bushnell
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MDUSA
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QCCanada
- Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, QCCanada
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360
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Schmalzl L, Powers C, Henje Blom E. Neurophysiological and neurocognitive mechanisms underlying the effects of yoga-based practices: towards a comprehensive theoretical framework. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:235. [PMID: 26005409 PMCID: PMC4424840 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During recent decades numerous yoga-based practices (YBP) have emerged in the West, with their aims ranging from fitness gains to therapeutic benefits and spiritual development. Yoga is also beginning to spark growing interest within the scientific community, and yoga-based interventions have been associated with measureable changes in physiological parameters, perceived emotional states, and cognitive functioning. YBP typically involve a combination of postures or movement sequences, conscious regulation of the breath, and various techniques to improve attentional focus. However, so far little if any research has attempted to deconstruct the role of these different component parts in order to better understand their respective contribution to the effects of YBP. A clear operational definition of yoga-based therapeutic interventions for scientific purposes, as well as a comprehensive theoretical framework from which testable hypotheses can be formulated, is therefore needed. Here we propose such a framework, and outline the bottom-up neurophysiological and top-down neurocognitive mechanisms hypothesized to be at play in YBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schmalzl
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA ; VA San Diego Healthcare System La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chivon Powers
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eva Henje Blom
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden ; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
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361
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Saggar M, Zanesco AP, King BG, Bridwell DA, MacLean KA, Aichele SR, Jacobs TL, Wallace BA, Saron CD, Miikkulainen R. Mean-field thalamocortical modeling of longitudinal EEG acquired during intensive meditation training. Neuroimage 2015; 114:88-104. [PMID: 25862265 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Meditation training has been shown to enhance attention and improve emotion regulation. However, the brain processes associated with such training are poorly understood and a computational modeling framework is lacking. Modeling approaches that can realistically simulate neurophysiological data while conforming to basic anatomical and physiological constraints can provide a unique opportunity to generate concrete and testable hypotheses about the mechanisms supporting complex cognitive tasks such as meditation. Here we applied the mean-field computational modeling approach using the scalp-recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) collected at three assessment points from meditating participants during two separate 3-month-long shamatha meditation retreats. We modeled cortical, corticothalamic, and intrathalamic interactions to generate a simulation of EEG signals recorded across the scalp. We also present two novel extensions to the mean-field approach that allow for: (a) non-parametric analysis of changes in model parameter values across all channels and assessments; and (b) examination of variation in modeled thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) connectivity over the retreat period. After successfully fitting whole-brain EEG data across three assessment points within each retreat, two model parameters were found to replicably change across both meditation retreats. First, after training, we observed an increased temporal delay between modeled cortical and thalamic cells. This increase provides a putative neural mechanism for a previously observed reduction in individual alpha frequency in these same participants. Second, we found decreased inhibitory connection strength between the TRN and secondary relay nuclei (SRN) of the modeled thalamus after training. This reduction in inhibitory strength was found to be associated with increased dynamical stability of the model. Altogether, this paper presents the first computational approach, taking core aspects of physiology and anatomy into account, to formally model brain processes associated with intensive meditation training. The observed changes in model parameters inform theoretical accounts of attention training through meditation, and may motivate future study on the use of meditation in a variety of clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Saggar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Anthony P Zanesco
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brandon G King
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Katherine A MacLean
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen R Aichele
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tonya L Jacobs
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - B Alan Wallace
- Santa Barbara Institute for Consciousness Studies, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Clifford D Saron
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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362
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Black DS, O'Reilly GA, Olmstead R, Breen EC, Irwin MR. Mindfulness meditation and improvement in sleep quality and daytime impairment among older adults with sleep disturbances: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2015; 175:494-501. [PMID: 25686304 PMCID: PMC4407465 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Sleep disturbances are most prevalent among older adults and often go untreated. Treatment options for sleep disturbances remain limited, and there is a need for community-accessible programs that can improve sleep. OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy of a mind-body medicine intervention, called mindfulness meditation, to promote sleep quality in older adults with moderate sleep disturbances. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Randomized clinical trial with 2 parallel groups conducted from January 1 to December 31, 2012, at a medical research center among an older adult sample (mean [SD] age, 66.3 [7.4] years) with moderate sleep disturbances (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI] >5). INTERVENTIONS A standardized mindful awareness practices (MAPs) intervention (n = 24) or a sleep hygiene education (SHE) intervention (n = 25) was randomized to participants, who received a 6-week intervention (2 hours per week) with assigned homework. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The study was powered to detect between-group differences in moderate sleep disturbance measured via the PSQI at postintervention. Secondary outcomes pertained to sleep-related daytime impairment and included validated measures of insomnia symptoms, depression, anxiety, stress, and fatigue, as well as inflammatory signaling via nuclear factor (NF)-κB. RESULTS Using an intent-to-treat analysis, participants in the MAPs group showed significant improvement relative to those in the SHE group on the PSQI. With the MAPs intervention, the mean (SD) PSQIs were 10.2 (1.7) at baseline and 7.4 (1.9) at postintervention. With the SHE intervention, the mean (SD) PSQIs were 10.2 (1.8) at baseline and 9.1 (2.0) at postintervention. The between-group mean difference was 1.8 (95% CI, 0.6-2.9), with an effect size of 0.89. The MAPs group showed significant improvement relative to the SHE group on secondary health outcomes of insomnia symptoms, depression symptoms, fatigue interference, and fatigue severity (P < .05 for all). Between-group differences were not observed for anxiety, stress, or NF-κB, although NF-κB concentrations significantly declined over time in both groups (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The use of a community-accessible MAPs intervention resulted in improvements in sleep quality at immediate postintervention, which was superior to a highly structured SHE intervention. Formalized mindfulness-based interventions have clinical importance by possibly serving to remediate sleep problems among older adults in the short term, and this effect appears to carry over into reducing sleep-related daytime impairment that has implications for quality of life. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01534338.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Black
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Gillian A O'Reilly
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Richard Olmstead
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Elizabeth C Breen
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Michael R Irwin
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles
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364
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Yao Z, Hu B, Xie Y, Moore P, Zheng J. A review of structural and functional brain networks: small world and atlas. Brain Inform 2015; 2:45-52. [PMID: 27747502 PMCID: PMC4883160 DOI: 10.1007/s40708-015-0009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain networks can be divided into two categories: structural and functional networks. Many studies of neuroscience have reported that the complex brain networks are characterized by small-world or scale-free properties. The identification of nodes is the key factor in studying the properties of networks on the macro-, micro- or mesoscale in both structural and functional networks. In the study of brain networks, nodes are always determined by atlases. Therefore, the selection of atlases is critical, and appropriate atlases are helpful to combine the analyses of structural and functional networks. Currently, some problems still exist in the establishment or usage of atlases, which are often caused by the segmentation or the parcellation of the brain. We suggest that quantification of brain networks might be affected by the selection of atlases to a large extent. In the process of building atlases, the influences of single subjects and groups should be balanced. In this article, we focused on the effects of atlases on the analysis of brain networks and the improved divisions based on the tractography or connectivity in the parcellation of atlases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Yao
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bin Hu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Yuanwei Xie
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Philip Moore
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiaxiang Zheng
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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365
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Lin J, Lee EHM, Tong CY, Lee JTM, Chen EYH. Therapeutic potentials of mind–body interventions for psychosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/cpr.14.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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366
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Gard T, Noggle JJ, Park CL, Vago DR, Wilson A. Potential self-regulatory mechanisms of yoga for psychological health. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:770. [PMID: 25368562 PMCID: PMC4179745 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Research suggesting the beneficial effects of yoga on myriad aspects of psychological health has proliferated in recent years, yet there is currently no overarching framework by which to understand yoga’s potential beneficial effects. Here we provide a theoretical framework and systems-based network model of yoga that focuses on integration of top-down and bottom-up forms of self-regulation. We begin by contextualizing yoga in historical and contemporary settings, and then detail how specific components of yoga practice may affect cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and autonomic output under stress through an emphasis on interoception and bottom-up input, resulting in physical and psychological health. The model describes yoga practice as a comprehensive skillset of synergistic process tools that facilitate bidirectional feedback and integration between high- and low-level brain networks, and afferent and re-afferent input from interoceptive processes (somatosensory, viscerosensory, chemosensory). From a predictive coding perspective we propose a shift to perceptual inference for stress modulation and optimal self-regulation. We describe how the processes that sub-serve self-regulation become more automatized and efficient over time and practice, requiring less effort to initiate when necessary and terminate more rapidly when no longer needed. To support our proposed model, we present the available evidence for yoga affecting self-regulatory pathways, integrating existing constructs from behavior theory and cognitive neuroscience with emerging yoga and meditation research. This paper is intended to guide future basic and clinical research, specifically targeting areas of development in the treatment of stress-mediated psychological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Gard
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA ; Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus Liebig Universität Giessen Giessen, Germany ; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jessica J Noggle
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Crystal L Park
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, USA
| | - David R Vago
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angela Wilson
- Institute for Extraordinary Living, Kripalu Center for Yoga and Health Stockbridge, MA, USA
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367
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Dixon ML, Fox KC, Christoff K. A framework for understanding the relationship between externally and internally directed cognition. Neuropsychologia 2014; 62:321-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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368
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Larouche E, Hudon C, Goulet S. Potential benefits of mindfulness-based interventions in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: an interdisciplinary perspective. Behav Brain Res 2014; 276:199-212. [PMID: 24893317 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present article is based on the premise that the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) from its prodromal phase (mild cognitive impairment; MCI) is higher when adverse factors (e.g., stress, depression, and metabolic syndrome) are present and accumulate. Such factors augment the likelihood of hippocampal damage central in MCI/AD aetiology, as well as compensatory mechanisms failure triggering a switch toward neurodegeneration. Because of the devastating consequences of AD, there is a need for early interventions that can delay, perhaps prevent, the transition from MCI to AD. We hypothesize that mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) show promise with regard to this goal. The present review discusses the associations between modifiable adverse factors and MCI/AD decline, MBI's impacts on adverse factors, and the mechanisms that could underlie the benefits of MBI. A schematic model is proposed to illustrate the course of neurodegeneration specific to MCI/AD, as well as the possible preventive mechanisms of MBI. Whereas regulation of glucocorticosteroids, inflammation, and serotonin could mediate MBI's effects on stress and depression, resolution of the metabolic syndrome might happen through a reduction of inflammation and white matter hyperintensities, and normalization of insulin and oxidation. The literature reviewed in this paper suggests that the main reach of MBI over MCI/AD development involves the management of stress, depressive symptoms, and inflammation. Future research must focus on achieving deeper understanding of MBI's mechanisms of action in the context of MCI and AD. This necessitates bridging the gap between neuroscientific subfields and a cross-domain integration between basic and clinical knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddy Larouche
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6; Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec (CRIUSMQ), 2601, de la Canardière (F-2400), Québec, QC, Canada G1J 2G3
| | - Carol Hudon
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6; Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec (CRIUSMQ), 2601, de la Canardière (F-2400), Québec, QC, Canada G1J 2G3
| | - Sonia Goulet
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6; Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec (CRIUSMQ), 2601, de la Canardière (F-2400), Québec, QC, Canada G1J 2G3.
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